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ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 4, Issue 2, August 2014
132
Remote Sensing Application for Agricultural Land
Value Classification Integrated in the Land
Consolidation Survey Stojanka Brankovic, Ljiljana Parezanovic
Republic Geodetic Authority, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract – Purpose of the present research is aimed at remote
sensing application, integrated with the conventional methods, in
agricultural land value classification within the land
consolidation survey procedure. The paper provides overview of
agricultural land value classification, as determined by the
conventional methods, with comparative overview of remote
sensing application in identification of agricultural crops using
multispectral temporal images of crops, where yields of
agricultural crops are being one of the variables in agricultural
land value classification. The need for geospatial data increases,
over the vast areas in the certain timeframes, especially in the
field of agriculture, which is an important industry of any
country. The present paper contributes to methodology
development for the remote sensing application in the land
consolidation survey procedure, where technical procedure
provides for land territory arrangement and organization and
environment protection.
Index Terms–Land Consolidation Survey, Remote Sensing,
Satellite Images, Classification of Crops, Agricultural Land
Value
I. INTRODUCTION
Remote sensing is a research method providing for
identification and analysis of spatial – temporal elements of
the environment; land use and land cover change, in order to
obtain timely information on environment and influence of
human activities. Geospatial datasets with spatial and
temporal resolution detect, discover and analyze topographic
changes of surfaces, along with the changes of landscape
vertical component. Spatial information on earth surface is
gaining on importance for monitoring local, regional and
global resources and environment. Numerous researches had
presented methodology of remote sensing and monitoring
changes on earth surface, which may be used to deduct some
very beneficial and important conclusions [2]. Apart from
plentitude of successful research of remote sensing
application for monitoring and detection of environment
changes, there are vast challenges in multispectral temporal
images use for obtaining certain information about the
environment and events. Technological development of new
platforms and sensors for data acquisition had contributed to
the major advance in the remote sensing application and
development of several advanced methods for satellite
imagery processing [3] and new approaches in analysis and
use of image data with temporal dimension [1]. This paper
does not cover specific methods or algorithms for satellite
imagery processing; instead, the focus is on potential use of
satellite imagery for the purposes of agricultural land value
classification and analysis of estimated changes on earth’s
surface. The research had been conducted in the
governmental institution, Republic Geodetic Authority,
which successfully implements activities on the NSDI
(National Spatial Data Infrastructure) establishing in Serbia
according to the European initiatives and trends, in line with
the INSPIRE (Infrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in
Europe initiative) Directive principles, with the support of
the IGIS (Integrated Geo-Information Solution) Project
implemented by French consortium “IGN France
International” and “EADS Astrium”, with the objective to
develop the Remote Sensing center on the national level.
Test area for the research was the territory of the Cadastral
Municipality of Feketic, the Municipality of Mali Idjos in
Vojvodina, where land consolidation survey is being
performed over 6 thousand hectares of the agricultural land
(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Test area – the Municipality of Mali Idjos, Cadastral
Municipality Feketic
II. AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE
CLASSIFICATION
Methodological procedures for agricultural land value
classification within the land consolidation survey procedure
using conventional methods integrated in the GIS
environment, over the same test area, had been described in
the previous paper [7]. Previous research was aimed at
verifying the set hypothesis that the agricultural land value
classification in the land consolidation procedure gets
exceptional improvements by utilization of geographic
information systems [4] and spatial graphical databases,
giving the overview of vast areas for which the land value
classification needs to be performed, by utilizing new
information technologies in geospatial data acquisition.
Conventional methodology for establishing agricultural land
value classification involves geo-morphological
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 4, Issue 2, August 2014
133
parameterization in determination of land fertility grade and
economic criteria parameterization that contains average
yields of agricultural crops per hectare of arable agricultural
land. Coefficients of agricultural land value classification are
given in Table 1, where the values are weights in the model
for determination of land polygon value in the land
consolidation survey [7].
Table 1: Scale of ratio between appraisal grades
ij
n
j
iV Pwi
1
where:
vi value of agricultural land of appraisal grade i
wi weight of the appraisal grades
Pijarea of polygons of appraisal grade
Overview map of agricultural land value classification,
produced using conventional methods in the classification
procedure shows the value of land under consolidation,
being the subject of land consolidation and environment
protection project (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2: Overview map of agricultural land value
classification (appraisal grades)
Actual state of land cover over the test area pertaining to
the agricultural crops and value of yields achieved per one
hectare had been tested by field investigation, and correlated
with data from the Real Estate Cadastre, public register of
real estate. Established discrepancies between data on
cadastral cultures in the register of real estate and the state in
the field had been identified using spatial analysis, which
integrates data from graphical databases (digital cadastral
map and orthophoto) and alphanumerical data from the Real
Estate Cadastre database (REC). Development and
application of the remote sensing within the Republic
Geodetic Authority’s (RGA) competences had streamlined
this research towards the potential to develop methodology
for the remote sensing application to collect certain data
over the vast areas, which can in turn provide for decision
making in land territory organization and infrastructural
projects designing for agricultural production (drainage
systems, channel and road network, silos positioning, etc)
[9]. The most important and the most demanding phase in
the land consolidation technical procedure is determination
and classification of all agricultural parcels’ values for each
owner and new positioning and grouping agricultural parcels
within the scope of land territory consolidation survey. In
the Republic of Serbia, land consolidation survey is being
performed pursuant to the laws regulating the field of state
survey and the field of agriculture [10, 11].
II. REMOTE SENSING DATA
Remote sensing is presently being used in numerous
scientific research projects covering various fields and
disciplines, where the results obtain interpret a vast volume
of information on distant features and areas. A set of
methodological procedures for acquisition and processing of
digital records, obtained from sensors of various
wavelengths of visible, thermal and invisible part of the
spectrum is one of the definitions of the remote sensing [2],
i.e. the remote sensing is the process that observes
differences at a single feature or phenomena in various times
[8].
А. Satellite Images
Our research had used satellite images from the
appropriate satellite systems, with the following
performances:
1) SPOT4 satellite – Panchromatic images with 10 m
resolution and multispectral images with 20 m
resolution;
2) SPOT5 satellite – Panchromatic images with 2.5 m
resolution and multispectral images with 10 m
resolution;
3) SPOT6 satellite – Panchromatic images with 1.5 m
resolution and multispectral images with 6 m resolution.
Satellite images had been processed in the Geometric
Workshop for the purposes of the Remote Sensing
Workshop, using Pixel Factory production system based on
scalable, user oriented and centralized system for mass
production management and processing high volumes of
data from the various sensor systems, with the high degree of
production processes automation.
B. Agricultural Land Cover Map
Based on the data collected through the remote sensing,
Agricultural Land Cover maps had been produced for 2011
and 2012 for the territory of Vojvodina, with the intensive
agricultural production present, and the scope including test
area where our research had been performed. In the
production process of these maps, multi-temporal approach
was the key, for the reason of utilizing satellite images from
different temporal epochs, following phenology
development of agricultural crops (April – September) and
covering the same geographical territory. For production of
(thematic) agricultural map, Overland, eCognition
(eCognition Architect, eCognition Developer) and ArcGis
packages had been used. Figure 3 shows the production
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 4, Issue 2, August 2014
134
procedures from integral data (satellite images) to the final
product – Agricultural Land Cover map.
Fig. 3: Methodological procedure of Agricultural Land Cover
map production
C. Classification of Agricultural Crops
Classification of agricultural crops had been defined
pursuant to the biophysical parameters generated using the
Overland software. The software uses SAIL/PROSPECT
physical model as the key component in the process of
biophysical parameters creation. The most commonly used
biophysical parameter is LAI (Leaf Area Index) – parameter
giving the numeric value that indicates leaf coverage per
area unit, i.e. defining vegetation density and detecting
certain agricultural crops[6].
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSES
Within the framework of experimental research,
comparative analysis had been performed between the
agricultural land classification in the Real Estate Cadastre
database and agricultural crops classification on the
Agricultural Land Cover map, based on the data collected by
the means of the remote sensing. Agricultural land in the
Real Estate Cadastre databases is classified into cadastral
cultures (crops) and cadastral classes. Lands with the
cadastral culture arable fields and cadastral class ranging
from first to third are the highest quality soils for agricultural
crops production, which had been covered by the
comparative analysis, with the remote sensing data.
Application of comparative analysis of agricultural crops
spatial distribution had at its disposal satellite images from
the same annual period, with two temporal dimensions (2011
and 2012), over the same geographic territory. Figures 4a
and 4b show agricultural map for the Cadastral Municipality
of Feketic in 2011, for which satellite images from mid-
summer (July) had been used, and graphical overview of
shares belonging to the most common agricultural crops; and
Figures 5a and 5b show agricultural map produced using the
images from the same period in 2012, with graphical
overview of the most common agricultural crops.
Fig. 4a: Map of agricultural crops
Fig. 4b: Classification of crops per areas, remote sensing,
2011
Fig. 5a: Map of agricultural crops
Fig. 5b: Classification of crops per areas, remote sensing,
2012
Comparative analysis of cadastral cultures and
agricultural crops classification had been performed per
areas, by overlapping layers of data from the remote sensing
and data from the Real Estate Cadastre. Area under the
cadastral cultures is 5519 hectares, and area under
agricultural crops from the remote sensing is 5271 hectares
in 2011 and 5511 hectares in 2012. Identification of area
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 4, Issue 2, August 2014
135
differences between the cadastral cultures and agricultural
crops from remote sensing from 2011 is shown in Figures 6a
and 6b.
Fig. 6а: Cadastral areas
Fig. 6b: Remote sensing areas
Further research had been directed towards verifying the
quality of identified soil and land use. Visual and spatial
analysis had been performed by comparing orthophoto and
overview map with land classification value, where the
orthophoto had served to identify the areas marked on the
agricultural map as “bare soil” (Figures 7a, 7b). Subject area
belongs to high quality soil (Figure 7b, appraisal grade 1, 2
and 3) and their way of use was the agricultural crop: wheat.
Due to early harvesting of this crop in 2011, in the land
classification procedure using remote sensing, the subject
land was detected as bare, i.e. no agricultural crop. Remote
sensing data integrated with data from the other databases in
geographical information system can provide reliable
information on land cover [1].
Fig. 7а: Orthophoto-remote sensing
Fig. 6b: Land fertility grade classification
Agricultural land value classification had been performed
using the conventional methods, as shown in Figure 8, with
the great number of small area polygons with different
values (each color represents one classification coefficient)
indicates the necessity of the model for multi-criteria
optimization of agricultural land value, for which the land
consolidation survey is being planned [5].
Fig. 8: Agricultural land classification (conventional method)
Described research methodology had been implemented
using GIS tools, software suite Arc GIS 9.3.1 and its
extensions, Access 2000 and Excel 2010, which had been
used to perform the analyses presented above.
IV. CONCLUSION
Researching the possibilities to use the remote sensing
data integrated in the land consolidation survey was the
explicit objective of this research. Visual and spatial analysis
of data collected using various methods and for various
purposes that had been jointly integrated in the GIS
environment had indicated the possibility to use the data
collected by remote sensing, for the purpose of land cover
examination. Methodology for further development of
remote sensing use is a potential option for planning and
implementation of future land consolidation surveys.
Structure of the available data (raster, vector) with
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
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utilization of GIS tools provides for preparation of various
databases (thematic maps, topographic maps, land cover
maps, agricultural crops maps, etc), along with the database
attributes, which may contribute to the successful
performance of land consolidation survey, firstly through the
agricultural land value classification, having that it is the
foundation for the new land arrangement over the land
consolidation territory. Our future research will be focused
towards studying further development of remote sensing
data application and collecting potential attributes and
changes occurring over the land territory, on the vast areas,
which will improve methodology for the agricultural land
value classification.
REFERENCES
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AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Mr Stojanka Brankovic Graduated from the Faculty of Civil Engineering
in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1986. Finished post-graduate scientific level of
Master at the same Faculty in the field of photogrammetry in land
consolidation in 2002. Doctoral dissertation in the field of real estate mass
appraisal system development on the national level, under preparation for
presentation at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Belgrade. Works in the
governmental institution, Republic Geodetic Authority, tasked with
geodetic works designing, performance and supervision. Previously
performed the tasks of Head of Department and Assistant Director of the
RGA. Fields of research: new technologies, GIS systems, real estate mass
appraisal. Published her 28 years of practical and research experience
through more than 23 professional and scientific papers and presentations
on national and international symposia and congresses.
Ljiljana Parezanovic Graduated from the Faculty of Civil Engineering in
Belgrade, Serbia, in 1990. Works in the governmental institution, Republic
Geodetic Authority, tasked with geodetic works designing, performance
and supervision. Fields of research: land consolidation, new technologies,
GIS systems, real estate mass appraisal. Presented her 23 years of working
experience and the field of interest in new technologies and systems in
geodesy on national congresses and in several professional papers.