remediation of a clay contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons

8/11/2019 Remediation of a Clay Contaminated With Petroleum Hydrocarbons

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Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils,Sediments, Water and Energy

Volume 12 Article 27

1-15-2010

Remediation Of A Clay Contaminated WithPetroleum Hydrocarbons Using Soil Reagent

MixingV. SchifanoArcadis Geraghty and Miller International Ltd

N. TurstonArcadis Geraghty and Miller International Ltd

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Recommended CitationSchifano, V. and Turston, N. (2007) "Remediation Of A Clay Contaminated With Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using Soil ReagentMixing,"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy: Vol. 12, Article 27.

Available at: hp://scholarworks.umass.edu/soilsproceedings/vol12/iss1/27
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A:U8@ :3&B:74 ;9 8U&B:74 S:7E >;375A:3578@ B;:6B ;9 B8@:A837B NQ 54D89B ;9 ;7E89 7QL8B ;= B;:6 A:U89BG RE:BL5L89 B4AA59:B8B 7E8 S;9V >599:8@ ;47 =;9 5 65N;957;9Q 798575N:6:7Q B74@Q ;= #YO ;3 >65Q8Q B;:6 B5AL68B

>;375A:3578@ S:7E L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@B =9;A 5 L879;6 =:66:3D B757:;3 B:78 :3 [837? P[G RE8

B74@Q 8U5A:38@ 7E8 8==8>7B ;= A:U:3D N:3@89 985D837B ;3 7E8 7;756 B;:6 53@ 685>E578 >;3>837957:;3B ;=

EQ@9;>59N;3BG d4:>V6:A8? EQ@9578@ 6:A8 53@ ;9@:359Q M;97653@ >8A837? :3 5 34AN89 ;= @:==89837 =;9A4657:;3B?

S898 4B8@ :3 7E8 B74@QG X497E89A;98? 7E8 5@@:7:;3 ;= DQLB4A 7; B;A8 985D837 =;9A4657:;3B S5B 8F564578@ :3

53 5778AL7 7; :AL9;F8 7E8 B7983D7E ;= 7E8 N:3@89WB;:6 A:UG R8AL8957498 53@ 8F;647:;3 ;= F;657:68B S898

A;3:7;98@ @49:3D 7E8 A:U:3D ;= B;:6B S:7E 7E8 985D837BG RE8 A:U:3D ;= B;:6 S:7E N:3@89 985D837B 98B4678@ :3

>E53D8B :3 LEQB:>56 53@ LEQB:>;&>E8A:>56 L9;L897:8B ;= 7E8 >65Q? 53@ :3 B:D3:=:>537 @8>985B8B :3 7;756 B;:6B 53@

685>E578 >;3>837957:;3B ;= L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@BG RE8 A8>E53:BAB 98BL;3B:N68 =;9 7E8 @8>985B8B

:3 >;3>837957:;3B S898 8U5A:38@G #:D3:=:>537 :3>985B8B :3 7E8 98A;46@8@ B7983D7E ;= 7E8 >65Q S898 ;NB89F8@

4L;3 5@@:7:;3 ;= >8975:3 N:3@89 =;9A4657:;3BG

[8Q S;9@B) Y8A8@:57:;3p #;:6 Y85D837 O:U:3Dp #;6:@:=:>57:;3p #75N:6:B57:;3p 59N;3Bp \:A8p#;:6 Y85D837 O:U:3D b#YOc :B 5 98A8@:57:;3 78>E3:k48 SE898NQ L;S@89 ;9 B6499:8@ 985D837B 598

A:U8@ :3&B:74 ;9 8U&B:74 S:7E >;375A:3578@ B;:6B ;9 B8@:A837B NQ 54D89B ;9 ;7E89 7QL8B ;= B;:6 A:U89BG

#YO :B ;38 ;= 7E8 =8S 5F5:65N68 98A8@:56 78>E3;6;D:8B 7; 8==8>7:F86Q 79857 6;S L89A85N:6:7Q B;:6BG

#YO S:7E N:3@89B :B 53 8B75N6:BE8@ 79857A837 78>E3;6;DQ 7; 98@4>8 685>E5N:6:7Q 53@ LEQB:>566Q

:AA;N:6:j8 E85FQ A8756B :3 B;:6B b$;38 87 56G? 1((.cG RE:B 7QL8 ;= #YO 5LL6:>57:;3 :B >;AA;36Q

98=8998@ 7; 5B B75N:6:j57:;3 W B;6:@:=:>57:;3G 2 A;98 6:A:78@ 8UL89:83>8 8U:B7B =;9 7E8 5LL6:>57:;3 ;=

#YO S:7E N:3@89B 7; B;:6B >;375A:3578@ S:7E ;9D53:>B? :3 L597:>4659 EQ@9;>59N;3B? @48 7; 5 6:A:78@

43@89B753@:3D ;= 7E8 A8>E53:BAB 7E57 75V8 L65>8G H;657:6:j57:;3? 83>5LB4657:;3 S:7E:3 7E8 >65Q

L597:>68B A5>9;5DD98D578B L9;@4>8@ NQ 7E8 >65Q W N:3@89 W L;98S5789 985>7:;3B bB;6:@:=:>57:;3c 53@

>E8A:>56 @8D95@57:;3 B88A 7; N8 7E8 A8>E53:BAB 98BL;3B:N68 =;9 7E8 EQ@9;>59N;3B 79857A837 :3 #YO

S:7E N:3@89B 957E89 7E53 B75N:6:j57:;3G

2 6:A:78@ 34AN89 ;= B74@:8B 8U:B7 ;3 k4:>V6:A8 98A8@:57:;3 ;= B;:6B >;375A:3578@ S:7E ;9D53:>B? :3

L597:>4659 L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3B b#>E:=53; 87 56? 1((_p #>E:=53; 87 56? 1((-cG #>E:=53; 87 56? 1((-

>599:8@ ;47 65N;957;9Q 798575N:6:7Q B74@:8B 7; 79857 5 34AN89 ;= >;E8B:F8 B;:6B >;375A:3578@ S:7E

L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3B 4B:3D k4:>V6:A8 A:U:3DG RE8 98B467B ;= 7E8 B74@Q BE;S8@ 98@4>7:;3 ;= 7;756

B;:6 53@ 685>E578 EQ@9;>59N;3 >;3>837957:;3B 4L;3 k4:>V6:A8 A:U:3DG "3>985B8B :3 78AL8957498? @48 7;

7E8 8U;7E89A:> EQ@957:;3 985>7:;3 ;= k4:>V6:A8 SE83 :3 >;375>7 S:7E L;98S5789? 5LL8598@ 7; L9;A;78

7E8 F;657:6:j57:;3 ;= 7E8 6:DE7 L879;6 =95>7:;3B b


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1+. Contaminated Soils- Remediation

S5B 5779:N478@? 57 685B7 :3 L597? 7; 5 7:A8&@8L83@837 A8>E53:BA ;= 83>5LB4657:;3 ;= 7E8 659D8

EQ@9;>59N;3 A;68>468B S:7E:3 >65Q A5>9;&5DD98D578B? L9;@4>8@ NQ 7E8 >65Q W k4:>V6:A8 W L;98S5789

985>7:;3BG 23 :3:7:56 E:DE A;:B7498 >;37837 ;9 5@@:7:;3 ;= S5789 @49:3D A:U:3D E:3@898@ 7E8

F;657:6:j57:;3 ;= 6:DE7 EQ@9;>59N;3B 53@ 98B4678@ :3 E:DE89 L;B7&79857A837 >;3>837957:;3B ;= F;657:68B :3

B;A8 B:67 53@ B53@WV5;6:3:78 A:U7498 B5AL68BG J;S8F89? E:DE89 A;:B7498 >;37837B :3 B:67 B5AL68B

98B4678@ :3 :AL9;F8@ A:U5N:6:7Q? 5 A;98 E;A;D838;4B @:B79:N47:;3 ;= k4:>V6:A8 53@ 7E898=;9883E53>8@ 83>5LB4657:;3 53@ N87789 >;3>837957:;3 98@4>7:;3 ;= E85FQ 59;A57:>BG

RE8 >65Q W k4:>V6:A8 W L;98S5789 985>7:;3B? SE:>E :3>64@8 =6;>>4657:;3? :;3 8U>E53D8? >59N;357:;3?

@:BB;647:;3 ;= >65Q A:38956B 53@ L;jj;653:> 985>7:;3B bZ;6@N89D 53@ [68:3? '*_1p I5@8B 53@ Z9:A?

'*-(p Z6833 53@ J53@Q? '*-/p K:5A;3@ 87 56G? '*-.p K:5A;3@ 53@ [:3789? '*-_p $9:3VA53? '*+*p

$866? '**-c 598 >;3B:@898@ 7; N8 98BL;3B:N68 =;9 7E8 83>5LB4657:;3 ;= EQ@9;>59N;3B 53@ =;9 7E8

:3>985B8 :3 7E8 @95:38@ 53@ 43@95:38@ BE859 B7983D7E ;= >;E8B:F8 B;:6B 98L;978@ :3 7E8 6:78957498 =;9

N:3@89 798578@ B;:6B bC:BB5 87 56G? '*-_p $565B4N95A53:5A 87 56G? '*,*p O8B9: 87 56G? '***p \:3@E? 1((.p

J;6A? 1((_cG "3 5@@:7:;3? A8>E53:BAB? SE:>E A5Q >;379:N478 7; 7E8 =;9A57:;3 ;= 7E8 >65Q A5>9;&

5DD98D578B 53@ :AL9;F8 7E8 >65Q B7983D7E? A5Q N8 >57:;3 6:3V:3D? :3 SE:>E 65Q L597:>68B

7E9;4DE 7E8:9 38D57:F8 8@D8B 53@ N:3@:3D ;= 7E8 >65Q L597:>68B NQ 7E8 B:6:>578 EQ@9578B D86B L9;@4>8@ NQ

7E8 L;jj;653:> 985>7:;3B b4659? M:A95VB5 53@ RE;3D>E5:

b1((-c

;NB89F8@ :3>985B8B :3 B7983D7E 4L;3 5@@:3D 4L 7; .u >;3>837957:;3B ;= @:EQ@9578 DQLB4A b65QG RE8 547E;9B 5779:N478@ 7E8 :3>985B8 :3 B7983D7E 7;

=;9A57:;3 ;= 659D8 5DD6;A89578B? A;B76Q >56>:4A 564A:3; B:6:>578 EQ@9578B? SE:>E 5>78@ 5B N;3@:3D

5D837B N87S883 >65Q L597:>68B 53@ L;jj;653:> L9;@4>7BG %; =;9A57:;3 ;= 8779:3D:78 S5B @878>78@ :3 7E8

B5AL68B @8BL:78 7E8 5@@:7:;3 ;= DQLB4AG

RE:B L5L89 B4AA59:j8B 7E8 S;9V >599:8@ ;47 =;9 7E8 798575N:6:7Q B74@Q ;= #YO? 5BB;>:578@ S:7E 7E8

98A8@:57:;3 ;= >;375A:3578@ B;:6B :3 5 @:B4B8@ L879;6 =:66:3D B757:;3 :3 [837? P[G RE8 98B467B ;= B8F8956

LE5B8B ;= :3794B:F8 :3F8B7:D57:;3B 53@ 5 @875:68@ k4537:757:F8 9:BV 5BB8BBA837? >599:8@ ;47 =;9 7E8 B:78?:3@:>578@ 7E57 L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@B :3 7E8 B;:6B L98B8378@ 5 B:D3:=:>537 9:BV 7; E4A53

E8567E 98>8L7;9B? F:5 :3E5657:;3 ;= F5L;49B 53@ @:98>7 8UL;B498 53@ 7; D9;43@S5789 98>8L7;9BG 2

98A8@:57:;3 B79578DQ S5B @8B:D38@ 7; 98B467 :3 98@4>:3D 7E8 7;756 B;:6 53@ 685>E578 >;3>837957:;3B ;=

7E8 EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@B? 7; A:3:A:j8 7E8 9:BVB 7; N;7E E4A53 E8567E 53@ D9;43@S5789 98>8L7;9BG

"3 5@@:7:;3? 53 :AL9;F8A837 ;= 7E8 B7983D7E S5B 98k4:98@ :3 ;9@89 7; :3>985B8 N859:3D >5L5>:7Q ;= 7E8

=;43@57:;3 B;:6B =;9 =47498 @8F86;LA837 ;= 7E8 B:78G "3&B:74 #YO S5B B868>78@ 5B 7E8 ;L7:A4A

78>E3;6;DQ 7; 5>E:8F8 N;7E 7E8 83F:9;3A83756 53@ D8;78>E3:>56 D;56B 5BB;>:578@ S:7E 5 98B:@837:56

98@8F86;LA837 ;= 7E8 B:78G 2B 5 L597 ;= 7E8 8F56457:;3 ;= =85B:N:6:7Q ;= #YO? 5 34AN89 ;= N:3@89

985D837B? :3>64@:3D k4:>V6:A8? EQ@9578@ 6:A8 53@ ;9@:359Q M;97653@ >8A837? S898 78B78@G X497E89A;98?

7E8 5@@:7:;3 ;= ZQLB4A 7; B;A8 985D837 =;9A4657:;3B S5B 8F564578@ :3 53 5778AL7 7; :AL9;F8 7E8

B7983D7E ;= 7E8 N:3@89WB;:6 A:U8BG

2 34AN89 ;= >;375A:3578@ >65Q B5AL68B S898 75V83 =9;A 7E8 B:78 53@ N683@8@ 7;D87E89G RE8E;A;D838:B8@ B5AL68 S5B A:U8@ :3 7E8 65N;957;9Q S:7E @:==89837 =;9A4657:;3B ;= N:3@89 985D837B 53@

68=7 7; >498 43@89 65N;957;9Q 83F:9;3A83756 >;3@:7:;3BG 837957:;3B ;= L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3

>;AL;43@B S898 @8789A:38@ ;3 B;:6 53@ 685>E578 B5AL68B 5=789 5 1,&@5Q >49:3D L89:;@G RE8 8==8>7B ;=

78AL8957498 ;3 7E8 A8>E53:BAB 98BL;3B:N68 =;9 >;3>837957:;3 98@4>7:;3 ;= L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3B

S898 8F564578@ NQ >;AL59:3D 7E8 4B8 ;= k4:>V6:A8 S:7E 7E57 ;= EQ@9578@ 6:A8 53@ TM< B6499:8B? SE:>E

E5F8 68BB L9;3;43>8@ 8U;7E89A:> 985>7:;3BG 56 53@ LEQB:>;&>E8A:>56 L9;L897:8B

;= 7E8 B;:6 S898 k4537:=:8@ NQ 8U5A:3:3D LJ? A;:B7498 >;37837? 6:k4:@ 6:A:7 53@ L65B7:> 6:A:7 >E53D8B

;F89 7E8 1, @5Q 78B7:3D L9;D95AG RE8 43>;3=:38@ >;AL98BB:F8 B7983D7E ;= 7E8 798578@ >65Q S5B

A85B498@ ;3 B5AL68B SE:>E E5@ N883 >;AL5>78@ :AA8@:5786Q 5=789 985D837 A:U:3D 53@ 68=7 7; >498 :3

B4NA89D8@ >;3@:7:;3 :3 @:B7:668@ S5789 N57EB =;9 1, @5QBG

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy, Vol. 12 [2007], Art. 27

http://scholarworks.umass.edu/soilsproceedings/vol12/iss1/27


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Remediation of a Clay Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon Using Soil Reagent... 1+_

ZI /)+1*,)35 )0. /1+;8.5

ZI_ /A$%?CAJ&

%574956 B5AL68B ;= 5 >65Q8Q B;:6 S898 75V83 =9;A =:F8 79:56 L:7B? 8U>5F578@ :3 L98F:;4B6Q :@837:=:8@

>;375A:3578@ 5985B ;= 5 @:B4B8@ L879;6 =:66:3D B757:;3 :3 [837? P[G #;:6 B5AL68B 75V83 =9;A 7E8 79:56L:7B S898 L65>8@ :3 @;4N68 L;6Q87EQ6838 N5DB 53@ N9;4DE7 :AA8@:5786Q 7; 7E8 29>5@:B 65N;957;9Q?

SE898 >;3>837957:;3B ;= $83j838? R;64838? I7EQ6N83j838 53@ aQ6838B b$RIac S898 :AA8@:5786Q

A85B498@ 7; >;3=:9A 7E57 7E8 B5AL68B 75V83 S898 >;375A:3578@G RE8 B5AL68B S898 7E83 B7;98@

;F893:DE7 :3 @;4N68 L;6Q87EQ6838 N5DB L65>8@ :3 B8568@ L65B7:> >;375:389BG 2 34AN89 ;= >;375A:3578@

B;:6 B5AL68B S898 7E83 B868>78@? 7E8 D95F86 B:j8 >;3B7:74837B 98A;F8@ 53@ 7E8 B5AL68B A:U8@ 7;D87E89?

4B:3D =:9B7 5 B75:368BB B7886 BL57465 ;3 5 D65BB L6578? 53@ 7E83 5 1&:3>E L4DA:66 A8>E53:>56 A:U89 7;

L9;@4>8 5 E;A;D838;4B B5AL68G O;:B7498 >;37837? 27789N89D 6:A:7B? LJ? 7;756 B46LE578? R;756 T9D53:>

:7Q "3@8Up LLA } L597B L89 A:66:;3p P;3=:38@


5/15

1+- Contaminated Soils- Remediation

ZIZ /%$G"B&

RE8 8UL89:A83756 S;9V S5B >599:8@ ;47 :3 7E8 65N;957;9:8B ;= 29>5@:B Z895D7EQ 53@ O:6689

"3789357:;356 b29>5@:B ZO"c? %8SA59V87? P[G 56 5356QB8B S898 >599:8@ ;47 NQ 2\>;379;6

Z8;>E8A b>98@:78@ >;AA89>:56 65N;957;9:8BG M986:A:359Q >E8A:>56 5356QB8B ;3 $RIa>;AL;43@B S898 >599:8@ ;47 :3 7E8 29>5@:B A;N:68 5356Q7:>56 65N;957;9QG

O;:B7498 >;37837? 6:k4:@ 53@ L65B7:> 6:A:7 ;= B;:6B S898 @8789A:38@ 4B:3D 7E8 $#'/++)'**( M597

1b/c? 1b.G.c 53@ 1b_c A87E;@B b$#"? '**(cG RE8 6:k4:@ 6:A:7 S5B @8789A:38@ 4B:3D 7E8 ;38&L;:37 >;38

L83879;A8789 78B7G O;:B7498 >;37837B S898 @8789A:38@ ;3 @4L6:>578 B5AL68BG R8AL8957498B S898

A85B498@ NQ :3B897:3D 5 @:D:756 7E89A;A8789 bI68>79;3:> R8AL8957498 "3B794A837B \7@c :37; 7E8 B;:6

B5AL68BG IF;647:;3 ;= H;657:68B T9D53:> 8@ :3 B753@59@ B8568@ D65BB l59B 53@ B837? :3B:@8 >;;6N;U8B? S:7E :>8 L5>VB 7;

2\>;379;6 Z8;>E8A \5N;957;9Q =;9 7E8 >E8A:>56 5356QB8B :AA8@:5786Q 5=789 985D837 A:U:3DG RE8

B5AL68B 98>8:F8@ NQ 7E8 65N;957;9Q S898 B7;98@ 57 . < 53@ 78B78@ S:7E:3 1. E;49B ;= 98>8:L7G R;756

M879;684A JQ@9;>59N;3 C;9V:3D Z9;4L >;AL;43@B bRMJc 53@ '- BL8>:578@ M;6Q34>6859 29;A57:>JQ@9;>59N;3 bM2Jc 5356QB8B S898 >599:8@ ;47G RMJ 5B A85B498@? 5>>;9@:3D 7; 7E8 R;756 M879;684A

JQ@9;>59N;3 C;9V:3D Z9;4L? :B BL6:7 N87S883 56:LE57:> 53@ 59;A57:> EQ@9;>59N;3 BL8>:8B 53@ N53@8@

NQ >59N;3 34AN89G RE8 56:LE57:> EQ@9;>59N;3B D8389566Q E5F8 6;S89 F;657:6:7Q 7E53 7E8 59;A57:>

EQ@9;>59N;3B 53@ 98k4:98 7E8 4B8 ;= 53 8U795>7:;3 A87E;@ 7; L98L598 =;9 5356QB:BG RE8 59;A57:> 953D8

>;AL;43@B? 7QL:>566Q =;43@ :3 D5B;6:38 53@ 598 8U795>78@ NQ 4B:3D 5 F;657:6:j57:;3 A87E;@G RE8

Z5B;6:38 Y53D8 JQ@9;>59N;3B bZYTc b75N68 M879;684A JQ@9;>59N;3 bIMJc bE4B877B K8L597A837 ;= I3F:9;3A83756 M9;78>7:;3? 1((/cp 7E8 M2J NQZ5B 79;A879Q P# IM2 O87E;@ ,'(( bP#IM2? '**-NcG IMJB 53@ M2JB

S898 8U795>78@ 4B:3D 2>>8689578@ #;6F837 IU795>7:;3 BQB78A b2#Ic =;66;S8@ NQ B;6F837 98@4>7:;3

4B:3D 5 `QA59V R49N;F5LG RE8 B;64N68 ;9D53:>B S898 8U795>78@ =9;A 7E8 B;:6 B5AL68 4B:3D J8U538 5B

7E8 B;6F837G

\85>E578B S898 8U795>78@ =9;A B;:6 B5AL68B 4B:3D 7E8 %57:;356 Y:F89B 247E;9:7Q b%Y2c 685>E:3D

78B7 b\8S:3 87 56G? '**.c.RE8 B;:6 B5AL68B S898 68=7 7; B753@ :3 5 B6499Q B7578 bS5789 7; B;6:@ 957:; '()'c

=;9 1. E;49B :3B:@8 38S B789:6:j8@ D65BB F8BB86B S:7E L;6Q78795=64;9;87EQ6838 bMRXIc 6:@BG

K:B7:668@W@8:;3:B8@ S5789 S:7E 5 LJ ;= _G- S5B 4B8@ 7; L98L598 7E8 B6499Q B5AL68BG RE8 B6499Q B5AL68B

S898 =:67898@ 53@ >8379:=4D8@ 53@ 7E8 8U795>7 S5789 B4NA:778@ =;9 =497E89 5356QB8BG Z65BB =:N89 =:6789B

bCE57A53 'G-Ac 53@ >8379:=4D8 D65BB F:56B? S:7E MRXI 6:@B? S898 4B8@ 7; A:3:A:j8 5@B;9L7:;3 ;=

EQ@9;>59N;3BG 266 F:56B 53@ F8BB86B S898 @:B>59@8@ 5=789 4B8G

RE8 d2Wd< L9;>8@498B =;9 7E8 5356Q7:>56 A87E;@B 4B8@ :3 7E:B B74@Q >;3B:B78@ ;= 7E8 B753@59@

2\>;379;6 65N;957;9:8B d2Wd< L9;>8@498B? 7E57 :B ;38 985D837&N653V 685>E578 B5AL68 S5B 5356Qj8@

=;9 8F89Q 1( 685>E578 B5AL68B? ;38 >897:=:>578 98=8983>8 A5789:56 78B7B 53@ ;38 985D837&N653V 78B7 S898

5356Qj8@ =;9 8F89Q 1( B;:6 B5AL68BG

P3>;3=:38@ >;AL98BB:;3 78B7B S898 >599:8@ ;47 ;3 >;AL5>78@ 43798578@ 53@ 798578@ B5AL68BG RE8

B5AL68B S898 >;AL5>78@ :3B:@8 +_AA @:5A8789? -G/_AA 7E:>V S566 MH< >866B 4B:3D 5 #753@59@

M9;>7;9 J5AA89G RE8 B;:6B S898 >;AL5>78@ :3 7E988 65Q89B 7; L9;@4>8 '_( AA 6;3D B5AL68BG RE8

>;AL5>7:;3 L9;>8@498 S5B A;@:=:8@ S:7E 98BL8>7 7; $#'/++&.)'**( b$#"? '**(c 7; 5>>;437 =;9 7E8

@:==89837 >;AL5>7:;3 A;46@ 5985 S:7E 98BL8>7 7; B753@59@ M9;>7;9 78B7BG RE8 34AN89 ;= N6;SB =;9 85>E

65Q89 S5B >;AL478@ :3 B4>E 5 S5Q 5B 7; @86:F89 7E8 B5A8 >;AL5>7:;3 8389DQ 5B :3 7E8 B753@59@ M9;>7;9

78B7G RE8 B5AL68B S898 7E83 68=7 7; >498 43@89 75L S5789 =;9 1, @5QB N8=;98 N8:3D B4NA:778@ 7; #;:6

M9;L897Q R8B7:3D 65N;957;9Q =;9 P3>;3=:38@


6/15

Remediation of a Clay Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon Using Soil Reagent... 1++

ZI` (?%UA?A$C"# "X 5AHUJ%&

RE8 E;A;D83:j8@ >65Q B5AL68 S5B A:U8@ :3 7E8 65N;957;9Q S:7E 7E8 B868>78@ 985D837 =;9A4657:;3BG

"3:7:566Q? 7E8 A:U:3D S5B >599:8@ ;47 NQ E53@ 4B:3D 5 B75:368BB B7886 BL57465 ;3 5 D65BB L6578G K49:3D

7E:B B75D8? 78AL8957498 53@ 8F;647:;3 ;= HTE L4DA:66 A8>E53:>56 A:U89G #8F83 @:==89837985D837 =;9A4657:;3B S898 4B8@ :3 7E:B B74@Q? :3>64@:3D B:3D68 53@ A467:L68 985D837 =;9A4657:;3BG RE8

5A;437 ;= 985D837B :3 789AB ;= B;:6 @9Q S8:DE7 N5B:B bSWSc S898) 1(u k4:>V6:A8 bB5AL68 d\1(c? '(u

k4:>V6:A8 53@ '(u DQLB4A bB5AL68 d\'(WZ'(c? 1(u EQ@9578@ 6:A8 bB5AL68 J\1(c? '(u EQ@9578@ 6:A8

53@ '(u >8A837 bB5AL68 J\'(8A837 53@ _u DQLB4A bB5AL68

J\'(8A837 bV6:A8 53@ DQLB4A S898 5@@8@ 7; 7E8 B;:6 5B L;S@89B :3 7E8 L98L5957:;3 ;= B5AL68B d\1(

53@ d\'(Z'(p 566 ;7E89 985D837 =;9A4657:;3B S898 5@@8@ 5B B6499:8B? 4B:3D 53 5A;437 ;= @:B7:668@ S5789

>;998BL;3@:3D 7; 53 :3>985B8 ;= B;:6 A;:B7498 ;= '(u? :3 789AB ;= B;:6 @9Q S8:DE7 N5B:B bSWScG 2=789

A:U:3D? 5 L;97:;3 ;= 7E8 B;:6&N:3@89B A:U7498B S898 B7;98@ :3 B8568@ L;6Q87EQ6838 >;375:389B :3 7E8

65N;957;9Q? 57 3574956 A;:B7498 53@ 78AL8957498 >;3@:7:;3B =;9 1, @5QBG RE8 43798578@ >65Q B5AL68 S5B

B7;98@ =;9 >;379;6 L49L;B8BG RE8 43798578@ 53@ 798578@ B5AL68B S898 L65>8@ :3 B8568@ D65BB l59B S:7E

>;;6N;U8B? L9;F:@8@ S:7E :>8 L5>VB 53@ B837 7; 2\>;379;6 Z8;>E8A \5N;957;9Q =;9 7E8 >E8A:>565356QB8BG RE8 B5AL68B 98>8:F8@ NQ 7E8 65N;957;9Q S898 B7;98@ 57 . < 53@ 78B78@ S:7E:3 1. E;49B =9;A

98>8:L7G

2LL9;U:A5786Q 1. E;49B 5=789 A:U:3D 7E8 N:3@89 985D837B? 7E8 B5AL68B ;= 7E8 B;:6&N:3@89B A:U7498B

S898 >;AL5>78@ :3B:@8 +_AA @:5A8789 MH< >866BG M9:;9 7; L65>:3D 7E8 B;:6B? 5 65Q89 ;= B:6:>;38 D985B8

S5B BL985@ ;3 7E8 S566 ;= 7E8 >866B :3 ;9@89 7; A:3:A:j8 =9:>7:;3 @49:3D 7E8 B4NB8k4837 8U794B:;3 ;= 7E8

B5AL68BG 2=789 >;AL5>7:;3? 7E8 B5AL68B S898 68=7 :3 7E8 >866B 53@ L65>8@ :37; L;6Q87EQ6838 >;375:389B?

SE898 7E8Q S898 6;5@8@ 4B:3D B7886 @:B>B L65>8@ ;3 7E8 B;:6 B5AL68BG K:B>B ;= D8;78U7:68 A5789:56 S898

L65>8@ N87S883 7E8 B;:6 53@ 7E8 B7886 @:B>G RE8 6;5@ 5LL6:8@ >;998BL;3@8@ 5LL9;U:A5786Q 7; 7E8

>;AL478@ 5F895D8 8==8>7:F8 ;F89N49@83 B798BB :3 7E8 j;38 ;= 8UL8>78@ :3&B:74 79857A837G RE8

>;375:389B S898 7E83 =:668@ S:7E 75L S5789 7; 566;S 7E8 6;5@8@ B5AL68B 7; >498 :3 S87 >;3@:7:;3BG 2=789

1, @5QB >49:3D 7E8 B5AL68B S898 436;5@8@ 53@ B4NA:778@ :3B:@8 7E8 >866B 7; 7E8 65N;957;9Q =;9

8U794B:;3 53@ @8789A:357:;3 ;= 43>;3=:38@ >;AL98BB:F8 B7983D7E bP


7/15

1+, Contaminated Soils- Remediation

7E8 A:U:3D ;= >8A837? DQLB4A 53@ EQ@9578@ 6:A8 B6499:8B 7; B;:6G O5U:A4A 78AL8957498B A85B498@

@49:3D A:U:3D 598 L98B8378@ :3 R5N68 /G

Table 3.R8AL8957498 A85B498A837B 53@ M"K 985@:3DB @49:3D A:U:3D

h3Z[ h3_[2_[ ;3Z[ ;3_[!_[ ;3_[!f2f !Z[ !_[2_[

R;RA5Ub985B8 95L:@6Q @49:3D 7E8=:9B7 =8S A:3478B ;= A:U:3D? 7E83 985>E8@ 5 A5U:A4A F5648 53@ 8F8374566Q D95@4566Q @8>985B8@G J:DE




8/15

Remediation of a Clay Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon Using Soil Reagent... 1+*

F5648B ;= M"K 985@:3DB S898 ;N75:38@ @49:3D 7E8 B;:6 A:U:3D N8=;98 53@ 5=789 5@@:3D 7E8 N:3@89

985D837B bX:D498 '5cG 2B BE;S3 :3 X:D498 '? 5 L9;D98BB:F8 @8>985B8 :3 7E8 F5648B ;= M"K 985@:3DB S5B

;NB89F8@ 5B 7E8 985D837 A:U:3D L9;D98BB8@G

`IZ (GL&CNAJP (GL&CN"K!G%HCNAJ A#B /%NGA#CNAJ (?"U%?$C%&

56 53@ LEQB:>;&>E8A:>56 L9;L897:8B ;= 7E8 B;:6 4L;3 985D837 A:U:3D S898

k4537:=:8@ NQ 8U5A:3:3D LJ? A;:B7498 >;37837? 6:k4:@ 6:A:7 53@ L65B7:> 6:A:7 >E53D8B ;F89 7E8 1, @5Q

78B7:3D L9;D95AG

RE8 LJ ;= 798578@ B5AL68B S5B A85B498@ 5=789 1, @5QB >49:3DG Y8B467B ;= LJ A85B498A837B 598

L98B8378@ :3 R5N68 'G 2 B:D3:=:>537 :3>985B8 :3 LJ 4L;3 N:3@89 985D837 A:U:3D S5B ;NB89F8@ :3 566

B5AL68BG O;:B7498 >;37837? 6:k4:@ 6:A:7 53@ L65B7:> 6:A:7 S898 @8789A:38@ ;3 7E8 >65Q :AA8@:5786Q

5=789 5@@:3D 7E8 985D837B 53@ 5=789 1, @5QB ;= >49:3DG RE8 98B467B 598 L98B8378@ :3 R5N68 'G RE8B8 BE;S

7E57 :AA8@:5786Q 5=789 A:U:3D? 7E8 6:k4:@ 6:A:7 B6:DE76Q @8>985B8@ :3 B5AL68 d\1(? B6:DE76Q :3>985B8@ :3

d\'(Z'(53@ B:D3:=:>5376Q :3>985B8@ :3 566 ;7E89 B5AL68BG RE8 6:k4:@ 6:A:7 @8789A:38@ 5=789 5 1,&@5Q

>49:3D L89:;@ 598 BA56689 7E53 7E8 F5648B :AA8@:5786Q 5=789 A:U:3D? :3@:>57:3D 5 @8>985B:3D 7983@ ;=

6:k4:@ 6:A:7 S:7E 7:A8G

M65B7:> 6:A:7 :AA8@:5786Q :3>985B8@ :3 566 B5AL68B 53@ >;37:348@ 7; :3>985B8 @49:3D 7E8 1, @5QB

>49:3D L89:;@G 985B8@ 7E8 A;:B7498

>;37837 ;= 7E8 B5AL68B NQ '(u? S:7E 98BL8>7 7; 7E8 43798578@ >65Q A;:B7498 >;37837? :7 >53 N8

>;3>64@8@ 7E57 7E8 5@@:7:;3 ;= N:3@89B 98B4678@ :3 5 @8>985B8 :3 A;:B7498 >;37837 :3 566 7E8 B5AL68BG

RE8 A;:B7498 >;37837 >;37:348@ 7; @8>985B8 S:7E 7:A8? 5B :3@:>578@ NQ 7E8 1, @5Q >49:3D

A85B498A837BG

RE8 P65Q :3 5 98A;6@8@ >;3@:7:;3? 53@ ;= 7E8 798578@ B5AL68B? S5B

@8789A:38@ 5=789 1, @5QB ;= S87 >49:3D :3B:@8 7E8 MH< >;AL5>7:;3 >866BG RE8 98B467B 598 L98B8378@ :3

R5N68 ' 53@ X:D498 1G 23 gIB7:A578@ P3@:B749N8@h B7983D7E F5648 :B 56B; L98B8378@ :3 X:D498 1G RE:B

S5B >;AL478@ ;3 7E8 N5B:B ;= 7E8 8AL:9:>56 98657:;3BE:L N87S883 6:k4:@:7Q :3@8U 53@ B83B:7:F:7Q ;= 7E8

>65Q bR89j5DE: 87 56G? '**-cG "7 >53 N8 ;NB89F8@ 7E57 :3>985B8B :3 P7 7; 7E8 >65Q

98A;6@8@ PE:8F8@ :3 566 798578@ B5AL68BGM597:>46596Q B:D3:=:>537 :3>985B8B :3 P


9/15

1,( Contaminated Soils- Remediation

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Untre

ated

Est.

Undis

t.

QL20

QL10

G10

HL20

HL10

C10

HL10

C5G5 C2

0

C10G

10

UCS,kP

a

Figure 2.P3>;3=:38@ 65Q 53@ :3 7E8 >65Q

B5AL68B 5=789 1, @5Q >49:3D 7:A8 598 L98B8378@ :3 R5N68 . 53@ R5N68 _G RE8 >;3>837957:;3B ;= $RIa?

OR$I 53@ RMJ A85B498@ :3 B5AL68 J\'(5376Q BA56689 >;3>837957:;3B ;= $RIa? OR$I 53@ 566 953D8B ;= R;756 M879;684A

JQ@9;>59N;3B RMJ S;9V:3D D9;4LB 7E53 7E8 43798578@ B5AL68G M597:>46596Q B:D3:=:>537 @8>985B8B :3

>;3>837957:;3B ;= $RIa 53@ 6:DE7 56:LE57:> b;AL;43@B S898;NB89F8@ :3 566 798578@ B5AL68BG

RE8 L89>837 @8>985B8 ;= ZYT b985B8B :3 >;3>837957:;3B ;= E85FQ 56:LE57:>B

S898 ;NB89F8@ :3 B5AL68B d\'(Z'(b;3>837957:;3 ;= 59;A57:>B 953D8 IB B B


10/15

Remediation of a Clay Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon Using Soil Reagent... 1,'

5AHUJ% ,B%#$C$L B B IE:3D 78B7B =;9 ;9D53:> >;AL;43@B 598 5F5:65N68 57 L98B837 bJ53B83 87 56G?

1((.p C:68B 53@ $597E? '**1cG $57>E 685>E:3D 78B7B? B4>E 5B %Y2 78B7? S898 ;9:D:3566Q @8F86;L8@ 7;

5BB8BB 685>E5N:6:7Q ;= A8756B =9;A 5 B;6:@ A579:UG 2 k4537:757:F8 :3789L98757:;3 ;= N57>E 685>E 78B7B =;9

;9D53:> >;AL;43@B :B >;AL6:>578@ NQ 5 34AN89 ;= 98657:F86Q 43V3;S3 =5>7;9B? B4>E 5B 8==8>7B ;=B4BL83@8@ A57789? @:BB;6F8@ ;9D53:> A57789 53@ ;7E89 >;66;:@56 L597:>68BG RE898=;98? 98B467B ;= 685>E:3D

78B7B S898 4B8@ 7; k456:757:F86Q 5BB8BB 7E8 A5BB 7953B=89 7; L;98S5789 ;= L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3B :3 7E8

B;:6 B5AL68B 798578@ S:7E N:3@89 985D837BG

0

1

10

100

1000

MTBE

Benz

ene

Tolue

ne

Ethy

lben

zene

Xylen

es

Aliph

atics

C5-

C6

Aliph

atics

>C6

-C8

Aliph

atics

>C8

-C10

Aliph

atics

>C1

0-C1

2

Aliph

atics

>C1

2-C1

6

Aliph

atics

>C1

6-C2

1

Aliph

atics

>C2

1-C3

5

Tota

lAlip

hatic

sC5-

C35

Aro

mat

ics>EC

8-EC

10

Aro

mat

ics>EC

10-E

C12

Aro

mat

ics>EC

12-E

C16

Aro

mat

ics>EC

16-E

C21

Aro

mat

ics>EC

21-E

C35

Tota

lAro

mat

icsC6-

C35

TPH

TotalConcentration(mg/kg)

Untreated

HL5C5G5

Figure 3.837957:;3B ;= #L8>:578@ R;756 M879;684A JQ@9;>59N;3 bRMJc? $RIaW OR$I >;AL;43@B :3 43798578@ >65Q53@ :3 B5AL68 J\'(59N;3 >;3>837957:;3B S898 A85B498@ :3 7E8 685>E578B 8U795>78@ =9;A 7E8 43798578@

B5AL68 53@ =9;A 7E8 798578@ B5AL68B 5=789 1, @5Q >49:3D 7:A8G

RE8 >;3>837957:;3B ;= $RIa? OR$I? RMJ 53@ M2J >;AL;43@B A85B498@ :3 7E8 685>E578B 598

L98B8378@ :3 R5N68B - 53@ +G RE8 >;3>837957:;3B ;= EQ@9;>59N;3B A85B498@ :3 7E8 685>E578B =9;A 7E8

798578@ B5AL68B 598 D8389566Q B4NB7537:566Q BA56689 7E53 7E;B8 =9;A 7E8 43798578@ B5AL68G RE8 L89>837

@8>985B8 ;= ZYT b


11/15

1,1 Contaminated Soils- Remediation

bI .,5!59N;3B >;375A:3578@ >65Q S:7E B:3D68 ;9 A467:&>;AL;3837

=;9A4657:;3B ;= N:3@89 985D837B 98B4678@ :3 5 @8>985B8 :3 7;756 B;:6 >;3>837957:;3 ;= L879;684A

EQ@9;>59N;3BG 2 >;AL59:B;3 ;= 685>E:3D 78B7 98B467B N87S883 7E8 43798578@ 53@ 798578@ >65Q? 7;D87E89

S:7E 7E8 98B467B ;= 7;756 B;:6 >;3>837957:;3? @8A;3B79578B 7E57 7E8 N:3@89 985D837 A:U:3D 98B4678@ 56B; :35 @8>985B8 ;= A5BB 7953B=89 ;= L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3BG

Table 5.837957:;3B :3 ADWVD ;= #L8>:578@ M;6Q34>6859 29;A57:> JQ@9;>59N;3B bM2Jc :3 43798578@ 53@ 798578@ B5AL68B

5AHUJ% ,B%#$C$L 838 (G/. (G1* (G// (G1, (G1- (G11 (G'* (G.-

X64;9537E838 1G// 'G,( 'G*+ 'G-, 'G-* 'G_( 'G// 1G_'

MQ9838 'G+, 'G_( 'G_( 'G/( 'G/, 'G'. 'G'' 1G(-

$83jb5c537E95>838 (G+* (G-* (G+- (G-1 (G+( (G-- (G_- (G*_@cLQ9838 (G/+ (G/1 (G/1 (G1+ (G/+ (G/' (G1+ (G.1

K:N83j;b5Ec537E95>838 (G', (G(, (G'' (G(+ (G(, (G(* (G(* (G'/

$83j;bDE:cL89Q6838 (G.' (G/1 (G/- (G/' (G/, (G/_ (G/' (G._

M2J '- R;756 '-G.+ *G.1 '(G.1 ,G,/ *G'' ,G_- +G_1 '/G/.

RE8 @8>985B8 ;= 7;756 B;:6 >;3>837957:;3B ;= 6:DE7 EQ@9;>59N;3B >53 N8 L5976Q 8UL65:38@ :3 789AB ;=

F;657:6:j57:;3 @49:3D 7E8 A:U:3D L9;>8BB? 5B B4DD8B78@ NQ 7E8 659D8 M"K 985@:3DB :3 R5N68 ' 53@ X:D498

'G 2 >;AL59:B;3 ;= X:D498 ' 5 53@ N B4DD8B7B 7E57 7E8 9578 53@ A5D3:74@8 ;= F;657:68B 98685B8 @49:3D

7E8 B;:6 A:U:3D L9;>8BB :B A5:36Q 986578@ 7; 7E8 A8>E53:>56 A:U:3D 5>7:;3 53@ L;BB:N6Q? :3 7E8 >5B8 ;=

k4:>V6:A8 985D837? :3 L597 7; 78AL8957498 8==8>7BG T7E89 A8>E53:BAB 98BL;3B:N68 =;9 7E8 @8>985B8B :3

>;3>837957:;3B ;= F;657:68B >;46@ N8 7E8 A:U:3D 57 5 A;68>4659 68F86 ;= 5 L;97:;3 ;= 7E8 >;AL;43@B

S:7E 7E8 >65Q W L;jj;653:> L9;@4>7B A579:U? 5B ;NB89F8@ NQ $47689 87 56G b1(((c 53@ %8B768 87 56 b1(('c

=;9 R;64838 :3 >8A837 A579:>8BG

Table 6. 837957:;3B :3 DW6 ;= #L8>:578@ R;756 M879;684A JQ@9;>59N;3 bRMJc? $RIaWOR$I >;AL;43@B :3 685>E578

B5AL68B

5AHUJ% ,B%#$C$L B


12/15

Remediation of a Clay Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon Using Soil Reagent... 1,/

5AHUJ% ,B%#$C$L B IB IB 837957:;3 @8>985B8B ;= 7E8 E85FQ 56:LE57:> 53@ 59;A57:>B S898 B:A:659 =;9

k4:>V6:A8 798578@ B5AL68B? =;9 SE:>E 659D8 78AL8957498 :3>985B8B S898 A85B498@ @49:3D 985D837

A:U:3D? 53@ ;7E89 B5AL68B SE898 38D6:D:N68 :3>985B8B :3 78AL8957498 S898 A85B498@G RE898=;98? :7 >53

N8 >;3>64@8@ 7E57 78AL8957498 8==8>7B @; 3;7 L65Q 5 A5l;9 9;68 :3 7E8 @8>985B8B :3 >;3>837957:;3B ;=

E85FQ 56:LE57:>B 53@ 59;A57:>B :3 7E8 >65Q B5AL68BG

RE8 @8>985B8B :3 >;3>837957:;3 ;= 7E8 E85FQ 56:LE57:> 53@ 59;A57:>B >53 N8 8UL65:38@ :3 789AB ;= 5

B79;3D 5BB;>:57:;3 N87S883 7E8 L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@B 53@ 7E8 B;6:@ >;3B7:74837B ;= 7E8

B5AL68BG

Table 7.837957:;3B :3 ADWVD ;= #L8>:578@ M;6Q384>6859 29;A57:> JQ@9;>59N;3B bM2Jc :3 685>E578 B5AL68B

5AHUJ% ,B%#$C$L 835LE7EQ6838 (G_+ (G'+ (G1, (G_1 (G'* (G'+ (G'_ (G'+

2>835LE7E838 /G1+ /G./ /G_( -G'+ 1G,1 1G*+ 1G-. 1G,.

X64;9838 .G1- _G+' -G1, ,G,. .G-( _G-( .G._ .G-+

ME83537E9838 '1G_1 '1G'+ '.G,* '+G1* *G+. ''G__ '(G,/ ''G1*

237E95>838 /G1/ 1G1- 1G,, /G/_ 'G,( 1G'1 1G'1 1G1(

X64;9537E838 '(G-/ /G'* .G_- .G__ 1G-1 /G1( /G_+ /G,'

MQ9838 ,G1+ 1G(/ /G(' 1G*_ 'G+' 1G(, 1G/. 1G.,

$83jb5c537E95>838 /G', (G'/ (G1/ (G1( (G'' (G'. (G'_ (G'+

7? SE:68 7E8 5@@:7:;3

;= N:3@89B 7; >65QB 98B467B :3 @8B794>74957:;3 ;= >65Q A:38956B? SE:>E D:F8B 9:B8 7; =;9A57:;3 ;= E:DE

BL8>:=:> B49=5>8 5985 >56>:4A B:6:>578 53@ 564A:3578 EQ@9578B? :7 56B; 98B467B :3 7E8 98L65>8A837 ;=

A;3;F56837 :;3B NQ :4A 53@ 7E8 =;9A57:;3 ;= B75N68 >65Q L597:>68 L5>V87B? ;9 @;A5:3B? 7E9;4DE>57:;3&6:3V5D8? 53@ 7E4B :3 5 783@83>Q 7; 98@4>8 BL8>:=:> B49=5>8 5985 ;= >65QB bK:5A;3@ 87 56G? '*-.cG

Schifano and Thurston: Remediation of a Clay Contaminated With Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2007


13/15

1,. Contaminated Soils- Remediation

RE8 BA566 :3>985B8B :3 >;3>837957:;3B ;= E85FQ 56:LE57:>B 53@ 59;A57:>B ;NB89F8@ :3 7E8 B;:6 53@

685>E578 B5AL68B? 598 L9;N5N6Q 7E8 98B467 ;= 7E8 98685B8 ;= 7E8B8 >;AL;43@B? SE:>E 598 :3:7:566Q B;9N8@

;3 7E8 #;:6 T9D53:> O57789 b#TOc? 5B 7E8 :3>985B8 :3 LJ 5BB;>:578@ S:7E 7E8 N:3@89 A:U:3D A5V8B 7E8

#TO 43B75N68 b$;38 87 56G? 1((.cG

2 659D8 :3>985B8 :3 7E8 PE:8F8@ :3 566 7E8 798578@ B5AL68B N47

J\1( 53@? 7; 5 >8975:3 8U7837? d\1(G RE8 659D8 :3>985B8 :3 >65Q B7983D7E 4L;3 N:3@89 A:U:3D :B>;3B:@898@ 7; N8 5 98B467 ;= 53 :3>985B8 :3 :3789L597:>68 >;375>7 5985 bR89j5DE: 87 56? '**-c? >54B8@ NQ

7E8 =;9A57:;3 ;= >65Q A5>9;&5DD98D578B 53@ @;A5:3B? 53@ :3789L597:>68 N;3@:3D NQ 7E8 B:6:>578

EQ@9578B D86B L9;@4>8@ NQ 7E8 L;jj;653:> 985>7:;3BG RE8 6;S89 P;46@ E5F8 5 B:D3:=:>537 L95>7:>56 :AL6:>57:;3 ;3 7E8 :3&

B:74 98A8@:57:;3 L9;>8BB? 5B 7E8 N:3@89 A:U:3D 8==8>7B S;46@ >;AL83B578 53@ ;F89>;A8 53Q 6;BB :3

B7983D7E @48 7; 7E8 98A;6@:3D 8==8>7 ;= A8>E53:>56 A:U:3D 53@? 7E898=;98? 98B467 :3 B7983D7E 659D89 7E53

7E8 ;9:D:356 43@:B749N8@ B7983D7E ;= 7E8 >65QG

RE8 5LL59837 =5F;95N68 8==8>7B ;= DQLB4A? ;3 7E8 B7983D7E ;= B;:6 798578@ S:7E 5 L98@;A:35376Q

6:A8 N5B8@ 985D837 =;9A4657:;3? :B :3 5D988A837 S:7E =:3@:3DB ;= M:A95VB5 53@ RE;3D>E5: b1((-c? 53@

A5Q N8 8UL65:38@ 5B 5 98B467 ;= =;9A57:;3 ;= 659D8 5DD6;A89578B SE:>E 5>7 5B N;3@:3D 5D837B N87S883>65Q L597:>68B W L;jj;653:> L9;@4>7B BQB78AG "3 7E8 >5B8 ;= >8A837 798578@ B;:6? :7 B88AB L;BB:N68 7E57

7E8 659D8 B46LE578 >;37837 bR5N68'c? 98B467:3D =9;A 5@@:7:;3 ;= DQLB4A 7; B5AL68 54B8@

=;9A57:;3 ;= 8779:3D:78? SE:>E :B V3;S3 7; >54B8 8UL53B:;3 53@ @8F86;LA837 ;= >95>VBbM:A95VB5 53@

RE;3D>E5:? 1((-cG RE8 L9;L5D57:;3 ;= 7E8B8 >95>VB A:DE7 E5F8 >98578@ S85V38BB j;38B 98B467:3D :3

BA56689 >;AL98BB:;3 B7983D7E 7E53 :3 B5AL68 E 3; DQLB4A S5B 5@@8@G

fI !80!3;3=:9A8@ 7E57 #YO S:7E N:3@89B :B 5 F:5N68

78>E3:k48 =;9 98A8@:57:;3 53@ :AL9;F8A837 ;= D8;78>E3:>56 L9;L897:8B ;= 7E8 L879;684A >;375A:3578@>65Q8Q B;:6B? 57 5 L879;6 =:66:3D B757:;3 B:78 :3 [837? P[G

O:U:3D B;:6B S:7E 6:A8 53@ >8A837 N:3@89 985D837B 98B4678@ :3 B:D3:=:>537 @8>985B8B :3 7;756

>;3>837957:;3B 53@ 685>E5N:6:7Q ;= L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@B 53@? 7E898=;98? 98@4>8@ 7E8

9:BVB ;= 8UL;B498 =;9 N;7E E4A53 E8567E 53@ D9;43@S5789 98>8L7;9B? =;9 5 98B:@837:56 83@&4B8

98@8F86;LA837 ;= 7E8 B:78G "3 5@@:7:;3? 7E8 79857A837 B:A467538;4B6Q :AL9;F8@ 7E8 B7983D7E ;= 7E8

=;43@57:;3 B;:6B =;9 =47498 @8F86;LA837 ;= 7E8 B:78G 2@@:7:;3 ;= DQLB4A 5LL859B 7; :AL9;F8 7E8

B7983D7E ;= 7E8 B5AL68B 798578@ S:7E 5 L98@;A:35376Q 6:A8 N5B8@ 985D837 =;9A4657:;3? 53@ 7; E5F8 68BB

=5F;95N68 8==8>7B ;3 7E8 B7983D7E ;= >8A837 N5B8@ =;9A4657:;3BG

RE8 @8>985B8B :3 L879;684A EQ@9;>59N;3B >;3>837957:;3B A5Q N8 8UL65:38@ NQ 5 34AN89 ;=

A8>E53:BAB? B4>E 5B F;657:6:j57:;3? 83>5LB4657:;3 S:7E:3 7E8 L;jj;653:> L9;@4>7B A579:U ;9 7E8 >65Q

A5>9;&5DD98D578B F;:@B? 53@ L;BB:N6Q @8D95@57:;3 ;= 7E8 EQ@9;>59N;3 >;AL;43@B L9;A;78@ NQ 7E8

N:3@89 A:U:3DG M"K A85B498A837B :3@:>578@ B:D3:=:>537 F;657:6:j57:;3 ;= 6:DE7 EQ@9;>59N;3B @49:3D 7E8

A:U:3D ;= 7E8 >65QG RE8 9578 53@ A5D3:74@8 ;= F;657:68B 98685B8 @49:3D 7E8 B;:6 A:U:3D L9;>8BB :B

A5:36Q 986578@ 7; 7E8 A8>E53:>56 A:U:3D 5>7:;3G \59D89 :3>985B8B :3 78AL8957498 A85B498@ :3 7E8

B5AL68B 798578@ S:7E k4:>V6:A8? @:@ 3;7 5LL859 7; 98B467 :3 E:DE89 98@4>7:;3B ;= EQ@9;>59N;3B? 7E53 :3

B5AL68B 798578@ S:7E N:3@89 985D837B S:7E 68BB L9;3;43>8@ 8U;7E89A:> 985>7:;3BG H;657:6:j57:;3 ;=

6:DE7 >;AL;43@B @49:3D A:U:3D :B 3;7 ;= >;3>893 =;9 7E8 =466 B>568 #YO 5LL6:>57:;3 B:3>8 B4>E

8A:BB:;3B >53 N8 >5L7498@ NQ 5LL9;L9:578 F5L;9 >;379;6 @8F:>8B b$9;S3 87 56G? '**1cG

)!>08931.21/10+5

RE8 547E;9B SE:BE 7; 7E53V K9 5@:B ZO" 53@ OB$:66:8 e; RE:N5467 ;= $$\&29>5@:B =;9 7E8:9 >;379:N47:;3 7; 7E8 L9;l8>7G




14/15

Remediation of a Clay Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon Using Soil Reagent... 1,_

*1:1*10!15

$565B4N95A53:5A? 2G#G? $89D5@;? KGRG? $483B4>8B;? $GYG 53@ ^53D? ^G65Q A:38956B 53@ B;:6B? I3D:3889:3D Z8;6;DQ? .1? .*f-_G

$;38? $GKG? $59359@? \GJG? $;59@A53? KG"G? 6:78957498 ;3 7E8 4B8 ;= B75N:6:j57:;3WB;6:@:=:>57:;3 =;9 7E8 79857A837 ;= >;375A:3578@ B;:6? B;6:@ S5B7853@ B64@D8BG I3F:9;3A837 2D83>Q #>:83>8 Y8L;97 #B? K8F86;LA837B :3 #;:6 #>:83>8? 8@:78@ NQ ZGJG

$;67? .// &._+G

$9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3 b$#"c '**(G O87E;@B ;= 78B7 =;9 B;:6B =;9 >:F:6 83D:3889:3D L49L;B8BG 57:;3 78B7B? $#

'/++) M597 1b/c? 1&_G $9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3? \;3@;3G


'/++) M597 1b.G/c? -&,G $9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3? \;3@;3G


'/++) M597 1b_c? '/&'.G $9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3? \;3@;3G

$9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3 b$#"c '**(G O87E;@B ;= 78B7 =;9 B;:6B =;9 >:F:6 83D:3889:3D L49L;B8BG M597 .) 7:;3&986578@

78B7B? $# '/++) M597 .b/c? '&'1G $9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3? \;3@;3G

$9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3 b$#"c '**(G O87E;@B ;= 78B7 =;9 B;:6B =;9 >:F:6 83D:3889:3D L49L;B8BG M597 +) #E859 B7983D7E 78B7B?

$# '/++) M597 +b+c? '*&11G $9:7:BE #753@59@B "3B7:747:;3? \;3@;3G

$9;S3? YGIG? e:3@56? $G#G 53@ $46j53? eG '**1G 2 >9:7:>56 98F:8S ;= 7E8 8==8>7:F838BB ;= B75N:6:j57:;3 53@ B;6:@:=:>57:;3 ;=

E5j59@;4B S5B78BG "3) #75N:6:j57:;3 53@ B;6:@:=:>57:;3 ;= E5j59@;4B 95@:;5>7:F8 53@ A:U8@ S5B78? 8@:78@ NQ RGOG Z:66:5A

53@ 9;7;A;D95LEQ? 868>79;3 L9;N8 A:>9;5356QB:B? 53@ %OY ;= R;64838 S5B78 :3 >8A837G

I3F:9;3A83756 #>:83>8 53@ R8>E3;6;DQ? /.? /1-* f /1+_G

57:;3 ;= J5j59@;4B C5B78BG H53 %;B7953@ Y8:3E;6@? %8S ^;9VG

65Q A:38956B NQ >56>:4A EQ@9;U:@8 5775>V? '17E

%57:;356 8 ;3 7B ;= 79857:3D 8UL53B:F8 >65QB S:7E >56>:4A EQ@9;U:@8? 2#RO #L8>:56

M4N6:>57:;3? %;G '.1G

Z95N89? IGYG? X:38? MG 53@ \8FQ? ZGeG 1((-G #;:6 B75N:6:j57:;3 :3 B8A:59:@ 53@ 59:@ 653@ 5D9:>467498G e;49356 ;= O5789:56B :3

>;AL;43@B & @8F86;LA837 53@ 78B7:3DG %R R8>E3 Y8L;97 _+-

& %;9@:> "33;F57:;3 57:;3BG "3) #75N:6:j57:;3W#;6:@:=:>57:;3 R9857A837 53@ Y8A8@:57:;3 &

2@F53>8B :3 #W# =;9 C5B78 53@ 7 ;= 6:A8? A;:B7498 53@ >;AL5>7:;3 ;3 5 >65Q B;:6G J:DES5Q Y8B859>E Y8>;9@ %; 1*?

'&'1G

\8S:3? [G? $95@BE5S? [G? $65V8Q? %G7;956 RE8B:B? \43@

P3:F89B:7QG Y8L;97 --? #S8@:BE Z8;78>E3:>56 "3B7:7478G

\;L8j&\595? RG? `8L8@5&Z599:@;? eG2G 53@ E4B877B K8L597A837 ;= I3F:9;3A83756 M9;78>7:;3G 1((/G O87E;@ =;9 7E8 @8789A:357:;3 ;= 7E8 8U795>75N68 L879;684A

EQ@9;>59N;3BG O5BB5>E4B877B K8L597A837 ;= I3F:9;3A83756 M9;78>7:;3? T==:>8 ;= Y8B859>E 53@ #753@59@B? $49854 ;=

C5B78 #:78 E:=53;? HG 53@ #E5E:83? OGOG '***G \:A8 79857A837 B;:6 78B7:3D? X59D;? %;97E K5V;75? B8>7:;3 '.

L9;l8>7G Y8L;97 K2


15/15

1,- Contaminated Soils- Remediation

%8B768? %G? `:AA89A533? 57:;3 ;= >65Q B;:6B 4B:3D 6:A8G "3) \:A8 #75N:6:j57:;3? 8@:78@ NQ E:=53;? HG? O5>\8;@? V6:A8 A:U:3D =;9 7E8 98A8@:57:;3 ;=

L879;684A >;375A:3578@ B;:6BG e;49356 ;= J5j59@;4B O5789:56B b"3 M98BBcG

#>E:=53;? HG? O5>\8;@? ;375A:3578@ S:7E L879;684A

EQ@9;>59N;3 4B:3D k4:>V6:A8 A:U:3DG "3) #75N:6:j57:;3W#;6:@:=:>57:;3 R9857A837 53@ Y8A8@:57:;3 & 2@F53>8B :3 #W# =;9

C5B78 53@ E53:>B :3 83D:3889:3D L95>7:>8G e;E3 C:68Q 53@ #;3BG

P3:78@ #7578B I3F:9;3A83756 M9;78>7:;3 2D83>Q bP#IM2cG '**-5G O87E;@ ,(1'NG 29;A57:> 53@ E56;D83578@ F;657:68B 4B:3D

LE;7;:;3:B57:;3 53@W;9 868>79;6Q7:> >;3@4>7:F:7Q @878>7;9BG IM2 Y8L;97 #C ,.-G C5BE:3D7;3G

P3:78@ #7578B I3F:9;3A83756 M9;78>7:;3 2D83>Q bP#IM2cG '**-NG O87E;@ ,'((G M;6Q34>6859 29;A57:> JQ@9;>59N;3BG

C5BE:3D7;3G

P3:78@ #7578B I3F:9;3A83756 M9;78>7:;3 2D83>Q bP#IM2cG '*,.G IM2 O87E;@ B74@Q 1_? O87E;@ -(1? M49D85N68 59;A57:>BGIM2 Y8L;97 -((W.&,.&(.1G C5BE:3D7;3G

C53D? eGCGJG? O578;B? OG 53@ K5F:@B;3? KGRG '*-/G 7B ;= EQ@9546:>? >56>:7:> 53@ @;6;A:7:> 6:A8B 53@

>8A837 :3 B;:6 B75N:6:j57:;3G J:DES5Q Y8B859>E Y8>;9@ %; 1*? .1&_.G

C:68B? 7:F8 B798BB B7983D7E L595A8789B ;= B75N:6:B8@ B;:6BG M9;>88@:3DB ;= 7E8

H" :3789357:;356 >;3=8983>8 ;= B;:6 A8>E53:>B 53@ =;43@57:;3 83D:3889:3D? O;379856? .'1&.'-G

`;6V;F? IG '*-1G "3=6483>8B ;= >E6;9:@8B 53@ EQ@9;U:@8B ;= >56>:4A 53@ B;@:4A ;3 >;3B:B783>Q 6:A:7B ;= 5 =57 >65QG J:DES5Q

Y8B859>E $;59@ $46687:3 /(*? '(*&''_G


remediation of a clay contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons

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