remedial law

CIVIL PROCEDURE

General Principles ................. 2 CONCEPT OF REMEDIAL LAW ............................ 2 CONCEPT ............................................................... 2 APPLICABILITY ........................................................ 2 PROSPECTIVITY/RETROACTIVITY ................................ 2 SUBSTANTIVE LAW AS DISTINGUISHED FROM REMEDIAL LAW ................................................. 2 REMEDIAL LAW OR PROCEDURAL LAW ......................... 2 SUBSTANTIVE LAW ................................................... 2 RULE-MAKING POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT2 LIMITATIONS ON THE RULE-MAKING POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT ..................................................... 2 POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT TO AMEND AND SUSPEND

PROCEDURAL RULES ................................................ 2 NATURE OF PHILIPPINE COURTS ..................... 3 MEANING OF A COURT ........................................... 3 COURT AS DISTINGUISHED FROM A JUDGE ................... 3 CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE COURTS ...................... 3 COURTS OF ORIGINAL AND APPELLATE JURISDICTION ..... 4 COURTS OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL JURISDICTION ......... 4 CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY COURTS ............... 4 COURTS OF LAW AND EQUITY .................................. 4 PRINCIPLE OF JUDICIAL HIERARCHY .......................... 4 DOCTRINE OF NON-INTERFERENCE OR DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL STABILITY ............................................. 4

Jurisdiction ............................ 4 JURISDICTION .................................................... 4 JURISDICTION IN GENERAL ............................... 4 JURISDICTION OVER THE PARTIES ............................... 4 JURISDICTION OVER THE SUBJECT MATTER ................... 5 JURISDICTION OVER THE ISSUES ................................. 6 JURISDICTION OVER THE RES OR PROPERTY IN LITIGATION 6 SPECIFIC JURISDICTION .................................... 7 JURISDICTION OF COURTS ......................................... 7 JURISDICTION OVER SMALL CLAIMS, CASES COVERED BY THE RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE AND BARANGAY CONCILIATION . 13 DEFINITION .......................................................... 13 PURPOSE ............................................................. 13 SCOPE ................................................................. 13 APPLICABILITY ....................................................... 13 PROHIBITED PLEADINGS ......................................... 14 TOTALITY RULE ..................................................... 14

Actions ................................. 14 ACTION VS CAUSE OF ACTION .......................... 14 MEANING OF ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS ........ 14 MEANING OF SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS ............. 14 MEANING OF CRIMINAL ACTIONS ................... 14 CIVIL ACTIONS VERSUS SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS .................................. 14 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CIVIL ACTIONS AND SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS ....................................................... 14 PERSONAL ACTIONS AND REAL ACTIONS ...... 15 IMPORTANCE OF DISTINCTION ................................... 15 LOCAL AND TRANSITORY ACTIONS ................ 15

Cause of Action ................... 16 MEANING OF CAUSE OF ACTION ...................... 16 ELEMENTS OF A CAUSE OF ACTION ................. 16 RIGHT OF ACTION VERSUS CAUSE OF ACTION . 16 FAILURE TO STATE A CAUSE OF ACTION .......... 17 TEST OF THE SUFFICIENCY OF A CAUSE OF ACTION ............................................................. 17 SPLITTING A SINGLE CAUSE OF ACTION AND ITS EFFECTS ........................................................... 17 EFFECTS OF SPLITTING A CAUSE OF ACTION ................. 17 BASIS .................................................................. 17 PURPOSE ............................................................. 17 JOINDER AND MISJOINDER OF CAUSES OF ACTION ............................................................. 17 JOINDER OF CAUSE OF ACTION .................................. 17 PURPOSES ........................................................... 17 REQUISITES .......................................................... 17 MISJOINDER OF CAUSES OF ACTION ........................... 17

Parties to Civil Actions ....... 18 REQUIREMENTS FOR A PERSON TO BE A PARTY TO A CIVIL ACTION ............................................ 18 PARTIES TO A CIVIL ACTION ............................. 19 REAL PARTIES IN INTEREST; INDISPENSABLE PARTIES; REPRESENTATIVES AS PARTIES; NECESSARY PARTIES; INDIGENT PARTIES; ALTERNATIVE DEFENDANTS ........................... 19 REAL PARTY IN INTEREST ........................................ 19

INDISPENSABLE PARTIES ........................................ 20 REPRESENTATIVE AS PARTIES .................................. 20 NECESSARY PARTY ................................................ 20 INDIGENT PARTY ................................................... 20 ALTERNATIVE DEFENDANTS .................................... 20 COMPULSORY AND PERMISSIVE JOINDER OF PARTIES ............................................................ 21 COMPULSORY JOINDER OF INDISPENSABLE PARTIES ...... 21 PERMISSIVE JOINDER .............................................. 21 MISJOINDER AND NON-JOINDER OF PARTIES ...................................................... 21 CLASS SUIT ....................................................... 21 REQUISITES .......................................................... 21 CLASS SUIT AND DERIVATIVE SUIT, COMPARED ............ 22 SUITS AGAINST ENTITIES WITHOUT JURIDICAL PERSONALITY .................................................. 22 REQUISITES ......................................................... 22 EFFECT OF DEATH OF PARTY LITIGANT ........... 22 SUBSTITUTION OF PARTIES ...................................... 22 ACTION ON CONTRACTUAL MONEY CLAIMS ................. 22 TRANSFER OF INTEREST DURING THE PENDENCY OF THE ACTION ............................................................... 22

Venue ................................... 23 VENUE VERSUS JURISDICTION ........................ 23 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN VENUE AND JURISDICTION ...... 23 VENUE OF REAL ACTIONS ................................ 23 VENUE OF PERSONAL ACTIONS ...................... 23 VENUE OF ACTIONS AGAINST NON-RESIDENTS .............................. 24 WHEN THE RULES ON VENUE DO NOT APPLY ................................................. 24 EFFECTS OF STIPULATIONS ON VENUE ........... 24 OTHER RULES ON VENUE ................................ 24

Pleadings ............................ 24 DEFINITION ..................................................... 24 KINDS OF PLEADINGS ..................................... 25 PLEADINGS ALLOWED ............................................ 25 COMPLAINT ......................................................... 25 ANSWER ............................................................. 25 COUNTERCLAIMS .................................................. 25

CROSS-CLAIMS ..................................................... 27 THIRD (FOURTH, ETC.) PARTY COMPLAINTS ................ 27 COMPLAINT-IN-INTERVENTION ................................ 28 REPLY ................................................................ 28 PLEADINGS ALLOWED IN SMALL CLAIM CASES AND CASES COVERED BY THE RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE .................................. 28 PROHIBITED PLEADINGS, MOTIONS OR PETITIONS ....... 28 FORMS USED UNDER THE RULE OF PROCEDURE UNDER SMALL CLAIMS CASES ............................................. 29 PROHIBITED PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS ...................... 29 PARTS OF A PLEADING .................................... 29 CAPTION ............................................................. 29 BODY ................................................................. 29 SIGNATURE AND ADDRESS ...................................... 29 VERIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION AGAINST FORUM SHOPPING ........................................................... 29 EFFECT OF THE SIGNATURE OF COUNSEL IN A PLEADING 30 ALLEGATIONS IN A PLEADING ........................ 30 MANNER OF MAKING ALLEGATIONS .......................... 30 PLEADING AN ACTIONABLE DOCUMENT ...................... 31 SPECIFIC DENIALS .................................................. 31 EFFECT OF FAILURE TO PLEAD ....................... 32 FAILURE TO PLEAD DEFENSES AND OBJECTIONS .......... 32 FAILURE TO PLEAD A COMPULSORY COUNTERCLAIM AND CROSS-CLAIM ...................................................... 32 DEFAULT ......................................................... 32 WHEN A DECLARATION OF DEFAULT IS PROPER ........... 32 EFFECT OF AN ORDER OF DEFAULT ........................... 32 RELIEF FROM AN ORDER OF DEFAULT ........................ 33 EFFECT OF A PARTIAL DEFAULT ................................ 33 EXTENT OF RELIEF ................................................. 33 ACTIONS WHERE DEFAULT ARE NOT ALLOWED ............ 33 FILING AND SERVICE OF PLEADINGS .............. 34 DEFINITION ......................................................... 34 PAPERS REQUIRED TO BE FILED AND SERVED .............. 34 PAYMENT OF DOCKET FEES ..................................... 34 FILING VERSUS SERVICE OF PLEADINGS ...................... 35 PERIODS OF FILING OF PLEADINGS ............................ 35 MANNER OF FILING ............................................... 35 MODES OF SERVICE ............................................... 36 AMENDMENT ...................................................37 HOW TO AMEND PLEADINGS .....................................37 AMENDMENT AS A MATTER OF RIGHT ....................... 38 AMENDMENTS BY LEAVE OF COURT ........................... 38 FORMAL AMENDMENT ........................................... 38 AMENDMENTS TO CONFORM TO OR AUTHORIZE PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE .................................. 38 DIFFERENT FROM SUPPLEMENTAL PLEADINGS ............ 38

EFFECT OF AMENDED PLEADING ............................... 39

Summons ............................ 39 NATURE AND PURPOSE OF SUMMONS IN RELATION TO ACTIONS IN PERSONAM, IN REM AND QUASI IN REM .......................................... 39 PURPOSE ............................................................ 39 ISSUANCE OF SUMMONS ........................................ 39 CONTENTS OF SUMMONS ........................................ 39 VOLUNTARY APPEARANCE ............................. 39 GENERAL RULE ..................................................... 39 EXCEPTION .......................................................... 39 WHO SERVES THE SUMMONS ................................... 40 RETURN OF SUMMONS ........................................... 40 ALIAS SUMMONS ................................................... 40 MODES OF SERVICE OF SUMMONS ............................. 40 PERSONAL SERVICE ........................................ 40 SERVICE IN PERSON ON DEFENDANT ......................... 40 SUBSTITUTED SERVICE ................................... 40 RATIONALE .......................................................... 40 CONSTRUCTIVE SERVICE (BY PUBLICATION) ........................................... 41 REQUISITES ......................................................... 41 SERVICE OF SUMMONS UPON DIFFERENT ENTITIES ....... 41 SERVICE UPON A DEFENDANT WHERE HIS IDENTITY IS UNKNOWN OR WHERE HIS WHEREABOUTS ARE UNKNOWN .................................................... 41 SERVICE UPON RESIDENTS TEMPORARILY OUTSIDE THE PHILIPPINES ........................................................ 41 EXTRA-TERRITORIAL SERVICE, WHEN ALLOWED ............................................. 41 REQUISITES ......................................................... 41 MODES OF SERVICE ................................................ 41 SERVICE UPON PRISONERS AND MINORS ...... 41 SERVICE UPON PRISONER ....................................... 41 SERVICE UPON MINORS AND INCOMPETENTS .............. 41 PROOF OF SERVICE .......................................... 41 RETURN OF SERVICE .............................................. 41 PROOF OF SERVICE ................................................ 41 EFFECT OF NON-SERVICE OF SUMMONS ..................... 42 WAIVER OF SERVICE OF SUMMONS ............................ 42 SERVICE OF SUMMONS UPON DIFFERENT ENTITIES (ANNEX A) ................................ 42

Motions ................................. 42 MOTIONS IN GENERAL .................................... 42 DEFINITION OF A MOTION ........................................ 42

MOTIONS VERSUS PLEADINGS ................................. 42 CONTENTS AND FORM OF MOTIONS .......................... 42 NOTICE OF HEARING AND HEARING OF MOTIONS .......... 43 OMNIBUS MOTION RULE ......................................... 43 LITIGATED AND EX PARTE MOTIONS .......................... 43 PRO-FORMA MOTIONS ........................................... 43 MOTIONS FOR BILL OF PARTICULARS ............ 43 BILL OF PARTICULARS ............................................ 43 PURPOSE AND WHEN APPLIED FOR ........................... 44 ACTIONS OF THE COURT ......................................... 44 COMPLIANCE WITH THE ORDER AND EFFECT OF NON-COMPLIANCE ....................................................... 44 EFFECT ON THE PERIOD TO FILE A RESPONSIVE PLEADING ....................................... 44 MOTION TO DISMISS ....................................... 45 DEFINITION ......................................................... 45 TYPES OF DISMISSAL OF ACTION ............................... 45 GROUNDS ........................................................... 45 RESOLUTION OF MOTION ........................................ 48 REMEDIES OF PLAINTIFF WHEN THE COMPLAINT IS DISMISSED .......................................................... 48 REMEDIES OF THE DEFENDANT WHEN THE MOTION IS DENIED ................................. 48 EFFECT OF DISMISSAL OF COMPLAINT ON CERTAIN GROUNDS .......................... 48 WHEN GROUNDS PLEADED AS AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES . 48 BAR BY DISMISSAL ................................................ 48 DISTINGUISHED FROM DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE UNDER RULE 33 ............................................................. 49

Dismissal of Actions .......... 49 DISMISSAL UPON NOTICE BY PLAINTIFF; TWO-DISMISSAL RULE ............................................. 49 DISMISSAL UPON PLAINTIFFS NOTICE ....................... 49 DISMISSAL UPON MOTION BY PLAINTIFF; EFFECT ON EXISTING COUNTERCLAIM ........................ 49 DISMISSAL UPON PLAINTIFFS MOTION ...................... 49 DISMISSAL DUE TO THE FAULT OF PLAINTIFF 49 DISMISSAL DUE TO PLAINTIFFS FAULT ...................... 49 DISMISSAL OF COUNTERCLAIM, CROSS-CLAIM OR THIRD-PARTY COMPLAINT ........................ 50

Pre-Trial .............................. 50 CONCEPT OF PRE-TRIAL ................................. 50 DEFINITION ......................................................... 50 NATURE AND PURPOSE .................................. 50 PURPOSE ............................................................ 50

NOTICE OF PRE-TRIAL ..................................... 51 APPEARANCE OF PARTIES; EFFECT OF FAILURE TO APPEAR ...................................................... 51 APPEARANCE OF PARTIES ....................................... 51 FAILURE TO APPEAR AT PRE-TRIAL ........................... 51 PRE-TRIAL BRIEF; EFFECT OF FAILURE TO APPEAR ........................................................... 52 PRE-TRIAL BRIEF .................................................. 52 RECORD OF PRE-TRIAL ........................................... 52 CALENDAR OF CASES ............................................. 52 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRE-TRIAL IN CIVIL CASE AND PRE-TRIAL IN CRIMINAL CASE ................ 52 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) [RA 9285] ............................................................... 53 WHAT IS ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM? . 53 POLICY BEHIND THE ADR ......................................... 53 EXCEPTION TO THE APPLICATION OF RA 9285: ............ 53 MODES OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS: ........ 53

Intervention ......................... 54 DEFINITION OF INTERVENTION ....................... 54 WHO MAY INTERVENE ..................................... 54 MEANING OF LEGAL INTEREST ....................... 54 REQUISITES FOR INTERVENTION .................... 55 HOW INTERVENTION IS DONE ................................... 55 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN ALLOWING INTERVENTION .... 55 PLEADINGS IN INTERVENTION .................................. 55 TIME TO INTERVENE ........................................ 55 REMEDY FOR THE DENIAL OF MOTION TO INTERVENE ...................................................... 55 REMEDIES ........................................................... 55

Subpoena ........................... 55 TYPES (AND DEFINITION) OF SUBPOENA ........ 55 BY WHOM ISSUED ............................................ 56 FORM AND CONTENTS OF SUBPOENA ............ 56 SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM .............................. 56 SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM DISTINGUISHED FROM ORDER FOR PRODUCTION OR INSPECTION (ANNEX B) ................... 56 SUBPOENA AD TESTIFICANDUM ..................... 56 SERVICE OF SUBPOENA ................................... 56

COMPELLING ATTENDANCE OF WITNESSES; CONTEMPT ...................................................... 56 PERSONAL APPEARANCE IN COURT ........................... 56 APPLICATION FOR SUBPOENA TO PRISONER ............... 56 REMEDY IN CASE OF WITNESS FAILURE TO ATTEND ...... 56 QUASHING OF SUBPOENA .............................. 56 GROUNDS FOR QUASHING ...................................... 57

Modes of Discovery ............. 57 DEPOSITIONS PENDING ACTION; DEPOSITIONS BEFORE ACTION OR PENDING APPEAL ........... 57 DEPOSITIONS UNDER RULE 23 ................................. 57 WRITTEN INTERROGATORIES UNDER RULE 23 ............. 59 DEPOSITIONS BEFORE ACTION UNDER RULE 24 ........... 60 DEPOSITIONS PENDING APPEAL UNDER RULE 24 ......... 60 WRITTEN INTERROGATORIES TO ADVERSE PARTIES .......................................................... 60 PURPOSE ............................................................ 60 PROCEDURE ......................................................... 61 ANSWER ............................................................. 61 EFFECT OF OBJECTIONS TO INTERROGATORIES ............. 61 NUMBER OF INTERROGATORIES ................................ 61 SCOPE OF INTERROGATORIES ................................... 61 USE OF INTERROGATORIES ...................................... 61 FAILURE TO FILE WRITTEN INTERROGATORIES .............. 61 CONSEQUENCES OF REFUSAL TO ANSWER ................... 61 REQUEST FOR ADMISSION ............................... 61 PURPOSE ............................................................. 61 WHEN MAY REQUEST BE MADE ................................. 62 IMPLIED ADMISSION BY ADVERSE PARTY .................... 62 DEFERMENT OF COMPLIANCE .................................. 62 EFFECT OF ADMISSION ........................................... 62 WITHDRAWAL ..................................................... 62 EFFECT OF FAILURE TO FILE AND SERVE REQUEST FOR ADMISSION ......................................................... 62 PRODUCTION OR INSPECTION OF DOCUMENTS OR THINGS ...................................................... 62 PROCEDURE ........................................................ 62 WHAT THE COURT MAY ORDER ................................. 62 PHYSICAL AND MENTAL EXAMINATION OF PERSONS ......................................................... 63 MOTION REQUESTING EXAMINATION ......................... 63 COURT TO ISSUE THE ORDER FOR EXAMINATION IN ITS DISCRETION. ............................ 63 REPORT OF FINDINGS ............................................ 63 WAIVER OR PRIVILEGE ........................................... 63 PHYSICIAN-PATIENT PRIVILEGE ................................ 63 CONSEQUENCES OF REFUSAL TO COMPLY WITH MODES OF DISCOVERY (ANNEX C) ..................... 63

Trial ...................................... 63 TRIAL, DEFINED ............................................... 63 NOTICE OF TRIAL ............................................. 63 ADJOURNMENTS AND POSTPONEMENTS ...... 63 REQUISITES OF MOTION TO POSTPONE TRIAL ....................................... 63 SUBPOENA .......................................................... 64 AGREED STATEMENT OF FACTS ...................... 64 ORDER OF TRIAL; REVERSAL OF ORDER ......... 64 CONDUCT OF TRIAL ................................................ 64 GENERAL ORDER OF TRIAL ...................................... 64 CONSOLIDATION OR SEVERANCE OF HEARING OR TRIAL ......................................................... 64 CONSOLIDATION OF TRIAL ....................................... 64 SEVERANCE OF TRIAL ............................................. 64 STATEMENT OF JUDGE ............................................ 65 SUSPENSION OF ACTIONS ....................................... 65 DELEGATION OF RECEPTION OF EVIDENCE .... 65 TRIAL BY COMMISSIONERS ............................. 65 KINDS OF TRIAL BY COMMISSIONER ........................... 65 REFERENCE BY CONSENT OR ORDERED ON MOTION ...... 65 POWERS OF THE COMMISSIONER .............................. 65 COMMISSIONERS REPORT; NOTICE TO PARTIES AND HEARING ON THE REPORT ....................................... 65

Demurrer to Evidence ....... 66 GROUND .......................................................... 66 DEFINITION .......................................................... 66 EFFECT OF DENIAL; EFFECT OF GRANT ........... 66 WAIVER OF RIGHT TO PRESENT EVIDENCE ..... 67 DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE IN A CIVIL CASE V. DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE IN A CRIMINAL CASE ............................................ 67 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEMURRER IN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CASES ................................................................ 67

Judgments and Final Orders ....................... 67 JUDGMENT ...................................................... 67 REQUISITES OF A VALID JUDGMENT .......................... 67 KINDS OF JUDGMENT ............................................. 67

JUDGMENT WITHOUT TRIAL ........................... 68 WHEN TRIAL IS NOT NECESSARY ............................... 68 CONTENTS OF A JUDGMENT ........................... 68 PARTS OF A JUDGMENT .......................................... 68 DISTINCTION BETWEEN JUDGMENT AND OPINION OF THE COURT ............................................................... 69 CONFLICT BETWEEN THE DISPOSITIVE PORTION AND BODY OF THE DECISION .................................................. 69 JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS ..................... 69 GROUNDS ........................................................... 69 CANNOT BE RENDERED MOTU PROPRIO ..................... 69 WHEN JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS WILL NOT APPLY . 69 EFFECTS ............................................................. 69 SUMMARY JUDGMENTS .................................. 69 DEFINITION, NATURE ............................................. 69 GENUINE ISSUE .................................................... 69 PROCEDURE ........................................................ 70 FOR THE CLAIMANT ............................................... 70 FOR THE DEFENDANT ............................................ 70 WHEN THE CASE NOT FULLY ADJUDICATED ................. 70 AFFIDAVITS AND ATTACHMENTS .............................. 70 JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS VERSUS SUMMARY JUDGMENTS ................................... 71 RENDITION OF JUDGMENTS AND FINAL ORDERS ......................................... 71 FORM OF JUDGMENT .............................................. 71 DEFINITION OF RENDITION OF JUDGMENT ................... 71 PERIOD WITHIN WHICH DECISION IS TO BE RENDERED .... 71 INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT ......................... 71 ENTRY OF JUDGMENT AND FINAL ORDER ....... 71 DEFINITION OF ENTRY OF JUDGMENT .......................... 71 ENTRY OF JUDGMENTS AND FINAL ORDERS ................. 71 AMENDMENTS TO JUDGMENT .................................. 72

Post-Judgment Remedies . 72 REMEDIES BEFORE FINALITY OF JUDGMENT ................................. 72 MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION ......................................................................... 72 MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION .............................. 72 GROUNDS ........................................................... 72 WHEN TO FILE ...................................................... 72 DENIAL OF THE MOTION; EFFECT ...............................73 GRANT OF THE MOTION; EFFECT ............................... 74 REMEDY WHEN MOTION IS DENIED, FRESH 15-DAY PERIOD RULE .................................................................. 74 APPEALS IN GENERAL ..................................... 74

JUDGMENTS AND FINAL ORDERS SUBJECT TO APPEAL ... 74 MATTERS NOT APPEALABLE .................................... 75 REMEDY AGAINST JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS WHICH ARE NOT APPEALABLE .................................................. 75 MODES OF APPEAL ................................................ 75 ISSUES TO BE RAISED ON APPEAL ............................. 84 PERIOD OF APPEAL ................................................ 84 PERFECTION OF APPEAL ......................................... 86 APPEAL FROM JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE MTC ..................................... 86 APPEAL FROM JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE RTC ...................................... 88 APPEAL FROM JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE CA ....................................... 89 APPEAL FROM JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE CTA ...................................... 89 REVIEW OF FINAL JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE COA ..................................... 89 REVIEW OF FINAL JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE COMELEC .............................. 90 REVIEW OF FINAL JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE CSC ...................................... 90 REVIEW OF FINAL JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE OMBUDSMAN ......................... 90 REVIEW OF FINAL JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF THE NLRC .................................... 90 REVIEW OF FINAL JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF QUASI-JUDICIAL AGENCIES ............. 91 RELIEF FROM JUDGMENTS, ORDERS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS ................................................. 91 GROUNDS FOR AVAILING OF THE REMEDY ................... 92 TIME TO FILE PETITION ........................................... 92 CONTENTS OF PETITION ......................................... 92 ANNULMENT OF JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS AND RESOLUTIONS ......................................... 92 GROUNDS FOR ANNULMENT ..................................... 92 PERIOD TO FILE ACTION ......................................... 93 EFFECTS OF JUDGMENT OF ANNULMENT .................... 93 COLLATERAL ATTACK OF JUDGMENTS ....................... 93 REMEDIES FROM A VOID JUDGMENT ........................... 93 WHAT IS A VOID JUDGMENT? ................................... 93 HOW DO YOU ATTACK A VOID JUDGMENT? .................. 93 WHAT ARE YOUR REMEDIES? ................................... 93 SOME JURISPRUDENTIAL BASIS ................................ 93

Execution, Satisfaction and Effect of Judgments .......... 94 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FINALITY OF JUDGMENT FOR PURPOSES OF APPEAL; FOR PURPOSES OF EXECUTION ...................................................... 94 WHEN EXECUTION SHALL ISSUE ..................... 94

EXECUTION AS A MATTER OF RIGHT (ANNEX D) .......... 95 DISCRETIONARY EXECUTION (ANNEX E) .................... 95 HOW A JUDGMENT IS EXECUTED .................... 96 EXECUTION BY MOTION OR BY INDEPENDENT ACTION .. 96 ISSUANCE AND CONTENTS OF A WRIT OF EXECUTION .... 96 EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS FOR MONEY .................... 96 EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS FOR SPECIFIC ACTS ........... 98 EXECUTION OF SPECIAL JUDGMENTS ........................ 99 EFFECT OF LEVY ON THIRD PERSONS ......................... 99 PROPERTIES EXEMPT FROM EXECUTION ....... 99 PROCEEDINGS WHERE PROPERTY IS CLAIMED BY THIRD PERSONS ........................................ 101 IN RELATION TO THIRD PARTY CLAIM IN ATTACHMENT AND REPLEVIN .......................................................... 101 RULES ON REDEMPTION ................................ 102 EFFECTS OF REDEMPTION ...................................... 102 RECOVERY OF PURCHASE PRICE AND REVIVAL OF JUDGMENT ......................................... 103 EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT OBLIGOR WHEN JUDGMENT IS UNSATISFIED ......................... 104 WHEN EXAMINATION MAY BE MADE ........................ 104 HOW ................................................................ 104 EXAMINATION OF OBLIGOR OF JUDGMENT OBLIGOR ....................................................... 104 DOES A PARTY LITIGANT ENJOY ANY DISCOVERY RIGHTS AFTER THE PROMULGATION OF FINAL AND EXECUTORY JUDGMENT? ...................................................... 104 REMEDIES OF JUDGMENT CREDITOR IN AID OF EXECUTION ........................................... 104 ENTRY OF SATISFACTION ...................................... 104 EFFECT OF JUDGMENT OR FINAL ORDERS ... 104 RES JUDICATA IN JUDGMENTS IN REM ....................... 105 RES JUDICATA IN JUDGMENTS IN PERSONAM ............. 105 CONCLUSIVENESS OF JUDGMENT/PRECLUSION OF ISSUES (AUTER ACTION PENDANT) .................................... 105 REQUISITES OF RES JUDICATA ................................. 105 RES JUDICATA V. LAW OF THE CASE V. STARE DECISIS 105 ENFORCEMENT AND EFFECT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS .................... 105 EFFECT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ............................. 105

Provisional Remedies ....... 106 NATURE OF PROVISIONAL REMEDIES ........... 106 DEFINITION ........................................................ 106 JURISDICTION OVER

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES .............................. 106 PRELIMINARY ATTACHMENT ........................ 106 DEFINITION ........................................................ 106 PURPOSES ......................................................... 106 GROUNDS FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT OF ATTACHMENT .. 106 REQUISITES ........................................................107 ISSUANCE AND CONTENTS OF ORDER OF ATTACHMENT; AFFIDAVIT AND BOND ..........................................107 RULE ON PRIOR OR CONTEMPORANEOUS SERVICE OF SUMMONS ..........................................................107 MANNER OF ATTACHING REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY; WHEN PROPERTY ATTACHED IS CLAIMED BY THIRD PERSON ................................................... 108 DISCHARGE OF ATTACHMENT AND THE COUNTER-BOND ........................................... 109 SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT OUT OF PROPERTY ATTACHED ................................. 110 PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ............................. 111 DEFINITIONS AND DIFFERENCES: DRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER; STATUS QUO ANTE ORDER ................................................................ 111 REQUISITES ......................................................... 111 KINDS OF INJUNCTION ........................................... 112 WHEN WRIT MAY BE ISSUED .................................... 113 GROUNDS FOR ISSUANCE OF PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION 113 GROUNDS FOR OBJECTION TO, OR FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF INJUNCTION OR RESTRAINING ORDER ....................... 113 DURATION OF A TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER .... 114 IN RELATION TO RA 8975, BAN ON ISSUANCE OF TRO OR WRIT OF INJUNCTION IN CASES INVOLVING GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ................................. 114 RULE ON PRIOR OR CONTEMPORANEOUS SERVICE OF SUMMONS IN RELATION TO ATTACHMENT ................. 114 RECEIVERSHIP ................................................ 115 NATURE ............................................................. 115 PURPOSE ........................................................... 115 CASES WHEN RECEIVER MAY BE APPOINTED ............... 115 REQUIREMENTS BEFORE ISSUANCE OF AN ORDER ....... 115 POWERS OF A RECEIVER ........................................ 115 TWO (2) KINDS OF BOND ........................................ 116 TERMINATION OF RECEIVERSHIP ............................. 116 REPLEVIN ....................................................... 116 WHEN MAY WRIT BE ISSUED .................................... 116 REQUISITES ........................................................ 117 AFFIDAVIT AND BOND; REDELIVERY BOND ................. 117 SHERIFFS DUTY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WRIT; WHEN PROPERTY IS CLAIMED BY THIRD PARTY ........... 117

Special Civil Actions .......... 118 NATURE OF SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS .............. 118 HOW COMMENCED ............................................... 118

ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS VERSUS SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS ......................................................... 118 JURISDICTION AND VENUE ............................ 118 INTERPLEADER .............................................. 118 DEFINITION ........................................................ 118 PURPOSE ........................................................... 118 REQUISITES FOR INTERPLEADER ............................. 119 WHEN TO FILE ..................................................... 119 DECLARATORY RELIEFS AND SIMILAR REMEDIES ........................................ 119 WHO MAY FILE THE ACTION .................................... 119 REQUISITES OF ACTION FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF ...... 120 WHEN COURT MAY REFUSE TO MAKE JUDICIAL DECLARATION ................................ 120 CONVERSION TO ORDINARY ACTION ......................... 120 PROCEEDINGS CONSIDERED AS SIMILAR REMEDIES ..... 120 REVIEW OF JUDGMENTS AND FINAL ORDERS OR RESOLUTION OF THE COMELEC AND COA ..... 121 SCOPE ............................................................... 121 PROCEDURE ....................................................... 121 DISTINCTION IN THE APPLICATION OF RULE 65 TO JUDGMENTS OF THE COMELEC AND COA AND THE APPLICATION OF RULE 65 TO OTHER TRIBUNALS, PERSONS AND OFFICERS .................................................... 123 CERTIORARI, PROHIBITION AND MANDAMUS ........................................... 123 WHEN PETITION FOR CERTIORARI, PROHIBITION AND MANDAMUS IS PROPER (ANNEX F) ........................... 124 INJUNCTIVE RELIEF ............................................... 125 CERTIORARI DISTINGUISHED FROM APPEAL BY CERTIORARI; PROHIBITION AND MANDAMUS DISTINGUISHED FROM INJUNCTION; WHEN AND WHERE TO FILE PETITION ...... 125 EXCEPTIONS TO FILING OF MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION BEFORE FILING PETITION ....................................... 125 RELIEFS PETITIONER IS ENTITLED TO ........................ 125 FACTIONS/OMISSIONS OF MTC/RTC IN ELECTION CASES .............................................. 126 WHERE TO FILE PETITION ....................................... 126 EFFECTS OF FILING OF AN UNMERITORIOUS PETITION .. 126 QUO WARRANTO ........................................... 126 DISTINGUISH FROM QUO WARRANTO IN THE OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE ................................................... 126 WHEN THE GOVERNMENT COMMENCES AN ACTION AGAINST INDIVIDUALS ...................................................... 126 WHEN INDIVIDUAL MAY COMMENCE AN ACTION .......... 127 JUDGMENT IN QUO WARRANTO ACTION .................... 127 RIGHTS OF A PERSON ADJUDGED ENTITLED TO PUBLIC OFFICE .............................................................. 127

EXPROPRIATION ............................................ 127 MATTERS TO ALLEGE IN COMPLAINT FOR EXPROPRIATION ............................ 127 TWO STAGES IN EVERY ACTION FOR EXPROPRIATION .... 127 WHEN PLAINTIFF CAN IMMEDIATELY ENTER INTO POSSESSION OF THE REAL PROPERTY, IN RELATION TO RA 8974 ............................................................... 128 NEW SYSTEM OF IMMEDIATE PAYMENT OF INITIAL JUST COMPENSATION ................................................. 128 DEFENSES AND OBJECTIONS ................................. 128 ORDER OF EXPROPRIATION .................................. 129 ASCERTAINMENT OF JUST COMPENSATION .............. 129 APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSIONERS; COMMISSIONERS REPORT; COURT ACTION UPON COMMISSIONERS REPORT ........................... 129 RIGHTS OF PLAINTIFF UPON JUDGMENT AND PAYMENT .................................................... 130 EFFECT OF RECORDING OF JUDGMENT ..................... 130 FORECLOSURE OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE ............................. 130 JUDGMENT ON FORECLOSURE FOR PAYMENT OR SALE . 130 SALE OF MORTGAGED PROPERTY; EFFECT ................ 130 DISPOSITION OF PROCEEDS OF SALE ......................... 131 DEFICIENCY JUDGMENT ......................................... 131 JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE V. EXTRAJUDICIAL FORECLOSURE ................................ 131 EQUITY OF REDEMPTION VERSUS RIGHT OF REDEMPTION ......................................... 132 PARTITION ...................................................... 132 WHO MAY FILE COMPLAINT; WHO SHOULD BE MADE DEFENDANTS ...................................................... 132 MATTERS TO ALLEGE IN THE COMPLAINT FOR PARTITION ................................... 133 TWO (2) STAGES IN EVERY ACTION FOR PARTITION ...... 133 ORDER OF PARTITION AND PARTITION BY AGREEMENT ................................................... 133 PARTITION BY COMMISSIONERS; APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSIONERS, COMMISSIONERS REPORT; COURT ACTION UPON COMMISSIONERS REPORT ..................134 JUDGMENT AND ITS EFFECTS .................................. 135 PARTITION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY ........................ 135 PRESCRIPTION OF ACTION ...................................... 135 FORCIBLE ENTRY AND UNLAWFUL DETAINER 136 DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTION ............................... 135 DISTINGUISHED FROM ACCION PUBLICIANA AND ACCION REINVINDICATORIA .............................................. 136 HOW TO DETERMINE JURISDICTION IN ACCION PUBLICIANA AND ACCION REINVINDICATORIA ............................. 136 WHO MAY INSTITUTE THE ACTION AND WHEN; AGAINST WHOM THE ACTION MAY BE MAINTAINED ................... 136 PLEADINGS ALLOWED ........................................... 137 ACTION ON THE COMPLAINT ................................... 137 WHEN DEMAND IS NECESSARY ................................ 137

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND PRELIMINARY MANDATORY INJUNCTION ...................................................... 140 RESOLVING DEFENSE OF OWNERSHIP ...................... 140 HOW TO STAY THE IMMEDIATE EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT .................................... 140 SUMMARY PROCEDURE, PROHIBITED PLEADINGS ....... 141 CONTEMPT ..................................................... 141 KINDS OF CONTEMPT ............................................ 141 PURPOSE AND NATURE OF EACH ............................. 141 REMEDY AGAINST DIRECT CONTEMPT; PENALTY ......... 142 REMEDY AGAINST INDIRECT CONTEMPT; PENALTY (ANNEX G) ............................................. 142 HOW CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS ARE COMMENCED ...... 142 ACTS DEEMED PUNISHABLE AS INDIRECT CONTEMPT ... 142 WHEN IMPRISONMENT SHALL BE IMPOSED ................ 143 CONTEMPT AGAINST QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES ............ 143 ANNEX A ......................................................... 144 ANNEX B ......................................................... 145 ANNEX C ......................................................... 146 ANNEX D ......................................................... 148 ANNEX E ......................................................... 149 ANNEX F ......................................................... 150 ANNEX G ......................................................... 151

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

General Matters ................ 153 DISTINGUISH JURISDICTION OVER SUBJECT MATTER FROM JURISDICTION OVER PERSON OF THE ACCUSED ................................................. 153 JURISDICTION OVER SUBJECT MATTER ...................... 153 JURISDICTION OVER THE PERSON OF THE ACCUSED .... 153 REQUISITES FOR EXERCISE OF CRIMINAL JURISDICTION ................................................ 153 JURISDICTION OF CRIMINAL COURTS ............ 153 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OF COURTS ........................ 153 MILITARY COURTS ............................................... 155

Prosecution of Offenses .. 155 CRIMINAL ACTIONS, HOW INSTITUTED ......... 155 IN GENERAL ....................................................... 155 INSTITUTION AND COMMENCEMENT OF ACTIONS ....... 155 EFFECT OF THE INSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL ACTION ON THE PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD ......................................... 155 WHO MAY FILE THEM, CRIMES THAT CANNOT BE PROSECUTED DE OFFICIO ............................. 155 CASES THAT CANNOT BE PROSECUTED DE OFICIO ....... 155 WHO MAY FILE A COMPLAINT? ............................... 155

EFFECT OF ..................................................... 155 DEATH OF OFFENDED PARTY ................................. 155 DESISTANCE BY OFFENDED PARTY .......................... 155 PARDON BY OFFENDED PARTY ............................... 155 CRIMINAL ACTIONS, WHEN ENJOINED ......... 156 CONTROL OF PROSECUTION ......................... 156 EXTENT OF THE PROSECUTORS CONTROL .. 156 PRIOR TO THE FILING OF THE CASE ......................... 156 AFTER A CASE IS FILED ......................................... 156 LIMITATIONS OF CONTROL BY THE COURT ................ 156 EFFECTS OF THE LACK OF INTERVENTION BY THE FISCAL IN THE TRIAL .......................................................... 157 SUFFICIENCY OF COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION .......................................... 157 COMPLAINT DEFINED ............................................ 157 INFORMATION DEFINED ........................................ 157 FORM & SUBSTANCE ............................................ 157 DESIGNATION OF OFFENSE ............................ 157 CAUSE OF THE ACCUSATION .......................... 157 WHAT TO ALLEGE ................................................. 157 DUPLICITY OF THE OFFENSE; EXCEPTION .... 158 DUPLICITY OF OFFENSE ........................................ 158 SEVERAL MODES OF COMMITTING OFFENSE NOT DUPLICITOUS ..................................................... 158 AMENDMENT OR SUBSTITUTION OF COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION ........................................ 158 AMENDMENTS IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE BEFORE PLEA .................................... 158 AMENDMENTS MADE AFTER PLEA AND DURING TRIAL ............................................. 158 VENUE OF CRIMINAL ACTIONS ...................... 159 INTERVENTION OF OFFENDED PARTY ........... 159

Prosecution of Civil Action ........................ 160 RULE ON IMPLIED INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ACTION WITH CRIMINAL ACTION ................................ 160 HOW INSTITUTED ................................................ 160 WHEN CIVIL ACTION MAY PROCEED INDEPENDENTLY ........................................... 160 SEPARATE ACTION FILED BY THE ACCUSED ............... 160 WHEN SEPARATE

CIVIL ACTION IS SUSPENDED ......................... 160 EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF ACCUSED OR CONVICT ON CIVIL ACTION ............................................................. 160 PREJUDICIAL QUESTION ................................ 161 EFFECT ............................................................. 161 ELEMENTS OF PREJUDICIAL QUESTION ..................... 161 WHERE TO FILE PETITION FOR SUSPENSION IS FILED .. 161 RULE ON FILING FEES IN CIVIL ACTION DEEMED INSTITUTED WITH THE CRIMINAL ACTION ..... 161 FILING FEES OF CIVIL ACTION DEEMED INSTITUTED IN CRIMINAL ACTION ................................................ 161

Preliminary Investigation .. 161 NATURE OF RIGHT ......................................... 161 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION, DEFINED .................. 161 NATURE OF THE RIGHT TO PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ................................ 161 RIGHT TO PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION .................. 162 INSTANCES WHEREIN THE RIGHT TO PI IS DEEMED WAIVED: ...................... 162 INSTANCES WHEREIN THE RIGHT TO PI IS NOT DEEMED WAIVED ............... 162 PURPOSES OF PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ...................... 162 SCOPE OF PI .................................................... 162 WHO MAY CONDUCT DETERMINATION OF EXISTENCE OF PROBABLE CAUSE .................. 162 PROCEDURE FOR PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ........ 163 RESOLUTION OF INVESTIGATING PROSECUTOR ....................... 163 REVIEW ............................................................. 163 REMEDY OF AN AGGRIEVED PARTY AGAINST THE RESOLUTION OF THE DOJ SECRETARY ..................... 164 WHEN WARRANT OF ARREST MAY ISSUE ...... 164 CASES NOT REQUIRING A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION .............................................. 164 CASES NOT REQUIRING A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION NOR COVERED BY RULE ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE ... 164 REMEDIES OF ACCUSED IF THERE WAS NO PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ...................... 164 EFFECT OF DENIAL OF RIGHT TO PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ................................................... 164 IF PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION IS BEING CONDUCTED 165 INQUEST ......................................................... 165 DEFINITION ........................................................ 165

PROCEDURE FOR INQUEST PROCEEDINGS ................ 165

Arrest ................................. 166 DEFINITION ................................................... 166 IMMUNITY FROM ARREST ..................................... 166 ARREST, HOW MADE ..................................... 166 MODES OF EFFECTING ARREST .............................. 166 NO UNNECESSARY VIOLENCE ................................ 166 TIME TO MAKE ARREST ......................................... 166 ARREST WITHOUT WARRANT, WHEN LAWFUL 166 RULES ON ILLEGALITY OF ARREST ........................... 167 METHOD OF ARREST ...................................... 167 BY OFFICER WITH WARRANT .................................. 167 BY OFFICER WITHOUT WARRANT ............................ 168 BY PRIVATE PERSON ........................................... 168 REQUISITES OF A VALID WARRANT OF ARREST ........................ 168 ESSENTIAL REQUISITES OF A VALID ARREST WARRANT 168 INSTANCES WHEN JUDGE ISSUES WARRANT OF ARREST ......................................... 168 DETERMINATION OF PROBABLE CAUSE FOR ISSUANCE OF WARRANT OF ARREST ............ 169 DISTINGUISH PROBABLE CAUSE OF FISCAL FROM THAT OF A JUDGE ................................ 169

Bail ..................................... 169 NATURE ......................................................... 169 DEFINITION ........................................................ 169 PURPOSES ........................................................ 169 AS REGARDS THE REQUIREMENT OF CUSTODY .......... 169 WHEN A MATTER OF RIGHT; EXCEPTIONS .... 169 BAIL AS A MATTER OF RIGHT ................................. 169 WHEN BAIL NOT AVAILABLE .................................. 169 WHEN A MATTER OF DISCRETION ...................170 WHEN APPLICATION FOR BAIL AFTER CONVICTION SHALL BE DENIED ..........................................................170 HEARING OF APPLICATION FOR BAIL IN CAPITAL OFFENSES ...........................170 CONVICTION .......................................................170 PROSECUTION HAS BURDEN OF PROOF ....................170 REGARDING MINORS CHARGED WITH A CAPITAL OFFENSE ......................................170 DUTY OF JUDGE TO CONDUCT HEARING .................... 171 WHERE THE APPLICATION IS FILED .......................... 171

GUIDELINES IN FIXING AMOUNT OF BAIL .................................................. 171 BAIL WHEN NOT REQUIRED ............................. 171 INCREASE OR REDUCTION OF BAIL .......................... 172 INCREASED BAIL ................................................. 172 REDUCED BAIL .................................................... 172 FORFEITURE AND CANCELLATION OF BAIL ... 172 FORFEITURE OF BAIL ............................................ 172 CANCELLATION OF BAIL ........................................ 172 APPLICATION NOT A BAR TO OBJECTIONS IN ILLEGAL ARREST, LACK OF OR IRREGULAR PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ...................... 172 HOLD DEPARTURE ORDER & BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION WATCHLIST ............................ 172

Rights of the Accused ....... 173 RIGHTS OF ACCUSED AT THE TRIAL ................ 173 TO BE PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL THE CONTRARY IS PROVED BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT .................... 173 TO BE INFORMED OF THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF ACCUSATION AGAINST HIM .................................... 174 TO BE PRESENT AND DEFEND IN PERSON AND BY COUNSEL AT EVERY STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS .................... 174 TO TESTIFY AS WITNESS IN HIS BEHALF .................... 174 RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION ..................... 174 RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION ................................... 175 RIGHT TO COMPULSORY PROCESS ........................... 175 RIGHT TO SPEEDY, IMPARTIAL, AND PUBLIC TRIAL ..... 175 RIGHT TO APPEAL ................................................ 175 RIGHTS OF PERSONS UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION ........................... 175 TO BE ASSISTED BY COUNSEL AT ALL TIMES .............. 176 TO REMAIN SILENT .............................................. 176 TO BE INFORMED, IN A LANGUAGE KNOWN TO AND UNDERSTOOD BY HIM, OF HIS RIGHTS TO REMAIN SILENT AND TO HAVE COMPETENT AND INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, PREFERABLY OF HIS OWN CHOICE, WHO SHALL AT ALL TIMES BE ALLOWED TO CONFER PRIVATELY WITH THE PERSON ARRESTED, DETAINED OR UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION ................................................... 176 TO BE ALLOWED VISITS BY OR CONFERENCES WITH .... 176 CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATION OF CUSTODIAL RIGHTS .............................................. 176

Arraignment and Plea ...... 176 ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA, HOW MADE ........ 176 DEFINITION ........................................................ 176 DUTY OF THE COURT BEFORE ARRAIGNMENT ............ 177

BEFORE ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA, THE ACCUSED MAY AVAIL OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: .......................... 177 HOW ARRAIGNMENT MADE .................................... 177 SPECIFIC RULES ON ARRAIGNMENT ......................... 178 WHEN SHOULD PLEA OF NOT GUILTY BE ENTERED ........................................................ 178 INSTANCES WHEN A PLEA OF NOT GUILTY TO BE ENTERED FOR THE ACCUSED ............................................... 178 WHEN ACCUSED MAY ENTER A PLEA OF GUILTY TO A LESSER OFFENSE ................................... 179 PLEA TO A LESSER OFFENSE DURING ARRAIGNMENT .. 179 PLEA TO A LESSER OFFENSE AFTER ARRAIGNMENT BUT BEFORE TRIAL .................................................... 179 PLEA TO A LESSER OFFENSE AFTER TRIAL HAS BEGUN .................................... 179 ACCUSED PLEAD GUILTY TO CAPITAL OFFENSE, WHAT THE COURT SHOULD DO ....................... 179 DUTY OF THE COURT WHEN ACCUSED PLEADS GUILTY TO A CAPITAL OFFENSE ................................................ 179 SEARCHING INQUIRY ...................................... 179 PLEA OF GUILTY TO A CAPITAL OFFENSE ................... 179 IMPROVIDENT PLEA OF GUILTY TO A CAPITAL OFFENSE ......................................................... 179 DEFINITION ........................................................ 179 WHEN IMPROVIDENT PLEAMAY BE WITHDRAWN ........ 179 GROUNDS FOR SUSPENSION OF ARRAIGNMENT .......................................... 179 UNSOUND MENTAL CONDITION OF THE ACCUSED AT THE TIME OF THE ARRAIGNMENT .................................. 179 PREJUDICIAL QUESTION EXISTS ............................. 180 PENDING PETITION FOR REVIEW OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE PROSECUTOR WITH THE DOJ OR OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT. ...................................................... 180 PENDING MOTION TO QUASH ................................ 180

Motion to Quash ............... 180 GROUNDS ...................................................... 180 FACTS CHARGED DO NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFENSE ...................................................... 180 COURT HAS NO JURISDICTION OVER THE OFFENSE CHARGED ........................................ 181 COURT HAS NO JURISDICTION OVER THE PERSON OF THE ACCUSED ................................ 181 OFFICER WHO FILED INFORMATION HAD NO AUTHORITY TO DO SO ...................................... 181 COMPLAINT/INFORMATION DOES NOT CONFORM SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE PRESCRIBED FORM .............. 181 MORE THAN ONE OFFENSE IS CHARGED ................... 182 CRIMINAL ACTION OR LIABILITY

HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED ...................................... 182 CONTAINS AVERMENTS WHICH, IF TRUE, WOULD CONSTITUTE A LEGAL EXCUSE OR JUSTIFICATION ....... 182 DISTINGUISH FROM DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE .............................. 182 EFFECTS OF SUSTAINING THE MOTION TO QUASH ............................................................ 183 EXCEPTION TO THE RULE THAT SUSTAINING THE MOTION IS NOT A BAR TO ANOTHER PROSECUTION ................................................ 183 DOUBLE JEOPARDY ........................................ 183 RULE OF DOUBLE JEOPARDY .................................. 183 KINDS OF DOUBLE JEOPARDY ................................. 183 SAME OFFENSE ................................................... 183 SAME ACT .......................................................... 184 REQUISITES TO SUCCESSFULLY INVOKE DOUBLE JEOPARDY ................................... 184 REQUISITES FOR FIRST JEOPARDY TO ATTACH ........... 184 WITHOUT EXPRESS CONSENT ............................. 184 DISMISSAL = ACQUITTAL ....................................... 184 DISMISSAL VS. ACQUITTAL .................................... 184 PROVISIONAL DISMISSAL ............................... 184 DEFINITION ........................................................ 184 WHEN DISMISSAL BECOMES PERMANENT: TIME BAR RULE ................................................... 185 HOW TO REVIVE A CASE ........................................ 185 REQUISITE PROCEDURE ....................................... 185

Pre-trial .............................. 185 JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE ............................................. 185 MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED DURING PRE-TRIAL .............................................................. 185 COVERAGE .......................................................... 185 PERIOD .............................................................. 185 THINGS CONSIDERED DURING PRE-TRIAL / PURPOSES 186 ROLE OF THE JUDGE ............................................. 186 STIPULATION OF FACTS ........................................ 186 MARKING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE EVIDENCE OF PARTIES ............................................................ 186 WHAT THE COURT SHOULD DO WHEN PROSECUTION AND OFFENDED PARTY AGREE TO THE PLEA OFFERED BY THE ACCUSED ..... 186 PLEA BARGAINING ............................................... 186 EFFECT WHEN THE PROSECUTION AND THE OFFENDED PARTY AGREE TO THE PLEA OFFERED BY THE ACCUSED 186 PRE-TRIAL AGREEMENT ................................ 186 FORM ................................................................ 186

REQUIRED FORM OF PRE-TRIAL AGREEMENT ........... 186 EFFECT ............................................................. 186 NON-APPEARANCE DURING PRE-TRIAL ......... 187 PRE-TRIAL ORDER .......................................... 187 ISSUANCE .......................................................... 187 CONTENTS ......................................................... 187 EFFECT .............................................................. 187 REFERRAL OF SOME CASES FOR COURT ANNEXED MEDIATION AND JUDICIAL DIPUTE RESOLUTION .................................................. 187 A.M. NO. 03-1-09-SC RE: PROPOSED RULE ON GUIDELINES TO BE OBSERVED BY TRIAL COURT JUDGES AND CLERKS OF COURT IN THE CONDUCT OF PRE- TRIAL AND USE OF DEPOSITION-DISCOVERY MEASURES RESOLUTION .................................................. 187

Trial .................................... 187 INSTANCES WHEN PRESENCE OF ACCUSED IS REQUIRED BY LAW ......................................... 187 PRESENCE IS MANDATORY ..................................... 187 REQUISITES BEFORE TRIAL CAN BE SUSPENDED ON ACCOUNT OF ABSENCE OF WITNESS ....... 188 ABSENCE OR UNAVAILABILITY OF AN ESSENTIAL WITNESS ....................................... 188 CONDITIONAL EXAMINATION ................................ 188 TRIAL IN ABSENTIA ........................................ 188 REQUISITES ....................................................... 188 REMEDY WHEN ACCUSED IS NOT BROUGHT TO TRIAL WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED PERIOD ...... 188 EFFECT OF DELAY ............................................... 188 REQUISITES FOR DISCHARGE OF ACCUSED TO BECOME A STATE WITNESS ............................ 188 DISCHARGE OF A CO-ACCUSED .............................. 188 REQUISITES ...................................................... 189 EFFECTS OF DISCHARGE OF ACCUSED AS STATE WITNESS ....................... 189 EFFECT OF DISCHARGE ......................................... 189 DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE .............................. 189 DEFINITION ....................................................... 189 HOW INITIATED .................................................. 189 MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE DEMURRER .................. 189 EFFECT OF GRANTING DEMURRER .......................... 189 EFFECT OF DENIAL OF MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE DEMURRER ....................................................... 190

RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED TO PRESENT EVIDENCE AFTER DEMURRER IS DENIED ..........................................190

Judgment .......................... 190 REQUISITES OF A JUDGMENT ........................190 FORM ...............................................................190 JUDGE WHO PENNED THE DECISION NEED NOT BE THE ONE WHO HEARD THE CASE .........................................190 CONTENTS OF JUDGMENT .............................190 CONVICTION ......................................................190 ACQUITTAL ........................................................ 192 PROMULGATION OF JUDGMENT; INSTANCES OF PROMULGATION OF JUDGMENT IN ABSENTIA 192 PROMULGATION ................................................. 192 NOTICE FOR PROMULGATION ................................. 192 WHEN DOES JUDGMENT BECOME FINAL ........ 193 JUDGMENT BECOMES FINAL ................................... 193

New trial or Reconsideration ........... 194 GROUNDS FOR NEW TRIAL ............................ 194 GROUNDS FOR RECONSIDERATION ......................... 194 REQUISITES BEFORE A NEW TRIAL MAY BE GRANTED ON GROUND OF NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE ....................................................... 194 REQUISITES ........................................................ 194 EXCEPTIONS ....................................................... 194 EFFECTS OF GRANTING A NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION ........................................ 194 IN ALL CASES ...................................................... 194 REMEDY AGAINST GAD IN GRANTING MNT/MFR ........ 195 APPLICATION OF NEYPES DOCTRINE IN CRIMINAL CASES ............................................ 195 FRESH PERIOD TO APPEAL AFTER DENIAL OF MNT/MR ................................... 195

Appeal .............................. 195 EFFECT OF AN APPEAL ................................... 195 WHERE TO APPEAL ............................................... 195 HOW APPEAL TAKEN ...................................... 195 WHO MAY APPEAL ............................................... 195 PROCEDURE IN THE CA ......................................... 196 PROMPT DISPOSITION OF APPEAL ........................... 197 REVERSAL / MODIFICATION OF JUDGMENT ON APPEAL 197 SCOPE OF CAS JUDGMENT .................................... 197 CAS POWER TO RECEIVE EVIDENCE ......................... 198

QUORUM IN THE CA ............................................. 198 CERTIFICATION OR APPEAL OF CASES TO THE SC ....... 198 JUDGMENT TRANSMITTED AND FILED IN TC .............. 198 MNT DURING THE PENDENCY OF APPEAL IN THE CA ... 198 MFR OF CA JUDGMENT ......................................... 198 APPLICABLE CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES ..................... 199 PROCEDURE IN THE SC ......................................... 199 EFFECT OF APPEAL BY ANY OF \SEVERAL ACCUSED ...................................................... 200 GROUNDS FOR DISMISSAL OF APPEAL ........ 200 WHEN APPEAL BY THE PEOPLE WILL NOT LIE ........... 200

Search and Seizure .......... 201 NATURE OF SEARCH WARRANT .................... 201 DEFINITION ....................................................... 201 NATURE OF A SEARCH WARRANT ........................... 201 BASIS: CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARD AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCH AND SEIZURES ................. 201 CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION IS AGAINST PUBLIC OFFICERS ACTS, NOT PRIVATE PERSONS ................. 201 DISTINGUISH FROM WARRANT OF ARREST .................................. 201 APPLICATION FOR SEARCH WARRANT, WHERE FILED ............................................................. 202 APPLICATION ..................................................... 202 ISSUANCE AND FORM OF SEARCH WARRANT ............ 203 VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT ............................. 203 SERVICE OF SEARCH WARRANT ............................. 203 POST-SERVICE ................................................... 203 PROBABLE CAUSE ......................................... 204 WARRANTS GENERALLY ISSUED UPON PROBABLE CAUSE ............................ 204 PROBABLE CAUSE JUSTIFYING WARRANTLESS ARREST AND WARRANTLESS SEARCH ....................................... 204 PERSONAL EXAMINATION BY JUDGE OF THE APPLICANT AND WITNESSES ........................ 204 EXAMINATION MUST BE PERSONALLY CONDUCTED BY THE JUDGE; DETERMINED BY JUDGE HIMSELF ................. 204 PARTICULARITY OF PLACE TO BE SEARCHED AND THINGS TO BE SEIZED ............................ 205 PARTICULARITY OF PLACE TO BE SEARCHED ........................................... 205 PARTICULARITY OF THINGS TO BE SEIZED ................ 205 PERSONAL PROPERTY TO BE SEIZED ............ 205 WHAT MAY BE SEIZED ......................................... 205 RULES ON DNA EVIDENCE A.M. NO. 06-11-5-SC ....... 205

EXCEPTIONS TO SEARCH WARRANT REQUIREMENT .............................................. 205 SEARCH INCIDENTAL TO LAWFUL ARREST ................ 205 CONSENTED SEARCH ........................................... 206 SEARCH OF MOVING VEHICLE ................................ 206 CHECK POINTS; BODY CHECKS IN AIRPORT ............... 206 PLAIN VIEW SITUATION ........................................ 207 STOP AND FRISK SITUATION ................................. 207 ENFORCEMENT OF CUSTOM LAWS .......................... 207 OTHER EXCEPTIONS ............................................ 207 REMEDIES FROM UNLAWFUL SEARCH AND SEIZURE ........................................................ 208 WHO MAY AVAIL OF REMEDIES .............................. 208 REMEDIES ......................................................... 208 CRIMINAL LIABILITY ............................................ 209 CIVIL LIABILITIES ................................................ 209

Provisional Remedies ...... 209 NATURE ......................................................... 209 KINDS OF PROVISIONAL REMEDIES .............. 209 PRELIMINARY ATTACHMENT .................................. 210

EVIDENCE

General Principles of Evidence ............................ 212 CONCEPT OF EVIDENCE .................................. 212 SCOPE OF THE RULES OF EVIDENCE .............. 212 APPLICABILITY ..................................................... 212 EVIDENCE IN CIVIL CASES VS. EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES ...................... 212 PROOF VS. EVIDENCE ..................................... 212 FACTUM PROBANS VS. FACTUM PROBANDUM ................................... 212 CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE ................................ 212 ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE .......................... 213 REQUISITES FOR ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE ............. 213 WHEN DETERMINED ............................................. 213 RELEVANCE OF EVIDENCE & COLLATERAL MATTERS .... 213 DOCTRINES OF ADMISSIBILITY ................................ 213 BURDEN OF PROOF AND BURDEN OF EVIDENCE .................................... 214 WHERE BURDEN OF PROOF IS FIXED ......................... 214 EQUIPOISE RULE/EQUIPONDERANCE DOCTRINE .......... 214

PRESUMPTIONS ............................................ 214 LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE RULES OF EVIDENCE ........................................................215 QUANTUM OF EVIDENCE (WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE) ............................215 PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT .......................215 PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE ..............................215 SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE .......................................215 CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE ..........................215

Judicial Notice and Judicial Admissions .......... 215 WHAT NEED NOT BE PROVED .........................215 JUDICIAL NOTICE .................................................215 MATTERS OF JUDICIAL NOTICE ........................215 MANDATORY .......................................................215 DISCRETIONARY ...................................................216 REQUISITES .........................................................216 JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS ...................................216 WHERE JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS MAY BE MADE .............216 HOW JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS MAY BE OBTAINED ............216 EFFECT OF JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS ............................216 HOW JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS MAY BE CONTRADICTED .....216 CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTIONS ..................................216 JUDICIAL NOTICE OF FOREIGN LAWS, LAW OF NATIONS AND MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES ..................................... 218 FOREIGN LAWS ................................................... 218 LAW OF NATIONS ................................................ 219 MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES ....................................... 219

Object (Real) Evidence ..... 219 NATURE OF OBJECT EVIDENCE ............................... 219 REQUISITES FOR ADMISSIBILITY ................... 219 RELEVANT ......................................................... 219 COMPETENT ...................................................... 219 CATEGORIES OF OBJECT EVIDENCE ......................... 219 UNIQUE OBJECTS ................................................ 219 OBJECTS MADE UNIQUE ......................................... 219 NON-UNIQUE OBJECTS ......................................... 219 DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE ......................... 219 EPHEMERAL ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS ........... 220 VIEW OF AN OBJECT OR SCENE ...................... 220 CHAIN OF CUSTODY ............................................. 220 CHAIN OF CUSTODY ....................................... 220 MEANING OF CHAIN OF CUSTODY ............................ 220

IN RELATION TO DRUG CASES ................................. 220 PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING CHAIN OF CUSTODY ....... 220 RULE ON DNA EVIDENCE ............................... 220 MEANING OF DNA ............................................... 220 APPLICATION FOR DNA TESTING ORDER ................... 220 POST-CONVICTION TESTING ................................... 221 ASSESSMENT AND PROBATIVE VALUE OF DNA EVIDENCE AND ADMISSIBILITY .......................... 221 RULES ON EVALUATION OF RELIABILITY OF THE DNA TESTING METHODOLOGY ....................................... 221

Documentary Evidence .... 221 MEANING OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE ....... 221 REQUISITES FOR ADMISSIBILITY .................. 222 BEST EVIDENCE RULE ..................................... 222 MEANING OF THE RULE ......................................... 222 APPLICABILITY .................................................... 222 MEANING OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT ...................... 222 REQUISITES FOR INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY EVIDENCE (EXCEPTIONS TO BER) ......................................... 222 RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE ................ 222 APPLICABILITY .................................................... 222 MEANING OF ELECTRONIC DEVICE; ELECTRONIC DATA MESSAGE .......................................................... 222 METHOD OF PROOF .............................................. 222 AUTHENTICATION OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS & ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES ..................................... 223 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS & THE HEARSAY RULE ...... 224 AUDIO, PHOTOGRAPHIC, VIDEO & EPHEMERAL EVIDENCE ......................................... 224 PAROL EVIDENCE .......................................... 224 MEANING OF PAROL EVIDENCE .............................. 224 APPLICATION OF THE PAROL EVIDENCE RULE ........... 224 WHEN PAROL EVIDENCE CAN BE INTRODUCED .......... 224 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN BEST EVIDENCE RULE & PAROL EVIDENCE RULE .................................................. 224 AUTHENTICATION AND PROOF OF DOCUMENTS ............................................ 225 MEANING OF AUTHENTICATION .............................. 225 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS .......................... 225 ATTESTATION OF A COPY ...................................... 226 PROOF OF LACK OF RECORD .................................. 226 WHAT TO ESTABLISH TO IMPEACH JUDICIAL RECORD .. 226 PROOF OF NOTARIAL DOCUMENTS .......................... 226 ALTERATIONS IN A DOCUMENT ............................... 226 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE IN AN UNOFFICIAL LANGUAGE ........................................ 226

Testimonial Evidence ....... 227

WITH RESPECT TO A WITNESS ....................... 227 QUALIFICATIONS OF A WITNESS .................... 227 WHEN DETERMINED ............................................. 227 IN CASE A PERSON IS CONVICTED OF A CRIME ............. 227 COMPETENCY VS. CREDIBILITY OF A WITNESS ................................................ 227 DISQUALIFICATIONS OF A WITNESS ............. 227 BY REASON OF MENTAL INCAPACITY OR IMMATURITY . 227 BY REASON OF MARRIAGE ..................................... 227 BY REASON OF DEATH OR INSANITY OF ADVERSE PARTY.................................................. 228 PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS ............................. 228 EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES ....................... 230 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF A WITNESS ................. 230 ORDER IN THE EXAMINATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL WITNESS ....................................... 230 LEADING AND MISLEADING QUESTIONS .................... 231 METHODS OF IMPEACHMENT OF ADVERSE PARTYS WITNESS ............................................................ 231 JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE ...................................... 232 WITH RESPECT TO THE TESTIMONY ............... 233 ADMISSIONS & CONFESSIONS ....................... 233 ADMISSIONS OF A PARTY ....................................... 233 CONFESSIONS .................................................... 234 RES INTER ALIOS ACTA RULE .................................. 234 HEARSAY RULE ............................................. 235 MEANING OF HEARSAY ......................................... 235 REASON FOR EXCLUSION OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE ....... 235 GENERAL RULE ON HEARSAY ................................. 235 EXCEPTIONS ....................................................... 235 OPINION RULE ............................................... 239 OPINION OF EXPERT WITNESS ................................ 239 OPINION OF ORDINARY WITNESS ............................ 239 CHARACTER EVIDENCE .................................. 239 CRIMINAL CASES ................................................. 239 CIVIL CASES ........................................................ 239 RULE ON EXAMINATION OF A CHILD WITNESS .............................................. 239 MEANING OF CHILD WITNESS .............................. 239 APPLICABILITY OF THE RULE ................................. 239 COMPETENCY OF A CHILD WITNESS ......................... 239 EXAMINATION OF A CHILD WITNESS ......................... 239 LIVE-LINK TV TESTIMONY OF A CHILD WITNESS .......... 240 VIDEOTAPED DEPOSITION OF A CHILD WITNESS .......... 240 HEARSAY EXCEPTION IN CHILD ABUSE CASES ............ 240 SEXUAL ABUSE SHIELD RULE ................................. 240 PROTECTIVE ORDERS ........................................... 240

Offer and Objection ......... 240 OFFER OF EVIDENCE ..................................... 240 CONCEPT .......................................................... 240 AS DISTINGUISHED FROM IDENTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE ..................................... 241 RATIONALE WHY FORMER OFFER IS NEEDED .............. 241 WHEN OFFER IS NOT REQUIRED .............................. 241 WHEN TO MAKE AN OFFER ............................ 241 WHEN TO MAKE AN OFFER ............................. 241 OBJECTION ...................................................... 241 CONCEPT ............................................................ 241 PURPOSES OF OBJECTION ...................................... 241 FORMAL VS. SUBSTANTIVE OBJECTIONS................... 242 REPETITION OF AN OBJECTION ...................... 242 RULING .......................................................... 242 STRIKING OUT OF AN ANSWER...................... 242 MOTION TO STRIKE .............................................. 242 TENDER OF EXCLUDED EVIDENCE ................. 242 HOW TO TENDER EVIDENCE ................................... 242 RATIONALE ........................................................ 242 2 METHODS OF MAKING THE TENDER ...................... 242 ERRONEOUS WAY OF MAKING TENDER .................... 242

SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS

Preliminary Matters ......... 244 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS ................................ 244 APPLICABLE RULES ....................................... 244 SUBJECT MATTER AND APPLICABILITY OF GENERAL RULES ........................................... 244 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTION AND SPECIAL PROCEEDING ................................................. 244 VENUES AND JURISDICTIONS FOR SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS ............................................... 244 MODES OF SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE [HERRERA] ................................. 245

Settlement of Estate of Deceased Persons, Venue And Process ..................... 245 WHICH COURT HAS JURISDICTION ................ 245 JURISDICTION OF RTCS ......................................... 245 JURISDICTION OF MTCS ........................................ 245 TESTATE PROCEEDINGS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER INTESTATE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SAME ESTATE. ....... 246

VENUE IN JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE ............................... 246 RULE 73 RELATES TO VENUE AND NOT TO JURISDICTION ......................................... 246 MEANING OF TERM RESIDES ............................... 246 EXTENT OF JURISDICTION OF PROBATE COURT ...................................... 246 PROBATE COURT IS OF LIMITED JURISDICTION ........... 246 POWERS AND DUTIES OF PROBATE COURT .. 246

Summary Settlement of Estates .............................. 246 EXTRAJUDICIAL SETTLEMENT BY AGREEMENT BETWEEN HEIRS, WHEN ALLOWED ............... 246 REQUISITES ....................................................... 246 PROCEDURE ...................................................... 247 BOND REQUIREMENT ........................................... 247 NOT BINDING ON ANY PERSON WHO ........................ 247 VALIDITY OF ORAL PARTITION ................................ 247 VALIDITY OF COMPROMISE AGREEMENT ................... 247 NO PRECLUSION FROM INSTITUTING ADMINISTRATION PROCEEDINGS .................................................... 247 TWO-YEAR PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD ............... 247 PRESUMPTION OF NO DEBTS ................................. 247 AFFIDAVIT OF SELF-ADJUDICATION BY SOLE HEIR ............................................................... 247 BOND REQUIREMENT ........................................... 247 SUMMARY SETTLEMENT OF ESTATES OF SMALL VALUE ............................................................ 247 WHEN ALLOWED ................................................. 247 PROCEDURE ...................................................... 248 REMEDIES OF AGGRIEVED PARTIES AFTER EXTRA-JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE ... 248 CLAIM AGAINST THE BOND OR THE ESTATE WITHIN TWO YEARS .............................................................. 248 ACTION TO ANNUL A DEED OF EXTRAJUDICIAL PARTITION .................................... 249 NEW ACTION TO ANNUL SETTLEMENT WITHIN REGLEMENTARY PERIOD OF TWO YEAR .................... 249 REOPENING BY INTERVENTION BEFORE RENDITION OF JUDGMENT WITHIN THE REGLEMETARY PERIOD OF TWO YEARS .............................................................. 249 PETITION FOR RELIEF ON THE GROUND OF FRAUD, ACCIDENT, MISTAKE OR EXCUSABLE NEGLIGENCE ...... 249 RESCISSION IN CASE OF PRETERITION ...................... 249

Production and Probate of Will .................................... 249 NATURE OF PROBATE PROCEEDING ............ 249 EFFECT OF PROBATE OF WILL ................................. 249 WHO MAY PETITION FOR PROBATE; PERSONS ENTITLED TO NOTICE .................................... 249 PETITIONER FOR THE ALLOWANCE OF THE WILL ......... 249 MEANING OF INTEREST IN ESTATE .......................... 249 JURISDICTION, HOW ACQUIRED .............................. 250

Allowance or Disallowance of Will .................................... 250 CONTENTS OF PETITION FOR ALLOWANCE OF WILL .............................................................. 250 DEFECT IN PETITION ............................................ 250 GROUNDS FOR DISALLOWING A WILL .......... 250 REPROBATE; REQUISITES BEFORE WILL PROVED OUTSIDE ALLOWED IN THE PHILIPPINES; EFFECTS OF PROBATE ................................... 250 REPROBATE ....................................................... 250 REQUISITES FOR ALLOWANCE ..................... 250 EFFECT ............................................................. 250

Letters Testamentary and of Administration ................. 250 WHEN AND TO WHOM LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION GRANTED ........................ 250 WHO ARE INCOMPETENT TO SERVE ......................... 250 ORDER OF PREFERENCE ................................ 251 ORDER OF PREFERENCE IN THE GRANT OF ADMINISTRATION ................................................ 251 REASON FOR ORDER OF PREFERENCE ...................... 251 30-DAY PERIOD MAY BE WAIVED ............................. 251 OPPOSITION TO ISSUANCE OF LETTERS TESTAMENTARY; SIMULTANEOUS FILING OF PETITION FOR ADMINISTRATION .................. 251 MEANING OF INTERESTED PERSON .......................... 251 GROUNDS .......................................................... 251 CONTENTS ......................................................... 251 JURISDICTIONAL FACTS ......................................... 251 PUBLICATION AND NOTICE ..................................... 251 SIMULTANEOUS FILING OF OPPOSITION AND PETITION 252

POWERS AND DUTIES OF EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS; RESTRICTIONS ON THE POWERS ........................................................ 252 GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS ............................................... 252 RESTRICTIONS ON POWERS OF EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS ............................................... 252 APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL ADMINISTRATOR ............................ 253 WHEN APPOINTED ............................................... 253 PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT ............................ 253 POWERS AND DUTIES OF SPECIAL ADMINISTRATOR .... 253 WHEN SPECIAL ADMINISTRATOR CEASES DUTIES ........ 253 GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL OF ADMINISTRATOR .................... 253 REVOCATION OF ADMINISTRATOR ........................... 253 REMOVAL OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR ............ 253 EFFECT OF REMOVAL, DEATH, OR RESIGNATION ........ 254

Claims against the Estate ......................... 254 ESTATE BURDENED WITH LIEN OF CREDITORS ...................................... 254 PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION OF CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATE ........................................... 254 TIME WITHIN WHICH CLAIMS SHALL BE FILED; EXCEPTIONS .................................................. 254 STATUTE OF NON-CLAIMS ............................ 254 CLAIMS COVERED (EXCLUSIVE) .............................. 254 CONTINGENT CLAIM WHEN ALLOWED ...................... 254 IF DISPUTED ....................................................... 254 CLAIM OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR AGAINST THE ESTATE .................................... 255 PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW IF THE EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR HAS A CLAIM AGAINST THE ESTATE HE REPRESENTS ..................................................... 255 PAYMENT OF DEBTS ...................................... 255 DEBTS PAID IN FULL IF ESTATE SUFFICIENT ............... 255 PART OF ESTATE FROM WHICH DEBT PAID WHEN PROVISION MADE BY WILL .................................................... 255 PERSONALTY FIRST CHARGEABLE FOR DEBTS, THEN REALTY ............................................................ 255 ESTATE TO BE RETAINED TO MEET CONTINGENT CLAIMS .......................................... 255 PAYMENT OF CONTINGENT CLAIM ........................... 255 COURT TO FIX CONTRIBUTIVE SHARES WHERE DEVISEES, LEGATES, OR HEIRS HAVE BEEN IN POSSESSION ........ 255 ORDER OF PAYMENT IF ESTATE IS INSOLVENT ........... 256 DIVIDENDS TO BE PAID IN PROPORTION TO CLAIMS .... 256

INSOLVENT NON-RESIDENT .................................. 256 INSOLVENT RESIDENT WITH FOREIGN CREDITORS AND FOREIGN CLAIMS PROVEN IN ANOTHER COUNTRY ...... 256 ORDER OF PAYMENT OF DEBTS .............................. 256 APPEAL TAKEN FROM A DECISION OF THE COURT CONCERNING THE CLAIM ...................................... 256 FROM TIME TO TIME FURTHER ORDERS OF DISTRIBUTION ................................... 256 CREDITORS TO BE PAID IN ACCORDANCE WITH TERMS OF ORDER ............................................................. 256 COURT SHALL ALLOW EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR A TIME FOR DISPOSING THE ESTATE AND PAYING DEBTS AND LEGACIES ......................................................... 256

Actions by and against Executors and Administrators .......... 257 ACTIONS THAT MAY BE BROUGHT AGAINST EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS ........... 257 ACTIONS WHICH MAY AND WHICH MAY NOT BE BROUGHT AGAINST THE EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR ........... 257 ACTIONS WHICH MAY NOT BROUGHT AGAINST ADMINISTRATORS ............................................... 257 EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR MAY BRING OR DEFEND ACTIONS WHICH SURVIVE ..................................... 257 WHEN RECOVERY OF PROPERTY FRAUDULENTLY CONVEYED BY DECEASED MAY BE RECOVERED .......................... 257 DUTY OF EXECUTOR/ADMINISTRATOR ..................... 257 REQUISITES BEFORE CREDITOR MAY BRING AN ACTION FOR RECOVERY OF PROPERTY FRAUDULENTLY CONVEYED BY THE DECEASED ................................................... 257 ALLOWED IN TWO INSTANCES ................................ 257 EFFECT ............................................................. 258

Distribution and Partition ............................ 258 LIQUIDATION ................................................ 258 PROJECT OF PARTITION ................................ 258 EFFECT OF FINAL DECREE OF DISTRIBUTION 258 REMEDY OF AN HEIR ENTITLED TO RESIDUE BUT NOT GIVEN HIS SHARE .................................. 258 INSTANCES WHEN PROBATE COURT MAY ISSUE WRIT OF EXECUTION ........................................................ 258

Trustees ............................ 259 DISTINGUISHED FROM EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR .......................................... 259 CONDITIONS OF THE BOND ........................... 259 WHEN EXEMPT ................................................... 259 CONDITIONS ...................................................... 259

REQUISITES FOR THE REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF A TRUSTEE ........................ 259 GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF A TRUSTEE ..................................................... 259 GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL ...................................... 259 GROUNDS FOR RESIGNATION ................................. 259 EXTENT OF AUTHORITY OF TRUSTEE ............ 259 NATURE OF POSSESSION ...................................... 259 TERRITORIALITY OF AUTHORITY OF TRUSTEE ............. 259

Escheat ............................. 260 WHEN TO FILE ................................................ 260 REQUISITES FOR FILING OF PETITION ........... 260 PROCEDURE ...................................................... 260

REMEDY OF RESPONDENT AGAINST PETITION; PERIOD FOR FILING A CLAIM ......................... 260 PERIOD TO APPEAL AND CLAIM THE ESTATE .............. 260 FILED BY WHOM .................................................. 260 PERIOD FOR FILING CLAIM ..................................... 260

Guardianship .................... 261 GUARDIAN ......................................................261 BASIS: PARENS PATRIAE ................................261 KINDS OF GUARDIANS ..........................................261 GUARDIANSHIP OF INCOMPETENT ................261 PROCEDURE .......................................................261 GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF GUARDIANS ..................................261 REIMBURSEMENT OF REASONABLE EXPENSES .......... 262 PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION ................................ 262 EMBEZZLEMENT, CONCEALMENT, OR CONVEYANCE OF WARDS PROPERTIES ........................................... 262 ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE ....................................... 262 ORDER FOR SALE OR ENCUMBRANCE ....................... 262 INVESTMENT OF PROCEEDS AND MANAGEMENT OF PROPERTY ......................................................... 262 CONDITIONS OF THE BOND OF THE GUARDIAN ....................................................................... 262 RULE ON GUARDIANSHIP OVER MINORS ...... 263 PETITION FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN .............. 263 THE GUARDIAN ................................................... 264 REMOVAL, RESIGNATION, AND TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP .................................................. 264

Adoption ........................... 265

DISTINGUISH DOMESTIC ADOPTION FROM INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION (ANNEX A) ....... 265 DOMESTIC ADOPTION ACT ............................ 265 PROCEDURE ...................................................... 265 EFFECTS OF ADOPTION ......................................... 265 INSTANCES WHEN ADOPTION MAY BE RESCINDED ...... 266 RESCISSION OF ADOPTION OF THE ADOPTEE ............. 266 INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION ......................... 266 WHEN ALLOWED ................................................. 266 INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION AS THE LAST RESORT; BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD AS OBJECTIVE ................... 266 FUNCTIONS OF THE RTC ........................................ 266

Writ of Habeas Corpus .... 266 VITAL PURPOSES .......................................... 266 WHO MAY ISSUE THE WRIT ........................... 267 TEMPORARY RELEASE MAY CONSTITUTE RESTRAINT -ELEMENTS ................................ 267 NATURE ......................................................... 267 WHC MAY BE USED WITH WRIT OF CERTIORARI FOR PURPOSES OF REVIEW .......................... 267 WHC IS NOT THE PROPER REMEDY FOR THE CORRECTION OF ERRORS OF FACT OR LAW . 267 WHC IS NOT PROPER ..................................... 268 WHC IS PROPER ............................................ 268 CONTENTS OF THE PETITION ........................ 268 REQUISITES OF APPLICATION ................................. 268 PROCEDURE ...................................................... 268 CONTENTS OF THE RETURN .......................... 268 WHEN THE RETURN CONSIDERED EVIDENCE, AND WHEN ONLY A PLEA ...................................................... 268 DISTINGUISH PEREMPTORY WRIT FROM PRELIMINARY CITATION ............................... 268 WHEN WRIT NOT PROPER OR APPLICABLE .. 268 WHEN DISCHARGE NOT AUTHORIZED .......... 269 DISCHARGE FROM CU

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