Reliability, Safety and Hazard

ADVANCESINRISK-INFORMEDTECHNOLOGY

ChiefEditors HSKushwaha

VKRaina AKVerma

Editors PVVarde

A Srividya WS Sanyasi Rao Ashok Chauhan

, Narosa Publishing House New Delhi Chennai Mumbai Kolkata

CONTENTS

~~~~ v Preface vii Acknowledgements ix

Modeling and Analyzing Failure Logic ofProducts and Systems Seppo Virtanen, Per-Erik Hagmark and Jussi-Pekka Penttinen

Product Reliability: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice 9 D.NP Murthy

Cost Analysis of a Two-Stage Production System with Two Parallel Machines 14 in the First Stage and Subject to Inspection MN Gopalan and J.M Subramanya

Systems Integration: The Hidden Weak Links & their Impact on Safety and Reliability 19 Prithesh Patel

Reliability Test Optimisation Using Design ofExperiments 2fj

D. Damodaran, T Anbupalam and R. Muthukumar

Studies on Simulation Based System Reliability Evaluation 30 K. Durga Rao, H.S Kushwaha, A.K. Verma and A. Srividya

Reliability Analysis ofDiverse Safety Logic Systems ofFast Breeder Reactor 36 Bh. Ravi Kumar, L. Srivani, PR. Apte, S Ilango Sambasivan and P Swaminathan

FMEA - The Nucleus to Reliability Solutions 41 Anil Kumar and R. Radhika

Reliability Analysis ofWater Distribution Network - A Case Study 48 T Nagaraj and B. V Mudgal

Probability ofExcessive Leak Rate Through Multiple Defects in Degraded 52 Nuclear Steam Generator Tubes Leon Cizelj

State Probability Calculation for a Critical Component Due to Creep and Fatigue - 64 Offline and Online S Guin, MK. Samal and B.K. Dutta

In Service/Field Product Reliability Tracking/Analysis 71 S Visalakshi, VS Prakash, Sandeep Baliga, Rajesh Kumar S, Ramji Sethu and Nitesh Lall

Reliability Assessment of Shut-OffRod Drive Mechanism for TAPP-3&4 and 77 'Critical Facility' Through Life Cycle Testing Manjit Singh, D.N. Badodkar, N.K. Singh, NS Dalal, MK. Mishra, G. Veda Vyas, CB. Kothari, VVSS Rao and R.K. Saraf

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Eliminating Process Defects Through Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) 83 R. Muthukumar and D. Damodaran

Reüability Evaluation Studies ofAerial Gamma Spectrometry System <xl Probal Chaudhury, M.5o Kale, G. Krishnamachari, N. Raman, VV50 Sanyasi Rao, Pradeepkumar K.5o and D.N. Sharma

Electronic System Reliability Prediction and Analysis ofEffect of 94 Redundancy and Repair on System Reliability Manoj Kumar, V Ponnar and A.K. Verma

Improving Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks 102 Bhupendra Kumar Meena and Vallieswaran V

Safety and Reliability Aspects of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants 108 50 Prabhakar, Saly T Panicker and PK. Tewari

Safety and Reliability in Fuel Handling and Storage System ofDHRUVA 113 Kunal Chakrabarty, J. Tiwari and H. G. Gujar

Overview ofHuman Performance Improvement Initiatives in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) 121 Ashok Kumar Sharma

A Human Error Model in Accelerator Safety Analysis 130 Lekha M. Chowdhury and PK. Sm'kar

Application ofExpert Elicitation Techniques in Human Reliability Assessment 134 V V50 Sanyasi Rao, R.K. Sara/, A.K. Ghosh and H.5o Kushwaha

Probabilistic Safety Assessment Based Expert Systems 141 in Support ofDynamic Risk Assessment P V Varde, UL. Sharma, 5oK. Marik, VK. Raina and A.C Tikku

Correlation Between Coding Standards Compliance and Software Quality 150 Wojciech Basalaj and Richard Corden

Flexible Software Reliability Growth Models 155 PK. Kapur

Flexible Testing-Domain Dependent Software Reliability Growth Models 166 PK. Kapur, Sunil Khatri, Amit Gupta and VB. Singh

Flexible Testing Effort Dependent Software Reliability Growth Modelling with 175 Testing Coverage for Distributed Systems PK. Kapur. D.N. Goswami and Archana Kumar

Software Reliability Growth Model with Number ofInstructions Executed 183 Dependent on Testing Effort PK. Kapur, Ompal Singh and Anu Gupta

Flexible Software Reliability Growth Model Defining Errors ofDifferent Severity 190 PK. Kapur. Archana Kumar, Rubina Mittal and Anu Gupta

Modelling Software Reliability Growth in Operational Phase 198 (An Application ofInnovation and Diffusion Model in Marketing) PK. Kapur, Rubina Mittal, Anu Gupta and Mashaalla Basirzadeh

Data Collection Challenges to Determine Software Reliability: Practitioner's Perspective 204 Mahesh Kuruba, A. Srividya and A.K. Verma

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83 Software Metrics Taxonomy for Metrics Guided Software Development 2('f)

Piyush Mehla, A Srividya and A.K. Verma

IX) Application ofNeural Network for Modeling Software Defect Prediction 214 Piyush Mehla, Mahesh Kuruba, A. Srividya and A.K. Verma

Concept ofSoftware Reliability in Mobile Phone Software Systems 221

94 R.Anit

A New Approach to Software Reliability Prediction Based on Fault Potential 227 Vinod M. Kumre, R.B. Misra and Praveen V Sasatle

102 A Metric Framework for CMMI(SM) Implementation 231 N1. Ra}aram and An}ali Mogre

I~ WER Reactor Pressure Vessels Dosimetry for NPP Lifetime Management 237 B. Pelrov, K. Ilieva, S Belousov and T ApOSlolov

lJ3 Miniature Specimen Testing - A Tool for Estimating the Residual Life ofSafety 243 Critical Components and Structures

121 Raghu V Prakash

Estimation ofLife-Span ofInstrurnentation & Control Cables Used in Nuclear Power 250

130 Plants Using the Tensile Testing Methodology PK. Ramteke, A.K. Ahin-var, N.B. Shreslha, V VS Sanyasi Rao, R.K. Sara!and A.K. Ghosh

Comparative Studies ofVarious Solution Techniques for Dynamic Fault Tree 255 Analysis of Computer Based Systems Prabhudeva S, A. Srividya, A.K. Verma and V Gopika

Evolution ofStochastic Petri Nets and its Application in Dependability Modeling 262 Mallo} Kumar, A.K. Verma, A. Srividya and G. Govindara}an

Software V&V Methods for a Safety-Grade Programmable Logic Controller 268 lang Yeol Kim, Young lun Lee, Kyung Ho Cha, Se Woo Cheon, lang Soo Lee and Kee Choon Kwon

Reliability Analysis and Component Functional Allocations for 274 the ESF Multi-Loop Controller Design Seop Hur, D.R. Kim, l.K. Choi, 1. C. Park, SR. Seong and D. Y. Lee

Subcriticality Annunciation for Nuclear Power Plants & Research Facilities 280 Shanlanu Das and B.B. Biswas

Reliable Stability Analysis ofUncertain Non-Linear Fractional Order Systems 285 Mangala Deshpande, Nalara} S V Paluri and layesh 1. Barve

Reliable Simulation ofAero Gas Turbine Plant Using Fractional Order Model: 291 A Comparative Study Vishwesh Vyawahare, Rambabu K., Nandkishor Kubal and Nalara} SV Paluri

Reliability Analysis ofFault Tolerant Computer Based Core Temperature 297 Monitoring System ofPFBR L. Srivani, B. Sasidhar Rao, A. lohn Arul, C. Senlhit Kumar, S Ilango Sambasivan alld P Swaminalhan

Design ofFPGA Based Safety Critical System, its Testing and Reliability Assessment 302 Nilangan Das

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Analysis and Management ofRisk for Distribution System Reliability Ashok M Salsingi/mr

Risk Considerations in the IAEA's Safety Standards and PSA-Related Developments M El-Shanawany and I. Kouzmina

Insights from the Case Study ofCommon Cause Failure Analysis of Special Safety Systems of Qinshan CANDU Nuclear Power Plant Song Minghai

Assured Probabilistic Margins ofRisk Measures Vs. Best Estimates: The State ofthe Art and Perspectives Vladimir Morozov

New Methodologies for Station Blackout Studies in Nuclear Power Plants C. Senthil Kumar, A. lohn Arul, S Marimuthu and Gm Pal Singh

Probabilistic Safety Assessment OfKK-NPP Alok Mishra and Ashok Chauhan

Experiences with Applications ofPSA Results for OptimizationIRevision ofTechnical Specifications for Operation ofNuclear Power Plants A.K. Vijaya, Rajee Guptan, Nahni Mohan, SG. Ghadge and SS Bajaj

Qualitative Safety Analysis in Accelerator Based Systems PK Sm"kar and Lekha M Chowdhury

Significance ofCommon Cause Failures in Level-l PSA and Techniques for Reducing its Impact on Core Damage Frequency G. Srinivas, Rajee Guptan. Nalini Mohan and SS Bajaj

Safety Considerations of Active Process Water System Shutdown for TAPP-3&4 P Krishna Kumar, S Hajela, PK Malhotra, SG. Ghadge and SS Bajaj

Operational Safety Perfonnance Indicator System - A Management 1'001 for the Self Assessment of Safety and Reliability ofNuclear Power Plants Anil Kumar, SL. Mandowara and S Mittal

Fire Probabilistic Safety Assessment for Kudankulam NPP in India G. Tokmachev

Insights from the Seismic Probabilistic Safety Analysis ofPAKS Nuclear Power Plant l6zsefElter

Approach to Fire-PSA Study ofKAPS IPHWR Sc. Maiti, D. Chatterjee, Rajee Guptan, Nalini Mohan, SG. Ghadge and SS Bajaj

Fire Ratings ofCivil Engineering Structures ofKKNPP Using Russian Fire Safety Regulations Abhijit Harshan, VR. Rajagopalan and MN Ray

Safety in Shut Down KR. Mohan Ram, KM. Somasundaram, V V Sanat Kumar and G. Nageswara Rao

Design Solutions on Safety for NPP Units with WWER Reactors ofNew Generation­Short Description ofNPP Power Units with New Generation WWER Reactors VM Berkovich, 1.1. Kopytov and Y V Shvyryaev

Evolution ofPSA Activities in DAE, India R.K. Saraf

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Safety Management in NPPs: A Multi-Objective Optimization 415 Alok Mishra, Anand Patwardhan, Ashok Chauhan and A.K. IIerma

An Approach to Accident Management for Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors 423 50 Hajela, R. Grover, 50 G. Ghadge and 50S Bajaj

The Past, Present and Future Development of Probabilistic Safety Analysis Software 429 Stephen Flanagan

Application ofPSA in Risk lnformed Decision Making 439 M. Hari Prasad, Gopika Vinod, R.K. Saraf, A.K. Ghosh and HS Kushwaha

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Risk-Based Regulatory Requirement 445 (the experience in Argentina) Jorge Baron

Integrated Risk Assessment 451 Dan Serbanescu

Decision-Making in Integrated Asset Management for Safety Optimisation 457 Rudolph Frederick Stapelberg

Plant Specific Risk Informed Decision Making - AVision for Indian PHWR 465 Rajee Guptan, Nafini Mohan, SG. Ghadge and 50S Bajaj

Risk Informed Regulatory Decision-Making in Assessment of Changes 470 in Technical Specifications R.B. Solanki, R.S Rao, u.K. Paul, Gm Pal Singh and SK. Gupta

Application of Probabilistic Safety Assessment to a High Power Research Reactor 475 P V. Varde, u.L. Sharma, SK. Marik and A. C. 1ikku

Risk Informed Plant Modifications and Upgrades for Li fe Extension ofIndian BWR 484 Vibha Hari, Rajee Guptan, Nafini Mohan, S G. Ghadge and SS Bajaj

Framework for Applying RI-ISI Methodology for Indian PHWRs 489 Gopika Vinod, R.K. Saraf, A.K. Ghosh and HS Kushwaha

An Overview ofErosion Corrosion Models and Reliability Assessment for Corrosion 496 Defects in Piping System A. Srividya, HN Suresh, A.K. Verma, V. Gopika and Santhosh

Root Cause Analysis of Secondary Coolant Pump Failure at Dhruva: A Case Study 502 NS Joshi, C. Satheesh, P Ganeshan and SK. Marik

Effective Maintenance Options Through Multi-Objective Maintenance Modeling 507 A.K. Verma, A. Srividya, M.S Loknath, PG. Ramesh and R. Jaikumar

Reliability Centred Maintenance - An Overview in Indian PHWR Context 513 D. Chatterjee, Rajee Guptan, Nalini Mohan, SG. Ghadge and SS Bajaj

Reliability Centered Maintenance 522 Rajesh Nail; HN Bhat and G. Nageswara Rao

Implementation ofRCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance) at Indian Nuclear Power Plants (INPP) 532 A.K. Sinha and S Mittal

Thermal Analysis ofModerator and Associated Systems in Case ofFailure of APWC 537 and Followed by Unavailability ofFFS 1. Thangamani, Vishnu Verma, S G. Markendeya, G. Chakraborty, A.K. Ghosh and HS Kushwaha

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Pressuriser Safety Valve Stuck Open Severe Accident Analysis for WER 1000 NPP 546 U.S Chlkkanagoudar, SK Dubey, SK Gupta and R.l. Gujrathl

Plant Transient Analysis on One Pump Trip for 540 MWe Indian PHWR 553 Santanu Paharl, P Pramod, HP Rammohan, PK Malhotra, 50 G. Ghadge and 50S Bajaj

Development ofComputer Code CRIFLAN for Critical Flow Analysis in Reactor Safety 557 D. Kumar, 50 T Panchal, Debjlt Rakshlt and SM Chaudhry

Estimation ofCHF Ratio at Various Power Levels in TAPP-3&4 Reactors 563 H Kalra, P Pramod, HP Rammohan, PK Malhotra, 50 G. Ghadge and 50S Bajaj

Multiple Shaker Contro! (MIMO) for Reliability Tests ofLarge Structures 568 Deepak Jarlwala

Robust Optimization Under Uncertainty 574 Subrata Chrakraboty and Achlntya Haldar

Girsanov Linearization and Level Crossing Statistics of Stochastically Driven 580 Nonlinear Oscillators Nllan)an Saha and D. Roy

Containment Temperature, Pressure and Activity Release During Limiting Design 587 Basis Accident in TAPP 3&4 Reactor Sanjeev Kumar, D.K. Bharlia, Manoj Kansal, N. Mohan, R.N. Bhawal, 50 G. Ghadge and 50S Bajaj

Containment Integrated Leakage Rate Test (ILRT) ofIndian PHWR 593 D.K Bhartla, Nalinl Mahan, R.N. Bhawal and 50S Baja)

An Efficient Method ofImproving the Performance ofModified HL-RF 598 Optimization Aigorithm Santosh, A.K. Ghosh and HS Kushwaha

Service Life Prediction ofExisting Reinforced Concrete Structures in Marine Environment 605 A. Srlvldya and Satlsh B. Allampallewar

System Reliability in Fuzzy Environment - An Application to Siopes 611 Vageesha 50 Mathada, G. Venkatachalam and A. Srlvldya

Structural Probabilistic Methodology for Mechanical Components 617 Marlappan V, Sakhardande Ml. and Kakadkar U. V

Integrity Assessment of37 Element Fuel Bundle ofTAPS 3&4 Reactor Under Beyond 621 Design Basis Accident Condition SK Trlpathlv and SK Gupta

Estimation ofReJiability Based Partial Safety Factor for Pressure Vessel 627 Siddhartha Pramanick

Probabilistic Fracture Assessment ofTAPP 3-4 PHT Piping 632 PA. Jadhav, Rahit Ras/agi, Vivek Bhasin, KK Vaze, A.K Ghash and HS Kushwaha

Effect ofMeteorological Sampling on the Probabilistic Safety Analysis Level-3 ResuJts 639 Pradeep Bhargava and V VS Sanyasl Raa

Probabilistic and Possibilistic Approach for Assessment ofRadiological Risk 644 Due to Organically Bound and Tissue Free Water Tritium Sudhir Dahiya, A.G. Hegde, PC Verma, ML. Jashi and HS Kushwaha

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S46 Assessment oflnhalation Risk Due to Radioactivity Released from 649 Coal-Based Thennal Power Plant

553 SK. Sahu, G. G Pandit, VK. Shukla, VD. Puranik and H.S Kushwaha

Accident Source Tenns and Public Doses forThe Kudankulam WER-l 000 653 5S7 Kapil Deo, S Singh, VK. Sharma and Anuradha V

Risk Zoning Around Nuclear Power Plants in Comparison to Other Major Hazardous 659 Industrial Installations Christian Kirchsteiger

Development ofa Fuzzy Expert System to Study the Effectiveness ofCountenneasure 665 During A Nuclear Emergency D. Datta and ML. Joshi

Risk-Based Approach for Radiation Shielding Evaluation 671 L. Guneshwor and D. Datta

Inverse Source Tenn Calculation for The Indian Decision Support System for 677 Nuclear Emergencies VK. Sharma, Chitra S, S Anand, Arti Agrawal and Manoj Kansal

Detenninistic Safety Analysis of Production of Gaseous Radiotracers 683 41 Ar and 79Kr in a Research Reactor Chitra S, S Anand, VK. Sharma, VN Yelgaonkar and Shivarudrappa V

Hazard Analysis ofEthylene Oxide Discharge from Storage Tank - A Case Study 689 S Bhattachalya and PK. Ghosh

Modelling Evaluation ofSafety Index by Using O-Max : A Case Study 696 Rane SB., Mantha SS, Sayed Ahsan Mahdi and Rane Suraj

Hazard and Operability Studies for Uranium Recovery from Seawater 702 A.K. Sa..xena, T.L. Prasad and PK. Tewari

Enhancement ofPersonnel Safety for Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator at BARC 7W Sapna Padmakumm; NB. V Subrahmanyam, Jignesh P Bhatt, MJ Kansara, A. Basu, Rajesh Kumar, A. AgarwaI, SK. Gupta, P Singh, SKailas and D.S Joshi

Radiation Risk from Potential Exposures in Gamma Radiation Processing Plants (GRPP) 713 A. U. Sonawane, Pravin Palil and SP Agarwal

Safety Aspects of Nuclear Desalination Plant 717 A. Raha, G. Kishore, A.K. Adak, I.S Raa, VK. Srivastava and PK. Tewari

Risk Analysis ofProcess Plants: Approach ofThe Atomic Energy Regulatory Board 724 Lakshman Nyaya Valive(i; K. R01nprasad and PK. Ghosh

Quantitative Risk Assess!l1ent onan 'Ammonia Based Plant 731 R. Bhattachalya aM PK. Ghosh

Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis: Revisited 736 Ashok Deshpande

Fuzzy Based Approach to the Well-Being Evaluation ofa Sub-Transmission System 743 Ajit Kumar Verma, A. Srividya and M V Bhatkar

Selecting Optimal Condition Monitoring Technique Using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria 749 Decision Making Methods: A Case Study A.K. Verma, A. Srividya and Rajesh S Prabhu Gaonkar

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Safety Study ofthe Transport ofContaminant in Groundwater 757 Using Artificial Neural Networks D. Datta and B.P Dubey

Development ofan ANN Based AJgorithm for Personnel Monitoring TLD 763 Badge System for X and Ganuna Radiation K. Srivastava, v.K. Dhar, A.K. Bakshi, G. Varadharajan and R.K. Kher

Artificial Neural Netwark far Solving Safety Related Environmental Problems: 770 Rainfall Prediction D. Datta

Reliability Analysis ofSecondary Shutdown System ofRAPS-3&4: Findings and Solution 776 Brajesh KumG/; P Chattopadhyay and Hemant Kumar

Safety Improvement of Maps Containment Isolation System Based on 782 Reliability Analysis D. Sayee Lakshman, K Padmanabhan. V.A. Subramani and S. Krishnamw1hy

Reliability Studies ofRAPS-1 &2 Safety Systems 787 KK Jha and L.K. Jain

Application ofSystem Reliability Analysis Feedback to Improve System Availability 791 Prabodh Kumar, s.K. Tiwary and A.K. Gupta

Author Index 797

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