Remember: We decided Remember: We decided to attack Hitler firstto attack Hitler first

But, we sent a small force to the Pacific to But, we sent a small force to the Pacific to attempt to keep Japan busy until we could attempt to keep Japan busy until we could

focus on them… and for a little paybackfocus on them… and for a little payback

Write the PurplePurple on Chart- (a#4) And the Green/White into Prez NB

Early Pacific FrontEarly Pacific FrontA. After the assault on Pearl Harbor, Japan A. After the assault on Pearl Harbor, Japan

launched widespread attacks on various launched widespread attacks on various areas in the Pacific and East.areas in the Pacific and East.

B. Included: Guam, Wake, and the Philippines, B. Included: Guam, Wake, and the Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, and Burma.Hong Kong, British Malaya, and Burma.

C. The United States was sending supplies to C. The United States was sending supplies to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kei-Shek) in China to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kei-Shek) in China to help with resistance against Japan.help with resistance against Japan.

Japan, Philippines, HawaiiJapan, Philippines, Hawaii

General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur

(29) Bataan Death March(29) Bataan Death MarchA. A. General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur

commanded the US in the commanded the US in the Philippines and slowed the Philippines and slowed the Japanese for 5 months. 20,000 Japanese for 5 months. 20,000 American Soldiers American Soldiers and a large and a large number of Filipinos withdrew to number of Filipinos withdrew to Bataan – near Manila.Bataan – near Manila.

B. The force held off Japan until April 9, B. The force held off Japan until April 9, 1942 – 1942 – MacArthur was ordered to MacArthur was ordered to leave leave for Australia until more forces for Australia until more forces could come could come –– but he proclaimed “I but he proclaimed “I shall return.”shall return.”

C. C. The men he left behind The men he left behind were were treated with vicious cruelty and treated with vicious cruelty and were were forced to march 65 miles to a forced to march 65 miles to a prisoner-of-war camp – prisoner-of-war camp – known as known as the Bataan Death March.the Bataan Death March.

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March11,700 Americans and as many as 65,000 Filipinos began the 65-mile march from the Bataan Peninsula to San Fernando. Of those, between 600 and 700 Americans and between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos died on the march. One of the highest rates of POW death in World War II Liberation for most came by August 1945.

We move to defeat We move to defeat Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy

THE BATTLE OF THE THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTICATLANTIC

Jan 1941-May 1945Jan 1941-May 1945

After America’s entry into After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods determined to prevent foods and war supplies from and war supplies from reaching Britain and the reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east USSR from America’s east coast.coast.

He ordered submarine raids He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic.on U.S. ships on the Atlantic.

During the first four months During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships .U.S. ships .

The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities.

ALLIES ALLIES CONTROL CONTROL

U-BOATSU-BOATS

In the first seven months of 1942, In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic.ships in the Atlantic.

Something had to be done or the Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost.war at sea would be lost.

First, Allies used convoys of ships & First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies.airplanes to transport supplies.

Destroyers used sonar to track U-Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats.boats.

Airplanes were used to track the U-Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces.boats ocean surfaces.

With this improved tracking, Allies With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German U-inflicted huge losses on German U-boats.boats.

U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic.

THE EASTERN FRONT & THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEANMEDITERRANEAN

Hitler wanted to wipe out Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad, Soviet Union– a Stalingrad, Soviet Union– a major industrial center.major industrial center.

In the summer of 1942, In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the the Germans took the offensive in the southern offensive in the southern Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

By the winter of 1943, the By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see Allies began to see victories on land as well as victories on land as well as sea.sea.

The first great turning The first great turning point was point was the Battle of the Battle of Stalingrad.Stalingrad.

Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

• For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad.

• Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms.

• The Germans surrendered in January of 1943.

• The Soviets lost more than 1 million men in the battle (more than twice the number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war).Wounded in the Battle

of Stalingrad

(31) THE NORTH (31) THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT- AFRICAN FRONT- Operation TorchOperation Torch

“ “Operation TorchOperation Torch” – ” – an invasion of Axis -controlled an invasion of Axis -controlled North Africa North Africa ----was launched by Americanwas launched by American General General Dwight D. Eisenhower in Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1942.November 1942.

The Allies wanted to attack the “soft underbelly” The Allies wanted to attack the “soft underbelly” of Europe- through Italy.of Europe- through Italy.

Allied troops landed in Algeria.Allied troops landed in Algeria. They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German

General Edwin Rommel the “desert Fox.” General Edwin Rommel the “desert Fox.”

American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis

forces.

Allied troops landed in Casa-blanca, Oran and the Algiers

TUSKEGEE TUSKEGEE AIRMENAIRMEN

Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen.

The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations .

On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived Institute, arrived in North Africa.in North Africa.

Moving North to Italy- the “Soft Moving North to Italy- the “Soft Underbelly of Europe…Underbelly of Europe…

The Italian Campaign got off to a good The Italian Campaign got off to a good start as the Allies easily took Sicily.start as the Allies easily took Sicily.

At that point King Emmanuel III At that point King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested.had him arrested.

However, Hitler’s forces continued to However, Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy.resist the Allies in Italy.

Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was secured by the until 1945 that Italy was secured by the Allies.Allies.

German-Italian army surrendered in May German-Italian army surrendered in May 1943 in North Africa – the focus then 1943 in North Africa – the focus then turned to Italy.turned to Italy.

September 1943 Allied troops moved into September 1943 Allied troops moved into Italy.Italy.

Rome was taken on June 4, 1944 Rome was taken on June 4, 1944 Rome was first Axis capitol to fall.Rome was first Axis capitol to fall. It took until May 2, 1945 for the rest It took until May 2, 1945 for the rest

of the Axis troops to stop fighting in of the Axis troops to stop fighting in Italy.Italy.

h.h. Mussolini tried to escape with his Mussolini tried to escape with his mistress to Switzerland – both were mistress to Switzerland – both were shot to death on April 28 –their shot to death on April 28 –their bodies were brought to Milan and bodies were brought to Milan and dumped into a large square, mobs of dumped into a large square, mobs of angry Italians trampled the bodies. angry Italians trampled the bodies. The bodies were then strung with The bodies were then strung with wire and hung upside down.wire and hung upside down.

D-DAY: D-DAY: ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPEALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE

Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France.dramatic invasion of France.

It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for June 6, 1944.troops and was set for June 6, 1944.

Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here.

We actually landed on 5 beaches in Normandy, France.

…Utah, Juno, Omaha, Gold, Sword

D-Day Invasion of France D-Day Invasion of France a. Teheran, Iran (November 28 –a. Teheran, Iran (November 28 –

December 1, 1943)– conference December 1, 1943)– conference between Stalin, Churchill and between Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt to plan for an Allied Roosevelt to plan for an Allied invasion of France.invasion of France.

b. Britain and the U.S. would attack France b. Britain and the U.S. would attack France from the west and the Soviets would from the west and the Soviets would attack from the east at the same time.attack from the east at the same time.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower was General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of all Allied forces.in command of all Allied forces.

(36) June 6, 1944 – D-day (36) June 6, 1944 – D-day “Operation Overlord” “Operation Overlord” –– a surprise a surprise landing on the beaches of Normandy, landing on the beaches of Normandy, France- for an Allied invasion to take France- for an Allied invasion to take France back from Hitler and begin France back from Hitler and begin Germany’s defeat.Germany’s defeat.

e. 100,000 Allied troops landed in 2 days e. 100,000 Allied troops landed in 2 days – by July 1, over 1 million men were – by July 1, over 1 million men were inside the beachhead. inside the beachhead.

D- Day Invasion- D- Day Invasion- Operation OverlordOperation Overlord

June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

D-DAY D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944JUNE 6, 1944

D-Day was the largest land-D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in sea-air operation in military history.military history.

Despite air support, Despite air support, German retaliation was German retaliation was brutal – especially at brutal – especially at Omaha Beach.Omaha Beach.

Within a month, the Allies Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 supplies and 170,000 vehicles.vehicles.

D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land

OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

Landing at Normandy

Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France

Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day. There is no "official" casualty figure for D-Day. Estimates are 10,000 casualties, including 2,500 dead.

“Casualties” refers to all losses suffered by the armed forces: killed, wounded, missing in action (meaning that their bodies were not found) and prisoners of war.

The breakdown of US casualties was 1,465 dead, 3,184 wounded, 1,928 missing and 26 captured.

The total German casualties on D-Day are not known, but are estimated as being between 4,000 and 9,000 men.

FRANCE FRANCE FREEDFREED

By By September 1944, September 1944, the Allies the Allies had freed France, Belgium and had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg.Luxembourg.

Our focus moved to Berlin, Our focus moved to Berlin, Germany.Germany.

That good news – and the That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4to an unprecedented 4thth term. term.

General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing

France.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) VP: Harry TrumanVP: Harry Truman

and Thomas Dewey(R) and Thomas Dewey(R)

(37) Presidential Election of 1944

November 1944 ElectionNovember 1944 ElectionFDR wins 4FDR wins 4thth term! term!

Electoral votes: FDR 432 to Dewey 99Electoral votes: FDR 432 to Dewey 99

Red=Roosevelt Blue=Dewey

BATTLE OF THE BULGEBATTLE OF THE BULGE Dec 16, 1944 - Jan 25, 1945Dec 16, 1944 - Jan 25, 1945

In October 1944, Americans In October 1944, Americans captured their first German captured their first German town (Aachen)– the Allies were town (Aachen)– the Allies were closing in.closing in.

Hitler responded with one last Hitler responded with one last ditch massive offensive.ditch massive offensive.

Hitler hoped breaking through Hitler hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines.Allied supply lines.

(39) BATTLE OF THE BULGE(39) BATTLE OF THE BULGE The battle raged for a month – The battle raged for a month –

the Germans had been pushed the Germans had been pushed back.back.

Little seemed to have changed, Little seemed to have changed, but in fact the Germans had but in fact the Germans had sustained heavy losses. sustained heavy losses.

Germany lost 120,000 Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes.planes.

From that point on the From that point on the Nazis could do little but Nazis could do little but retreat.retreat.

The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp

(41) Yalta Conference (41) Yalta Conference

Second meeting between Second meeting between Stalin, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt Churchill and Roosevelt --agreement agreement that the priority was the that the priority was the defeat of defeat of Germany, her unconditional surrender, Germany, her unconditional surrender, with a partition into four occupied with a partition into four occupied zones, zones, with a division occupation of with a division occupation of Berlin as well. Berlin as well.

Churchill, Roosevelt, and StalinChurchill, Roosevelt, and StalinYalta Conference; Feb 4-11, 1945Yalta Conference; Feb 4-11, 1945

(43) On April 12, 1945 (43) On April 12, 1945 FDR diedFDR died. . He suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage and stroke and He suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage and stroke and

died died (at Warm Springs, GA – “The Little White House”) (at Warm Springs, GA – “The Little White House”) – – (Truman#1) (Truman#1) his VP Harry S Truman became the nation’s 33rd his VP Harry S Truman became the nation’s 33rd

president.president.

Final Days of Hitler Final Days of Hitler a. March 1945 American troops a. March 1945 American troops reached Germany’s Rhine River.reached Germany’s Rhine River.b. Americans were horrified to find the German b. Americans were horrified to find the German

concentration camps of the Jews.concentration camps of the Jews.c. Nazis engaged in mass murder of the c. Nazis engaged in mass murder of the

“undesirables” – an estimated 6 million “undesirables” – an estimated 6 million Jews were murdered.Jews were murdered.

d. It was not known until the war’s end about d. It was not known until the war’s end about the atrocities of the Holocaust.the atrocities of the Holocaust.

LIBERATION OF DEATH CAMPSLIBERATION OF DEATH CAMPS

While the British and Americans While the British and Americans moved westward into Germany, moved westward into Germany, the Soviets moved eastward into the Soviets moved eastward into German-controlled Poland.German-controlled Poland.

The Soviets discovered many The Soviets discovered many death camps that the Germans death camps that the Germans had set up within Poland.had set up within Poland.

The Americans also liberated Nazi The Americans also liberated Nazi death camps within Germany.death camps within Germany.

e. The Soviets reached Berlin first and were e. The Soviets reached Berlin first and were very vengeful to the Germansvery vengeful to the Germans..

f. April 29 – Hitler married his long-time f. April 29 – Hitler married his long-time mistress Eva Braun, mistress Eva Braun, April 30 Hitler and April 30 Hitler and Eva committed suicide Eva committed suicide (poisoned her (poisoned her and shot himself) – aides burned the and shot himself) – aides burned the bodies in the Chancellery garden bodies in the Chancellery garden (#2 (#2 Truman.)Truman.)

Not really him dead- the soviets put this Not really him dead- the soviets put this picture out as propagandapicture out as propaganda

j. j. May 8, 1945 – Victory in Europe – VE Day May 8, 1945 – Victory in Europe – VE Day ––The celebration of official surrender of The celebration of official surrender of Germany in Berlin celebrated the 7Germany in Berlin celebrated the 7thth in in Paris- Paris- (#3 Truman)(#3 Truman)

Celebrating in New York City Streets

Now we go back to Now we go back to take care of Japan- take care of Japan-

blister those blister those britches!!!britches!!!