Remember these slides show features and processes are found in a variety of places so be able to recognize and key into the key characteristics. I may use similar slides that show the same processes or features.

Interlude B – A surface Veneer: Sediments and Soil

Rates of Weathering

Plagioclase

Potassium feldsparMuscovite

Quartz

Olivine

Pyroxene

BiotiteAmphibole

Bowens Reaction Series

Physical weathering: Frost wedgingAlternating freezing and thawing cycles

Physical weathering by Roots

Exfoliation on Half Dome, Yosemite National Park

Chemical Weathering: Oxidation: A mineral reacts with oxygen to make a different product.Example: "rust" 4Fe + 3O2 => 2Fe2O3

Hematite

Dissolution of limestone/marble

By- product of weathering: Soils

Fig. 7.16

•Climate-Temperature &

precipitation

•Time- Longer time =

thicker soil

•Plants/Animals- Organic matter

•Slope- If too steep,

little/no soil - erosion

Adapted from M. Fouch, ASU

Soil forming factors

Chapter 6 – Pages of Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks

Abundance by Sedimentary rock types

What about chemicalrocks?Fig 8.13

SedimentaryRocks

Clastic (Detrital)

Chemical

Biochemical

Which is well sorted?Which one is angular ?

Sedimentary Structures

Bedding (or Stratification)

• Parallel layers of sediments.

• Each layer is called a bed.

Bedding (Stratification) of Sedimentary Rocks in the Grand Canyon.

Sedimentary StructuresCross-bedding• Sets of bedded

sediments at an angle to horizontal.

• Deposited by currents (wind or water).

• Ex: Dunes

Sedimentary Structures

Graded-Bedding• Beds progress

from coarse grains at bottom to fine grains at top of bed.

• Indicates waning of current.

Ripples forming on a beach (left) and ripples preserved in ancient rock (right) by lithification (the hardening of soft sediment into rock).

Mudcracks preserved in rock.

Sedimentary Structures

Bioturbation• Burrow marks

left in sediments by animals.

Fig. 8.4

Common Sedimentary Environments

Common Sedimentary Environments

Reefs are a Carbonate deposition

• Reefs are mound shaped organic structures composed of carbonate skeletons of organisms like coral.

Atoll - volcanic island ringed by a reef

Swamp – depositional environment where raw material for coal would collect

Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah / Great Salt Lake

Salts form as water evaporates from a shallow basin.Forms minerals like Halite and Gypsum.Modern Ex: Great Salt Lake

Evaporites

Chapter 7 – Metamorphism: A process of Change

Which rock is rock foliated? Which is non-foliated?How do you tell?

Quartzite

Sandstone

Recrystallization:Crystals can grow larger or change shapes.

Directed pressure results in Foliation –preferred orientation of platy (flat) or elongate minerals.

• Looks layered

What are the different types and conditions of metamorphism?

Types of MetamorphismContact

MetamorphismHeat from rising

igneous intrusions metamorphose pre-exiting rocks.

• Low-High Temperatures

• Low Pressures

Types of Metamorphism

Shock Metamorphism – Meteorite impact

Extremely high temperatures and pressures

Look for Stishovite (shock quartz) – polymorph of quartz, often fractured due to impact

India

Himalayas

What type of metamorphic rock might you expect tofind associated with the Himalayas Mountains?

What type of plate tectonic boundary does this represent?

Garnet:

Index minerals - Index mineral are characteristic minerals that define metamorphic zones formed under a restricted range of temperatures and pressures.Ex: Garnet, muscovite (white mica)

What metamorphic rock is used for roofs? What property makes it useable for this purpose?

Regional metamorphism: Protolith – Mudstoneresulted in foliated rocks.

Fig 9.7

Chapter 10 – Deep Time: How Old is Old? and Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution

Where are the oldest rock located in this outcrop?What relative age dating principle did you use to determine this?

Angular Unconformity

Nonconformity

Disconformity

Igneous

Sedimentary

Identify the types of unconformities ?

Identify the types of unconformities ?

Igneous

Sedimentary

What type of unconformity is this?

Which one is younger? The dike or the sedimentary rock

Uplift and erosion forming modern day surfaceFaultIgneous Intrusion (Pluton)Folding of Beds A-J Deposition of Beds A-J

Determine the Relative Order

oldest

youngest

Be able to apply the relative dating principles to determine the sequence of events. You will not be given a slide of this but you will be given aprinted example on the exam.

Chapter 9 – Crags Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building andInterlude F (Box F.1)

What type of strain is shown?Which letter is the hanging wall? Name the type of fault shown below?

A B

Cross-Section (Side View)

Head Wall (Hanging Wall) =HW

Foot Wall = FW

What type of fault is this?

Fault

Map View

N

Most folding occurs at depths where the temperature and pressure are much higher and the rocks can bend without fracturing

Series of parallel stripes!

Syncline : Horizontal Fold Axis

Fig 11.20

Syncline

Plunging synclinesand anticlines

What type of fold is this?

Eroded Plunging anticline in Wyoming