renewable energy course#04
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Solar Power
![Page 2: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Solstices
June solstice - North Pole is tilted 23.5o towards the Sun relative to the circle of illumination. All places above a latitude of 66.5oN are in 24 hours of sunlight, while locations below a latitude of 66.5oS are in darkness.
![Page 4: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Equinoxes
Equinoxes – Earth’s axis is not tilted toward or away from the Sun and the circle of illumination cuts through the poles. Red circles are the Arctic Circle.
![Page 5: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Equinoxes, Solstices, Aphelion, and Perihelion
![Page 6: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Relationship of maximum Sun height to latitude for the equinox (left) and June solstice (right). The red values on the right of the globes are maximum solar altitudes at solar noon. During the equinox, the equator is the location on the Earth with a Sun angle of 90 degrees for solar noon
![Page 9: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Solar Altitude
α = Sin-1[Sin δ Sin φ + Cos δ Cos ω Cos φ]
φ is latitude
Hour Angle
ω = 15 (ts – 12) (degrees)
ts is local solar time in hours
Declination Angleδ = Sin-1 [0.39795 Cos [0.98563 (N-173)]]
![Page 10: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hour Angle
Declination Angle (between the equatorial
plane and the sun-earth line)
![Page 11: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Variation of Declination Angle
![Page 12: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Solar Altitude Angle
Observer
Zenith Angle
![Page 13: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Solar Spectrum and Solar Constant
1367 W/m2
![Page 14: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Seasonal Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation
![Page 16: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Total Daily Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surface
Ho,h = 86,400 Io [ωs Sin Φ Sin δ + Cos δ Cos Φ Sin ωs] / π (J/m2)
Io = Isc [1 + 0.34 cos {2πN / 365.25}] is the solar constant
Isc = 1367 Watt
ωs = cos–1[- tan(δ) tan(Φ)] is the hour angle of sunset in radians
-Ve before noon & +Ve after noon
Instantaneous Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surface
Ioh = Io [cos δ cos Φ cos ω + sin δ sin Φ]
![Page 17: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Photocell Response
![Page 19: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Heliostat, Albuquerque
![Page 21: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Designing & Fabrication of a 2-kW Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant
![Page 25: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Storage Requirement
![Page 26: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Surface Normal to Sun
Annual cosine effect reduces solar radiation on a horizontal surface by 39% - equator, 52% - 40o latitude, 74% - 80o latitude.
![Page 28: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ground Level Radiation Attenuation Effect
![Page 29: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Effect of Air Mass on Spectral Irradiance on the Ground
Air Mass = 1 for sea level normal Irradiance
Sun rise & Sun set > 30 air mass
![Page 30: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Air mass
AM = 1/[cos θz + 0.50572 (96.07995 – θz) -1.6364]
θz = Zenith angle = 90o at sunset
Solar Radiation Attenuation Due to Air Mass
I = 1.1 x Ioh x 0.7(AM)**(0.678)
factor of 1.1 accommodates the 10% diffused radiation
![Page 31: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Attenuation of Normal Solar Radiation Versus Azimuth Angle
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 20 40 60 80 100
Azimuth Angle (degrees)
Air
Mas
s / S
ola
r R
adia
tio
n
Air Mass
Solar Radiation (25 W units)
![Page 32: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Solar Radiation Measurement
Pyranometer
![Page 33: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer
![Page 34: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Global Solar Irradiance on a mostly Sunny day and a mostly Cloudy day
![Page 35: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
750 MW Imperial Valley Project of 250 kW Solar Dish Striling Engines
![Page 39: Renewable energy course#04](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062513/5559762ad8b42a60298b4b9e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Linear Freznel