Remaking Society

Created By:Kinley Norman

+Hillary Rosario Mateo

Urbanization & Urban Problems● 1820 - 1860 was when the population in cities & towns would

increase. More likely if you lived in a town of 2,500+, then they would grow from 443,000 to 1,844,000 in 1840. But this can cause problems:

1. Developers often built inexpensive, shotty row houses for the people and these tenements became overcrowded

2. Lacked city lacked proper officials3. Adequate tax reason structures4. Lawmaking powers5. Sanitation and safety6. Air and water pollution played the areas around the factories7. Water and sewage and the disposal of garbage● By 1857 only about 1/4 of New York city had streets and sewers.

Reform Movement● 1830’s - the democratic spirit of the age, the expansion westward, and increasing prosperity created the

hope the Americans could improve not just their personal lives but society as a whole by tackling social class, women’s rights, political equality, religious freedom, and racism.

In 1835, Tocqueville published Democracy in America, which identified America's success as being grounded in Christianity.

Vocabulary for the Abolitionism

● Abolitionist Movement - Aimed to stop the slave, trade, but eventually supported the abolition of slavery as a labor system in as many countries as possible.

● Colonization - or settlements of black Americans in Africa.● The American Colonization Society - founded in 1816 was a group that established Liberia on the coast of

west Africa as a destination. Mainly because colonization, like Indian removal, rested on the assumption that white society must be separate from native and black societies and that coexistence was not possible.

● Militant Abolitionist - people who demanded immediate, complete, and uncompensated emancipation.● Frederick Douglass - Born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland around 1818. That escaped to freedom in

1838.● Sojourner Truth - Born into slavery in Ulster County, New York around 1797. That escaped to freedom with

her infant daughter in 1826.

Vocabulary for the Abolitionism

● William Lloyd Garrison - A white journalist who founded an anti-slavery weekly, “The Liberator,” in 1830. Also, he attended the meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

● American Anti-Slavery Society - Garrison & Theodore Dwight Weld coordinated a meeting of 60 like-minded supporters in Philadelphia in 1883.

● Underground Railroad - A loose network of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in their homes and sent them on the next, “Station,” where they would again receive safe heaven.

● Harriet Tubman - A former slave who had escaped to Philadelphia and risked her life by repeatedly returning to the South to lead other slaves to freedom.

● Fugitive Slave Law - A law that allowed masters and slave catchers to cross into free states to capture fugitives and bring them back to bondage.

Abolitionism● The Abolitionist Movement had the extreme focus of Slavery.● U.S. and most Spanish American republics prohibited the slave trade by the 1830’s.

However, the growing international demand for sugar and coffee stimulated the the plantation economy, and Brazil and Cuba increased their imports of slaves in response.

● British abolished slavery in the colonies in 1834, and in the U.S. slavery was prohibited in 1865 as a result of the northern victory in the Civil War.

● Brazil was the last country in the Americans to officially abolish slavery in 1888.● Before 1830’s anyone that called abolition of slavery generally advocated gradual

emancipation accompanied by Colonization.● The American Colonization Society was supported by Henry Clay, John Marshall, Daniel

Webster, and Andrew Jackson.

Abolitionism● By the 1830s, abolitionism became more militant, and those who advocated

gradual emancipation we’re outnumbered by militant abolitionist.● David Walker’s influential pamphlet, An Appeal… to the Colored Citizens (1829)

played and an important role in turning the tide. He drew on the speeches of Thomas Jefferson to ridicule the hypocrisy of slaveholders, and to point out the conflict between the founding values of liberty and equality in the practice of slavery.

● Within a year after Walker's pamphlet was published, new black abolitionist society is multiplied, and they sent to work assisting fugitive slaves lobbying and speaking for emancipation, and exposing the evils of slavery.

Abolitionism● Frederick Douglass , Sojourner Truth , William

Lloyd Garrison , & Harriet Tubman would become big leaders in the Anti-Slavery Movement. Also, they weren’t the only individual people. Many would be in groups & they would help by publishing newspapers and books, holding large rallies, and sponsoring door to door campaigns. The activists also organized the Underground Railroad as well.

● 1793 - six Northern and midwestern states changed their constitutions to deny the franchise to free blacks, and the Fugitive Slave Law, passed by Congress.

● So it was a two-way fight here and many members of Congress were swayed by the need to compromise - just as the founders had been - in order to keep peace between the North and South.

The American Colonization Society Certificate

“If you want something said, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman.”

- Sojourner Truth

““I am in earnestI will not equivocateI will not excuseI will not retreat a single inchAnd I will be heard.”

- William Lloyd Garrison

"The white man's happiness cannot be purchased by the black man's misery."

- Frederick Douglass

"I had reasoned this out in my mind, there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other."

- Harriet Tubman

Vocabulary for The Defense Of The Slave Economy

● Racism (Book)- The belief that whites were inherently superior to blacks.

● Racism (Internet) - Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

Defense Of the Slave Economy● Many white southerners began to defend slavery as a positive good. Otherwise known as Racism.● They defend slaveholding reference in the Bible by pointing out that slavery had ancient roots. Greece and Rome, the argument

went, could not have developed superior civilizations except for extensive slave labor that allowed them to pursue lofty goals of cultivating the arts and sciences. Another argument was that slaves would be unable to take care of themselves if freed.

● John C. Calhoun and other proslavery writers begin to attack the ideals of liberty, equality, and democracy, with Calhoun commenting that the phrase in the Declaration of Independence that all men were created equal was, “the most false and dangerous of all political errors.”

● Perhaps the most potent Pro Slavery argument of all was that emancipation would wipe out the labor supply for Southern agriculture, which were not will be destroyed the south, but also northern textile factories and any other related businesses throughout the country.

Vocabulary of Women’s Rights● Lucretia Mott - A woman who founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1883.● Dorothea Dix - A Massachusetts schoolteacher, advocated for more humane treatment of the insane, and as a result, 28

states established mental hospitals before the Civil War. ● Angelina & Sarah Grimké - Both the sisters were women reformers.● Feminism (Books) - A movement to promote women’s rights.● Lucy Stone - An abolitionist and suffragist. In 1847, Stone became the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a

college degree. Also, the revolutionary step of retaining her maiden name after marriage. ● Elizabeth Cady Stanton - A social activist, abolitionist, and a leading figure of the women’s rights movement. Also

created the Declaration of Sentiments. ● Seneca Falls Convention - A meeting in 1848. The gathering of 70 women & 30 men in upstate New York, where

Stanton lived, raised the issue of women’s suffrage. The right to vote, and to protested limited female property rights, access to higher education, and the ability to enter many occupation.

● Declaration of Sentiments - Basically the Declaration Of Independence saying, “All men & women are created equal.”● Susan B Anthony - An American social reformer & women’s activists that played a role in the women’s suffrage

movement.

Lucretia Mott

Lucy StoneDorothea Dix

Angelina & Sarah Grimké

Women’s Rights● Lucretia Mott wasn’t abolitionist who found the Philadelphia Female Anti- Slavery Society in 1883, and Maria Child and Maria

Chapman who served on the American Anti-Slavery Society executive committee. Also women’s societies raised money for William Lloyd Garrison‘s liberator, and they distributed abolitionist literature & connected signatures on anti-slavery petitions.

● Dorothea Dix was an important role with mental hospitals.● Many women were evangelical protestants, new England Congregationalists, and Quakers.● Like the abolitionists, women in Seneca Falls asserted that the democratic principle that government rests on the will of the

people does not apply exclusively to White men.● Lucy Stone, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848.● Elizabeth Cady Stanton created the Declaration of Sentiments● Many oppose the moment but other simply dismissed its efforts as nonsense. Some mark the feminism for being aggressive and

on feminine, and others criticize them for thinking that they were superior to others of their sex.Many oppose the moment but other simply dismissed its efforts as nonsense. Some mark the feminism for being aggressive and on feminine, and others criticize them for thinking that they were superior to others of their sex.

● They had some success in New York when a law was passed in 1860 that granted women the right to collect and spend their own wages, to bring suit in court, and, if widowed, to gain full control of the property they had brought to the marriage.

● More substantial change there in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B Anthony

Women’s Rights ● Angelina & Sarah Grimké Were publicly condemned by a group of Massachusetts Clergymen for losing all,

“modesty and delicacy,” by their public lectures. Their response? Both the ladies ignored the men.● Other reformers – Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe would press the boundaries of “acceptable”

female behavior.● 1840 - American female delicates arrived at a world anti-slavery convention in London only to be turned away

by the man who controlled the proceedings. So their first duty as reformers should now be to elevate the status of women.

● Many women were Quakers. Quakerism had long embraced the ideal of sexual equality and had tolerated, indeed encouraged, the emergence of women as preachers and community leaders. Also been among the leaders of the anti-slavery movement and quaker women played a leading role within those efforts.

● Elizabeth Blackwell, gained acceptance and fame as a physician.● Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first ordained women minister in the United States.● Emma Willard, founder of the Troy Females Seminary (1821) & Catherine Beecher who founded the Hartford

Female Seminary (1823) worked on the behalf of women’s education.

Vocabulary of The Religious Reform Movements

● Unitarianism - A religion which questioned the Trinity (God, Son of God, & Holy Spirit) and instead held that God was only one person.

● The Second Great Awakening - 1790’s as Baptists, Methodists, and a new sect called Universalists.● Charles Grandison Finney - A Player turned evangelist after his own personal conversion - he became a

national celebrity in the 1820’s as he conducted revival meetings in upstate New York & New York City.● “Burned-Over District” - Upstate New York around the Erie Canal where Finney launched a series of

passionate revivals.● Camp- meeting” revivals - Where people would gather for an encampment of several days to listen to itinerant

preachers. These meeting were usually motional & intense, with people dancing, rolling, singing, and shouting.

“Burned-Over District”

Charles Grandison Finney

Religious Reform Movements● By the 1850s but 3/4 of the 23 million people in the United States regularly attended church services. ● Unitarianism became.● The First Great Awakening swept through the colonies during the 1720s and 1740s in an attempt to regain the

religious intensity of earlier days, but despite the success of revivalists, deism continued to, “Liberalize,” religion, so many relied more on reason and science then on revelation in the Bible to understand the world around them.

● The Second Great Awakening● Charles Grandison Finney would be at the “Burned-Over District” When the, region was prone to religious

awakenings. Revivalism is alive there.● Some ordinary people were encouraged to participate in the meetings and actively spread their believes the

others while some express their new devotion by the coming ministers themselves around hearing their time and energy to local churches, another is by doing missionary work in Hawaii Asia in western Indian land.

● There would be enthusiastic “Camp-Meeting Revivals” that were spread across the frontier regions.● “The Preaching,” by Anne Royal. (Pg. 248)

Religious Reform Movements

● By the 1840s, over 1 million people call themselves Methodists, and Baptists increase their numbers to become second largest denomination in the country. Meanwhile, the leading Trichans of the colonial period – Congregationalists, Episcopalians, and Quakers - grew much more slowly.

● Baptists and Methodists recruited heavily among black Americans, and they had great success, both of them free blacks and slaves. In the South evangelical religion sometimes incurred the wrath of husbands and planters, since it empathized the spiritual equality of all people – women and blacks as well as White men.

● Many women were attracted to the message that females for the spiritual center a family life, and others apply to the new religious enthusiasm to social reform movements such as abolitionism and women’s rights.

● Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians we’re to be mostly from the wealth year, better educated people in the East. Methodist and Baptist tended to come from less prosperous areas in the rural South. Other churches split into southern and northern denominations by the 1850s, so that the separations foreshadow the eventual assessment of southern states in the Union.

Vocabulary of The Temperance Crusade

● The Temperance Movement - mostly promoted by churches in women groups and they wanted have your taxes on liquor and systems for licensing the stores and taverns that sold rum and whiskey.

● Washington Temperance Society - in which workers were heavily represented to hear their impassioned in intriguing confessions of past sins.

The Temperance Crusade

● Evangelicals consider drinking lesson, partly because laboring men typically work to six days a week and spent Sunday at the pub drinking with her friends, a practice that took them away from church services. Women generally weren’t allowed in the pubs, but some drink at home, so that excessive drinking was fairly common during the 1800s.

● Women were active in the temperance movement, claiming that it puts a burden on wives: Men buying alcohol for basics, but drunk husbands beat their wife & kids. Also scary consumption of alcohol and men staying away from home and spending money which was much needed for the family.

● The Temperance Movement mostly promoted by churches in women groups and they wanted have your taxes on liquor and systems for licensing the stores and taverns that sold rum and whiskey.

● In 1830’s an average male drank nearly 3x as much alcohol as an average person today.● 1846 - 6 reformed alcoholics in Baltimore organized the Washington Temperance Society and began to draw large crowds..● More than 1 million people had signed a formal pledge to forgo hard liquor.● By the mid-1850s, temperance advocates managed to pass laws controlling the sale of alcohol in 13 northern states.

Vocabulary of Fads & Phrenology

● Calera - A bacterial infection of the intestines usually a result of consuming contaminated food or water.

● Sylvester Graham - Born on July 5, 1794, in West Suffield, Connecticut. He was a Presbyterian minister before becoming a leading figure in the temperance movement,

● Orson and Lorenzo Fowler - The Fowler brothers began reading heads in New York in the 1840s. Joined by Samuel R. Wells (1820-75) in 1844 their publishing industry churned out vast quantities of phrenological periodicals, pamphlets and books.

Fads & Phrenology● Calera epidemics of the 1830s and 1840s● Many casualties in cities. Tried to establish city health boards to try to find the solution. But there were no

answers of how to cure the epidemic.● “Water cure” ~ immersing people in hot or cold baths or wrapping them and wet sheets. Result : A bit

beneficial and therapeutic.● Sylvester Graham (Presbyterian Minister) ~ The way to take care of yourself is with Fruit, vegetables, & bread

made from coarsely ground flour (“The Graham Cracker”).● Orson & Lorenzo Fowler ~ Believed that every head shape depends on the intelligence and his or her

character. Made elaborate measurements of bumps and indications to calculate the size of different parts of the brain, each of which, they argued, controlled a specific kind of intelligence or behavior. Result: An important vehicle for improving society.

Vocabulary of Medical Science● William Morton - American dental surgeon

who in 1846 gave the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia during surgery.

● Oliver Wendell Holmes - an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932, and as Acting Chief Justice of the United States from January–February 1930.

Medical Science● Technological and scientific advances were lagging behind because of the greater difficulty of

experimentation in medicine which required human subjects as compared to other areas of science and technology that relied on in inanimate objects.

● Biggest problem of American medicine: basic knowledge about disease.● Edward Jenner was an English physician who made the development of vaccinations against smallpox in the

18th century.● William Morton was important in the medical study for teeth.● John Lauren about Boston surgeon soon began using effort to sedate surgical patients.● 1843 - Oliver Wendell Holmes a physician published his findings from studies of large numbers of cases of

“Puerperal fever” (septicemia in children). Saying that the disease could be transmitted from one person to another.

● Ignaz Semmelweis a Hungarian physician also, saw diseases spreading to his medical students, so he had the idea of cleaning their hands & utensils. Which the infections virtually disappeared.

Vocabulary for Reforming Education

● Horace Mann - The first secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He re-organize the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year, doubled teacher salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.

● Bronson Alcott - established a controversial experimental school in Concord that reflected his strong belief in the importance of complete self realization.

Horace MannBronson Alcott

Reforming Education● 1830s interest in public education grew rapidly. It was a reflection of the new believe in the

innate capacity of every person and of society's obligation to tap that capacity; but it was a reflection, too, of the desire to expose students to stable social values as a way to resist instability.

● 1837 - The greatest educational reformer was Horace Mann .● 1835 - Pennsylvania passed a law appropriating state funds for the support of universal

education.● 1850s - The principle of tax supported elementary schools had been accepted in all the states; all

we’re making at least a start towards putting the principle into practice.

Reforming Education● The educators are usually capable men and women, often highly trained, and with an emerging sense

of themselves as career professionals. In other areas, however, teachers were often barely literate, and limited funding for education restricted opportunities severely.

● In the south, the entire black population was barred from formal education and only about a third of all white children of school age actually enrolled in schools in 1860.

● The beginning of the Civil War, the United States had one of the highest literacy rates of any nation's: 94% of the population of the north and 83% of the white population of the south.

● Bronson Alcott believed that children were to teach themselves, rather than rely on teachers.● Sparked the creation of new institutions to help the handicapped that formed part of a great network of

charitable activities known as the Benevolent Empire.● Perkins School for the Blind in Boston the first such school in America.● Set of social values on children: thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, and respect for authority.

Rehabilitation● The creation of “Asylums” for criminals & the mentally ill.● Beginning in the 1820s, numerous states replaced these antiquated facilities with new “penitentiaries” and

mental institutions designed to provide a proper environment for inmates.● 1821 - New York built the first penitentiary at Auburn.● Asylums for social deviance was not simply an effort to curb the abuses of the old system, but it was also an

attempt to reform and rehabilitate the inmates.● Solitary confinement & the imposition of silence Was to give prisoners opportunities to meditate on their

wrongdoings.● Penitentiaries in mental hospitals would fall victim to overcrowding & the original reformed ideal gradually

faded.● The idea that a properly constructed institution could prevent moral failure or rescue individuals from failure

and despair helped spawn the creation of new orphanages designed as educational institutions.● Institutions for women without families or homes, and for the poor to in almshouses & workhouses. Mainly to

train them to live more productive lives.

The Indian Reservation● Emergence in the 1840s and 1850s of a new reform approach to the problems of native Americans: the

idea of the reservation.● The principal motive behind relocation had always been a simple one: getting the tribes out of the way

of white civilization. But among some whites their had also been another, if secondary, intent: to move the Indians to a place where they would be protected from whites and allowed to develop to a point where assimilation might be possible.

● Just as prisons, asylums , and orphanages would provide society with an opportunity to train and uplift misfits and unfortunates within white society, so the reservations might provide a way to undertake what one official called “the great work of regenerating the Indian race.”

● Native Americans on reservations, reformers argued, would learn the ways of civilization in a protected setting.

The US medical system is still haunted by slavery

https://youtu.be/IfYRzxeMdGs

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