RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

EEE415

Unit 1: Introduction • Electric energy from conventional sources

(thermal, hydro and nuclear). • Indian energy scenario • Environmental and economic aspects of

renewable energy.

Unit2 : Solar Energy • Solar thermal energy collector: flat plate

collector, types of concentrating collectors.• Solar thermal energy conversion systems:

Solar water heating, solar distillation, solar air heaters, solar thermal power plant.

• Solar photovoltaic system, Solar photovoltaic power plant.

Unit3: Wind Energy • Classification of wind turbines, types of rotors,

terms used in wind energy. • Wind energy extraction, extraction of wind turbine

power, wind characteristics, wind power generation curve, wind turbine generator.

• Wind energy farm, estimation of wind energy potential, wind resource assessment in India, advantages and disadvantages of wind energy system.

Unit4: Small Hydro Power • Power equation, classification of small hydro

power, classification of water turbines: Francis, Kaplan and Pelton.

• Layout and major components of small hydro power projects: High/medium head and low head projects.

• Global scenario of small hydro, Small hydro power in India, Economic viability of small hydro power.

Unit 5: Biomass Energy and Other Sources • Biomass resources, biomass conversion

technologies, biogas plants: Floating drum and fixed-dome types, biomass resource development in India, environment benefits.

• Introduction to geothermal energy and ocean energy.

• Introduction to hybrid and distributed energy systems.

Text Books • D.P. Kothari, K.C. Singal and Rakesh

Ranjan.,”Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies”, Second Edition, PHI Learning, 2013.

References :• G.S. Sawhney.,”Non-conventional Energy

Resources”,PHI Learning, 2012 • William k.H., “The Renewable Energy Handbook: A

guide to rural energy independence, off-grid and sustainable energy”, Aztext Press, 2003

• Sorensen B., “Renewable Energy”, Elsevier, 2004

Introduction

• Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

• Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:

• Primary and Secondary energy• Commercial and Non commercial energy• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

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Non-Renewable Energy Sources

• Conventional– Petroleum– Natural Gas– Coal– Nuclear

• Unconventional (examples)– Oil Shale– Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

Energy Conversion Processes

• A large array of energy conversion processes occur in nature

• Man is capable of performing a number of addition processes using a variety of devices (or processes)

• Usually more than one form of energy will emerge due to the action of a device

• Many devices perform a number of conversion processes: e.g. : power plant

Power Plant: Chemical -> heat -> mechanical -> electrical

Primary and Secondary Energy

• Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature.

• Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood).

• Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity.

• Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

• Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.

• Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, tidal power and hydroelectric power.

• The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be used without the release of harmful pollutants.

• Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable energy sources are natural sources of energy that can be replenished in a short period of time.• Solar photo-voltaics• Solar thermal power• Wind• Hydropower • Biomass• Ocean energy• Geothermal• Waste to Energy

67.14%

11.84%

12.52%

8.49%

Wind

Small Hydro

Bio mass

Solar

Wind21,692.98

MW

Small Hydro 3,826.18

MW

Solar2,743

MW

Biomass 4,045.55

MW

Total32,307.71

MW

22

22

Power Installed Capacity = 32.308 GWAs of 31st August, 2014

Renewable Power Capacity

Resource Potential (MW) Cumulative achievement

Wind 49,500(50m hub height)102,800(80m hub height)

21,692.98

Small Hydro(up to 25MW) 19,700 3,826.18

Biomass including bagasse cogeneration

22,500 4,045.55

Solar 50MWp/km2 2,743MW

Renewable Power Projects Potential

Renewable Energy: Historic Trends and Growth Enablers

23

FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 140.00

5000.00

10000.00

15000.00

20000.00

25000.00

30000.00

35000.00

Wind Biomass Solar WtE SHP Cumulative Installed Capacity

MW

Power restructuring and national guidelines on tariff, inter-connection and third party sales

Electricity Act 2003

NEP, 2005• SERC to determine preferential tariff

• Promote private sector participation in RE

NAPCC guidelines

CERC RE Tariff Regulation and JNNSM guidelines

REC Regulation

JNNSM Phase II guidelines

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Indian Power Sector Long Term Trends

India is 3rd largest economy 1Potentially 3rd largest electricity market

globally By 20302

Estimated to be the fastest growing economy In the world by 20122

(US$mm)

13.2

10.1

2.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7

4.14.25

0

5

10

15

US

Ch

ina

Ind

ia

Jap

an

Ge

rma

ny

UK

Fra

nce

Italy

Bra

zil

Ru

ssia

(KWH bn)

5,6195,971

1,151776 871

1,6411,730

0

4,000

8,000

US

Chin

a

India

Russia

Japan

Canada

Bra

zil

0

5

10

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

GD

P G

row

th %

Brazil China India Russia Germany

Source: (1) World Bank; (2) International Energy Outlook 2006; (3) Report of Working Group on Power for Eleventh Plan (2007-12)

591 63

2 680

548 57

9 620

546

559

519

498

8.8%

8.8%8.4%

7.3%7.1%

300

400

500

600

700

800

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

(MU)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

Energy Requirement (Normative) Energy Availability (Normative)

Shortage (%)

Indian Power Sector characterized by huge energy shortages(3)

MAJOR REASONS FOR POWER SECTOR ILLS

Inadequate power generation capacity; Lack of optimum utilization of the existing

generation capacity; Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer; Inadequate inter-regional transmission links; Huge T&D losses (theft) and skewed tariff

structure, making SEBs unviable.

Institutional FrameworkCentral Power Organization

NJPC NTPCNHPC

NEEPCO

PLANNING COMMISSION

NRB AEC NPC

MINISTRYOF POWER

STATE GOVERNMENT

DEPT. OFATOMICENERGY

NATIONALDEVELOPMENT

COUNCIL

MINES

ENERGYMANAGEMENT

CENTRE

NPTICPRI

GOVERNMENTOF INDIA

PFCREC

PGCILTHDC

CENTRALELECTRICITYAUTHORITY

DVC

CERC

Power Sector Institutions (Pre 1990)

Institution Functions

CEA 1950 Arbitration, Advice, Power PolicyCPRI 1960 Power Engineering Research

Equipment Testing and CertificationREC 1969 Finance and Planning for Rural ElectrificationMOEF 1974 Policy, LegislationNTPC 1975 Thermal Power Generation NHPC 1975 Hydro Power GenerationPFC 1986 Finance for Power Projects, T&D and RenovationPGCIL 1989 Regional Grid Monitoring, Transfer of Power,

Transmission Line ConstructionEMC 1989 Energy Conservation Information, Research,Training

State Power Organization

PRIVATESECTOR

LICENSEES

STATEELECTRICITY

BOARDS

STATEELECTRICITYDEPARTMENTS

STATEELECTRICITYINSPECTION

ORGANISATION

MINISTRY ORDEPARTMENT OF

POWER

STATEGOVERNMENT

SERC