renewable and distributed power in california

7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California

1/60

ths`

lkrnm

ko

mo

mray

pkfbny

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Jmrmdy Nhrf Gbho Arumombne Ghvbg Lmgkr Nhrh Akfgmocmra

Botrkguntbko

Nhfbkrobh hog dhoy ktemr ]/^/ sthtms wbff smm dkrm nehoams bo tembr mfmntrbnbty systmds

kvmr tem omxt 8= ymhrs teho temy ehvm bo tem phst ehf$nmotury/ Nhfbkrobh ehs mdchr`mg

upko ho uoprmnmgmotmg mkrt tk nehoam& rhpbgfy hog uoghdmothffy& tem sthtms

mfmntrbnbty suppfy hog gmfbvmry systmd/ ]tbfbty$snhfm& kssbf$rmg pkwmr pfhots hrm

cmboa pehsmg gkwo/ H omw systmd grbvmo cy rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr k hff

sbzms hog tmneokfkabms& kwomg cy nustkdmrs& utbfbtbms& hog tebrg phrtbms hfb`m& bs cmboa

put bo pfhnm/ Ho kvmrfhy k gmdhog$sbgm rmskurnms hog omw bokrdhtbko tmneokfkay bs

fb`mwbsm mxphogboa/ Wemsm hdcbtbkos ehvm cmmo nrysthffbzmg terkuae tem sthtms nfbdhtm

nehoam fhw %HC >3"8 hog omt zmrk momray akhfs&3 tem fhw dhoghtboa tem usm k rmomwhcfm

pkwmr kr >>- k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty suppfy cy 3939&> hog cy Akvmrokr Crkwos akhfs

tk gmvmfkp 83&999 DQ k gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko cy 3939 hog


2/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

htmr gmnhgms k rmfhtbvm sthcbfbty/ Mqubthcfm hffknhtbko k temsm nksts hnrkss nkosudmrs

wbte gbmrmot hog okvmf mfmntrbnbty smrvbnm ommgs wbff fb`mfy rmqubrm dhjkr nehoams bo

phst prhntbnms/

Kom uogmrfyboa strunturhf nhusm bs tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty systmds rmaufhtkry hog

bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr`& webne bs ths`mg wbte bdpfmdmotboa tem sthtms nfmho momray

akhfs/ Wermm dhjkr sthtm hamonbms& wbte tem hggbtbko k ho bogmpmogmot trhosdbssbko

systmd kpmrhtkr& tem Akvmrokrs knm& hog tem Fmabsfhturm& hrm hff bovkfvmg/ Qebfm tem

fmhgmrsebp hog sth ehvm sbaobnhotfy bonrmhsmg nkkpmrhtbvm mkrts& temrm hrm smrbkus

ahps hog kvmrfhps bo rmaufhtkry kvmrsbaet/ Ok sboafm sthtm motbty bs bo nehram k

botmarhtboa bobtbhtbvms hog hggrmssboa ahps& gmnbsbko dh`boa bs sfkw hog sbfkmg& hog

dkst bdpkrthotfytemrm bs ok nkoskfbghtmg rkhgdhp hog gmnbsbko$dh`boa snemgufm/

Hoktemr uoghdmothf prkcfmd bs tem bonrmhsboafy kutdkgmg cusbomss dkgmf k utbfbtbms/

Hs Nhfbkrobh smm`s tk trhoskrd bts mfmntrbnbty systmd& bovmstkr$kwomg utbfbtbms hnm h

rmaufhtkry systmd teht pmohfbzms bookvhtbko hog rbs`$th`boa& h pktmotbhffy gbdbobsemg

smrvbnm chsm& hog ho uohdbfbhr& nkdpmtbtbvm momray$smrvbnm fhogsnhpm/ Omw& oko$utbfbty

motrhots tk tem mfmntrbnbty smntkr prkvbgm h vhrbmty k smrvbnms& skdmtbdms bo nkdpmtbtbko

wbte utbfbtbms& cut ok susthbohcfm rkhgdhp ehs cmmo gmvmfkpmg kr tembr rkfm/ Wem fhn`

k utbfbty bonmotbvms hog h vbhcfm& nkdpmtbtbvm smrvbnms rhdmwkr` bs sfkwboa prbvhtm

bovmstdmot hog sthffboa tmneokfkay hgkptbko/

Nhfbkrobhs sbtuhtbko bffustrhtms tem prkcfmd k tryboa tk trhoskrd tem peysbnhf

mfmntrbnbty arbg webfm kofy dhrabohffy hgjustboa tem rmaufhtkry hog akvmrohonm

movbrkodmot teht surrkuogs bt/ Nhfbkrobhs mxpmrbmonm suaamsts teht ho hdcbtbkus

snhfm$up k utbfbty$snhfm rmomwhcfms hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr systmds rmqubrms ho

mquhffy hdcbtbkus strunturhf rmkrd bo tem mxbstboa rmaufhtkry rhdmwkr` hog tem

trhgbtbkohf rmaufhtmg utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf/

Bs temrm h phte krwhrg tk mosurm teht tem bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr`kr rmaufhtkrs&

utbfbtbms& nustkdmrs& hog omw motrhots hfb`mnho okt kofy wbtesthog cut hfsk rhpbgfy

mvkfvm tk suppkrt tem mquhffy rhpbg mvkfutbko k ho mfmntrbnbty systmd fmhoboa tkwhrgs

rmomwhcfms& gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko& hog bonrmhsboafy skpebstbnhtmg nustkdmrs; Wem

hoswmr bs yms/

Ok sboafm sthtm motbty bs bo nehram k botmarhtboa bobtbhtbvms hog hggrmssboa ahps& gmnbsbko dh`boabs sfkw hog sbfkmg& hogdkst bdpkrthotfytemrm bs ok nkoskfbghtmg rkhgdhp hog gmnbsbko$

dh`boa snemgufm/

Hs Nhfbkrobh smm`s tk trhoskrd bts mfmntrbnbty systmd& bovmstkr$kwomg utbfbtbms hnm h rmaufhtkry

systmd teht pmohfbzms bookvhtbko hog rbs`$th`boa& h pktmotbhffy gbdbobsemg smrvbnm chsm& hog ho

uohdbfbhr& nkdpmtbtbvm momray$smrvbnm fhogsnhpm/


3/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh > Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Bdprkvmdmots nho cm dhgm& wbtekut gmsbaoboa h omw bostbtutbkohf strunturm rkd

snrhtne/ Qebfm tem trmhtboa k skdm k tem nurrmot sydptkds wbff cm rmfhtbvmfy

strhbaetkrwhrg& hggrmssboa tembr rkkt nhusms wbff rmqubrm sbaobnhot hggbtbkohf

nehoams/ Qbtekut sune rmkrds& Nhfbkrobhs hcbfbty tk hnebmvm bts nfmho momraytrhoskrdhtbko akhfs webfm okt jmkphrgbzboa bts rmfbhcfm hog hkrghcfm mfmntrbnbty

systmd bs ht rbs`/

Kur rmnkddmoghtbkos tk hggrmss temsm bostbtutbkohf bssums bonfugm tem kffkwboa:

^ekrt Wmrd:

Bgmotby h fmhg hamony hog gmvmfkp h nkoskfbghtmg prkarhd gknudmot&

bdpfmdmothtbko rkhgdhp %h sthrtboa pkbot nkufg cm tem Nhfbkrobh Momray

Nkddbssbkos rmnmotfy rmfmhsmg grht& Smomwhcfm Hntbko Yfho"& hog hamony

gmnbsbko$dh`boa snemgufm kr Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms

akhfs& wbte pucfbn dmmtboas tk rmpkrt prkarmss/

Yucfbnfy rmfmhsm prkarhd nksts hog hntbvmfy bgmotby pktmotbhf systmdbn mnkokdbn

hog kpmrhtbkohf rbs`s/

Hggrmss tem prkcfmds boemrmot bo nkst$sebtboa tk h ohrrkw chsm k nustkdmrs hog

bgmotby rhtm kptbkos teht monkurham fkoa$tmrd pucfbn suppkrt kr gbstrbcutmg

pkwmr/

Fkoamr Wmrd:

Msthcfbse nfmhr hamony rmspkosbcbfbty kr rmomwhcfms hog gbstrbcutmg momray

prkarhds& hog hgkpt nkosbstmot gmnbsbko$dh`boa nrbtmrbh hnrkss pfhooboa&

prknurmdmot prkarhds& hog hamonbms/

Smkrd hamony gmnbsbko dh`boa tk nrkss hamony& pfhooboa& hog prkarhd sbfkms tk

bgmotby hog rmskfvm gmvmfkpdmot rbs`s hog tk rhpbgfy mxpmgbtm tbdmfboms/

Gmvmfkp ho bovmstdmot pfho kr Nhfbkrobh teht bgmotbms tem uff rhoam k pkssbcfm

nksts hog phtewhys tk dhxbdbzm prbvhtm bovmstdmot hog fkwmr nksts/

Hgkpt omw cusbomss dkgmfs kr utbfbtbms teht prkvbgm bonmotbvms tk grbvm tem

gmsbrmg trhoskrdhtbko bo ho mnbmot hog bookvhtbvm why& hog rmvbsm tem why

utbfbtbms hrm rmaufhtmg tk suppkrt gmnmotrhfbzhtbko k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbn systmd

hog bovmstdmot bo omw tmneokfkabms/

Nrmhtm susthbohcfm phtewhys kr oko$utbfbty motbtbms tk prkvbgm momray smrvbnms/


4/60


5/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh = Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Wemrm hrm h duftbtugm k ktemr `my motbtbms bo Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty systmd/ Kom bdpkrthot

arkup bs tem dmrnehot amomrhtkrs bogmpmogmot pkwmr prkgunmrs %BYYs"& wek kwo pkwmr

pfhots hog smff pkwmr ko tem wekfmshfm dhr`mt tk tem utbfbtbms/ Hoktemr arkup bs gmdhoghaarmahtkrs& wek nkotrhnt wbte rmthbf nustkdmrs tk rmgunm gmdhog bo tbdms k pmh` mfmntrbnbty

ommgs/

Lkur sthtm$fmvmf motbtbms hrm rmspkosbcfm kr dhjkr hspmnts k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty strunturm: tem

Nhfbkrobh Yucfbn ]tbfbtbms Nkddbssbko %NY]N"& tem Nhfbkrobh Momray Nkddbssbko %NMN"& tem

Nhfbkrobh Hbr Smskurnms Ckhrg %NHSC"& hog tem Nhfbkrobh Bogmpmogmot ystmd Kpmrhtkr %NHB^K"/

Ckte Nhfbkrobh Akvmrokrs hog tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm ebstkrbnhffy ehvm cmmo vmry hntbvm bo grbvboa

Nhfbkrobh momray pkfbny hog spmnbn prkarhds/ H ekst k ktemr akvmrodmothf uobts& sune hs tem

Nhfbkrobh Qhtmr Smskurnms Ckhrg& fknhf akvmrodmots hog pmrdbttboa hamonbms& mgmrhf hamonbms&

hog fknhffy kwomg utbfbtbms& hfsk hmnt `my hspmnts k mfmntrbnbty& phrtbnufhrfy rmomwhcfm hog

gbstrbcutmg pkwmr gmvmfkpdmot/


6/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh < Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Nurrmot trm^^m^

Nehoaboa phrhgbads gkms okt nkdm mhsbfy/ Nhfbkrobhs grbvm tk sebt tkwhrgs h nfmho

momray& rmomwhcfm$knusmg amomrhtbko systmd ehs& okt surprbsboafy& botrkgunmg

sucsthotbhf prmssurms terkuaekut tem systmd/ Wemsm tmosbkos hrm okw cmabooboa tk

bdphnt okt just bskfhtmg nkosudmrs cut hfsk tem utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf hog systmd

trhoskrdhtbko akhfs dkrm crkhgfy/ Wem `my strmssms wm hggrmss bo tebs smntbko hrm

tem kffkwboa:

Lbrst& h nkdpfmx dhzm k fhymrmg hog nehoaboa pkfbnbms& prkarhds& hog rufms ehs

cubft up kvmr tbdm0 tem chrrbmrs tk uogmrsthogboa kr motmrboa omw dhr`mts hrm ebae

hog kvmrhff nfhrbty bs fkw0

^mnkog& ho uoprmnmgmotmg oudcmr k omw nhpbthf bovmstdmots& webne hrm ommgmg

kr tem amomrhtbko& trhosdbssbko& hog gbstrbcutbko k pkwmr tk rmpfhnm haboa

borhstrunturm& dmmt rmomwhcfm hog movbrkodmothf akhfs& hog mosurm rmfbhcbfbty&

hrm nkffmntbvmfy nkotrbcutboa tk rbsboa utbfbty nksts hog nkosudmr rhtms0

Webrg& tem nksts hog cmomts k rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr gbmr rkd teksm

k nkovmotbkohf pkwmr& hmntboa skdm mfmntrbn usmrs hog usham typms gbmrmotfy

teho ktemrs0 rmaufhtmg rhtm strunturms ehvm okt cmmo dkgmrobzmg tk dhtne tebs

omw phrhgbad& hog mxbstboa nkst hffknhtbko ehs rmsuftmg bo sbaobnhot& omw botmr$

nkosudmr nrkss$sucsbgbms/

Webs smntbko rmvbmws mhne k temsm termm strmssms teht hrm kcsmrvhcfm tkghy bo

Nhfbkrobh/ Ktemr sthtms uogmrakboa mfmntrbnbty systmd trhoskrdhtbkos wbte sbdbfhr

strunturhf sekrtnkdboas dhy smm sbdbfhr pemokdmoh/ Hog tekuae rmaufhtkry hamonbms

dhy httmdpt tk dhoham temsm prkcfmds hs temy hrbsm wbte mxbstboa tkkfs& tembr

rmspkosms wbff uftbdhtmfy cm rmhntbvm bo ohturm wbtekut gmmpmr bostbtutbkohf rmkrds/

Wem Ykfbny Dhzm: Nhfblkrobhs Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Yrkarhds

Nhfbkrobh ehs tem dkst hdcbtbkushog nkdpfbnhtmgrmomwhcfm prkarhd bo tem ]obtmg

^thtms/ Ho bonrmdmothf haafkdmrhtbko k pkfbny akhfs hog prbkrbtbms cy vhrbkus rmaufhtkry

sth`mekfgmrs kvmr tem ymhrs ehs fmt tem sthtm wbte h gmosm wmc k rmomwhcfm hog

gbstrbcutmg pkwmr$rmfhtmg prkarhds/ Cmfkw bs ho kvmrvbmw& wbte tem nhvmhts teht mvmo

nhrmuf stugy k tem fhws hog rmaufhtkry gmnbsbkos dhy stbff ehvm bohgvmrtmot kdbssbkos

hog teht hff k temsm prkarhds nkotboum tk nehoam/

Wem NY]N hog tem NMN hrm tem twk prbdhry sthtm hamonbms rmspkosbcfm kr bdpfmdmotboa

prkarhds tk monkurham tem gmvmfkpdmot& bosthffhtbko& hog purnehsm k rmomwhcfm

mfmntrbnbty/ Wemsm prkarhds prkvbgm ohonbhf suppkrt terkuae auhrhotmmg rmvmoum

strmhds& bonmotbvms hog rmchtms& hog+kr fkwmr mfmntrbnbty cbffs/ ]tbfbty nustkdmrs& terkuae

tembr mfmntrbnbty cbffs& uog hutekrbzmg& rmomwhcfm momray prkarhds& tekuae mgmrhf thx

bonmotbvms hog mgmrhf stbdufus %HSSH" uogboa hfsk ehvm prkvbgmg bdpkrthot ohonboa/


7/60


Wem NY]Ns Gbvbsbko k Shtmphymr Hgvknhtms %GSH"5 rmnmotfy bssumg h rmpkrt gmsnrbcboa

Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm prkarhdshptfy tbtfmg Wem Smomwhcfm Juoafm/2 Hnnkrgboa tk tem

GSH rmpkrt& Nhfbkrobh nurrmotfy ehs 88 gbmrmot rmomwhcfm prkarhds&89 hff wbte gbmrmot

rufms& gurhtbko& hog akhfs/

Ok sboafm fhw& rmaufhtkry gmnbsbko& kr gknudmot gmsnrbcms hff pkfbnbms hog prkarhds

smm`boa tk gmvmfkp rmomwhcfm pkwmr bo tem sthtm& dune fmss tem dhoy fbo`hams %kr fhn`

temrmk" hdkoa temd/ Ok pfho ehs cmmo gmvmfkpmg tk crbgam tem dhoy ahps cmtwmmo

pfhooboa& prknurmdmot& hog pmrdbttboa ht tem mgmrhf& sthtm& hog fknhf fmvmfs/ Hog& webfm

gkzmos k gmnbsbkos& fhws& hog rmpkrts sekw tem sthtms strkoa suppkrt kr rmomwhcfms&

ok kvmrhff rkhgdhp mxbsts kr tem sthtms fkoa$tmrd rmomwhcfm bogustry/

Bo 3993& tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm %^mohtm Cbff 8915" msthcfbsemg Nhfbkrobhs rst

Smomwhcfm Ykrtkfbk thoghrg %SY^"& rmqubrboa tem sthtm tk dmmt 39- k bts mfmntrbnbty

gmdhog rkd mfbabcfm rmomwhcfm momray rmskurnms cy 3989/ Mfbabcfm rmskurnms bonfugmwbog& skfhr pektkvkfthbns& skfhr temrdhf& tbghf whvm& sdhff eygrkmfmntrbn& amktemrdhf&

cbkgbmsmf& cbkdhss& hog cbkahs/88 Akvmrokr ^newhrzmomaamr& cy mxmnutbvm krgmr bo

3995& bonrmhsmg tem rmomwhcfm akhf tk >>- cy 3939/ Wem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm phssmg

^C 3 %8x" bo 3988& nkgbyboa tem >>- rmomwhcfm thramt/

Wem fmvmf k ko$fbom SY^ rmomwhcfms ehs mxphogmg sbaobnhotfy bo rmnmot ymhrs/ Bo 3989&

Nhfbkrobh ehg dkrm teho 89&999 DQ k bosthffmg rmomwhcfm nhphnbty& prkvbgboa omhrfy

8&999 DQ whs gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko& wbte

ho hggbtbkohf

Wem BK]s ehvm hggmg sbaobnhot hdkuots k rmomwhcfms bo rmnmot ymhrs/ Omvmrtemfmss&

tem ahp rmdhboboa tk dmmt tem >>- 3939 rmqubrmdmot bs fhram/ ^NM& kr mxhdpfm& wbff

ehvm tk bonrmhsm bts rmomwhcfms cy kvmr 59- rkd 3988 hntuhf gmfbvmrbms tk hnebmvm tem

3939 akhf/87 Wem kffkwboa sekws tem prkarmss tk ghtm hog tem hdkuots rmdhboboa:

WhCfM 3: BK] Yrkarmss tkwhrgs SY^ Whramts8=

^ehrm k tkthf fkhg smrvmg cy SY^ rmskurnms Ahp tk >>-

]tbfbty 3993 399= 3989 3988 SY^ thramt

YA,M 89/7- 88/2- 8=/2- 39/8- 83/2-^NM 81/9- 81/3- 82/>- 38/8- 88/2-

^GA,M 8/9- =/3- 88/2- 39/5- 83/3-

Qebfm dhoy k Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm prkarhds prknurm pkwmr teht bs SY^$mfbabcfm

teht bs& tem pkwmr prknurmg nkuots tkwhrgs tem >>- SY^ rmqubrmdmotktemr prkarhds

hrm SY^$bomfbabcfm& mbtemr cmnhusm tem momray prkgunmg uogmr tem prkarhd bs gbnuft

tk dmhsurm kr cmnhusm bt bs okt purnehsmg cy h utbfbty gbrmntfy/8< Kom sune mxhdpfm bs


8/60


9/60


hogbo tkk dhoy bosthonmskofy fkksmfy tbmg tk prknurmdmot prkarhds/ Hggbtbkohf

gmthbfs k Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm prkarhds nho cm kuog bo Hppmogbx B k tebs rmpkrt/

WhCfM >: Smomwhcfm Yrkarhds cy Nhphnbty hog Wmneokfkay39

NH Smomwhcfm Yrkarhds cy Nhphnbty hog Wmneokfkay hs k 3983

Nhphnbty ^kfhr Y\ Qbog Ktemr

6 8 DQ Nhfbkrobh kfhr Bobtbhtbvm %N^B"Omw ^kfhr Ekdms Yhrtomrsebp %OÊY"Mdmraboa Smomwhcfm Yrkarhd %MSY"

Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD"

Mdmraboa SmomwhcfmYrkarhd %MSY"

^dhff Amomrhtkr Bonmotbvm

Yrkarhd %ÂBY"Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD"

Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD"

8> DQ Lmmg$bo Whrb %LBW"^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

Lmmg$bo Whrb %LBW"^dhff Amomrhtkr Bonmotbvm

Yrkarhd %ÂBY"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

Lmmg$bo Whrb %LBW"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

>39 DQ Smomwhcfms HuntbkoDmnehobsd %SHD"

^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

Smomwhcfms HuntbkoDmnehobsd %SHD"

Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

Xuhfbyboa Lhnbfbtbms %XLs"Smomwhcfms Huntbko

Dmnehobsd %SHD"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

? 39 DQ ]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA"

^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA"

Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

Wrhghcfm Smo/ Momray

Nmrtbnhtms %WSMN"Xuhfbyboa Lhnbfbtbms %XLs"]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs

Fb`mwbsm& tem NHB^K ehs mxphogmg bts hntbvbtbms bo rmnmot ymhrs& wbte smvmo smphrhtm

bobtbhtbvms rmfhtboa tk rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko okw hntbvm/38 Bts rkfm bo tem

gmvmfkpdmot k rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms bs nrbtbnhfnkvmrboa

gmvmfkpdmot k rufms ko lmxbcfm nhphnbty& chn`stkp nhphnbty hutekrbty& trhosdbssbko

8215

XLs]KA

OMD

ÂBY

SY^

WSMNs

N^B

OÊY

MSY

LBW

SHD

^Y\Y

%h sehgm nehoam bogbnhtms prkarhd mxphosbko"

822= 3999 3998 3993 399> 3997 399= 399< 3991 3995 3992 3989 3988 3983 398> 3987 398= 398< 3981 3985 3982 3939

LBA]SM 3: Wbdmfbom k Smomwhcfm Momray Yrkarhds82


10/60


pfhooboa& nfustmr rmvbmw hog botmrnkoomntbko& hog vhfuboa gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms/ Rmt&

NY]N hog NHB^K nkkrgbohtbko ko prknurmdmot k prkjmnts hog prkjmnt botmrnkoomntbko

hog omw trhosdbssbko bs hg ekn hog ommgs dhjkr nehoams kr strmhdfbomg& botmarhtmg

rmomwhcfm pfhooboa hog prknurmdmot gmnbsbko dh`boa/ Hs oktmg hckvm& tem NY]Nkvmrsmms rmomwhcfm prknurmdmot prkarhds& bonfugboa hpprkvhf k pkwmr purnehsm

harmmdmots %YYHs"/ Cut tem NHB^K ehs h nkdpfmtmfy smphrhtm hog hggbtbkohf prknmss

kr botmrnkoomntbko hog gmfbvmrhcbfbty/ Hog& b tem prkjmnt ommgs omw trhosdbssbko& teht

nho temo mothbf h tebrg hog kurte rkuog k rmaufhtkry hpprkvhfs& terkuae tem NHB^K

trhosdbssbko pfhooboa hog temo tem NY]Ns trhosdbssbko pmrdbttboa prknmssms/

Hftekuae tem NHB^K bs okt h sthtm hamony kr h rmaufhtkr pmr sm& tem rmomwhcfm dhzm

mxtmogs tk bts hntbvbtbms hs wmff/

Sbsboa ]tbfbty Nksts hog Shtms: Mfmntrbnbty ^tbn`mr ^ekn`

BK]s hnm sbaobnhot nkst arkwte kvmr tem omxt gmnhgm/ Wemsm nksts bonfugm omw

borhstrunturm bovmstdmot tk dmmt tem mfmntrbnbty gmdhogs k h arkwboa Nhfbkrobho

pkpufhtbko hog mnkokdy& rmpfhnmdmot k haboa kr oko$usmuf borhstrunturm& hog tem

hggbtbkohf nksts k trhoskrdboa tem pkwmr dbx tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs hdcbtbkus

rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr momray akhfs/33 Fkk`boa hemhg& Nhfbkrobh dhy cm

hnboa weht ht fmhst kom NY]N Nkddbssbkomr nhffs mfmntrbnbty stbn`mr sekn`/3>

Cut temrm bs ok pucfbn& nurrmot krmnhst k uturm nksts& cbffs& hog rhtms teht usms

upghtmg hssudptbkos k nurrmot %fkw" ohturhf ahs prbnm mxpmnthtbkos hog Nhfbkrobhs

mfmntrbn systmd trhoskrdhtbko akhfs& sekwboa tem uff rhoam k nksts %hog cmomts"/

Nkst& cbffs& hog rhtm bokrdhtbko bs kutghtmg& rhadmotmg& hog bonkdpfmtm& fbdbtboa h

uff uogmrsthogboa k tem phte hemhg hog nkotrbcutboa tk pbmnmdmhf prkarhd hog

prkjmnt hpprkvhf/

Kvmrhff Mfmntrbnbty Nkst Bonrmhsm Mstbdhtms

Ckte rhtms hog cbffs dhttmr bo hssmssboa nksts/ Nhfbkrobh BK] systmd$wbgm hvmrham

mfmntrbnbty rmthbf rhtms hrm hdkoa tem ebaemst bo tem ]obtmg ^thtms cut ehvm rmdhbomg

lht kr mvmo sfbaetfy gmnfbomg bo rmhf tmrds bo mvmry gmnhgm sbonm tem 8259s %hphrt rkd

h tmdpkrhry spb`m gurboa tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty nrbsbs"/37 Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbn cbffs&

ekwmvmr& hrm fkwmr teho hvmrham& kwboa tk momray mnbmony mkrts sphooboa termm

gmnhgms hog rmfhtbvmfy dbfg wmhtemr/3= Hnnkrgboa tk ^NM& bts hvmrham rmsbgmotbhf cbffs

hrm fkwmr teho tem ohtbkohf hvmrham& wbte rmsbgmotbhf usham 77- fkwmr teho tem

ohtbkohf hvmrham/3>- SY^& momray mnbmony prkarhds& trhosdbssbko

uparhgms& armmoekusm ahs pmrdbt hffknhtbkos& hog ktemr dhjkr hgkptmg chsmfbom rmaufhtbkos/>1

Wem BK]s oudcmrs mstbdhtm teht SY^ nksts hrm sbaobnhot& tekuae okt tem dhjkr hntkr k rbsboauturm nksts:

Wembr nkdcbomg smrvbnm hrmh hoouhf tkthf rmvmoum rmqubrmdmot wbff arkw rkd '>9/7 cbffbko

bo 3988 tk '>1/> cbffbko bo 3939& h nkst bonrmhsm k 33/1-& wbte h omt prmsmot vhfum k tkthf

hoouhf nksts rkd 3988 tk 3939 k '3=1 cbffbko/>5

Wembr systmd hvmrham rmthbf mfmntrbnbty rhtms bo 3939 wbff cm 9/852 nmots pmr `Qe& h 3/92

Wembr dhrabohf hoouhf nkst k dmmtboa tem SY^ dhoghtm wkufg cm '8/7< cbffbko bo 398>

%hckut h =- nkst prmdbud" rbsboa tk '>/=8 cbffbko bo 3982 %hckut ho 88- nkst prmdbud"/

Bt bs wkrte oktboa teht tebs SY^ nkst mstbdhtm bs okt nfmhrfy rmpkrtmg hog nho kofy cm bomrrmgterkuae smphrhtm BK] fboas/79 Wem hohfysbs urtemr mstbdhtms tem tkthf nkst nkdpkomot k

SY^$mfbabcfm amomrhtbko %cut okt omw trhosdbssbko& gbstrbcutbko& kr ktemr hssknbhtmg nksts"

ht 39/5- k tem 3939 tkthf rmvmoum rmqubrmdmotho koakboa nkst k '1/1 cbffbko hoouhffy

kr teksm rmskurnms/78

Wemsm twk nehoamskom fkwmrboa tem mxpmntmg nkst k tem SY^ akhf hog tem ktemr sekwboa

sbaobnhotfy ebaemr nksts& nkdphrmg tk ho hff$ahs phtebffustrhtm ekw tem mnkokdbns k Nhfbkrobhs

rmomwhcfm akhfs nho sebt grhdhtbnhffy& chsmg ko kutsbgm hntkrs/


14/60


nksts& rmomwhcfm nksts bonfugm teksm rmfhtmg tk pmrdbttboa& botmrnkoomntbko& sehpboa

hog rdboa pkwmr& omw trhosdbssbko fboms hog uparhgms& hog gbstrbcutbko arbg

bovmstdmots/ Nkst bokrdhtbko bs gbnuft tk nkdpbfm cmnhusm Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog

gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko prknurmdmot mkrts hrm spfbt hdkoa 88 prkarhds& teus dh`boankst$arkwte krmnhsts mxtrmdmfy gbnuft/ Oko$tmneokfkay nksts hrm okt trhn`mg& bo phrt

cmnhusm tem nksts hrm grbvmo cy dhoy motbtbms cmykog tem hamonbms kvmrsmmboa tem

prknurmdmot prkarhds hog bo phrt cmnhusm uturm krmnhsts k temsm nksts hrm sucjmnt

tk h wbgm rhoam k hssudptbkos/ Wem NMN oktms teht temrm bs sucsthotbhf uonmrthboty

hckut tkthf systmd nksts k Nhfbkrobhs akhfs hog thramts kr rmomwhcfm gbstrbcutmg

amomrhtbko/73

Ok sboafm motbty bs nehramg wbte trhn`boa kvmrhff nksts/ Mstbdhtms hrm urtemr nfkugmg

cmnhusm k strboamot NY]N nkogmotbhfbty rufms/ Dkrmkvmr& webfm dhoy stugbms prkvbgm

fmvmfbzmg nkst$k$amomrhtbko mvhfuhtbkos& temy gk okt hgmquhtmfy gknudmot ekw my

hssudptbkos wmrm gmrbvmg hog ekw hssudptbkos nho fmhg tk wbgmfy vhryboa nkstsmstbdhtms& mvmo tekuae uogmrsthogboa temsm hntkrs bs mssmotbhf tk rmgunm tem nksts k

rmomwhcfm gmvmfkpdmot/7>

Ho hrmh k phrtbnufhr nkonmro bs tem fhn` k akkg nkst ghth ko uparhgms ommgmg tk tem

gbstrbcutbko arbg kr gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms& mfmntrbn vmebnfms& momray stkrham& hog ktemr

mfmdmots k Nhfbkrobhs pfhoomg uturm/ Kom nrmgbcfm mstbdhtm bs ho bonrmdmothf

hdkuot ohtbkohffy k '899 cbffbko tk botmarhtm gbstrbcutmg rmomwhcfm amomrhtbko

terkuae 39>9& ko tkp k ho mstbdhtmg '


15/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 8= Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

WhCfM 7: Nhfbkrobhs Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Yrkarhd Nksts73939 Prmomwhcfm kofyTS

]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA" ok dhjkr prknurmdmots tk ghtm kutsbgm k Y\YY

^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y" '=9> dbffbko bo ]KA hoouhffy kvmr 39893987& + YYHs^

Smomwhcfm Huntbko Dmnehobsd %SHD" YA,M mxpmnts '837 dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 39873939

Lmmg$bo Whrbs %LBW" YA,M mxpmnts '>1 dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 398=3939

Mxbstboa Smomwhcfm Lhnbfbtbms Yrkarhd %MSLY" '3= dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 82253988 Pprkarhd mogmgT

Nhfbkrobh ^kfhr Bobtbhtbvm %N^B" '3>1 dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 39913987 kr tem 7=8st `Qe %h prbnm webne hr mxnmmgs dhrabohf

gmfbvmry nkst kr teht Qe"/ Webs rhtm gmsbao dmhos teht emhvy usmrs mmntbvmfy

nrkss$sucsbgbzm fkw$usham nustkdmrs/ Hog chrrboa rmkrd& uturm BK] nkst arkwte wbff

cm phssmg terkuae tk rmsbgmotbhf nkosudmrs terkuae dhrabohf rhtm bonrmhsms& mvmo b

tem omw BK] spmogboa gkms okt hntuhffy bonur dhrabohf nksts bo tem gmfbvmry k

mfmntrbnbty tk h phrtbnufhr usmr/=>

Webs prkcfmd bs mxhnmrchtmg cmnhusm rhtms kr fkwmr$usham tbmrs ehvm cmmo mssmotbhffy

nhppmg kr tem phst gmnhgm terkuae sthtm fmabsfhtbko/ Hs sune& tem gbmrmonm hdkoa

tbmr rhtms ehs bonrmhsmg/ YA,M rmpkrts teht rhtm nhps ko fkw$usm tbmrs prktmnt hckut=9- k bts rmsbgmotbhf nustkdmrs& hnnkuotboa kr 1=- k tkthf rmsbgmotbhf mfmntrbnbty

shfms/=7 Webs mxbstboa rhtm strunturm dmhos teht dhoy k omw systmd nksts hrm phssmg

terkuae tk teht sdhff sehrm k tem rmsbgmotbhf pkpufhtbko wbte emhvbmr nkosudptbko&

wek hnm tem ebaemr$rhtm tbmrs/==

Shtm Gmsbao kr OMD$Morkffmg Nustkdmrs

Wem Nhfbkrobh OMD prkvbsbkos dmho teht teksm BK] nustkdmrs wek kwo ekdms hog

bosthff rkktkp skfhr Y\ hrm okw sucsbgbzmg hs wmff/ Wemsm nustkdmrs hrm amomrhffy

wmhftebmr teho tem hvmrham rhtmphymr/ Wemy dbaet ehvm ktemrwbsm ehg dkotefy

mfmntrbnbty fkhgs fhram mokuae tk put dhrabohf nkosudptbko bo ebaemr$rhtm tbmrs/ Cut

terkuae tem OMD sebt& temy ak rkd cmboa omt$sucsbgbzmrs k BK] rmsbgmotbhf rmthbf nksts

tk omt$sucsbgy cmomnbhrbms/=< Webs ehppmos cmnhusm konm h ekusmekfg bosthffs rkktkp

skfhr Y\& bts dkotefy omt nkosudptbko ktmo hffs tk wbtebo fkwmr rhtm$prktmntmg prbnm

tbmrs/ Nkosbgmrboa konm hahbo tem nhsm k h emhvy usmr bo ^ho Lrhonbsnk& cut wek okw

kwos h rkktkp skfhr Y\ systmd wbte OMD& YA,M bs mmntbvmfy cuyboa chn` mxnmss

mfmntrbnbty prkgunmg rkd teht systmd ht h dhrabohf rhtm k '9/>7 pmr `Qe& webne hr

mxnmmgs tem vhfum k teht mfmntrbnbty tk tem BK]/ Smnmot mvbgmonm gkms suaamst& ekwmvmr&

teht tem rbsboa pkpufhrbty k tebrg$phrty$kwomg rmsbgmotbhf rkktkp skfhr systmds bs

bdprkvboa hkrghcbfbty kr dbggfm$bonkdm ekusmekfgs0 tebrg$phrty kwomrsebp kr N^B

rmsbgmotbhf prkjmnts& kr mxhdpfm& ehs arkwo rkd 1- k omw prkjmnts bo 3991 tk =7- k

omw prkjmnts bo 3988/ Ht tem shdm tbdm& tekuae& Nhfbkrobh ekdm kwomrsebp ehs grkppmg/

Lrkd tem pmrspmntbvm k phrtbnbphtboa nustkdmrs& bosthffboa OMD$mfbabcfm rkktkp Y\

systmds bs ho mnkokdbn cmomt hahbost tembr dkotefy cbffs& wbte fhramr systmds shvboa

nkosudmrs dkrm/=1 Y\ systmds nho hfsk emgam hahbost uturm rbsboa mfmntrbnbty prbnms&

mspmnbhffy tk tem mxtmot teht teksm prbnm bonrmhsms hrm fb`mfy tk cm nkonmotrhtmg ht

ebaemr$usm rhtm tbmrs/ Cut kr nustkdmrs wek mbtemr nhookt hkrg sune systmds& kr wek

ktemrwbsm fhn` tem hcbfbty tk mhsbfy bosthff temd&=5 OMD rufms nkonmotrhtm arkwboa BK]

nksts ko ho mvmr$ohrrkwmr nustkdmr chsm/


18/60


Qebfm rmaufhtkrs dust mosurm teht nustkdmr rhtms hrm ckte just hog rmhskohcfm& temy

hrm hfsk nehramg wbte emfpboa hnebmvm Nhfbkrobhs hdcbtbkus nfmho momray hog nfbdhtm

nehoam akhfs/ Fb`mwbsm& nkosudmrs kr tem dkst phrt hrm uohwhrm k tem lhws bo

Nhfbkrobhs rhtm gmsbao rufms/ Hog utbfbtbms hrm bonrmhsboafy nkonmromg hckut okt kofy

tem rhtm bdphnt rkd OMD cut hfsk tem mrksbko k tembr rmvmoum strmhds/ Webs tebrg

strmss sthr`fy bffustrhtms tem prkcfmd k tryboa tk trhoskrd tem mfmntrbnbty systmd

wbtekut rmkrdboa tem uogmrfyboa rhdmwkr` hog tkkfs hvhbfhcfm tk gk sk/

H wmhftebmr$teho$hvmrham ekdm$kwoboa BK] nustkdmrwek dbaet ktemrwbsm ehvm fhram dkotefy

mfmntrbnbty fkhgs teht wkufg put dhrabohf nkosudptbko bo ebaemr$rhtm tbmrsnho usm OMD tk sebt

rkd cmboa h omt$sucsbgbzmr k rmsbgmotbhf rmthbf nksts tk h omt$sucsbgy cmomnbhry/

CKU >:Grbvmrs kr Nbkrobs Wroskrdtbko k Bts Mmntrbnbty ^mntkrGkzmos k fhws& aucmrohtkrbhf mxmnutbvm krgmrs& smf$krbabohtmg NY]N pkfbnbms& mgmrhf gbrmntbvms&

fknhf hog rmabkohf bobtbhtbvms& hog h dyrbhg k dhr`mt hog prbvhtm bovmstdmot gmnbsbkos sehpm

Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty smntkr hog bts rhpbg trhoskrdhtbko/ Ok sboafm gknudmot nhthfkaums temsm

krnms& hog bt bs cmykog tem snkpm k tebs phpmr tk prkvbgm h nkdprmemosbvm fbst/ Cmfkw& ekwmvmr&

bs h suddhry k `my pkfbny grbvmrs:

Nhfbkrobh Nfbdhtm Nehoam Fhw: HC >3& tem Afkchf Qhrdboa ^kfutbkos Hnt& rmqubrms Nhfbkrobh tk

rmgunm bts kvmrhff AEA mdbssbkos tk 8229 fmvmfs cy 3939/ Wem mfmntrbnbty smntkr hnnkuots kr

3>- k Nhfbkrobhs tkthf AEA mdbssbkos& wbte tem nkddmrnbhf hog rmsbgmotbhf momray smntkrs

hnnkuotboa kr ho hggbtbkohf 2-/ ]ogmr tem NHSCs Nfbdhtm Nehoam nkpboa Yfho& mdbssbko fmvmfskr temsm smntkrs wbff ommg tk cm nut cy >9- rkd h cusbomss$hs$usuhf nhsm/=2 HC >3 smts mvmo

dkrm nehffmoaboa akhfs kr 39=9ho 59- rmguntbko bo AEA mdbssbko fmvmfs rkd 8229 fmvmfs/

NHSC ehs th`mo h twk$prkoa stmp tk bdpfmdmotboa HC >3/ Wem rst rmfbms upko mkrts teht hrm smt

bo spmnbn pkfbnbms hog prkarhds0 tem smnkog bs tem msthcfbsedmot k h nhp hog trhgm systmd teht

smm`s tk rmgunm mdbssbkos cmykog teksm hnebmvmg bo tem rst/ Bo tem rst hrmh& tem NHSC ehs

hssudmg teht hff k Nhfbkrobhs nfmho momray prkarhds& bonfugboa tem >>- SY^& Nhfbkrobh kfhr

Bobtbhtbvm& hog ktemr mkrts gmsnrbcmg cmfkw& hs wmff hs momray mnbmony hog gmdhog$sbgm mkrts&

wbff cm sunnmssuf/

Nhfbkrobhs Fkhgboa Krgmr: H dhjkr kuoghtbko kr Nhfbkrobhs hgvhonmg momray mkrts bs bts

Fkhgboa Krgmr Ykfbny& rst hgkptmg cy tem momray hamonbms bo tem 399> Momray Hntbko Yfho%MHY"

hog nkotbouhffy kffkwmg cy sthtm pkfbnydh`mrs sbonm temo/


19/60


Nkotbouboa Mmnts rkd Nhfbkrobhs Gmrmaufhtbko Mkrts: Wemrm hrm stbff dhjkr bdphnts rkd

Nhfbkrobhs gmrmaufhtbko mkrts k tem 8229s/ Shtmphymrs nkotboum tk phy euogrmgs k dbffbkos k

gkffhrs bo trhosbtbko& pkwmr& hog ckog nehrams hog wbff gk sk uotbf ht fmhst 3939/


20/60


Bo^tBtutBkohf NkoNmro^

Qm ehvm bgmotbmg skdm k tem `my strmssms teht ehvm hrbsmo bo Nhfbkrobh hs tem sthtm

dkvms tkwhrg bts rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko akhfs: h wmc k nkdpfmx

prkarhds& rbsboa systmd nksts& hog nkotrkvmrsbhf nkst hffknhtbko/ Fmt uohggrmssmg&

temsm bssums pktmotbhffy bdpmgm prkarmss tkwhrgs pkfbny akhfs hog+kr omahtbvmfy bdphnt

nkosudmrs/ K armhtmr nkonmro& temsm bssums hrm sydptkds k gmmpmr rkkt nhusms:

Nhfbkrobhs kutghtmg rmaufhtkry rhdmwkr` hog

Nhfbkrobhs kutghtmg rmaufhtkry utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf

Hcsmot bostbtutbkohf rmkrd bo temsm hrmhs& tem strmssms gbsnussmg hckvm wbff arkw/

Wem Smaufhtkry Bostbtutbkohf Lrhdmwkr`Bo krgmr tk uogmrsthog tem bostbtutbkohf prkcfmds teht mxbst& bt bs usmuf tk rmvbmw tem

nehoam bo tem rkfm k rmaufhtkry momray hamonbms/ Wem nehoams hrm grhdhtbn okt kofy bo

Nhfbkrobh cut terkuaekut tem ]obtmg ^thtms/ Weus& ckte tem prkcfmds hog tem pkssbcfm

skfutbkos hrm hppfbnhcfm kr dhoy& b okt dkst& sthtms/

Lkr dkrm teho 19 ymhrs& tem kofy sthtm$fmvmf momray hamony bo Nhfbkrobh whs tem NY]N/

Bts rkfm whs h fbdbtmg kom k rmvbmwboa prkpksmg utbfbty rhtm bonrmhsms hog omw pkwmr

pfhot hog trhosdbssbko rmqumsts& dkst k webne nhdm bormqumotfy/ Bo Nhfbkrobh hog

mfsmwemrm& dkst k tem dbg$twmotbmte nmotury whs h tbdm k gmnfboboa nksts %gum tk

mnkokdbms k snhfm bo pkwmr prkguntbko hog borhstrunturm" hog rhtm sthcbfbty/ Ekwmvmr&

suraboa gmdhog bo tem 8219s& nkupfmg wbte fbdbts ko kbf suppfy& fmg tk grhdhtbn bonrmhsms

bo utbfbty rmqumsts tk cubfg omw nkhf hog ounfmhr pfhots& wbte prkjmntbkos k s`yrkn`mtboa

nustkdmr rhtms hog smvmrm movbrkodmothf gmarhghtbko/ Hs h rmsuft& tem Nhfbkrobh

Fmabsfhturm msthcfbsemg tem NMN tk prkvbgm h crkhgmr pkfbny nkotmxt& sbdpfby pkwmr

pfhot sbtboa& hog cmabo tem rst mvmr mkrts ko botmarhtmg rmskurnm pfhooboa hog usm k

gmdhog$sbgm hog rmomwhcfm rmskurnms/

Lhst krwhrg terkuae tem 79 ymhrs sbonm temo& hog wm smm h nkotbouhf mxphosbko k

Nhfbkrobhs momray pkfbny mkrts hog tem rkfms abvmo tk sthtm hamonbms tk bdpfmdmot

teksm pkfbnbms& hs wmff hs tem nrmhtbko k h dhjkr omw& oko$akvmrodmothf motbty& tem

NHB^K/ Gkzmos k omw fhws ehvm cmmo phssmg hog dhjkr nehoams hrm nkdboa rkd tem

prbvhtm smntkr bo tmrds k hggbtbkohf momray prkvbgmrs %ko ckte tem suppfy hog gmdhog

sbgm"& mxphogmg skurnms k uogboa cmykog utbfbty rhtms& hog omw tmneokfkabms hog

hpprkhnems/ Hff k tebs dmhos teht mvmry momray pkfbny gmnbsbko cubfgs upko h nkdpfmx

smt k fhws& pkfbnbms& hog gmnbsbkos hfrmhgy bo pfhnm& bovkfvms h ekst k pfhymrs cmykog

^bdpfy put& tem nurrmot systmd bs bomnbmot& gupfbnhtms rmskurnms& nrmhtms nkousmg jurbsgbntbko&

hog bs okt trhosphrmot tk tem pucfbn/


21/60


tem utbfbtbms& hog typbnhffy rmfbms upko tem hntbkos k dkrm teho h sboafm rmaufhtkry

hamony/

Rmt& gmspbtm tebs trmdmogkus nehoam hog tem wbgmsprmhg nkddbtdmot bo Nhfbkrobh tktrhoskrd tem mfmntrbnbty smntkr& tem bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr` ehs okt nehoamg/ Weht bs&

tem momray hamonbms stbff dh`m tembr kwo gmnbsbkos smphrhtmfy& wbte nkkrgbohtbko ko ho

hg ekn chsbs/ Mhne omw fhw amomrhffy rmsufts bo h omw gkn`mt kr prknmmgboa hog h omw

gmnbsbko teht bs fhymrmg ko tkp k prbkr gmnbsbkos/ Wem gmnbsbko$dh`boa prknmss btsmf stbff

rmfbms ko tem shdm hpprkhnems usmg gmnhgms hakamomrhffy th`boa twk ymhrs kr dkrm&

bovkfvboa mxtrmdmfy krdhfbstbn prknmmgboas& hog ktmo hr rmdkvmg rkd tem hntuhf

pkfbnydh`mrs uotbf tem ohf ghys kr wmm`s/ Qebfm fbo`hams skdmtbdms hrm bgmotbmg

hdkoa nhsms& prknmmgboas& pkfbnbms& gmnbsbkos& hog hamonbms& ok uoghdmothf nehoams

ehvm cmmo dhgm bo hamony gmnbsbko dh`boa& rufm gmvmfkpdmot& prkarhd bdpfmdmothtbko&

kr mokrnmdmot tk dmhoboauffy hggrmss sune fbo`hams/ Bostmhg& tem typbnhf rmspkosm ehs

cmmo tk hgg dkrm bssums botk mhne hamonys hntbvbtbms/ Nkkrgbohtbko hdkoa hamonbms bspbmnmdmhf hog smvmrmfy ehdstruoa cy fbdbtmg sth hog sbfkmg mxpmrtbsm/

CKU 7: Nbkrobs Mmntrbnbty ^ystmd: Smautkry hamonbms

Nhfbkrobhs momray rmaufhtkry strunturm bs mxtrmdmfy nkdpfmx/ Ebstkrbnhffy& ckte Nhfbkrobh

Akvmrokrs hog tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm ehvm cmmo vmry hntbvm bo grbvboa sthtm momray pkfbny hog

spmnbn prkarhds& phrtbnufhrfy rmomwhcfms/ Wemrm hrm kur dhjkr sthtm$fmvmf motbtbms teht hrm hff

rmspkosbcfm kr dhjkr hspmnts k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty strunturmtem Nhfbkrobh Yucfbn ]tbfbtbms

Nkddbssbko %NY]N"& tem Nhfbkrobh Momray Nkddbssbko %NMN"& tem Nhfbkrobh Hbr Smskurnms

Ckhrg %NHSC"& hog tem Nhfbkrobh Bogmpmogmot ^ystmd Kpmrhtkr %NHB^K"/ Bo hggbtbko& temrm hrm

h ekst k ktemr akvmrodmothf uobts& sune hs tem Nhfbkrobh Movbrkodmothf Yrktmntbko Hamony

%NhfMYH& webne kvmrsmms tem NHSC"& tem Nhfbkrobh Qhtmr Smskurnms Ckhrg& fknhf akvmrodmots

hog pmrdbttboa hamonbms& hog oudmrkus mgmrhf hamonbms teht hmnt `my hspmnts k mfmntrbnbty&

phrtbnufhrfy rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr gmvmfkpdmot/ Lknusboa ko tem kur `my motbtbms:

Nhfblkrobh Yucfbn ]tbfbtbms Nkddbssbko %NY]N"

899$ymhr kfg hamony& msthcfbsemg cy Nkostbtutbkohf Hdmogdmot

Lbvm Nkddbssbkomrs& hppkbotmg cy tem Akvmrokr& hpprkvmg cy ^mohtm0 8999 sth0 trhgbtbkohf

rkfm bs tk mosurm just hog rmhskohcfm rhtms

Shtm$smttboa hog utbfbty rmaufhtkry hutekrbty ehvm dkrpemg NY]N rkd h rmhntbvm rhtm$smttboa

hamony tk h prkhntbvm motbty0 bt okw smts kr bolumonms dkst k tem `my nfmho momray pkfbnbms

kr tem sthtm hog& terkuae bts rhtm$smttboa hutekrbty& uogs dkst k tem mfmntrbn smntkr prkarhds

NY]N& terkuae bts gmnbsbkos& hpprkvms tem cbffbkos k gkffhrs teht hrm ommgmg tk bdpfmdmot

Nhfbkrobhs omw mfmntrbn borhstrunturm

NY]N rmaufhtms kofy BK]s& M^Ys& hog NNHshog okt YK]steus fbdbtboa tem pfhymrs bt nho

gbrmntfy krgmr tk uogmrth`m hntbvbtbms


22/60


Bo rmvbmwboa Nhfbkrobhs momray bostbtutbkohf strunturm hog knusboa spmnbnhffy

ko rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg momray hntbvbtbms& temsm dhjkr hrmhs k nkonmro

mdmram:

Ok sboafm pmrsko kr akvmrodmot hamony bs bo nehram k botmarhtboa mkrts& hog ok

rkhgdhp kr hnebmvboa Nhfbkrobhs hdcbtbkus akhfsgmthbfboa ommgmg gmnbsbkos&

uogboa& hog snemgufmsmxbsts/

Nhfblkrobh Momray Nkddbssbko %NMN"

Msthcfbsemg cy tem Fmabsfhturm bo 821> tk nkkrgbohtm momray pkfbny gmvmfkpdmot& prkdktm

hftmrohtbvm momray hog trhospkrthtbko mkrts& hog smrvm hs h kom$stkp hamony kr fbnmosboak omw& fhram temrdhf pkwmr pfhots

Yhrt k tem sthtms Ohturhf Smskurnms Hamony& tem NMN ehs ok hutekrbty tk smt rhtms kr rhbsm

uogs0 bts cugamt hog arhot$dh`boa uogs hrm prkvbgmg cy tem Fmabsfhturm kr ktemr skurnms

Dhoy k tem Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm momray fhws abvm h rkfm tk tem NMN %bo hggbtbko tk tem

NY]N"& amomrhffy bo tmrds k kvmrsmmboa SY^ bdpfmdmothtbko cy tem YK]s0 tem NMN ehs ok

gbrmnt rmaufhtkry hutekrbty kvmr motbtbms uofmss msthcfbsemg bo h spmnbn fhw

Nhfblkrobh Hbr Smskurnms Ckhrg %NHSC"

Gmhfs wbte fknhf hbr pkffutbko cut ehs hfsk cmnkdm h dhjkr krnm bo Nhfbkrobhs momray mkrts

Fmhg hamony nehramg wbte bdpfmdmothtbko k Hssmdcfy Cbff %HC" >3& tem Afkchf Qhrdboa

^kfutbkos Hnt k 399


23/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3> Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Duftbpfm hamonbms ehvm my rkfms& wbte kvmrfhppboa rmspkosbcbfbtbms& gbmrboa akhfs&

fbdbtmg sth& hog ok strmhdfbomg prknmss kr hggrmssboa botmrgmpmogmot gmnbsbkos&

gmspbtm mxtmosbvm nkkrgbohtbko mkrts/

Wem prkarhds cmboa bdpfmdmotmg hrm mxtrmdmfy nkdpfbnhtmg& wbte nkotbouboa

nehoams bo akvmroboa fhws hog hamony gmnbsbkos0 ok sboafm skurnm gknudmot

sunnbontfy gmsnrbcms tem prkarhds hog tembr rufms kr phrtbnbphtbko/

Yucfbn bokrdhtbko ko prkarhd sthtus hog nksts bs spktty hog kutghtmg/

Wem bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr` kr gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbkoh dhjkr pkfbny akhf k

Akvmrokr Crkwobs spfbotmrmg hdkoa duftbpfm prkarhds& hamonbms& hog mkrts&

wbte nkrrmspkogboa nksts& bomnbmonbms& hog ahps& hs wmff hs h fhn` k bostbtutbkohf

strunturm kr strmhdfbomg gmnbsbko dh`boa/

^bdpfy put& tem nurrmot systmd bs bomnbmot& gupfbnhtms rmskurnms& nrmhtms nkousmg

jurbsgbntbko& hog bs okt trhosphrmot tk tem pucfbn/ Qm hggrmss mhne k tem hckvm

prkcfmds bo armhtmr gmthbf cmfkw/

Ok Kom Bs bo Nehram k Botmarhtboa Mkrts hog Bgmotbyboa Ahps

H oudcmr k pmkpfm ehvm fb`momg tem trhoskrdhtbko k tem mfmntrbn smntkr tk nehoaboa

kut ho hbrpfhom webfm lyboa/ Lkr Nhfbkrobh& kom nho th`m tem hohfkay urtemrh jmt pfhom

wbte ok pbfkt %kr rhtemr duftbpfm pbfkts& hff ruooboa tembr kwo systmds& ko tem shdm

jmt pfhom& ht tem shdm tbdm& hog bo dbg$hbr"/ B Nhfbkrobh bs tk hnebmvm tem uoghdmothf

trhoskrdhtbko k bts mfmntrbnbty smntkr teht bt smm`s& bt ommgs tk ehvm h sboafm gmsbaohtmg

motbty hs tem fmhgmr/8

rmnkddmoghtbkos cut gkms okt prbkrbtbzm temd/ K tem >8 rmnkddmoghtbkos& fmhg

hamony rmspkosbcbfbty bs spfbt hdkoa tem NMN& NY]N& NHB^K& hog utbfbtbms/ Wemrm bs ok

mxpfhohtbko k tem fbo`hams hdkoa tem >8 rmnkddmoghtbkos bo tmrds k smqumonboa

hntbkos& hog tem suaamstmg snemgufm kr mhne bs vmry amomrhf/ Ht h dbobdud& tem omxt

stmp sekufg cm tk prbkrbtbzm tem rmnkddmoghtbkos& msthcfbse h snemgufm kr gmnbsbkos

ko ho hoouhf chsbs& hog mosurm teht tem NMN& b bt bs tem fmhg hamony bo ht fmhst tem sekrt

tmrd& kffkws up ko bdpfmdmothtbko/ Wem gknudmot sekufg hfsk cm mxphogmg tk cm

ckte h Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Smskurnms Hntbko Yfho& wbte h spmnbn rkhgdhp ko

tem fhttmr/

H oudcmr k pmkpfm ehvm fb`momg tem trhoskrdhtbko k tem mfmntrbn smntkr tk nehoaboa kut ho

hbrpfhom webfm lyboa/ Lkr Nhfbkrobh& kom nho th`m tem hohfkay urtemrh jmt pfhom wbte ok pbfkt

%kr rhtemr duftbpfm pbfkts& hff ruooboa tembr kwo systmds& ko tem shdm pfhom& ht tem shdm tbdm"/


24/60


Hamony Hutekrbty Kvmrfhp hog Bosulnbmot Nkkrgbohtbko

Bo 3989 h fhughcfm mkrt whs fhuonemg& nhffmg Nhfbkrobhs Nfmho Momray Luturm/


25/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3= Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

hutekrbty hog ehs& mbtemr gbrmntfy kr bogbrmntfy& kppksmg rmstrunturboa/ ^mnkog& ok mhsy

dkgmf kr bostbtutbkohf rmkrd mxbsts sbonm skdm mhturms %tem mgmrhfbzhtbko k tem

NHB^K hog duftbpfm fknhffy kwomg hog ruo duobnbphf utbfbtbms" hrm kutsbgm tem purvbmw

k sthtm$fmg mkrts/ Omvmrtemfmss& nkotbouboa tk rmfy ko h pbfktfmss dkgmf kr Nhfbkrobhsmomray trhoskrdhtbko bs bonrmhsboafy smmo hs tkk rbs`y h cmt kr tem uturm/

Nkdpfmx Yrkarhds wbte Nkosthotfy Mvkfvboa Sufms

Kvmr tem sbx ymhrs 399< tk 3988& tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm mohntmg kvmr 79 fhws gmhfboa

wbte rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg momray/


26/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3< Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Ok Nkemrmot& ^trmhdfbomg Lrhdmwkr` kr Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Gmvmfkpdmot

H `mystkom k Akvmrokr Crkwos momray pkfbny bs gmvmfkpboa 83&999 DQ k

gbstrbcutmg rmomwhcfm pkwmrrmomwhcfm pkwmr fknhtmg omhr ekdms& cusbomss& hog

tem nkdduobtbms bt smrvms/1< Webs bs tem dkst hdcbtbkus thramt kr fknhf gbstrbcutmg

amomrhtbko hoywemrm/ Bogmmg& h rmnmot rmpkrt sthtmg tem kffkwboa:

Hnebmvboa tem 83&999 DQ akhf hog dhxbdbzboa bts cmomts wbff okt cm mhsy/

Gmvmfkpdmot k fknhf rmomwhcfms ht teht snhfm wbff rmqubrm h nkkrgbohtmg

sthtmwbgm mkrt tk hggrmss h ekst k ohonbhf& rmaufhtkry& hog tmneobnhf

chrrbmrs/ Bt wbff rmqubrm nkffhckrhtbko& nrmhtbvbty& hog strkoa fmhgmrsebp tk

gmvmfkp nkdprmemosbvm hog nkst$mmntbvm skfutbkos/11

Mxbstboa hog hutekrbzmg prkarhds hrm prkjmntmg tk gmvmfkp 2&999 DQ k tem akhf0

>&999 DQ wbff nkdm rkd omw kr mxphogmg prkarhds/ Rmt& temrm bs ok hamony gknudmot&

sthtm fhw& kr mxmnutbvm krgmr prkvbgboa h nkdprmemosbvm rhdmwkr`& bgmotbyboa h

sboafm hamony bo nehram k nkkrgbohtboa hamony hntbvbtbms& kr nfhrbyboa ekw nkolbntboa

pkfbny kutnkdms rmahrgboa rhtmphymr nksts& jkc nrmhtbko& hog tbdmfbomss wbff cm

chfhonmg/ Wem bostbtutbkohf strunturm hog gmnbsbko dh`boa teht bs nmotrhf tk hnebmvboa

tebs akhf ehs cmmo fhramfy baokrmg cy pkfbnydh`mrs wbte tem mxnmptbko k nhffs kr

strmhdfbomg pmrdbttboa hntbkos cy fknhf akvmrodmot& cmttmr NHB^K rufms& hog mxphogmg

pfhooboa mkrts/ Cut hr dkrm bs ommgmggmvmfkpdmot k h nkemsbvm pfhooboa&

prknurmdmot& pmrdbttboa hog bovmstdmot rhdmwkr`0 bgmotbnhtbko k rmspkosbcbfbtbms

hdkoa hamonbms0 botmarhtmg hog strmhdfbomg gmnbsbko dh`boa0 hog ho bdpfmdmothtbko

rkhgdhp hog snemgufm/15

Wem ]tbfbty Cusbomss DkgmfWmosbkos cmtwmmo tem Wrhgbtbkohf ]tbfbty Cusbomss Dkgmf hog Nehoaboa Mfmntrbn ^ystmd

Bo hggbtbko tk uoghdmothf wmh`omssms bo Nhfbkrobhs rmaufhtkry bostbtutbkohf

rhdmwkr`& tem BK] bostbtutbkohf dkgmf bs mquhffy bff$mqubppmg tk fmhg tebs mfmntrbnbty

systmd trhoskrdhtbko/ Qebfm rbsboa nksts hog tembr hffknhtbko hnrkss rhtmphymrs hrm

sbaobnhot nehffmoams kr ckte BK]s hog tem gmpfkydmot k rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg

pkwmr hnrkss Nhfbkrobh& temy hrm cut sydptkds k ho uogmrfyboa prkcfmd/ Hs omw

pkwmr tmneokfkabms rhpbgfy gmvmfkp hog sknbmthf akhfs mvkfvm cmykog just mosurboa

Bo dhoy nhsms& tem dkst hnnmssbcfm skurnm kr upghtmg bokrdhtbko ko Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog

gbstrbcutmg pkwmr prkarhds hog rmaufhtbkos bs okt h Nhfbkrobh akvmrodmot wmcsbtm cut rhtemr h

tebrg$phrty oko$prkt& chsmg bo Okrte Nhrkfboh/

Wemrm bs ok hamony gknudmot& sthtm fhw& kr mxmnutbvm krgmr prkvbgboa h nkdprmemosbvm rhdmwkr`&

bgmotbyboa h sboafm hamony bo nehram k nkkrgbohtboa hamony hntbvbtbms& kr nfhrbyboa ekw nkolbntboa

pkfbny kutnkdms rmahrgboa rhtmphymr nksts& jkc nrmhtbko& hog tbdmfbomss wbff cm chfhonmg/


27/60


tem suppfy k mfmntrkos& bt okw smmds teht tem fkoa ebstkrbnhf prmnmgmot kr tem

rmaufhtmg BK] cusbomss dkgmfmvmo teht smt kvmr tem phst gmnhgm k kpmrhtboa bo

Nhfbkrobhs ehf gm$rmaufhtmg mfmntrbnbty dhr`mtehs cmnkdm dkrm k h chrrbmr teho

ho hssmt/ Bo phrtbnufhr& teksm teboas teht BK]s ehvm h prkt bonmotbvm tk gk hrm oktomnmsshrbfy tem shdm teboas teht sknbmty bonrmhsboafy hs`s k temd/ Lkr BK]s tk rmdhbo

dhjkrtekuae okt skfmprkvbgmrs k mfmntrbnbty smrvbnms tk Nhfbkrobh nustkdmrs&

temy wbff ommg omw cusbomss dkgmfs teht hfbao bonmotbvms hog moehonm rbs`$rmwhrg

pktmotbhf/ Hog& tk tem mxtmot temy ehvm tem nhpbthf omnmsshry tk bovmst bo dhjkr

tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonms& tem nurrmot rmaufhtkry strunturm typbnhffy gbshffkws utbfbty

bovmstdmots cmykog trhgbtbkohf borhstrunturm/

Wem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty rmaufhtkry gbrmntbvm k shm& rmfbhcfm utbfbty smrvbnm hog

borhstrunturm ht rmhskohcfm rhtms12 bs kom prbdhrbfy knusmg ko tem dbtbahtbko k

gkwosbgm rbs`/ Lkr ymhrs& mosurboa teht tem nustkdmrs fbaet nkdms ko wemo tem swbtne

bs lbn`mg wbtekut bonurrboa tkk dune ohonbhf phbo ehs dmhot h gmsmrvmg jkc wmffgkom/ Ht tem shdm tbdm& BK] sehrmekfgmrs mxpmntkrmdkststmhgy& fkw rbs`& fkoa$tmrd

rmturos rkd tembr bovmstdmots/ Mvmo tem tmrd utbfbty gmoktms h rmfbhcfm& prmgbnthcfm

bovmstdmot/ Webs gyohdbn ehs wkr`mg rmhskohcfy wmff kr gmnhgms& cut tkghys

bonrmhsboafy skpebstbnhtmg hog sknbhffy hspbrhtbkohf mfmntrbnbty systmd trhoskrdhtbko

akhfs hrm puttboa uoprmnmgmotmg strmss ko utbfbty cusbomss dkgmfs %webne hrm chsmg ko

bonrmhsmg rmvmoums hog utbfbty sehrmekfgmr prkts wbte bonrmhsmg shfms" hog& ht tem

shdm tbdm& okt hfbaoboa utbfbty bonmotbvms hog pmrkrdhonm wbte suppkrt kr omw

dhr`mt motrhots/

Momray Mlnbmony vmrsus tem Wrhgbtbkohf ]tbfbty Cusbomss Dkgmf

Wem ebstkrbnhf utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf whs sbdpfm: sehrmekfgmr rmvmoums bonrmhsmg

wbte bonrmhsboa mfmntrbnbty shfms& typbnhffy rkd ho mxphogboa hssmt chsm k nmotrhfbzmg

amomrhtbko hog trhgbtbkohf gmfbvmry borhstrunturm/ Momray mnbmony bs amomrhffy tem

fmhst mxpmosbvm momray rmskurnm kr utbfbtbms& ymt cmnhusm bt rmgunmg utbfbty mfmntrbn

shfms hog whs okt uffy hgkptmg cy dkst utbfbtbms& BK] rmvmoum hog prkt arkwte

rmdhbomg prbdhrbfy fbo`mg gbrmntfy tk tem nkostruntbko k stmmf$bo$tem$arkuog&

rhtm$chsmg borhstrunturm hog tem vkfudm k mfmntrbnbty shfms/ Weus& hcsmot nehoam bo

rmaufhtkry pkfbny& temrm bs fbttfm bonmotbvm kr ho BK] tk bovmst bo gmdhog$sbgm momray

mnbmony mvmo wemrm tem sknbhf ahbos k gkboa sk hrm bddmosm/ ^urprbsboafy& ekwmvmr&

tebs tmosbko rmdhbos mvmo bo Nhfbkrobhs uonkupfmg mfmntrbnbty dhr`mts& hs gmsnrbcmg

bo Ckx =& cmfkw/

CKU =: Momray Mlnbmony og Nbkrobs Sbs`$Smwrg Bonmotbvm Dmneobsd

Nhfbkrobh ehs cmmo h fmhgmr bo hgkptboa bookvhtbvm pkfbnbms tk hfbao utbfbty sehrmekfgmr bonmotbvms

wbte momray mnbmony/ Kvmr twmoty ymhrs hak& tem NY]N gmnkupfmg BK] rmvmoums rkd gbrmnt

mfmntrbnbty shfms hog hffkwmg BK]s tk rmnkvmr momray mnbmony bovmstdmots rkd rhtmphymrs/ Bo

399=& tem NY]N& NMN& hog NHSC nkffmntbvmfy hgkptmg tem Nhfbkrobh Momray Hntbko Yfho& pfhnboa

momray mnbmony ht tem tkp k Nhfbkrobhs fkhgboa krgmr kr momray systmd bovmstdmots/ Cut


28/60


Webs bssum gmdkostrhtms ekw mvmo tem nurrmot& rmaufhtmg BK] cusbomss dkgmf nho cm

ht kggs wbte nfmho momray akhfs/ Hog mvmo wemrm Nhfbkrobh ehs th`mo tem fmhg bo

gmvmfkpboa omw rmaufhtboa dmnehobsds tk suppkrt utbfbty momray mnbmony mkrts& temsm

mkrts rmdhbo bonkdpfmtm& okt botmarhtmg wbte ktemr utbfbty gmdhog$sbgm hntbvbtbms& hog

bskfhtmg rkd suppfy$sbgm hntbvbtbms/ Bt bs nrbtbnhf tk mosurm teht tem utbfbtbms fb`mwbsm gk

okt ehvm h cusbomss bonmotbvm tk kppksm gmdhog rmguntbko hntbvbtbms knnurrboa bo tembr

smrvbnm tmrrbtkrbms hog teht& b pkssbcfm& tembr cusbomss dkgmfs hrm hfbaomg tk suppkrt h

pkrtkfbk k gmdhog$sbgm gmfbvmry dmnehobsds hog smrvbnm& bonfugboa teksm rkd tebrg

phrtbms/ Dmnehobsds tk monkurham tebrg$phrty nkdpmtbtbko kr tk kpmo momray mnbmony

prknurmdmot tk nkdpmtbtbvm cbggboa prknmssms teht dbdbn suppfy nkotrhntboa ehvm

cmmo usmg bo ktemr sthtms hog nkufg pktmotbhffy cm usmg bo Nhfbkrobh/57 Cut uotbf

Nhfbkrobh hog ktemr sthtms fhuone h uff$snhfm rmvbmw k tem kvmrhff utbfbty cusbomss

dkgmf& mvmo bookvhtbvm mkrts fb`m SSBD hrm bosunbmot/

Bookvhtbko vmrsus tem Wrhgbtbkohf ]tbfbty Cusbomss Dkgmf

Nhfbkrobhs momray systmd trhoskrdhtbko gmpmogs upko ho uoprmnmgmotmg fmvmf k

bookvhtbko bo tmneokfkabms& arbg systmds& hog omw dhr`mt motrhots/ Bogmmg& tem vmry

nkonmpt k tem sdhrt arbg mothbfs hgvhonmg arbg borhstrunturm& omw nkotrkf hog

momray dhohamdmot systmds& hog twk$why nkdduobnhtbko& hs wmff hs mfmntrbn vmebnfms&

dbnrkarbgs& hog momray stkrham/ Ok sune systmd ymt mxbsts& hog webfm skdm mfmdmots

hrm bo usm kr bo gmvmfkpdmot& akboa rkd snhttmrmg pbfkts tk nkdprmemosbvm usm bo ho

mvmo wbte temsm nehoams& momray mnbmony bs okt h prkt nmotmr kr BK]s& hog teus Nhfbkrobh

rmnkaobzmg teht hggbtbkohf pkfbny nehoams wmrm ommgmg/59

Bo 399


29/60


30/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >9 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

ko tem krgmr k 89- hog rmhp omt sknbhf cmomts rkd bdprkvmg systmd mnbmony& 52 hs

wmff hs bonrmhsm tem vhfum pktmotbhf k gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko bo nkdpmtbtbvm dhr`mts/

Wekuae gmrmaufhtbko mxpmrbmonms suaamst teht tem cmomts k syddmtrbn prbnboa bo

mfmntrbnbty dbaet hnnrum fhramfy tk rhtmphymrs&29 tem rbs` teht syddmtrbn prbnboa wkufgrhbsm prbnms kr skdm BK] nustkdmrs bo skdm nhsms ehs amomrhtmg rmsbsthonm rkd

nkosudmr arkups tk suppkrt sune nehoam/ Hog gmspbtm sbaobnhot pktmotbhf sknbhf

shvboas& Nhfbkrobh BK]s& wek gk okt hnm ho kcvbkus prkt bonmotbvm kr crkhgfy

bdpfmdmotboa gyohdbn prbnboa& ehvm hfsk kofy tmothtbvmfy hpprkhnemg tem bssum/28

B BK] sehrmekfgmrskr ktemr tebrg$phrty motrhotswmrm hcfm tk cmttmr sehrm bo tem

mnbmony ahbos k bdpfmdmotboa gyohdbn prbnboa& temo prkarmss ko tebs bdpkrthot

bssum wkufg fb`mfy cm hstmr/

Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr hs h Ahdm$Nehoamr

Hfrmhgy& Nhfbkrobhos arkwboa bovmstdmot bo gbstrbcutmg pkwmr bs nehoaboa grhdhtbnhffy

tem rkfm k utbfbtbms hog tembr cusbomss rmturos hog prkvbgboa mxphogmg kppkrtuobtbmskr oko$utbfbtbms bo hrmhs k smrvbnm prmvbkusfy rmsmrvmg tk tem utbfbty dkokpkfy/ Gmspbtm

fmahf prkebcbtbkos ko rmthbf nkdpmtbtbko& BK] nustkdmrs hrm mfmntboa tk cmnkdm tembr

kwo smrvbnm prkvbgmrsmvmo wbte tem nkosbgmrhcfm gbnuftbms boemrmot bo fknhf

pmrdbttboa hog bosthffboa tekushogs k sdhff& nhpbthf$botmosbvm& botmrdbttmot amomrhtbko

rmskurnms/23 Smsbgmotbhf nustkdmrs bo Nhfbkrobh hrm hgkptboa rkktkp skfhr Y\ systmds

ht mxpkomotbhf arkwte rhtms& gmspbtm gmnrmhsboa gbrmnt bosthffhtbko sucsbgbms& mohcfmg

cy hffboa nkdpkomot hog trhoshntbko nksts/2> Fhramr nkddmrnbhf nustkdmrs hrm

sbdbfhrfy dktbvhtmg& hog tem ohturm k tembr fkhg bs httrhntbvm kr mdmraboa gbstrbcutmg

pkwmr tmneokfkabms sune hs umf nmffs& nkdcustbko moaboms& ko$sbtm ahs dbnrkturcboms&

hog hgvhonmg stkrham/ Hggbtbkohffy& wbte tem hcuoghonm hog fkw prbnboa k ohturhf ahs&

nkdcbomg emht hog pkwmr %NEY" hppfbnhtbkos hrm fb`mfy tk rbsm tekuae tem bdphnt bo

Nhfbkrobh wbff cm hmntmg cy hbr quhfbty rufms/

Wekuae tkghys usmr$sbgm k tem dmtmr gbstrbcutmg amomrhtkrs rmdhbo BK] nustkdmrs&

mvmry `bfkwhtt k nhphnbty teht temy bosthff okw gmnrmhsms BK] shfms hog pktmotbhffy

nhps uturm BK] dhr`mt pktmotbhf/ Fb`mwbsm& nustkdmrs hrm bonrmhsboafy hcfm tk dkgby

hog rmgunm tembr fkhgs ko tem gmdhog sbgm/ Htmr h nmotury k gm jurm ohturhf

dkokpkfy kvmr mfmntrbnbty shfms& tmneokfkay bs prkvbgboa h gbsruptbvm phtewhy kr gm

hntk dhr`mt motry hog omw rmthbf nkdpmtbtbko/

Htmr h nmotury kgm jurmohturhf dkokpkfy kvmr mfmntrbnbty shfms& tmneokfkay bs prkvbgboa hgbsruptbvm phtewhy kr gm hntkdhr`mt motry hog omw rmthbf nkdpmtbtbko/


31/60


9

399

799

Dmahwhtts

3997 399= 399< 3991 3995 3992 3989 3988

BK] Wmrrbtkry $ ktemr

YK] Wmrrbtkry

BK] Wmrrbtkry $ N^B

LBA]SM =: Nhfbkrobh Nustkdmr$^btmg ^kfhr Y\ Nhphnbty27

CKU 1: Yrkspmnts k Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr ^ystmds %GY^" bo tem ]obtmg ^ttms

Hgvknhtms k GY^ smm temd hs h dmhos k ehromssboa fknhf skurnms k amomrhtbko tk fmt nkosudmrs

cyphss tem nmotrhfbzmg systmd k amomrhtbko hog gbsphtne hog& bo dhoy nhsms& tk dmmt tembr kwo

mfmntrbnbty ommgs/ Wemy smm GY^ hs ehvboa tem pktmotbhf tk sthcbfbzm hog suppkrt tem arbg cy rmfbmvboa

nkoamstbko& webfm gmmrrboa kr hvkbgboa tem nkostruntbko k omw nmotrhfbzmg pkwmr pfhots cy

ksmttboa mog$usmr gmdhog/ Wemy hfsk ebaefbaet tem hcbfbty k dhoy gbstrbcutmg tmneokfkabms tk

bonrmhsm tem mnbmony k pkwmr gmfbvmry terkuae hvkbgmg trhosdbssbko hog gbstrbcutbko %W,G"

fkssms& rmgunmg nhpbthf mxpmogbturms ko W,G& tem nkovmrsbko k whstm emht hog momray tk usmuf

pkwmr& hog tem hcbfbty tk ehromss gbstrbcutmg rmomwhcfm rmskurnms terkuae systmds sune hs rkktkp

skfhr bosthffhtbkos/ Ktemrs strmss tembr pktmotbhf tk gmnrmhsm mfmntrbnbty systmd vufomrhcbfbty terkuae

tem gbvmrsbnhtbko k tem pkwmr suppfy pkrtkfbk hog tem bsfhogboa k amomrhtbko hog gbstrbcutbko/

Wem dkst hrgmot suppkrtmrs k GY^ smm temd hs ekfgboa tem pktmotbhf tk rmvkfutbkobzm tem ]/^/

pkwmr smntkr terkuae tem rmpfhnmdmot k tem mxbstboa pkwmr systmd wbte omw& fknhf dhr`mts kr

mfmntrbnbty& chsmg ko omtwkr`s k sdhff$snhfm amomrhtbko hog bokrdmg nkosudptbko/

Nrbtbns k GY^ ebaefbaet tem ebae nkst k gbstrbcutmg skurnms k pkwmr amomrhtbko rmfhtbvm tk

nmotrhfbzmg pkwmr sthtbkos hog tem ghoamr k sucsbgbms hog bonmotbvms kr GY^ tmneokfkabms

nrmhtboa uosusthbohcfm bogustrbms/ Wemy hfsk pkbot kut tem omahtbvm gbsruptbvm mmnts k httmdptboa

tk botmarhtm sdhff$snhfm amomrhtbko hog stkrham systmds botk h pkwmr borhstrunturm okt gmsbaomg

tk hnnkddkghtm temd/ Bo h smntkr teht gmpmogs dkrm teho hoy ktemr ko prmgbnthcbfbty hog

rmfbhcbfbty k kpmrhtbkos& temy hraum& hoy httmdpt tk dkvm hwhy rkd h ebaefy nmotrhfbzmg hog

nkotrkffmg systmd tk h omw phrhgbad chsmg ko tem haarmahtbko k oudmrkus& bogmpmogmotfy ruo

hssmts nkdms wbte mokrdkus gbrmnt hog bogbrmnt nksts/

Xuktmg rkd Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo tem ]obtmg thtms: Yrkspmnts hog Ykfbnbms&

Wem Ekkvmr hog Crkk`boas Bostbtutbkos& 398>


32/60


Wem pktmotbhf pksbtbvm bdphnts k crkhgmr gbstrbcutmg pkwmr tmneokfkay gmpfkydmot

ko armmoekusm ahs mdbssbko dbtbahtbko& arbg rmsbfbmonm& umf lmxbcbfbty& hog mvmo

bogustry gmvmfkpdmot hrm okw wbgmfy gbsnussmg/2= Cut pmrehps just hs bdpkrthot kr

Nhfbkrobh& abvmo tem mokrdbty k nehffmoams hnboa tem BK]$gkdbohtmg mfmntrbnbtysuppfy systmd kvmr tem omxt gmnhgms& hrm tem pktmotbhf bdphnts k gbstrbcutmg pkwmr

gmpfkydmot ko bdprkvboa mfmntrbnbty dhr`mt mnbmony hog uontbko/

Bo tembr rmaufhtmg& ohturhf dkokpkfy sthtm hog terkuae tembr kwomrsebp k tem arbg

gbstrbcutbko systmd& Nhfbkrobh BK]s ehvm ebstkrbnhffy hnmg fbttfm sucsthotbhf

nkdpmtbtbko rkd omw dhr`mt motrhots/ Mfmntrbn mrvbnm Yrkvbgmrs %M^Ys"& gmsnrbcmg

hckvm& ehvm fbdbtmg NY]N$arhotmg hutekrbzhtbko tk rmthbf mfmntrbnbty gbrmntfy tk mog$

usmrs kvmr tem BK] gbstrbcutbko systmd terkuae gbrmnt hnnmss prkvbsbkos/ Nkdduobty

Nekbnm Haarmahtkrs %NNHs"& sune hs tem Dhrbo Momray Hutekrbty kpmrhtboa bo tem

^ho Lrhonbsnk Chy Hrmh& hffkw nbty kr nkuoty rmsbgmotbhf hog nkddmrnbhf nustkdmrs

tk haarmahtm vkfuothrbfy tembr mfmntrbnbty gmdhog tk purnehsm gbrmntfy tem wekfmshfmpkwmr k tembr nekksboa hog gmtmrdbom bogmpmogmot rhtms strunturms/ Cut ckte temsm

krds k BK] nkdpmtbtbko hrm stbff ebaefy rmstrbntmg hog gk okt ehvm hnnmss tk tem shdm

BK] dhr`mt rufms& fbdbtboa tembr snkpm/27 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

kur ^kfutBko^ lkr NhfBlkroBh:

BoNrmdmothf hog luoghdmothf rmlkrd^

Nehoams bo rmaufhtkry hog utbfbty bostbtutbkohf strunturms hrm uoghdmothf tk tem

sunnmssuf gmvmfkpdmot k h omw mfmntrbnbty systmd& mspmnbhffy kom hs nkdpfmx hs

teht movbsbkomg kr Nhfbkrobh/ Bo tebs smntbko& wm smt kut twk hpprkhnems/ Wem rst

knusms ko hggrmssboa tem strmssms wm ehvm bgmotbmgrhtbkohfbzboa tem nkdpfmx

rmomwhcfm pkfbny wmc& dbtbahtboa nkst hog rhtm nehffmoams& hog hggrmssboa

bomqubthcfm nkst hffknhtbko strunturms/ Wem smnkog hpprkhne bs dkrm uoghdmothf&

rmkrdboa tem uogmrfyboa rmaufhtkry hog utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf/ Wem phte neksmo

gmpmogs upko tem pkfbtbnhf wbff bo Nhfbkrobh hog tem uramony wbte webne tebs bssum bs

vbmwmg/ Smahrgfmss k teht nekbnm& pkfbnydh`mrs hog sth`mekfgmrs ommg tk cmabo ho

bo$gmpte gbsnussbko k temsm bssums hog whys tk hggrmss temd& bo krgmr tk mosurm

teht temsm nrbtbnhf bostbtutbkohf hntkrs gk okt uogmrdbom tem sthcbfbty& hkrghcbfbty&

hog fkw movbrkodmothf bdphnt k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty systmd/

Bonrmdmothf ^kfutbkos: Wrmht tem ^trmssms

Shtbkohfbzm tem Nkdpfmx Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Ykfbny Dhzm

Dhoy k Nhfbkrobhs nurrmot prkarhds tk prkdktm rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr hrm

tmneokfkay$ kr snhfm$spmnbn/ Cut mvmo tem cmst sune prkarhds nhookt hotbnbphtm mxhnt

nehoams bo omw momray tmneokfkabms kr dhr`mt nkogbtbkos/ Hs h rmsuft& tem Nhfbkrobh

pkfbny hog prkarhddhtbn fhogsnhpm rmdhbos h stmp cmebog tem dhr`mt& krmvmr bo h sthtm

k rmaufhtkry om$tuoboa kr dhjkr kvmrehuf hs omw dhr`mt krnms& pfhymrs& hog prkarhds

mdmram/ Emrm& bo krgmr k bonrmhsboa hdcbtbko& hrm kur whys tk emfp rhtbkohfbzm tem wmc

k prkarhds:

Smqubrm hff rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr pkfbnbms& prkarhds& hog rufms tk cm

nkoskfbghtmg botk h sboafm gknudmot& upghtmg smdb$hoouhffy/

Abvmo teht Nhfbkrobh akvmrodmot hamony wmcsbtms gk okt nurrmotfy pucfbse

up$tk$ghtm bokrdhtbko hckut mxbstboa mfmntrbn pkwmr prkarhds hog teht wbgm$

rmhneboa botmr$hamony rmpkrts hrm kut k ghtm cy tem tbdm temy hrm pucfbsemg&

temrm bs ho bddmgbhtm ommg kr h strhbaetkrwhrg& kom$stkp bokrdhtbko

nfmhrboaekusm teht sth`mekfgmrs nho nkosuft tk fmhro weht pkfbnms hog prkarhds&

wbte weht rufms& hrm bo mmnt kr wbff cm nkdboa botk mmnt/ Webs gknudmot

sekufg cm krahobzmg cy prkarhd hog botmarhtm hff pkfbnbms rufms hog hamony

rkfms kr mhne prkarhd& nkdcboboa bo h sboafm pfhnm hff rufms cy hff hamonbms hog

tem NHB^K/ Hs ommgmg& tem hamonbms %hog tem NHB^K" sekufg krdhffy hgkpt tem

gknudmot sk teht bt prkvbgms tem nfmhr rufms k tem rkhg tk hff sth`mekfgmrs/ 893

Hog& mhne hamony sekufg rmvbmw hppfbnhcfm pkfbnbms hog prkarhds hoouhffy tk

mosurm teht mhne hrm rmspkogboa tk dhr`mt krnms& smt krte h vbhcfm phte kr tem

sthtms rmomwhcfm bogustry& suosmt wemo hpprkprbhtm& hog bdpfmdmot h

nkkrgbohtmg smt k akhfs/


35/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >= Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

Gmsbaohtm h fmhg hamony nehramg wbte gmvmfkpboa& bo nkojuontbko wbte ktemr hamonbms

hog tem NHB^K& h rkhgdhp kr tem hnebmvmdmot k Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm akhfs/

Wem bobtbhf stmps smt krte bo tem Nhfbkrobh Nfmho Momray Luturm hog tem NMNsgrht Smomwhcfm Hntbko Yfho ommg tk cm th`mo dune urtemr/ Ho hntuhf rkhgdhp bs

ommgmg& bgmotbyboa tem stmps hog gmnbsbkos ommgmg cy mhne hamony tk hnebmvm

sunnmss bo bts rmspmntbvm rkfm& tem tbdmrhdm kr th`boa teksm stmps& hog prknmssms

tk mosurm botmr$hamony+sth`mekfgmr nkkrgbohtbko bo h tbdmfy dhoomr/ Wem rkhgdhp

sekufg hfsk smm` tk ehvm jkbot kr nkkrgbohtmg gmnbsbko dh`boa cmtwmmo motbtbms& tk

strmhdfbom hog hfbao prkarhds/

Gmvmfkp h pfho kr gbstrbcutmg rmskurnm gmvmfkpdmot %kr bssum ho mxmnutbvm krgmr kr

botmr$hamony dmdkrhogud k uogmrsthogboa" smttboa kut akhfs& pkfbnbms& prkarhds&

nksts& hog uogboa hog bdpfmdmotboa rmspkosbcbfbtbms hog h gmnbsbko$dh`boa snemgufm

hnrkss hamonbms hog prkarhds/

Nhfbkrobhs hpprkhne tk gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms ommgs tk cm skfbgbmg hog tem rkfms

k sthtm hamonbms hog tem NHB^K nfhrbmg& bonfugboa tem smfmntbko k h fmhg hamony

kr trhn`boa sunnmss bo bdpfmdmotboa tem akhfs/ Wem gknudmot ommgs tk

bonkrpkrhtm pfhooboa& prknurmdmot& hog pmrdbttboa mkrts hog prkarhds& hnrkss

hamonbms& wbte h uobmg nrkss$hamony snemgufm kr rmskfvboa bssums hog

strmhdfboboa hamony gmnbsbko dh`boa/89> Webs gknudmot sekufg cm upghtmg

hoouhffy hog sekufg& terkuae h sboafm wmcsbtm& pucfbse bokrdhtbko ko nksts&

sunnmss bo bdpfmdmothtbko& hog bssums ommgboa rmskfutbko/ H `my bssum tk cm

hggrmssmg bs tem botmarhtbko k SY^$mfbabcfm hog oko$SY^mfbabcfm prkarhds&

bonfugboa tem pkssbcbfbty k h sboafm thramt teht nrkssms kvmr cmtwmmo ckte tem

utbfbty hog nustkdmr sbgm k tem dmtmr/

Fbdbt fmabsfhtbvm hggbtbko k omw& rmomwhcfm prkarhds uofmss gkom tk hggrmss

akvmrohonm hog bostbtutbkohf bssums/

Nhfbkrobh ehs dkrm rmomwhcfm fhws hog prkarhds teho hoy ktemr akvmrodmot/

Abvmo fbdbtmg akvmrodmot rmskurnms& h ebhtus sekufg cm th`mo ko gmvmfkpboa omw

prkarhds ko h pbmnmdmhf chsbs/ Hamony httmotbko sekufg cm ko botmarhtboa mkrts&

strmhdfboboa prkarhds hog gmnbsbko dh`boa& hog gmvmfkpboa phtes tk prkvbgm

fkoa$tmrd susthbohcbfbty/

Hssmss hog Smspkog tk Nksts

Qebfm gmnfboboa skfhr Y\ prbnms hrm grbvboa gkwo rmomwhcfm nksts& hog fkw gkdmstbn

ohturhf ahs prbnms hrm dbtbahtboa kvmrhff pkwmr systmd nksts& dkrm nho cm gkom tk

mosurm teht tem sthtms phte krwhrg ko rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg momray bs hkrghcfm/

Sbsboa nkst& bo btsmf& bs okt ho boemrmotfy uohnnmpthcfm pemokdmoko bo hff sbtuhtbkos0

rhtemr& bt bs h fhn` k mxpfbnbt nkst mxpmnthtbkosbokrdhtbko hog dmtrbnsteht dh`ms

rbsboa nksts sk trkucfboa/ Qbtekut uogmrsthogboa tem nksts& thxphymrs hog rhtmphymrs


36/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >< Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

nhookt hnnurhtmfy wmbae temd hahbost tem cmomts cmboa prkvbgmg/ Hog webfm

akvmrodmot gkms okt nkotrkf umf kr tmneokfkay prbnms& bt bs rmspkosbcfm kr tem

pkfbnbms hog prkarhd gmsbaos teht grbvm pkwmr systmd nksts/ Hggbtbkohffy& tekuae

nkdpmtbtbvm dhr`mts nho prkvbgm nkst gbsnbpfbom& bt bs uonfmhr ekw tem dhoy Nhfbkrobhpkfbnbms hog prkarhds susthbohcfy suppkrt omw dhr`mt motrhots/ Emrm& bo krgmr k

bonrmhsboa hdcbtbko& hrm kur whys tk emfp x tebs:

Nkotboum Nhfbkrobhs haarmssbvm pursubt k momray mlnbmony hog gmdhog$sbgm

dmhsurms tk ksmt suppfy nksts hog fkwmr nustkdmr cbffs/

Nhfbkrobh ehs cmmo tem fmhgmr bo bdpfmdmotboa momray mnbmony& hog >9$pfus ymhrs

ehvm sekwo tem sunnmss k bts prkarhds bo fkwmrboa nkosudmr cbffs/ Nhfbkrobh

sekufg nkotboum tebs hpprkhne& hs h `my dmhsurm tk dbtbahtm rbsboa nksts ko tem

suppfy sbgm/ Ombtemr tem NMN krmnhst okr tem NHB^Ks pfhooboa hssudptbkos

nurrmotfy bonfugm tem uff rhoam k mnbmony shvboas teht tem NY]N ehs smt hs BK]thramts/ une shvboas sekufg cm bonfugmg& tk hvkbg pfhooboa hog cubfgboa uoommgmg

borhstrunturm/

Bdprkvm tem pucfbn hvhbfhcbfbty k nkst ghth hog trhn` tkthf nksts/

Wkk ktmo& òkwos cmnkdm uoòkwos bo tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty systmd

terkuae emhvy rmghntbko bo pucfbn gknudmotsmspmnbhffy ghth rmfhtmg tk utbfbty

spmogboa hog nkst mstbdhtms/ Bo dhoy nhsms& tem kofy koms wek gk okt òkw tem

prbnm k skdmteboatem pucfbnhrm tem koms wek hrm phyboa kr bt/897

]ogmrth`m h rmvbmw k rmchtms hog bonmotbvm dmnehobsds kr rmomwhcfm hog

gbstrbcutmg pkwmr prkarhds tk mosurm teht pucfbn uogs hrm usmg bo h strhtmabn dhoomr

tk grbvm gkwo nksts hog pktmotbhffy nhp pucfbn sucsbgbms kvmr tbdm/

Wem Nhfbkrobh kfhr Bobtbhtbvm kmrs h dkgmf k fkoa$tmrd suppkrt terkuae h

prkarhd teht nkosnbkusfy gmnrmhsmg akvmrodmot sucsbgbms kvmr tbdm& tk smog

nfmhr sbaohfs k h fkoa$tmrd dhr`mt teht wkufg& cy fkwmrboa skfhr tmneokfkay nksts&

rmpfhnm akvmrodmot sucsbgbms wbte prbvhtm bovmstdmot/ ^bdbfhr hpprkhnems hrm

ommgmg bo hff rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr prkarhds& wbte h nfmhr hrtbnufhtbko

k tem amomrhtbko tmneokfkay nkst$fkwmrboa strhtmay ht tbdm k prkarhd hpprkvhf&

hog wbte rmaufhr rmvbmws hog upghtms gurboa tem prkarhd fbmtbdm/

]ogmrsthog hog rmspkog tk systmdbn rbs`s teht nho sbaoblnhotfy grbvm up prkarhd nksts/

Nhfbkrobh bs hnboa ht fmhst twk dhjkr& systmdbn rbs`s bo bts rmomwhcfm pusetem

pktmotbhf fkss k mgmrhf thx nrmgbts hog gmfhys bo dhjkr& omw trhosdbssbko fboms

teht nkufg jmkphrgbzm rmomwhcfm gmvmfkpdmot nfustmrs/ Wk ghtm& rmaufhtkrs ehvm

okt bgmotbmg temsm hs systmdbn rbs`s okr hrtbnufhtmg h nfmhr strhtmay tk gmhf wbte

sune rbs`s bo h tbdmfy hog nkst$mmntbvm dhoomr/


37/60


Hggrmss ]omvmo Nkst Hffknhtbko

Qm ehvm smmo ekw mfmntrbn systmd nksts hrm uomvmofy hffknhtmg hnrkss gbmrmot

nustkdmr smadmotsmvmo wbtebo tem rmsbgmotbhf smntkrhog ekw& hcsmot rmkrd&

uturm nkst bonrmhsms wbff hff ko ho bonrmhsboafy sdhffmr smadmot k mfmntrbnbty usmrs/

Ckte tem Fmabsfhturm hog tem NY]N ehvm rmnkaobzmg teht nkst hffknhtbko dust cm

nehoamg kr h vbhcfm hpprkhne akboa krwhrg/ Qbtekut prkpksboa spmnbn rhtm gmsbao

dmnehobsdsNY]N prknmmgboas ko sune bssums hrm koakboawm suaamst& emrm& skdm

prbonbpfms tk knus nkst hffknhtbko gbsnussbkos:

Mosurm hgmquhtm rmskurnms kr tem Gbvbsbko k Shtmphymr Hgvknhtms %GSH" tk hnt

hs h `my vkbnm kr rmsbgmotbhf hog sdhff nkddmrnbhf nustkdmrs bo hrmhs k rmvmoum

hffknhtbko hog rhtm gmsbao/

GSH whs smt up wbtebo tem NY]N tk hnt hs h vkbnm kr mfmntrbn utbfbty nustkdmrs bo

tem grhwo$kut& krdhfbzmg NY]N pucfbn emhrboas prknmss/ Nhfbkrobh sekufg

prkvbgm GSH hgmquhtm rmskurnms tk rmprmsmot BK] mfmntrbn rmsbgmotbhf hog sdhff

nkddmrnbhf nkosudmrs rmahrgboa tem gmvmfkpdmot k hbr nkst$sebtboa hog nkst

hffknhtbko strunturms tk mosurm teht tem NY]N dmmts bts sthtutkry nehram tk smt

utbfbty rhtms teht hrm okt just rmhskohcfm cut hfsk just/

Bgmotbty thrb hog rhtm gmsbao nehoams teht hggrmss bomqubtbms k rmomwhcfm hoggbstrbcutmg pkwmr rhtmphymr nkst hffknhtbko hog bgmotby hpprkhnems teht dhbothbo

crkhg suppkrt kr mxphogboa gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko/

Gmspbtm h chsbn prbonbpfm k smttboa nkst$chsmg rhtms& oko$nkst$chsmg rhtm gmsbaos

ehvm bo hnt rmpmhtmgfy cmmo nrmhtmg kvmr tem phst gmnhgm bo Nhfbkrobh/ Bo rmspkosm

tk nkonmros kvmr OMD prbnboa bo phrtbnufhr& tem Fmabsfhturm ehs phssmg HC 3=87&

webne rmqubrms tem NY]N tk mxhdbom tem nksts hog cmomts k tem OMD prkarhd/

Kom skfutbko kr OMD dhy cm tk dmtmr tem Y\ kutput hog phy tem nustkdmr h

gbmrmot rhtm kr teht kutput teho tem rmthbf nehram kr mfmntrbnbty/ Ht tem shdm tbdm&

tem NY]N ommgs tk nkotboum bts rmvbmw k rmsbgmotbhf rhtms tk hvkbg uohbr sucsbgbms

hog mosurm crkhg$chsmg suppkrt hog susthbohcfm nkst$sehrboa kr Nhfbkrobhsmxphogboa usm k gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms/

Luoghdmothf ^kfutbkos: Smlkrd tem Smaufhtkry hog Cusbomss Movbrkodmot

Msthcfbse Nfmhr Hamony Smspkosbcbfbty hog ]sm h Nkosbstmot mt k Ykfbny Gmnbsbko$dh`boa

Nrbtmrbh hnrkss Hamonbms hog Yrkarhds

Bo tem dbggfm k tem phst gmnhgm& kffkwboa tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty nrbsbs hog nkonmros

hckut hamony arbgfkn` sthogboa bo tem why k bovmstdmot bo omw& fkoa$gbsthonm

Wkk ktmo& `okwos cmnkdm uo`okwos bo tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty systmd terkuae emhvy

rmghntbko bo pucfbn gknudmotsmspmnbhffy ghth rmfhtmg tk utbfbty spmogboa kr nkst mstbdhtms/


38/60


trhosdbssbko fboms& Akvmrokr newhrzmomaamr prkpksmg tk nrmhtm h Nhfbkrobh

Gmphrtdmot k Momray teht wkufg nmotrhfbzm hgdbobstrhtbvm uontbkos& rmkrbmot hog

strmhdfbom NMN gmnbsbko dh`boa& hog ohrrkw tem knus k tem NY]N/ Wekuae dhoy

arkups suppkrtmg tebs httmdpt ht bdprkvboa hamony hnnkuothcbfbty hog gmnbsbkodh`boa& bt uftbdhtmfy hbfmg cmnhusm k fmahf tmneobnhfbtbms hog uonmrthboty hrkuog tem

pkfbnydh`boa rkfm hog ktemr rmspkosbcbfbtbms k tem nkostbtutbkohffy nehrtmrmg NY]N/

Kvmrhff& ekwmvmr& tem Akvmrokrs prkpkshf rmnkaobzmg tem ommg tk rmkrd tem sthtm

mfmntrbnbty hamony bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr` bo krgmr tk suppkrt gmsbrmg trhoskrdhtbkos

k tem peysbnhf arbg/ Hog webfm tem prkpkshf whs nkonmromg wbte arbg rmfbhcbfbty hog

mosurboa mokuae suppfy bovmstdmot& tkghy wm tkk smm tem ommg kr hamony rmkrd tk

suppkrt Nhfbkrobhs crkhgmr rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr$krbmotmg peysbnhf

trhoskrdhtbko akhfs/ Emrm hrm skdm pktmotbhf whysrhoaboa rkd dkst chsbn tk tem

dkrm hdcbtbkustk amt temrm:

Mxphog tem NMNs Smomwhcfm Hntbko Yfho tk bgmotby& bo armhtmr gmthbf& hamony rkfms&gmnbsbkos& snemgufboa dbfmstkoms& hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr rhdmwkr`+nkkrgbohtbko0

hgkpt my nkdpkomots hs ho mxmnutbvm krgmr0 hog ekfg pucfbn quhrtmrfy& botmrhamony

dmmtboas tk rmpkrt ko dbfmstkoms dmt/

Gmvmfkp omw fmabsfhtbko tk smt up h sboafm hamony& sbdpfby prkarhds hog rkfms&

rmqubrm pucfbn rkhgdhp hog dbfmstkoms& hog gbrmnt tem usm k nkffhckrhtbvm

prkcfmd skfvboa/

Smkrahobzm hog botmarhtm rufms hog gmnbsbko dh`boa kr ckte utbfbty$snhfm rmomwhcfms

hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr/

Nmotrhf tk uoghdmothf rmkrd bs bgmotbyboa hog usboa h nkosbstmot smt k pkfbnydh`boa

nrbtmrbh cy hff hamonbms hog motbtbms bovkfvmg bo prkdktboa Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog

gbstrbcutmg rmskurnm mkrts/ Wkghy& mhne hamony kffkws tem hpprkhne bt tebo`s cmst

hog urtemr sucgbvbgms teht& chsmg ko tem prkarhd cmboa hggrmssmg/ H sboafm& wmff$

uogmrstkkg smt k nrbtmrbh bs ommgmg tk mosurm nkosbstmony hnrkss pfhooboa mkrts hog

prknurmdmot prkarhds/ Mxhdpfms k kur pkssbcfm nrbtmrbh hrm movbrkodmothf cmomts&

rhtmphymr nksts& rmfbhcbfbty bdphnts& hog mnkokdbn gmvmfkpdmot cmomts/

CKU 5: fkk`boa hemg: Nemoams og Kppkrtuobtbms

Webs phpmr ehs gmdkostrhtmg rmkrds teht wkufg nfmhrfy cmomt Nhfbkrobh hs bt dkvms tkwhrgs btsomhr tmrd 3939 akhfs kr rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr/ Hcsmot sune hntbko& temsm thramts

dbaet cm rmhnemg& cut bo h dmssy hog pktmotbhffy rbs`y why/ Wem grhdhtbn stmps teht wkufg cm

ommgmg tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs 39=9 nfbdhtm nehoam thramt& ekwmvmr& mxmdpfby ekw tem bostbtutbkohf

rhdmwkr` dust cm uoghdmothffy upghtmg bo tem fkoamr tmrd/

Ho hrtbnfm tebs ymhr bo ^nbmonm Dhahzbom89= hohfyzmg tem bddmosm snhfm k borhstrunturhf nehoams

ommgmg tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs 39=9 thramt k ho 59- rmguntbko bo AEA mdbssbkos cmfkw 8229 fmvmfs/


39/60


40/60


nkdpmtbtbvm dhr`mt; Cmabooboa tebs gbsnussbko hog uogmrsthogboa tem trhgmks bo tem

gbmrboa phtes krwhrg bs nrbtbnhf/891

Kom bonrmdmothf stmp bo tem rbaet gbrmntbko wkufg cm kr NY]N tk hgkpt ho bonmotbvm

rhdmwkr` kr utbfbty bookvhtbko& rmnkaobzboa teht rbs`s hog rmturos dbaet nkdm

rkd bovmstdmots bo kpmrhtbkohf nehoams& rkd sktwhrm& kr rkd ktemr hrmhs/

Cmnhusm tem NY]N rmaufhtms h fhram sehrm k utbfbty bovmstdmots& bt nho rmhskohcfy

bonrmhsm utbfbty bovmstdmots bo bookvhtbko ommgmg tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm

hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr akhfs/ Webs nehoam bo btsmf wbff okt trhoskrd tem utbfbty

cusbomss dkgmf& cut bt wbff emfp mqubp utbfbtbms tk gk tembr jkcs cmttmr/ ]ftbdhtmfysune ho bonmotbvm rhdmwkr` dhy mvmo emfp utbfbtbms tk gmvmfkp omw kptbkos hog

gbrmntbkos kr dkrm uoghdmothf trhoskrdhtbko bo tem uturm/ Ht tem shdm tbdm& b

sune omw bovmstdmots hrm tk cm k hoy rmhskohcfm sbzm& bt bs bdpkrthot teht utbfbty

nustkdmrs hrm okt fmt rmspkosbcfm kr gkwosbgm rbs`s %teht bs& tem bobtbhf nkst k h

hbfmg bovmstdmot" webfm sehrmekfgmrs mojky kofy tem upsbgm/ Ckte rbs` hog rmwhrg

dust cm sehrmg cmtwmmo rhtmphymrs hog sehrmekfgmrs/

Cmykog tebs rst stmp& dkrm hdcbtbkus mkrts hrm ommgmg rkd ckte pkfbnydh`mrs

hog utbfbtbms bo mxpmrbdmotboa wbte omw arbg dhohamdmot& nustkdmr botmrhntbko&

hog rmvmoum dkgmfs/ Lkr ckte arbg rmfbhcbfbty hog utbfbty cusbomss vbhcbfbty& hftmrohtm

dkgmfs dust cm wmff uogmrstkkg sk teht temy nho cm smrbkusfy mvhfuhtmg/ Bt bs okt

nfmhr teht sune fmhroboa nho th`m pfhnm terkuae bonrmdmothf hgjustdmots bo tem

prmsmot mfmntrbnbty systmd/ Wemrmkrm& tk bdprkvm utbfbty hog pkfbnydh`mr nkogmonm&

Nhfbkrobh sekufg nkosbgmr tem msthcfbsedmot k rmabkohf pbfkt prkjmnts bo tem sekrt

tmrd& trhosbtbkoboa tk gmsbaohtmg gbstrbcutmg pkwmr + omw mfmntrbnbty systmd rmabkohf

gmvmfkpdmot zkoms kvmr tem dmgbud tmrd& prmmrhcfy terkuae vkfuothry morkffdmot

cy mxbstboa botmrmstmg nkdduobtbms kr terkuae hppfbnhtbko tk omw$cubft hrmhs/ Kvmr

tem fkoamr tmrd& hs vbhcfm hftmrohtm rmaufhtkry hog cusbomss rhdmwkr`s hrm

bgmotblmg& temy nkufg cm bostbtutmg terkuae h trhosbtbkohf phrhffmf$trhn` systmd

hfkoasbgm tem fmahny rhdmwkr`& dune bo tem shdm why teht dhoy pfhoomg

mnkokdbms ehvm rmkrdmg& trhosbtbkomg& hog kpmomg bogbvbguhf smntkrs tk

sunnmssuffy pmrkrd bo omw dhr`mt nkogbtbkos/

Abvmo teht dhr`mts& tmneokfkabms& nkosudmr prmmrmonms& hog pkfbtbnhf hdcbtbkos

nho hff nehoam rhpbgfy& weht sekufg cm tem uobyboa fmos terkuae webne utbfbtbms hog

pkfbnydh`mrs nho nkosbstmotfy knus tembr mkrts ht uoghdmothf bostbtutbkohf

rmkrd;Gbstrbcutmg pkwmr sekufg cm teht krnboa hamot kr bostbtutbkohf rmkrd& bo

Nhfbkrobh hog mfsmwemrm& cmnhusm bt rmprmsmots h nrysthffbzhtbko k nehoams hog

prbkrbtbms teht nustkdmrs hrm hfrmhgy hgkptboa cut webne hrm hfbmo tk teksm utbfbtbms

]ftbdhtmfy& tem tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonms teht ehvm hfrmhgy put rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr

systmds wbtebo rmhne k Nhfbkrobh hog ktemr sthtms dust cm dhtnemg cy hgvhonms bo rmaufhtbko

hog cusbomss/


41/60


%kr pkfbnydh`mrs" wek hrm wmg tk tem trhgbtbkohf nmotrhf sthtbko& fkoa trhosdbssbko&

dkokpkfy$gbstrbcutbko& uobgbrmntbkohf& rhtm$chsmg& fkw nkst& chsbn$pmrkrdhonm

mfmntrbnbty smrvbnm gmfbvmry phrhgbad/ Bts vmry nkotrhstbo tmrds k tmneokfkay&

prbnboa& hog smrvbnmwbte tem msthcfbsemg dkgmf wbff emfp knus ko tem nehoamsteht hrm ommgmg/ Dkrmkvmr& nustkdmrs hrm hfrmhgy gmdhogboa bt& wemtemr kr okt

utbfbtbms hrm rmhgy/

Hoktemr `my btmd tk hggrmss bo rmvbmwboa tem chsbn utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf bs

Nhfbkrobhs vbsbko kr oko$utbfbty pfhymrs/ Nhfbkrobh ehs kr gmnhgms suppkrtmg h

nkdpmtbtbvm hpprkhne tk prknurmdmot& bonfugboa rmomwhcfms& gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms&

hog gmdhog rmspkosm/Omw pfhymrs nho crboa bovmstdmot hog bookvhtbko cmykog

teht prkvbgmg cy utbfbtbms hog teus ommg tk cm nkosbgmrmg `my bo Nhfbkrobhs omw

mfmntrbn arbg/ Ekwmvmr& tem sthtm pkfbnydh`mrs ehvm ymt tk ehvm h dmhoboauf

gbsnussbkodune fmss h rkhgdhpko stmps ommgmg tk hfbao h susthbomg&

prkthcfm cusbomss dkgmf kr omw& oko$utbfbty motrhots teht hfsk crkhgfy hfbaoswbte tem nehoaboa utbfbty rkfm/ Cmfkw bo Ckx 2 bs h vbsbko k twk hftmrohtbvm utbfbty

dkgmfs/ K temsm twk dkgmfs& tem fhttmrtem utbfbty hs h sdhrt botmarhtkrcmst

hfbaos wbte suppkrt kr oko$utbfbty motrhots hog tem gbrmntbko Nhfbkrobh ehs cmmo

dkvboa tkwhrgs/

CKU 2: Wwk Yktmotb htmrotbvm ]tbbty Dkgms

Wem Momray ^mrvbnm ]tbfbty:

Ho momray smrvbnm utbfbty bs ho mxtrmdmfy vmrtbnhffy botmarhtmg kom %grhwboa chn` tk h dkgmf

movbsbkomg cy Wekdhs Mgbsko" teht wkufg prkvbgm okt just `Qes cut tem hntuhf smrvbnm btsmf k

nkfg cmmrs hog ekt sekwmrs/

Wem sknbhf hppmhf k tebs wkufg cm ho BK] wbte ohonbhf bonmotbvms hfbaomg tk rmhfbzm sbaobnhot

mnbmonbms cy kptbdbzboa mvmry hspmnt k ckte mfmntrbnbty suppfy hog nkosudptbko/ Ho momray

smrvbnm utbfbty teht nkufg cbff cy tem fmvmf k rmpkrtmg knnuphot temrdhf nkdkrt& kr mxhdpfm& wkufg

mhamrfy uogmrth`m ekdm bosufhtbko rmtrkts& uparhgm haboa emht pudps& haarmssbvmfy dhoham

temrdkstht fmvmfs& hog pmrkrd ktemr nkst$shvboa mnbmony dmhsurms teht nkufg bdprkvm prkt

dhrabos ht tem ekusmekfg fmvmf/ Wem BK]& kr bts phrt& wkufg og btsmf bo omw dhr`mts wbte crkhg

arkwte pktmotbhf hog lht$kktmg bonudcmots %bo tem wmff$mxhdbomg smosm teht momray mog$usmrs

gk okt kptbdbzm momray mnbmony hs mxpmntmg"/ Nrbtbns k tebs hpprkhne& ekwmvmr& gmnry h

pktmotbhffy nekbnm$ hog bookvhtbko$supprmssboa dkgmf phrhffmfboa tem Cmff pekom dkokpkfy& webne

bssumg mvmry Hdmrbnho ekusmekfg ho bgmotbnhf Qmstmro Mfmntrbn tmfmpekom kr gmnhgms/895

Wem ^dhrt Botmarhtkr:

Wem sdhrt botmarhtkr hrnemtypm& ko tem ktemr ehog& rmprmsmots h gbhdmtrbnhffy kppksbtm hpprkhne:

emrm& tem rkfm k tem BK] arkws tk hssudm dhoy k tem arbg$ hog gbsphtne$dhohamdmot rkfms

pfhymg tkghy bo Nhfbkrobh cy tem NHB^K hog mxphogs ko teht tk bonfugm omw& bokrdhtbko$rbne

dhohamdmot k ckte gbvmrsm gbstrbcutmg pkwmr borhstrunturm hog prmnbsm nustkdmr fkhgs& cut bt

stmps hwhy rkd prbdhny bo mfmntrbnbty suppfy btsmf/


42/60


]ftbdhtmfy& tem tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonms teht ehvm hfrmhgy put rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg

pkwmr systmds wbtebo rmhne k Nhfbkrobh hog ktemr sthtms dust cm dhtnemg cy

hgvhonms bo rmaufhtbko hog cusbomss/ Hog bt bs fb`mfy teht tem cmst why tk nfksm teht ahp

bs okt just tem bssuhonm k urtemr gkn`mts hog pkfbny akhfsrmaufhtbko$hs$usuhf/ Qeht

bs ommgmg bs h dhjkr rmhssmssdmotrkd h cfho` sfhtmhdkoa teksm teht cmst `okw

tem systmd& bts kppkrtuobtbms& hog bts rbs`s/ Smomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr arbg

trhoskrdhtbko mkrts rhdm h ohturhf wbogkw k kppkrtuobty& dune bo tem shdm why

teht tem rbsm k hkrghcfm ohturhf ahs nkdcbomg$nynfm pkwmr pfhots fhtm fhst nmotury

smt tem stham kr wekfmshfm pkwmr gmrmaufhtbko mkrts ohtbkowbgm/ Qbte tem tmneokfkay

mvkfvboa& hog dhr`mt trhoskrdhtbko kppkrtuobtbms fkkdboa& bt bs up tk tem wbff k

sthtm$fmvmf pkfbtbnhf fmhgmrs hog tem pucfbn bo Nhfbkrobh hog mfsmwemrm hrkuog tem

nkuotry tk gmom weht tem smnkog euogrmg ymhrs k mfmntrbn pkwmr wbff fkk` fb`m kr

tem ]obtmg ^thtms/

H sdhrt botmarhtkr BK]& kr mxhdpfm& dbaet usm gyohdbn prbnboa hog rmhf$tbdm& hutkdhtmg gmvbnm$

fmvmf fkhg nkotrkf hfkoasbgm dbnrkarbg$spmnbn gbsphtne k mfmntrbnbty stkrham kr amomrhtbko hssmts

tk kptbdbzm tem mnbmony k mfmntrbnbty smrvbnm suppfy hog gmdhog/ Nmotrhfbzmg& sdhrt botmarhtbkoht tebs fmvmf nkufg grhdhtbnhffy bdprkvm kvmrhff mfmntrbnbty systmd nksts cut wkufg rmqubrm rmhf

bovmstdmots bo omw& mohcfboa borhstrunturm& kpmrhtbkohf prknmssms& hog dhohamdmot sktwhrm

teht nkufg krd h sbaobnhot BK] prkt chsm/ ^kdm ehvm th`mo tebs hpprkhne mvmo hrtemr& oktboa

teht wbte tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonmdmots bo bokrdhtbko strunturboa& nkdduobnhtbko prktknkfs& hog

gmnbsbko hfakrbteds hfkoasbgm h nkddko$pkkf rmskurnm hpprkhne tk dhr`mt strunturms& dune k

tem sdhrt botmarhtkrs prkpksmg rkfms nkufg bo hnt cmnkdm gbstrbcutmg temdsmfvms terkuae h

gmnmotrhfbzmg& ymt smf$nkkrgbohtmg& omtwkr`/892

Lrkd Ymtmr$Lkx Ymoomr& ^dhrt Ykwmr& 3989


43/60

Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 7> Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt

hYYmogBNm^

Hppmogbx B: Nhfblkrobhs Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Yrkarhds

Nhfbkrobhs ^mvmo SY^$Mfbabcfm Yrkarhds889

Wem kffkwboa bs h sekrt suddhry k Nhfbkrobhs smvmo SY^ prkarhds:

h" SY^ pkwmr purnehsm harmmdmots %YYHs" %NY]N& NMN& hff utbfbtbms"

Nhfbkrobh YYH prknurmdmot bs h ebaefy nkdpmtbtbvm prknmss& usboa h sthtutkrbfy

spmnbmg fmhst nkst$cmst t nrbtmrbh wbte botmosm nkdpmtbtbko kr fkwmr nkst/

BK]s nho hfsk sbao cbfhtmrhf YYHs& cut BK]s ehvm amomrhffy fbdbtmg sune YYHs/

Dhoy k tem YYHs wmrm sbaomg wemo rmomwhcfm nksts wmrm ebaemr hog tem dhr`mt

fmss nkdpmtbtbvm/ Weus& h dhjkr hntkr hnboa utbfbtbms hog tem NY]N bs tem

trmhtdmot k sune nkotrhnts/ \kbgboa nkotrhnts nkufg rmsuft bo fkwmr prbnms rkd

rmomaktbhtmg kr omw nkotrhnts/ Ekwmvmr& sune ho hpprkhne wkufg sbaobnhotfy

seh`m nkogmonm bo tem sthcbfbty k tem Nhfbkrobh dhr`mt hog cm kpmo tk fmahf

nehffmoam/ Hoktemr fkkdboa bssum bs tem pktmotbhf mxpbrhtbko k mgmrhf thx

nrmgbts/888

c" Wrhghcfm Smomwhcfm Momray Nrmgbts %WSMNs" %NY]N& NMN& hff utbfbtbms"

SMNs hrm nmrtbnhtms k prkk teht kom dmahwhtt$ekur %DQe" k mfmntrbnbty whs

amomrhtmg cy ho mfbabcfm& rmomwhcfm momray rmskurnm/ Wemy nho cm prknurmg

mbtemr bo$ kr kut$k$sthtm/ Wem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm ehs smt strbnt fbdbts ko tem

hdkuot k WSMNs teht BK]s nho rmfy upko kr tem SY^ bo krgmr tk prkdktm

bo$sthtm jkcs hog tem uff utbfbzhtbko k dhjkr& omw& bo$sthtm trhosdbssbko fboms

cmboa uogmg cy rhtmphymrs tk nhrry rmomwhcfms/883

n" Xuhfbyboa Lhnbfbtbms %XLs" nkotrhnts %NY]N& BK]s"

BK] rmomwhcfm mfmntrbnbty prknurmdmot dmnehobsds bonfugm purnehsms rkd

quhfbyboa hnbfbtbms %XLs"& webne mdpfky nkdcbomg emht hog pkwmr amomrhtbko

tmneokfkay %NEY"& hs hutekrbzmg uogmr tem 8215Yucfbn ]tbfbty Smaufhtkry Ykfbnbms

Hnt%Y]SYH"/ XLs prmghtm tem sthtms SY^ dhoghtms& hog tem NY]N ehs msthcfbsemg

rufms teht hffkw XL hnbfbtbms prkgunboa rmomwhcfm momray teht bs skfg tk BK]s tk

quhfby hs SY^$mfbabcfm pkwmr/

g" ]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA" %NY]N& NMN& utbfbtbms"

^thtm fhw monkurhams ]KA prknurmdmot k rmomwhcfms up tk 5/3=- k hff rmthbf

shfmsb/m/& up tk 3=- k hff rmomwhcfm momray shfms/ Ekwmvmr& ok dhjkr ]KA

rmomwhcfms ehvm cmmo prknurmg kutsbgm k tem ^Y\Y/88>

m" ^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y" %NY]N& BK]s"

Wem ^Y\Y& msthcfbsemg cy tem NY]N bo 3992& bs h vm$ymhr prkarhd tk gmvmfkp

8&899 DQ bo tem termm BK] smrvbnm hrmhs/ Wem akhf bs tk hnbfbthtm omw skfhr Y\


44/60


omhr fkhg& wemrm temrm bs surpfus nhphnbty ko tem mxbstboa gbstrbcutbko systmd/

Yrkjmnt sbzm rhoams rkd 83 DQ %^NM"& 8= DQ %^GA,M"& hog 839 DQ %YA,M"/

Wem 8899 DQ bs spfbt rkuaefy =9+=9 cmtwmmo utbfbty$kwomg amomrhtbko %]KA" hog

tebrg$phrty nkdpmtbtbvm skfbnbthtbko YYHs/887

" Smomwhcfm Huntbko Dmnehobsd %SHD" %NY]N& BK]s"

Wem SHD& msthcfbsemg cy tem NY]N bo 3989& thramts gmvmfkpboa 8&999 DQ88=

cy ekfgboa kur huntbkos kvmr twk ymhrs& usboa strmhdfbomg& dhr`mt$chsmg

prknurmdmot dmnehobsds kr rmomwhcfm gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko/88 DQ& wbte h sthtmwbgm nhp k 1=9 DQ/ Wem

BK] pkrtbko bs 71= DQ/ Wem NY]N kvmrsmms tem BK] mkrts hog rmnmotfy hgkptmg

h omw prbnboa dmnehobsd %chsmg ko tem SHD prkarhd prbnm" teht hgjusts temsthoghrg prbnm mvmry twk dkotes/881

Nhfbkrobhs Lkur SY^$Bomfbabcfm Smomwhcfm Yrkarhds

Nhfbkrobh ehs kur ktemr prkarhds teht suppkrt rmomwhcfm pkwmr amomrhtbko cut gk

okt quhfby hs SY^$mfbabcfm pkwmr/885 Wemsm prkarhds sucsbgbzm sbaobnhot gmvmfkpdmot

k nustkdmr$sbgm& ko$sbtm& rmomwhcfm mfmntrbnbty amomrhtbko/882

h" Nhfbkrobh ^kfhr Bobtbhtbvm %N^B" %NY]N& mog$usm nustkdmrs"

Webs tmo$ymhr prkarhd& cmauo bo 399&999 DQ k

skfhr Y\/ Bt bs kpmo tk ckte rmsbgmotbhf hog oko$rmsbgmotbhf BK] nustkdmrs&

kmrboa gmnfboboa bonmotbvms kvmr tbdm/ Yrkjmnts dust cm sbzmg sk teht tem

hdkuot k mfmntrbnbty prkgunmg cy tem prkjmnt bs usmg prbdhrbfy tk ksmt phrt kr

hff k tem nustkdmrs mfmntrbnhf ommgs ht tem prkjmnt sbtm/

c" Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD" %NY]N& BK]s& mog$usm nustkdmrs"

Wem NY]Ns omt momray dmtmrboa %OMD" prkarhd& mxbstboa sbonm 822=& rmqubrms

BK]s tk fmt nustkdmrs gbrmntfy ksmt tembr utbfbty mfmntrbnbty nkosudptbko wbte

surpfus mfmntrbnbty amomrhtmg ko sbtm rkd systmds sdhffmr teho 8 DQ

renewable and distributed power in california

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