1

Released Test I

Biology

Explanation for answers

2

Question 1

• B

• You must know the tests for lipids and starches

• Starch: iodine goes from brown to black

• Fats (lipids): brown paper goes from brown to clear (fat stain)

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Question 2

• D

• Osmosis: movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

• More water in gums than in mouth – water leaves gums and gums are less swollen

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Question 3

• B

• You must be able to pick out the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosome and tell the function of each

• Nucleus: genetic material stored here

• Mitochondria: energy produced here

• Ribosome: proteins created here

• Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts

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Question 4• D• Aerobic respiration is when there is oxygen

present – creates 38 ATP• All animals and plants will undergo aerobic

respiration• Yeast cells will undergo anaerobic (no oxygen)

respiration or fermentation and produce alcohol, only 2 ATP produced

• Animal cells will undergo lactic acid fermentation without oxygen, only 2 ATP produced

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Question 5

• A

• Cells in plants that undergo rapid mitosis include the root tips and the apical meristem – top of plant

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Question 6

• D• Homologous structures are structures that

have similar functions and arise from common ancestor: arm bones of bats, whales, frogs and humans

• Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions but arose from uncommon ancestors: wings of bat and butterfly

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Question 7

• C• Be able to read the mRNA table • You will be required to form proteins

(amino acids) from a sequence of DNA• Remember in DNA: A-T and C-G• Remember in RNA: A-U and C-G• Transcription: DNA to RNA• Translation: RNA to protein

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Question 8

• D• Blood typing• AB blood type can

only give an A or a B allele

• O blood type can only give an O and it is recessive to A or to B

• Homozygous A blood type can only give an A allele

• Heterozygous A blood type can give an A or an O allele.

• Homozygous B blood type can only give a B allele

• Heterozygous B blood type can give a B or an O allele.

• Do a punnet square!

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Question 9

• B

• What you are looking at is gel electrophoresis, a method to separate DNA

• This same question can be used to determine who the bad guy is!

• Compare bands

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Question 10

• A

• Know Mendel’s law of independent assortment and law of segregation

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Question 11• A

• The key to this problem is reading the problem closely

• One of the parents has PKU which is recessive, not sex-linked, pp

• The other parent does not have the disease, PP

• The children would be carriers only

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Question 12

• C

• Radiation can cause cancer

• Malaria is caused by a parasite

• Asthma is either a hereditary disease or caused by the environment

• Polio is a disease caused by a virus

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Question 13

• D

• Humans are used as the vector when the sporozoites (1n) combine to form 2n spores.

• The spores are then sucked up by another mosquito and then they undergo meiosis to form the 1n stage.

• Cycle repeats itself

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Question 14

• A

• Gymnosperms produce seeds, cones and have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

• Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers and have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) (An easy way to remember is the name Angio… sounds like Angie and girls like flowers!)

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Question 15• C• Habituation -

repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to decreased responding

• Imprinting - learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage, rapid, duck babies will follow any animal that moves after they are born

• Conditioning - occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. (Pavlov’s dogs)

• Trial and error - general method of problem solving, fixing things, or for obtaining knowledge

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Question 16

• C• Xylem: vascular tissue that transports

water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant

• Phloem: vascular tissue that transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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Question 17

• B

• If plants are grown in an area with limited sunlight such as in the tropical rainforest, the plants would adapt by producing large leaves

• If plants are grown in areas with limited water, the plants adapt by either creating water storage areas or by having extremely long roots.

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Question 18

• D

• When looking at food webs, the arrows show where food comes from and where it goes.

• In this example, crickets feed frogs and mice feed snakes and the hawk

• Cricket Frog

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Question 19• B

• Symbiotic relationships– Mutualism: both animals benefit; cleaner fish

and sharks– Commensalism: one animal benefits and one

is neither helped nor harmed; cow birds eating the bugs that cows stir up

– Parasitism: one animal is hurt and one animal benefits: ticks and dogs

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Question 20

• A

• Ozone layer is destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons

• When the ozone layer is destroyed, more UV rays enter our atmosphere and will cause more cancer

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Question 21

• C

• Organic compounds• Lipids: glycerol backbone, three fatty acids; part of

cell membrane• Carbohydrate: 1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1

oxygen; sugars – glucose; cellulose in cell walls, glycogen – sugar storage in animals, starch - sugar storage in plants

• Nucleic acids: N, O, C, P; DNA and RNA• Amino acids: N, O, C, P, S: proteins

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Question 22

• C

• Ribosomes create proteins, so if ribosomes are destroyed – there will be no more protein production

• Mitochondria creates energy – cellular respiration

• Chloroplasts – found in plants - photosynthesis

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis

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Cellular Respiration

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Question 23

• D

• Osmosis is movement of water only

• Water will move from high concentration to low concentration

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Question 24

• A

• Enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme does not go away

• The substrate will change

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Question 25• B• When any cell produces Carbon dioxide

and water, the cell is undergoing cellular respiration and is aerobic

• When any cell produces ethyl alcohol and Carbon dioxide, the cell is undergoing fermentation and is anaerobic

• When any cell produces Oxygen and Glucose, the cell is undergoing photosynthesis

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Question 26• B

• When a homozygous recessive is crossed with a heterozygote, the outcome is always 1:1 or 50% to 50%

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Question 27

• A

• Sexual reproduction has an advantage over asexual reproduction due to the increased variation

• Asexual reproduction does not add any variation to the organisms

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Question 28

• A

• Be able to create amino acids from DNA

• Be able to determine if any changes will occur if any part of the DNA is changed

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Question 29

• C

• Genetically engineered bacteria is used to create insulin as well as other substances for humans and animals

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Question 30

• B• The first organisms on earth were

prokaryotic and anaerobic• Eukaryotic organisms arose from

prokaryotic organisms• Aerobic organisms only developed after

oxygen was found in the atmosphere• Oxygen was created by photosynthetic

organisms

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Question 31

• D

• When looking at pedigrees, know the following

• Affected female: XhXh

• Affected male: XhY

• Normal male: XHY

• Normal female: XHXH

• Carrier female: XHXh

Pedigree

• In order for persons 1 and 2 to have an affected male (6) the mom (2) had to be a carrier

• 7 and 8 are also carriers

• Do punnet squares to check

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Question 32

• A

• Learned behavior must be learned! What a concept!!

• Usually animals will learn from their moms

• Not to be confused with instinct – these behaviors are inborn such as building a nest

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Question 33

• D

• Animals that absorb oxygen through the skin and/or release waste through the skin need to have a large surface area in order to absorb as much oxygen as needed

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Question 34

• B• Mammals have internal fertilization and internal

development• Amphibians (for example, frogs) have external

fertilization and external development• Birds have internal fertilization and external

development (eggs)

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Question 35

• D

• The original classification included just plants and animals

• Now we have 6 kingdoms:

6 kingdoms

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Question 36

• C

• B-cells produce antibodies

• T-cells are the first line of defense – white blood cells

• When you are exposed to an antigen, (bad thing) your body will produce antibodies so if you are exposed to the same antigen, you will not get sick

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Question 37

• B

• The main function of leaves is to absorb light to produce glucose and oxygen in photosynthesis

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Question 38• A• When looking at a ecological pyramid, the

producers (plants) are always on the bottom• Herbivores eat the producers• Carnivores eat the herbivores• Only 10% of energy is moved from level to

level, 90% is lost• If the producers increase in an ecosystem,

it is most likely because the herbivores have gone away!

Question 39

• D

• You need to know that acids range from 0 – 6.9 on the pH scale.

• You need to know that bases range from 7.1 to 14 on the pH scale.

• You need to know that 7 is neutral on the pH scale

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Question 40• C

• See the next few slides

• Exponential growth: when there is no lack of resources – humans have this type of growth pattern

• Carrying capacity: when there is a lack of resources – the organisms will continue to grow until the resources are gone. Some animals will die and finally the resources are enough for all animals.

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Exponential growth

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Carrying capacity graph

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Question 41

• D

• Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are the organelle that undergo photosynthesis

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Question 42

• A

• When enzymes are added to a reaction, the reaction rate will increase

Question 43

• B• When the body is stable, it is known as

being in homeostasis• The body maintains homeostasis by the

process of hormones and enzymes.

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Question 44

• C

• Building blocks of nucleic acids:– Sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous

base

• Building blocks of proteins: – Amino acids

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Question 45

• D

• See slides 26 -28

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Question 46

• C

• See slide 32

• AA or Aa is white

• aa is dark

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Question 47

• A

• When insecticides are sprayed on bugs and some bugs survive, the bugs that survive will pass these traits on

• This is known as resistance, one reason why we have to keep changing stuff to kill bugs with

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Question 48

• D

• Natural selection will enable species to pass on the best traits and therefore make the species better

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Question 49

• D

• Environmental conditions can greatly influence how the plant or animal looks like

• Hydrangeas can either be pink or blue depending on the pH of the soil

Question 50

• B

• Diploid – 2n – result of mitosis

• Haploid – 1n – result of meiosis

• If a plant or animal is cloned, the chromosome number will remain the same, 2n.

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Question 51

• D

• See slide 12

• For two pairs of homologous chromosomes (S s T t) the following gametes could be produced

• ST, sT, St, st

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Question 52

• C

• Social behavior is seen in animals who live in hives such as bees

• Territorial behavior is seen in animals who are protecting their area such as dogs

• Courtship behavior is seen in animals who are trying to win a mate such as birds

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Question 53

• A

• Asexual reproduction occurs when animals divide such as amoeba

• Sexual reproduction is seen when bees transfer pollen from flower to flower; fish fertilizing eggs

Question 54

• C

• Karyotyping can actually show the chromosomes

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Question 55

• C

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Question 56

• C

• Only plants and protists can undergo photosynthesis

• Fungi are heterotrophic

• Animals are heterotrophic

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Question 57

• A

• Ecological levels of organization from low to high

• Organism – population – community - ecosystem

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Question 58

• B

• See slides 48 and 49

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Question 59

• B

• See slide 22

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Question 60• B

• If decomposers are removed from the environment, some of the carbon dioxide will not go back into the atmosphere

• Also, lots of nutrients will also not go back into the environment