Eurasia recovered from the Plague

China recovered from the Plague & Mongols

Janet Pareja – Signature School - 2015

Route of the Bubonic PlagueRoute of the Bubonic Plague

What areas were not affected by the Black Plague?WHY do you think that was?

Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague

• Began in Asia – possibly Began in Asia – possibly Gobi DesertGobi Desert

• Intermittently from 1331 to Intermittently from 1331 to late 17late 17thth c. c.

• Mortality Rate: Mortality Rate: 60-70%60-70% in in

China, China, 30-50%30-50% West of West of therethere

• Areas NOT affected: Areas NOT affected: India, Scandinavia, Sub-India, Scandinavia, Sub-Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa

Jews, disabled, and otherwise “undesirable” people Jews, disabled, and otherwise “undesirable” people blamed for the plagueblamed for the plague

Disruption of Societies & Disruption of Societies & EconomiesEconomies

• Massive Labor shortages

• Urban workers demanded higher wages

• Left home for better situations

• Government tried to make people stay where they were / reinstate feudalism

• Revolts throughout countryside & cities

Europe Recovered from the Europe Recovered from the Plague… Plague…

Statebuilding• Taxes & Administrative Taxes & Administrative

Structure Structure as instruments of national monarchies

• Fragmented & Competitive MORE WARS!!– Frequent small scale wars Hundred Years War-BIG!– New military & naval technology– Standing European armies

Recovery in Western EuropeRecovery in Western EuropeProof: Proof: The RenaissanceThe Renaissance: 1400-1600• Began in Florence, spread to other Northern Italian City

States… then West. Cultural Blossoming!!Cultural Blossoming!!• BUSINESSMENBUSINESSMEN in these City States

sponsored innovations in art & architecture

• A whole new age:A whole new age:– Not ruled by ChurchNot ruled by Church– Not ruled by FEUDALISMNot ruled by FEUDALISM

Florence

Siena – Palazzo Publico

Genoa

Santa Maria del FioreCathedral, Florence

Baptistry, Florence

FlorenceFlorence

Brunelleschi’s Dome on Cathedral of Florence

David - Michelangelo

View of an Ideal City, Pierro della Francesca

linear PersPectivelinear PersPective

Humani s m = Man i s Humani s m = Man i s t he t he Meas ure of Al l Meas ure of Al l Thi ngsThi ngs•Idealization of the Human Mind & Body Idealization of the Human Mind & Body as perfect creations of God!

•REALISM!REALISM! “Parla!”•Religious themesReligious themes – especially the Virgin, Bible scenes

•Classical ThemesClassical Themes – Mythology, History

•Primary Sources Primary Sources consulted – many from the Arabic

•Nature themes Nature themes – reflected new interest in the why’s and how’s of nature

Citizens of a City!People identified themselves as

Lorenzo The Magnificent

Lorenzo’s Dad

Elder Cosimo

Mirandola

Boticelli

MediciBro

Medici Bro

Giotto d. 1337

Bot t i c e l l iBot t i c e l l i

Boticelli

Leonardo Da Vinci

La Giaconda

Michelangelo

Natural poses, lifelike bodies.

The sense of moral power and tense energy is conveyed not only through the anatomy, but through the concentrated gaze of the Biblical hero.

Michelangelo

RaphaelRaphael

“Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and Wife” by Dutch painter Jan van Eyck, (1434).

PetrarchPetrarchFather of Humanism

Father of Italian (Florentine) LanguageSonnets– admired & imitated

throughout EuropeCoined term “Dark Ages”

Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri ““Divine ComedyDivine Comedy” ” – considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language, and a masterpiece of world literature – Social commentary - Florence

• Florentine, wrote poetry poetry and romancesand romances, , then became a diplomat.

• Masterpiece called the DecameronDecameron, set in the time of the black death.

• DialogueDialogue master.

• Florentine diplomat, political philosopher, musician, poet, playwright – an Italian Renaissance Man Italian Renaissance Man and a servant of the Florentine Republic.

• Cynical (realist) approach to Cynical (realist) approach to powerpower in The Prince, the Discourses, and the History.

• Synonymous with ruthless politics, deceit and the pursuit of power by any means:

““It is better to be feared than It is better to be feared than to be loved, if one cannot be to be loved, if one cannot be both.”both.”

• Spanish author of Don Don Quixote de la ManchaQuixote de la Mancha.

• The two main characters of this classic are Don Quixote and Sancho Panza

• English• Author of 37 plays, many

sonnets. – Great imagery, vocabulary,

imagination– Comedies, histories, tragedies, and romances.

• Greatest works: Taming of the Shrew, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Julius Caesar.

Trial of Galileo, Trial of Galileo, 16331633

Florentine Wealth

Bonfire of the VanitiesBonfire of the Vanities

• 1497 – Dominican1497 – Dominican priest Girolamo priest Girolamo

SavonarolaSavonarola• Part of FlorentinePart of Florentine Shrove Tuesday Shrove Tuesday

observance.observance.

• CollectedCollected and publicly burned thousands of and publicly burned thousands of objectsobjects deemed to be “occasions of sin of deemed to be “occasions of sin of vanity.”vanity.” – cosmeticscosmetics, mirrors, fine dresses, hair , mirrors, fine dresses, hair

ornaments, jewelryornaments, jewelry– Secular art – paintingsSecular art – paintings, sculpture, sculpture– Musical instruments, Musical instruments, playing cards, playing cards, – Books that were deemed toBooks that were deemed to be “immoral” be “immoral”

such as poetry, secularsuch as poetry, secular songs, romances songs, romances and other works of non-religiousand other works of non-religious themes. themes.

Recovering from the Plague, Europe was blossoming, finally…

As West finally began to meet East… what about China?

Ming DynastyMing DynastyReviving Chinese Traditions after the Reviving Chinese Traditions after the

Departure of the Mongols:Departure of the Mongols:

• Centralization of Government: Direct Rule Centralization of Government: Direct Rule of Emperorof Emperor

• Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

• Ethnically HanEthnically Han

• Confucian education– Civil Service Exam

–Mandarins &

Eunuchs

Ming Dynasty• Promoted Economic

Recovery: Trade flourished– Repaired irrigation systems

Ag productivity Ag productivity surged

– EEfficient ManufactureManufacture of of silk, porcelain, cottonsilk, porcelain, cotton

Cultural Cultural RevivalRevival

– Actively promoted

Neo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism

–Yongle Yongle EncyclopediaEncyclopedia anthology of Chinese cultural traditions

““Chinese Reconnaissance of the Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin”Indian Ocean Basin”

• Control of sea trade in Indian Control of sea trade in Indian Ocean & Spice IslandsOcean & Spice Islands

• Threats to China?Threats to China?–NO Military RivalsNO Military Rivals–Stop PiracyStop Piracy

• Inspire Awe!Inspire Awe!• Re-Activate Tributary SystemRe-Activate Tributary System

Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He

Treasure Ships

• 450 ft. long x 180 ft. wide• 9 masts, 4 decks w/ public & private rooms, restrooms!• 500 – 1000 passengers• 62 treasure ships, 240 smaller ships

“Walked like a tiger”

Did not hesitate to use Chinese Manpower & Military Might:

– Eradicated piratesEradicated pirates in SE Asian waters

– Civil disturbance – Ceylon– Local wars– Threats to fleet off coast of

Arabia, Africa– Relocated MuslimsRelocated Muslims to to Malakka & Malakka &

IndonesiaIndonesia, granaries, mosques, warehouses and a stockade

End of Voyages, 1433End of Voyages, 1433• Confucian ministers

distrusted foreign alliances– Barbarians, Muslims

• Trade items did not match China’s luxuries– Flowers, fruit, zebra, giraffe

• Use treasury to support Agriculture, Defense instead.

• China closed to outside trade; resources re-directed…

End of Voyages, 1433End of Voyages, 1433

• Technology forgotten

• Ships left to rot in harbor

• Nautical charts destroyed

China Turned her Face Inward

…As Europe Took to the Waves

Key Moments in European Maritime Travel

1415

1420

1430’s

14331433

1480’s1480’s

1480’s1480’s

14921492

14961496

1497-981497-98

1520-231520-23

Portuguese seize Ceuta in Morocco

Portuguese explore West Coast of Africa

Portuguese in the Azore Islands off coast of Africa

Chinese fleets withdraw from Indian OceanChinese fleets withdraw from Indian Ocean

Portuguese contact with Kongo; royal family converts to Christianity

Sugar production begins in Canary Islands

First Transatlantic voyage of ColumbusFirst Transatlantic voyage of Columbus

John Cabot enters Indian Ocean, reaches IndiaJohn Cabot enters Indian Ocean, reaches India

Vasco da Gama enters Indian Ocean, reaches IndiaVasco da Gama enters Indian Ocean, reaches India

Magellan’s Voyage to Asia via the Americas; first Magellan’s Voyage to Asia via the Americas; first circumnavigation of the golbecircumnavigation of the golbe

European Exploration

Portuguese – 1st– Expand Christianity– Expand commercial opportunities

Why? – Already Sea farers– Good relations with Muslims– Poor country compared…

Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator – His passion– Schools– Invested

Colonization of Atlantic Islands

• Portugal seized Ceuta, Morocco

• Colonized Madeiras, Azores, etc.

• Italian investors, Portuguese landowners: Sugarcane Plantations

Slave Trade

• West Coast of Africa

• Traded guns, textiles for Traded guns, textiles for gold, slavesgold, slaves

• Thousands of slaves to Atlantic island plantations

Indian Ocean Trade

• Portuguese searched for sea route to Asian markets without Muslim middlemen.

• Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias –– Reached Cape of Good Hope,

entered Indian Ocean- 1488

• Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, returned to Lisbon w/ huge profit

Portuguese Dominated Indian Ocean Trade

• Cannons on their Ships!!Cannons on their Ships!!

• Required all ships in Indian Ocean to pay tribute…

Cristoforo Colombo

• Italian from Genoa

• Italian city states, Portugal refused

• Spain agreed – 1492

• 4 voyages

And the rest, as they say, isHistory….

FIN

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