Renal FailureRenal Failure

Prepared by:Prepared by:Aween MuhammedAween Muhammed

Mazin Fadhil Mazin Fadhil Sarah KurdoSarah KurdoRawaz HiwaRawaz Hiwa

OutlineOutline

Normal Renal FunctionNormal Renal Function Renal FailureRenal Failure Acute renal failureAcute renal failure Risk factorsRisk factors SymptomsSymptoms ManagmentManagment ConclusionConclusion

Normal Renal FunctionNormal Renal Function

The kidneys are The kidneys are essential organs in the essential organs in the body which function to body which function to remove water and remove water and waste products. They waste products. They also produce important also produce important hormones such as hormones such as erythropoietin, Vitamin erythropoietin, Vitamin D, and renin.D, and renin.

Normal Renal FunctionNormal Renal Function

Renal failureRenal failure

Renal failure is a medical condition in Renal failure is a medical condition in which the Kidneys fail to adequately filter which the Kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood. waste products from the blood.

The two main forms are:The two main forms are:   Acute kidney DiseaseAcute kidney Disease: which is often reversible with : which is often reversible with

adequate treatment, adequate treatment, Chronic kidney DiseaseChronic kidney Disease: which is often not reversible. : which is often not reversible.

Acute renal failureAcute renal failure Pre-renal Acute Renal failure (ARF):Pre-renal Acute Renal failure (ARF):

The most common type of acute renal failureThe most common type of acute renal failure Occurs when a sudden reduction in blood flow to the Occurs when a sudden reduction in blood flow to the

kidney (renal hypoperfusion) causes a loss of kidney kidney (renal hypoperfusion) causes a loss of kidney function.function.

Pre-renalPre-renal

Causes: Causes: Severe blood loss and low blood pressure related to major Severe blood loss and low blood pressure related to major

cardiac or abdominal surgery, severe infection (sepsis), or cardiac or abdominal surgery, severe infection (sepsis), or injury.injury.

Medicines that interfere with the blood supply to the Medicines that interfere with the blood supply to the kidneys. Medicines such as ACE inhibitors and common kidneys. Medicines such as ACE inhibitors and common pain medicines (NSAIDs) commonly cause pre-renal acute pain medicines (NSAIDs) commonly cause pre-renal acute renal failure in people who already have an increased risk renal failure in people who already have an increased risk for kidney problems.for kidney problems.

Severe dehydration caused by excessive fluid loss.Severe dehydration caused by excessive fluid loss. Severe burns.Severe burns. Pancreatitis and liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, that Pancreatitis and liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, that

create fluid shifts in the abdomen.create fluid shifts in the abdomen.

Intrinsic Renal FailureIntrinsic Renal Failure

Occurs when direct damage to the kidneys Occurs when direct damage to the kidneys causes a sudden loss in kidney function.causes a sudden loss in kidney function.

The most common causes of intrinsic acute renal failure The most common causes of intrinsic acute renal failure are:are:

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN),Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN), Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN), Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN),

Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN).Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN).

ATNATN

Acute Tubular NecrosisAcute Tubular Necrosis : Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is : Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a condition in which the small filtering tubes in the kidney a condition in which the small filtering tubes in the kidney are injured.are injured.

Surgery, especially cardiovascular or abdominal surgery.Surgery, especially cardiovascular or abdominal surgery. Direct injury to the kidney.Direct injury to the kidney. Severe burns.Severe burns. Severe muscle injury or extreme physical exertion.Severe muscle injury or extreme physical exertion. Drugs ( especially antibiotics ) and chemotherapy agents, Drugs ( especially antibiotics ) and chemotherapy agents,

toxins and poisons, and dyes used in certain kinds of x-toxins and poisons, and dyes used in certain kinds of x-rays.rays.

Acute Tubular NecrosisAcute Tubular Necrosis

Acute GlomerulonephritisAcute Glomerulonephritis : : Glomerulonephritis is a condition in which Glomerulonephritis is a condition in which the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys or in the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys or in other word glomeruli become inflamed and other word glomeruli become inflamed and damaged.damaged.

Lupus, an immune system disorder causing Lupus, an immune system disorder causing glomerulonephritis.glomerulonephritis.

Bacterial or viral infections.Bacterial or viral infections.

Acute Interstitial NephritisAcute Interstitial Nephritis : Acute interstitial : Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is inflammation of the nephritis (AIN) is inflammation of the kidneys. It is usually caused by a medicine, kidneys. It is usually caused by a medicine, such as an antibiotic or a nonsteroidal anti-such as an antibiotic or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug like aspirin or ibuprofen. inflammatory drug like aspirin or ibuprofen. But AIN may also be caused by a But AIN may also be caused by a streptococcal or viral infection. streptococcal or viral infection.

Post renalPost renal Postrenal acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when an Postrenal acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when an

obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys causes obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys causes waste to build up in the kidneys.waste to build up in the kidneys.

Causes of post-renal ARF:Causes of post-renal ARF: Kidney stones . Kidney stones most often develop in the Kidney stones . Kidney stones most often develop in the

ureters. They may also develop in the urethra.ureters. They may also develop in the urethra. An enlarged prostate . An enlarged prostate gland may put An enlarged prostate . An enlarged prostate gland may put

pressure on the urethra, causing urine to back up in the pressure on the urethra, causing urine to back up in the bladder.bladder.

Nerve damage involving the nerves that control the Nerve damage involving the nerves that control the bladder.bladder.

Blood clots in the ureters or urethra.Blood clots in the ureters or urethra. Cancer of the prostate, cervix, or colon.Cancer of the prostate, cervix, or colon.

Risk factorsRisk factors

Acute kidney failure almost always occurs in connection with another Acute kidney failure almost always occurs in connection with another medical condition or event. Conditions that can increase your risk of medical condition or event. Conditions that can increase your risk of acute kidney failure include:acute kidney failure include:

Being hospitalized, especially for a serious condition that requires Being hospitalized, especially for a serious condition that requires intensive care.intensive care.

Advanced age.Advanced age. Blockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs (peripheral artery Blockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs (peripheral artery

disease).disease). Diabetes.Diabetes. High blood pressure.High blood pressure. Heart failure.Heart failure. Kidney diseases.Kidney diseases. Liver diseasesLiver diseases

SymptomsSymptoms

Little or no urine when you try to urinate.Little or no urine when you try to urinate. Swelling, especially in your legs and feet.Swelling, especially in your legs and feet. Nausea and vomiting.Nausea and vomiting. Feeling confused, anxious and restless, or Feeling confused, anxious and restless, or

sleepy.sleepy. Pain in the back just below the rib cage. Pain in the back just below the rib cage.

This is called flank pain.This is called flank pain.

Treatment and ManagementTreatment and Management

All nephrotoxic agents (eg, antibiotics with All nephrotoxic agents (eg, antibiotics with nephrotoxic potential and [NSAIDs]) should nephrotoxic potential and [NSAIDs]) should be avoided or used with extreme caution. be avoided or used with extreme caution.

Decreasing the intake of potassium in diet Decreasing the intake of potassium in diet or tube feedsor tube feeds

Correction of fluid overload with furosemideCorrection of fluid overload with furosemide

ConclusionConclusion

In conclusion , Acute kidney failure can be In conclusion , Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment. fatal and requires intensive treatment. However, acute kidney failure may be However, acute kidney failure may be reversible. If you're otherwise in good reversible. If you're otherwise in good health, you may recover normal kidney health, you may recover normal kidney function. function.

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!