relaymanual - pscad

PSCAD/RELAYInstallation & Operations Manual

Version 3.2

The Professional’s Tool for Protective Relay Testing

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.244 Cree Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1

Copyright 2001 Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

All rights reserved.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, for any purpose without the express written permission of Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

PSCAD is a registered trademark of Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

EMTDC is a trademark of Manitoba Hydro, and Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. is a registered user.

Microsoft, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows ME, NT, and Developer Studio are the registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.

DEC and DEC Fortran are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries licensed exclusively through X/Open Company.

Netscape and Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation in the United States and other countries.

MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

Compaq and the names of Compaq products referenced herein are trademarks and/or service marks or registered trademarks and/or service marks of the Compaq Computer Corporation.

WinZip is a registered trademark of WinZip Computing, Inc.

Revision 1.0 – Jan 16, 2001Revision 2.0 – March 15, 2001Revision 2.1 – April 26, 2001Revision 2.2 – May 18, 2001Revision 3.0 – June 8, 2001Revision 3.1 – June 28, 2001

Revision 4.0 – August 7, 2001Revision 4.1 – August 31, 2001

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Overview of PSCAD/Relay........................1PSCAD/Relay Introduction.................................................1Why Use a Power System Simulator..................................2What Type of Testing........................................................2Parameters That Can be Modified......................................3

Chapter 2 Installation.............................................5Hardware and Software Requirements..............................5Fortran Compilers..............................................................6TCP/IP Network Protocol....................................................6Licensing...........................................................................7PSCAD Installation.............................................................9License Manager Install...................................................12Manually Configuring the License Manager.....................17Manually Stopping the License Manager.........................18Manually Starting the License Manager...........................19Adding a License.............................................................19Avoiding the Most Common Mistakes..............................20GNU/EGCS Fortran Install................................................20Running PSCAD...............................................................21Problems That Can Occur................................................22

PSCAD Compile Generates “make –f” Error..................22Unable to Connect to License Manager Server.............22Unable to Acquire License from ‘localhost’...................23

Getting Help During Installation......................................24Uninstalling.....................................................................24

Chapter 3 Case Descriptions.................................25Cases Included................................................................25Case 1: Single Line..........................................................26

Substation Control Panel..............................................31Playback Recorders......................................................32Breaker Controls..........................................................32Steps to Perform a PSCAD Simulation..........................33

Modification of Parameters..............................................36Three Phase Voltage Source.........................................36Transmission Line Parameters......................................39Fault Impedance...........................................................41Recorder Parameters....................................................42

Case 2: Single Line (Mid-line Fault)..................................45

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Case 3: Parallel Transmission Line...................................46Steps Required to Perform Simulation..........................48

Case 4: Parallel Transmission Line (Mid-line Fault)..........52Case 5: Parallel Line with T-tap.......................................53Case 6: Parallel Line with T-tap (Mid-line Fault)...............54Case 7: Transformer HL/LV Connection...........................55Case 8: Transformer HL/LV with Tertiary Winding...........56Case 9: Series Parallel Transmission Lines.....................57

Chapter 4 PSCAD/Relay Components.....................59Transmission Line Modeling.............................................59

Distributed or Traveling Wave Transmission Line.........60Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters.........62Manual Entry of Data for Bergeron Model.....................65Conductor Database.....................................................67Additional T-line References.........................................73

Transformers...................................................................74PSCAD Recorder Model....................................................77

Output File Location.....................................................79Multiple Run Capability with Recorder..........................79RTP Playback Program..................................................79

Breaker Component........................................................79Doble State Component..................................................80

Chapter 5 Advanced Topics...................................83Sequencer.......................................................................83Multiple Run Component.................................................85Starting from a Snapshot.................................................94Protection to Operate a Breaker......................................96Single Phase Breaker Operation......................................98Mutual Coupled Transmission Lines.................................99Interface with Doble ProTesT Program............................99Special Example Based on SEL 321 Relay Manual.........100

Appendix A Troubleshooting Install.....................101Starting the License Manager Service...........................101Help Files Won’t Open*..................................................103Message Tree Errors......................................................104

Appendix B Using PSCAD/Relay...........................105Starting PSCAD..............................................................105Title Bar and Menu Bar..................................................105

Title Bar and Active Project........................................105Menu Bar and Menu Items..........................................106Menu Buttons.............................................................106

Project Tree and Message Tree.....................................106

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Loading a Case Project..................................................107Running a Simulation....................................................109Printing..........................................................................110PSCAD/Relay Graphical Interface Features....................112

Scrolling.....................................................................112Keyboard Shortcuts....................................................112Printing Circuits and Plots...........................................112Printing Component Parameters................................113Creating Plots and Graphs..........................................113Connecting Wires.......................................................113Creating Slider, Switch, Button, and Dial Interfaces.. .113Changing Simulation Time Step and Run Duration.....113Using Arrays...............................................................114MultiPlot Features: FFT, THD and Curve Calculation...114Tlines and Cables.......................................................114Grouping Components................................................114Editing Component Parameters..................................115Undo...........................................................................115Windows Meta File Export..........................................115Finding Components..................................................115Viewing Error and Warning Messages........................115Changing Page Size and Layout.................................115

Appendix C Technical Support.............................117How to Contact Us.........................................................117Maintenance Contract...................................................117EMTDC Users’ Group.....................................................118

Index................................................................................119

Chapter 1: Overview of PSCAD/Relay

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PSCAD/Relay Manual 1

PSCAD/Relay

Chapter 1

Overview of PSCAD/Relay

PSCAD/RELAY INTRODUCTION

PSCAD/Relay is a power system simulator designed especially for AC protection relay test and analysis personnel. PSCAD/Relay is designed with a number of predefined transmission system configurations or cases. The idea is to allow the user to load the case of interest, enter the appropriate system parameters and solve the simulation with very little effort.

The nine predefined base cases have a built in interactive dials, sliders and switches, making it easy for the user to modify and customize the simulation for the particular system being investigated. The AC system is displayed in single line diagram (SLD) format. The results of the simulation are plotted and displayed on screen. Interactive controls allow the user to adjust the system conditions as the simulation is solving, very similar to what would occur if you operated the real power system from a control room. The simulation results are recorded as COMTRADE or RTP files. These waveforms can be utilized for real time playback testing and verification of protective relay systems.

The very powerful and versatile PSCAD transient solution is used to solve a predefined set of power system configurations, including single, parallel and tapped AC transmission lines and transformers. The user can run the example cases as they are, or make appropriate changes to model their own system.

Graphic based controls allow the user to define the load conditions, system impedances for the bus voltages, transmission line parameters, timing, and various fault configurations. The power system simulator calculates and displays the voltage and current time domain or transient waveforms. The transient waveforms will very closely represent the waveforms you would measure on your

PSCAD/Relay Manual2

Chapter 1: Overview of PSCAD/Relay

system using an oscilloscope or high-speed digital transient fault recorder. The predefined example cases allow the user to get results quickly and efficiently.

For more advanced users, the cases can be customized to include simulation sequencer controls, breaker protection, automatic multiple run cases and single pole breaker operation. Examples cases illustrating these features are provided.

WHY USE A POWER SYSTEM SIMULATOR

Power systems are rapidly becoming more complex. Digital protection systems are being installed that respond to rapid system changes. As a result, there is the requirement for more accurate representation of the power system transients that occur on the application and during the recovery of system faults. The settings of digital protection systems are also becoming more complex. The design and testing of digital protection systems require a large number of various fault conditions and “what if” testing. A power system simulator can provide answers to these questions and much more.

The provided example cases consist of single, dual and tapped AC line configurations, complete with breakers and equivalent voltage sources to represent the rest of the AC system. Adjustment of the equivalent voltage sources will determine pre-fault loading conditions. Faults can be located anywhere on the transmission system, and can be applied at anytime, just like in the real power system. Voltage and current waveforms are displayed and recorded where the protection relays would be located, and these waveforms are recorded for future real time testing of the protection relay systems. AC breakers can be opened and closed in the simulation providing testing and analysis of protection sequences. Voltage and current waveforms can be recorded at both ends of a transmission line for end-to-end GPS based testing.

Realistic testing waveforms can be generated for a variety of testing conditions. These tests can be performed quickly and automatically, providing a set of testing waveforms to thoroughly test a protection system.


PSCAD/Relay

WHAT TYPE OF TESTING

PSCAD/Relay provides features that can perform a wide variety of testing that is unavailable in other forms of simulation. For example, PSCAD/Relay easily performs simulations of current reversal due to faults in parallel lines, or simulation of AC protection communication systems. In PSCAD/Relay, transmission lines can be modelled as the traditional pi sections; accurate for 60Hz lines. Alternatively, using PSCAD/Relay’s full frequency travelling wave transmission model will precisely represent transmission lines from DC to several hundred kilohertz for increased accuracy of simulation results. The following section presents parameters that can be modified in the simulation.

PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE MODIFIED

The following is a short list of the parameters that can be modified:

• Fault Locations• Fault Type: Single and 3-phase, phase-to-phase, and

phase-to-ground • Fault Impedance• Fault Duration • Pre-fault Voltage, Power Flow and MVAR Conditions • Point on Wave Timing for Fault Application • Reclosing of Breakers after Fault Clearing • Breaker Operating Time• Single Phase Breaker operation• Equivalent System Impedance • Sequence of Breaker Opening and Closing • Recorded Waveforms for Real Time Playback Testing• Multiple Run or Batch Solutions

PSCAD/Relay is simple to use and operate, while generating fast, accurate results.


PSCAD/Relay

Chapter 2

Installation

The PSCAD/EMTDC family of products uses the EMDTC solution engine to solve simulations. Similar licensing, installation and compiler requirements are necessary for all versions of PSCAD/RELAY. Visit the web site www.hvdc.ca for more information on other PSCAD products.

PSCAD is currently supported on PCs running Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT4.0/2000 operating systems.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The following are the minimum recommended specifications.

Category Requirement

Processor 200 MHz Pentium processor (higher speed recommended).

Operating system

Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, ME or 2000.

Additional software

Digital Visual Fortran 5.0 is supported, but Compaq Visual Fortran 6.x recommended.

A GNU compiler is provided, which is sufficient to run any cases in PSCAD.

Web browser (i.e., Internet Explorer, or Netscape) capable of reading HTML 3.2 or later.

Memory (RAM) 32 MB (64 MB or more recommended).

Hard disc space

100 MB minimum. More space may be required to save cases and output as you

http://www.hvdc.ca/

Chapter 2: Installation

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Category Requirement

use PSCAD.

Monitor SVGA minimum, XGA recommended. 17” for desktop and 11” minimum for laptop, 800x600 resolution (1024x768 or higher recommended).

Other peripherals and hardware

A CD-ROM drive and 32 bit CD-ROM drivers, a mouse or compatible pointing device, one serial or USB port for hardware lock, TCP/IP Network Protocol.

FORTRAN COMPILERS

PSCAD requires a Fortran compiler to run. The following commercially available compilers are presently supported:

Compaq Visual Fortran 5 & 6

You can get more information on the Compaq Visual Fortran compiler at http://www.compaq.com/fortran.

For your convenience, a free Fortran compiler, called the EGCS GNU compiler, is provided on your PSCAD CD.

Please note that the GNU compiler will impose some limitations otherwise not experienced with the Compaq Visual compiler, however PSCAD/Relay users will not experience any limitations.

If you are installing the Compaq Visual Fortran compiler, please follow the installation instructions provided with the software. Once successfully installed, proceed to PSCAD Installation.

TCP/IP NETWORK PROTOCOL

PSCAD requires TCP/IP (i.e. Winsock) network protocol to be installed. TCP/IP is used to allow PSCAD and EMTDC to communicate, and is required by the Educational, Commercial, Personal and Relay Editions of PSCAD. TCP/IP should be installed before proceeding with your installation.

The free EGCS GNU Fortran compiler is available for all users on our worldwide website: www.hvdc.ca

You must have TCP/IP protocol installed on your PC for PSCAD/Relay to function.

http://www.compaq.com/fortran


PSCAD/Relay

Most Windows’ installations will automatically install TCP/IP. If you are running on an old PC with a network card, the TCP/IP protocol can be installed from START | Settings | Control Panel | Network. Select Add Protocol and modify the TCP/IP properties. Your system administrator can provide you with information on what IP address to use.

If you are using a standalone PC, you can also install TCP/IP using the Windows dial up network setup. Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Network… and add an adapter. Remove the client for Netware (if you use Novell networking, this is not required) and add the Protocol for Microsoft TCP/IP.

You can test the TCP installation by opening a DOS prompt and typing ‘ping localhost.’ If this succeeds, then the PSCAD/RELAY case should also run correctly.

WINDOWS 95 USERS ONLY:

It is a good idea to get the Winsock 2 and Dial Up Networking updates (free from Microsoft). You can get them from:

http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/default.asp, or: www.tucows.com in the Windows 95/Networking area.

NOTE: These updates are important if you want to run the PSCAD Educational, Commercial, or Relay Editions (which require the License Manager) on a standalone Windows 95 machine that does not have a network card.

LICENSING

Licensing is required for the PSCAD/Relay program.

The License Manager software is used in conjunction with a hardware lock, known as a dongle (shown in the side column). The dongle contains pre-programmed information regarding the type and amount of licenses, as well as other user information. When PSCAD is started, it will request a license from the License Manager. The License Manager, in turn, checks the information on the dongle in order to verify the request.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Dongle

25-Pin Serial Port Dongle

http://www.tucows.com/

http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/default.asp

http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/default.asp


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The License Manager software supports two types of dongle; a 25-Pin Serial Port type and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) type. The USB dongle is small (the size of your finger-tip) and uses a more reliable power supply, thus making it more suitable for laptops.

Although the 25-Pin Serial Port type dongle is compatible with all Windows platforms, the USB dongle is NOT compatible with the following Windows Operating Systems:

• Windows NT• Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 or earlier

Not all computers come with USB ports. If you are not sure if you have one, contact your System administrator for help.

The License Manager and dongle need only be installed on one computer in a network. This computer will act as the License Manager ‘server’, which will hand out licenses to other machines on the network, as requested.

NOTE: If you are installing the License Manager on a standalone workstation or laptop not connected to a network, your PSCAD software can only be used on the computer that has the dongle connected to it.

EXAMPLE: A PSCAD/Relay user wants 5 licenses on 1 dongle. This diagram illustrates how this user could install the License Manager on their LAN (Local Area Network).


PSCAD/Relay

PSCAD INSTALLATION

PSCAD comes with an easy to use installation program. The only difficulty is typically found installing the License Manager program

To install PSCAD you must have administrator access to your machine. If you do not, the install will fail.

To install PSCAD, perform the following steps:

1. Insert the PSCAD CD into your CD-ROM drive.2. The Install program needs to be started manually.

To do this, click on the Start Button on your taskbar, and then click Run. Type in “D:\setup.exe,” without the quotes, where “D” represents the CD-ROM drive letter. Setup should begin.

3. Follow the on screen instructions. Each screen that requires important user input will have a corresponding step to it in the following pages.

4. You will be presented with a screen on which options are available for your install. The screen is shown below, along with explanations of the options that

pertain to PSCAD users.

Note: Some steps are not mentioned in this manual.


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Note: If you uncheck an item that you have previously installed, the installation program will uninstall it!

• You have purchased PSCAD Relay Edition, so ensure that it is selected. DO NOT unselect any previously installed version of PSCAD unless you wish to uninstall it.

• The PSCAD Help files are recommended for all users of PSCAD products.

• PSCAD Example cases showcase various features of PSCAD. They are not necessary for PSCAD Relay, as the example cases for PSCAD Relay are automatically installed.

• If you do not have Compaq Digital Fortran, select the GNU compiler. A Fortran compiler is required for any PSCAD application to run.

• If you are installing PSCAD on the machine with the dongle, select the License Manager option. If you are using a machine that does not have the dongle, and will be using the license over the network, do not select this option.

• If you are not sure what the host machine’s name or IP address is, contact your system administrator.

Only select License Manager if the machine you are using will have the dongle attached to it.


PSCAD/Relay

5. If you selected the License Manager, skip ahead to step 6. If you did not, PSCAD Install will now ask you to locate your license, using the following screen.

If your machine currently has the dongle attached, and has a valid license for PSCAD, select on this machine. If your machine does not have the dongle, and you are

using the license over the network, select on another machine on your network and enter in the machine name. For example, if another machine on your network has the dongle and it is named Pumori, this is how to ensure your machine will find the license.



If you are unsure which machine has the dongle, contact your system administrator.

6. PSCAD will attempt to find support programs which may or may not reside on your system, including:• Compaq’s Digital Fortran• GNU/EGCS Fortran• Netscape• Internet Explorer

If any of these programs are not located immediately, you have the option of performing an exhaustive search of your system. If the program is not on your system,

choose NO from the dialog boxes. An example of a dialog box is shown below.

7. You have the option of installing PSCAD anywhere on your system. The following dialog box will allow you

If you wish to maintain a previous version of PSCAD, change the default directory. For example, change it to “PSCADRelay.”


PSCAD/Relay

to make any changes you require for installation location.

When you have finished selecting a destination for PSCAD, click "Next."

The installation program included with PSCAD will now branch off into additional installers. These programs will install other programs that you have indicated you require, such as the License Manager or GNU/EGCS Fortran.

LICENSE MANAGER INSTALL

The License Manager Install program will only run if you selected it in the PSCAD install, step 4 above, or if it is required by the version of PSCAD that you are installing. If you did not select the License Manager, skip this section and proceed to 2.12 GNU/EGCS FORTRAN INSTALL.

If you have the License Manager installed on your machine, you do not need to run the License Manager Install again. Please see “2.9 Adding a License” for further instructions.

The License Manager program creates a special database, called “lmgr-hvdc” on your computer. Users should never modify or delete this file, even when uninstalling PSCAD. Subsequent license changes are reflected automatically in this file.

Pay special attention to the installation to avoid License Manager related problems when running PSCAD/Relay. DO NOT connect the dongle to the 25-pin serial port or the USB (depending on which dongle you own), until prompted.

WINDOWS 95/98 ONLY:

The installer will ask “Would you like to start the License Manager during machine boot?” If the dongle is the only device on the serial port, it is safe to select “Yes,” which means the License Manager will start automatically when the system is re-booted.

ALL WINDOWS PLATFORMS:

Never modify or delete the “lmgr-hvdc” file on your computer.



1. The License Manager Install program tests to ensure you have TCP/IP installed, using the DOS “ping” program. Check the System Information screen carefully to ensure that all the information is correct and your Windows TCP/IP settings are working.

Be sure you scroll down and check that all data is correct.

2. The License Manager Install program allows you choose whether or not to install a license.


PSCAD/Relay

Select Yes:

a. If this is the first installation of License Manager on your machine, or

b. If you are adding a new license to an existing license database file, or

c. If you are updating or modifying a license, which is already in the existing license database file.

Select No:

a. If you have no new licenses to add to the license database file, and

b. If you do not wish to update or modify any licenses already in your license database file.

If you select Yes, it will ask you for your new license. This is usually located on the floppy disk that came with PSCAD, entitled “License Manager: License.txt.” Be sure to have this disk ready for step five (5).

3. The Install will now ask you to attach the dongle, or lock. If you are unsure which is your serial port, contact your system administrator. If you have a USB dongle, attach it now.

• Connect the dongle to the 25-pin serial port or the USB (depending on which dongle you own) now.

• If you have specified the 25-pin serial port dongle during purchase, then a 9-pin to 25-pin converter will be included with the PSCAD package (in case you do not have a 25-pin serial port).

• The dongle should be inserted in the direction indicated on the dongle.

• DO NOT insert the 25-pin serial port dongle into the parallel port.



• The Dongle and the floppy disk have serial numbers (SN#) on them. They MUST match to be installed on the same machine.

Once the dongle is firmly in place, click on the OK button.

4. The Installation program will now search for and automatically detect the dongle, using a MSDOS based program. If it does not find your dongle, you will see the following screen.

Make sure your dongle is firmly attached. If you determine that it is firmly attached, and still cannot be seen, contact your system administrator. You may have a problem with your USB/Serial port. If there is no serial port/USB problem, contact the Centre.

If it does find the dongle, you will see the following screen.


PSCAD/Relay

5. Type in the location of your user license, “license.txt.” Place the “License.txt” floppy into your floppy drive and type in “a:\license.txt,” as shown below, where “a” represents the drive letter. If your license is at another location, such as on the

network, contact your system administrator for help.

Press the Enter (Return) key when you are finished.

6. The Install program will now search the floppy drive (or other location) to verify that you have a valid PSCAD license.

Verify that the information is correct before pressing the Enter (or Return) key.

7. The License Manager Install program is now complete.

WINDOWS 2000 ONLY:



• Once installation is complete, you must start the License Manager manually.

• Go to START | Programs | HVDC Lmgr. Select ‘Install Windows NT Service’.

• Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Administrative Settings | Services. Highlight ‘HVDC License Manager’, right-click and select ‘Start.’

MANUALLY CONFIGURING THE LICENSE MANAGER

Most often, the License Manager will automatically configure itself during installation. However, there are instances where some automatic settings may have failed.

Two important files are used in troubleshooting the License Manager:

• lmgrd.ini – License Manager initialization file• lmgrd-log.txt - License Manager log file

These files can be found in either your Windows or WinNT directory, depending on which operating system you are using.

‘lmgrd.ini’ File

EXAMPLE lmgrd.ini file:[manager]class=C[hardware]port=Com1 ;port=USB

In the above case, the user has a dongle connected to serial port COM1 on their PC, and is using a network class C. The USB port is commented out with the semi colon (;). You can edit the network class setting by editing the ‘class=’ statement. See your system administrator for help.

NOTE: In order for any changes to take effect, the License Manager must be stopped and then started again. See Manually Stopping the License Manager for details. The ‘port=’ statement is written by the License Manager as


PSCAD/Relay

the last known location of the dongle. If the dongle is moved to another communication port, the License Manager will auto-detect its location the next time it is started, and re-write the lmgrd.ini file. Do not attempt to edit the ‘port=’ statement, as it will be overwritten.

‘lmgrd-log.txt’ File

This file can be used to monitor the performance of your License Manager. It also contains helpful clues that could steer you towards the solution to a particular problem. If you require help, you may be asked to submit this file to us to help solve your problem.

Sometimes you may have to start and stop the License Manager manually. Before you do this, ensure it is installed correctly.

MANUALLY STOPPING THE LICENSE MANAGER

The method for stopping the License Manager is different for various Windows platforms:

• Windows 95/98/ME: Press Ctrl-Alt-Del to bring up the Task List and then use End Task to stop any instances of Lmgrd-hvdc.

• Windows NT: Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Services. Select the HVDC License Manager and select ‘Stop’.

• Windows 2000: Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services. Highlight ‘HVDC License Manager,’ right-click and select ‘Stop.’

MANUALLY STARTING THE LICENSE MANAGER

The method for starting the License Manager is different for the various Windows platforms:

• Windows 95/98/ME:Go to START | Programs | HVDC Lmgr. Select ‘Start License Manager.’



• Windows NT: Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Services. Select the HVDC License Manager and select ‘Start’. If HVDC License Manager does not exist in the list of services, you must install it as a service. See “Problems that can occur” for more information.

• Windows 2000: Go to START | Settings | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services. Highlight ‘HVDC License Manager,’ right-click and select ‘Start,’ If the HVDC License Manager does not exist in the list of services, you must install it as a service. See Chapter 2 “Problems that can occur” for more information.

ADDING A LICENSE

If you have previously installed the License Manager, you do not need to reinstall it. All you will need to do is add a new license into the license database that resides on your computer’s hard drive.

To do this, the License Manager must be stopped. See “Manually Stopping the License Manager” for details.

Once the License Manager is stopped, use the Enter License Key program to add a new license.

a. Use Start | Programs | HVDC Lmgr | Enter License Key.

b. Place your floppy disk with the new license in the “a:\” drive, where “are” represents the floppy drive letter.

c. Press Enter (or Return).

Your new license should be added to the old one. To check to see if it is installed correctly, use the Get License Info program, in Start | Programs | HVDC Lmgr | Get License Info,


PSCAD/Relay

to verify you have the correct licenses. Get License Info will not run while the License Manager is running.

Manually start the License Manager, following the “Manually Starting the License Manager” directions.

AVOIDING THE MOST COMMON MISTAKES

Here is a checklist compiled from the most commonly occurring License Manager problems:

• Ensure that the dongle is securely connected to the serial or USB port and that the serial or USB port is enabled.

• Ensure that the proper network class has been set in the “lmgrd.ini” file. If you are unsure about network classes, consult your system administrator.

• If you are using Windows 95/98/ME, make sure the License Manager has been started: Go to START | Programs | HVDC Lmgr and select ‘Start License Manager.’

• If you are using Windows NT or 2000, make sure that the License Manager has been installed as a service and that it is running.

If you experience any further problems, see Appendix A: Troubleshooting Installation, or contact the Centre at [email protected].

GNU/EGCS FORTRAN INSTALL

If you chose to install the GNU/EGCS Fortran, or if Setup was unable to detect any other Fortran compiler on your machine, PSCAD will now begin to install it. PSCAD must have a Fortran compiler installed to run.

1. Follow the on-screen instructions to install GNU/EGCS Fortran. If you encounter any difficulties, please see the Troubleshooting section in Appendix A: Troubleshooting Installation.

PSCAD is now finished installing, and will present you with the following screen.

mailto:[email protected]?subject=License%20Manager%20Install%20Problems



It is strongly recommended that you view the "Readme" file, as it contains information useful to PSCAD users.

For PSCAD to work properly, you must reboot your computer. If you do not, the License Manager will not work correctly, and neither will GNU/EGCS.

IF you experience problems with install not covered here, please see Appendix A: Troubleshooting Installation for more information.

RUNNING PSCAD

To run PSCAD, simply click on Start | Programs | PSCAD | PSCAD Relay. It should load and work without any problems. You are ready to simulate cases!

If there has been a problem with the installation of the License Manager, it will mostly likely be noticed when you first start PSCAD. When PSCAD is invoked, it will ask the License Manager if there is a license available. If PSCAD cannot communicate with the License Manager at all, an error will occur.


PSCAD/Relay

PROBLEMS THAT CAN OCCUR

PSCAD Compile Generates “make –f” Error

Problem: The user did not reboot on a 9x machine or re-login on a NT/2000 machine after installing GNU Fortran.

Solution: This is an error message from GNU/EGCS Fortran. Simply reboot your 9x machine or re-login to your NT/2000 machine.

Unable to Connect to License Manager Server

If the user gets the following screen:

Followed by either:



or

.

This indicates one of the following possible problems:

1. License Manager installed on this machine but is not running.

2. Pscad.ini specifies a non-existent License Manager host.

3. Pscad.ini specifies a valid machine name, which is not running License Manager.

To solve these problems, first review pscad.ini and ensure you have the correct information with respect to the License Manager host. If all the information is correct, attempt to start the License Manager manually. See Manually Starting the License Manager for more information. If these steps do not correct the problem, refer to the Troubleshooting Appendix.


PSCAD/Relay

Unable to Acquire License from ‘localhost’

If the user only sees the following screen, it

indicates the user attempted to run a product for which he/she does not have a valid license.

The solution to this problem is to ensure you have installed the version of PSCAD that you purchased, and have correctly added the license to your system. See Adding a License for more information.

GETTING HELP DURING INSTALLATION

If you still have any problems installing PSCAD/RELAY, first read the Appendix A Troubleshooting Installation chapter in this manual. If you need further assistance, contact your local PSCAD supplier or send an email to [email protected].

UNINSTALLING

On Windows, use the standard uninstall procedure through Control Panel | Add/Remove Programs dialog. If you are not familiar with this procedure, ask for assistance from your system administrator to avoid unintentional deletion of some other program or module.

Note: The uninstall program will not remove any modified files. This includes the *.emt directories created by PSCAD at runtime. These must be removed manually.

mailto:[email protected]


PSCAD/Relay

Chapter 3

Case Descriptions

CASES INCLUDED

There are nine (9) distinct cases included with PSCAD/Relay. They are located in the PSCAD/examples/Relay cases. The following sections describe each case in detail. For component description and how to run a case, see Case 1: Single Transmission Line.

The following cases are detailed:

Case 1: Single Transmission Line Case 2: Single Transmission Line (Mid-line Fault)Case 3: Parallel Transmission LineCase 4: Parallel Transmission Line (Mid-line Fault)Case 5: Parallel Transmission Line with T-TapCase 6: Parallel Line with T-Tap (Mid-line Fault)Case 7: Transformer HL/LV ConnectionCase 8: Transformer HL/LV Connection with tertiary windingCase 9: Series Parallel Transmission Lines

The remaining cases in the PSCAD/Relay examples directory deal with advanced topics, which are described in Advanced Topics, Chapter 5.

Chapter 3: Case Descriptions


CASE 1: SINGLE LINE

Case 1 is a single transmission line case, represented below. Starting at Substation 1, on the left hand side, there is a three-phase equivalent source. This 60 Hz system source has a positive sequence impendence of 52.9 ohms at 80° and zero sequence impedance of 52.9 ohms at 80°. Fault 1, F1, can be applied on Substation 1 bus. A three-phase breaker, B1, connects Substation 1 to the transmission line. Breaker B1 displays the MW and MVAR flow that passes through the breaker. Fault 2, F2, is located on the transmission line side of breaker B1.

The 100 km transmission line is designated as Line 1. This frequency dependent transmission line is accurate for all frequencies, including mutual coupling between phases and zero sequence components. The line model is developed from dimensional data for the physical construction or geometry of the transmission line. The line data includes the type and impedance of the conductor and any ground conductors that may exist. The frequency dependent transmission line is accurate, not only at 60 Hz, but also at all frequencies between DC and several hundred kHz. If line geometrical data is not available, then phasor based (60Hz) line R, X and B data can be utilized. See Chapter 4 for more details on transmission line modeling. At the other end of the transmission line is breaker B2 and Substation 2, with similar settings to breaker B1 and substation 1.

A brief description of each PSCAD component in Case 1 is presented. For a more detailed description, please see the help files associated with each component.

Subpages are yellow in colour. Double click them to see more!

FT4FT3FT2

3 PhaseRMS

FT1

F1 F3 F4F2

B2

-4.319 [MVAR]112.4 [MW]

B1

24.44 [MVAR]-110.1 [MW]

SUBSTATION 2

SUBSTATION 1

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

100.0 kmLINE1

V2

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

V1

3 PhaseRMS

Plots

B1

Plots

B2


PSCAD/Relay

A substation is located at either end of the transmission line. It consists of a Thevenin Impedance three-phase voltage source. Values can be entered either in Z, or in R+jX form. The positive and zero sequence impedance for substation 1 and substation 2 are the same and set at 52.9 ohms and 80. To edit the parameters, double click the icon. PSCAD/Relay will bring up a properties menu, as shown below:

SUBSTATION 1

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]



By clicking the Configuration drop down bar, users can change multiple properties, such as the positive and zero sequence impedance.

For more information, see section 3.2.3.

There are four Faults in Case 1. They are located just before and after the breaker at either end of the transmission line. Faults are controlled by dials and sliders, located in the Controls’ subpage.

B1

24.44 [MVAR]-110.1 [MW]

There are two Breakers in Case 1, one at either end of the transmission line. Breaker B2 connects the transmission line to the Bus of Substation 2 and displays the MW and


PSCAD/Relay

MVAR flowing through the breaker. The breaker component will change colour according to the current state of the breaker. Red signifies the breaker is closed and green signifies the breaker is open.

On the main page of the case, there are also two plot subpages, coloured yellow. These pages contain the analog waveforms as recorded at Breaker B1 and Breaker B2. Moving the mouse on top of the icon and double clicking the left mouse button will open the subpage and display the graphs. Placing the mouse over the graph and clicking the right mouse button can access graph controls.

A typical plot subpage is shown below with the representative voltages, currents, unbalance current, and breaker digital contact information for Breaker B1.

Hint: To return to main page use the BACKSPACE key.

Hint: Move the mouse over top of the plots and using the right mouse button to display various options, such as modifying the format and display of the graphs.



100.0 kmLINE1

The transmission line is shown between both breakers. Double clicking on it will allow you to change any parameters necessary.

For more information, and a detailed description of the Transmission Line model, see Chapter 4.

Hint: Use the Backspace key to return the main page.


PSCAD/Relay

The Controls Module contains the user interactive controls designed for this case. Place the mouse over top of the Controls box. A left button double click will display the Controls’ subpage, as shown on the next page.

PREFAULT CONTROLS

FAULT CONTROLS

Fault Location, Type, Start & DurationFault location

1

2 3

43

Fault Type

1234

5 6 789

1011

4

Fault Start

0

1

0.2

Duration

0

1

0.12

Rf

0.001

50

0.001

B1T1

B1T2

B2T1

BREAKER CONTROLS

B2T2

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

B1 Timing42-B1

C O

0

B1 T1

0

2

0.31

B1 T2

0

2

0.36

Tfs

Tfd

Fault

B2 Timing42-B1

C O

0

B2 T1

0

2

0.31

B2 T2

0

2

0.36

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

FType

B1

Exports to Main Page

Adjust breaker clearing time (T1)

and reclose time (T2) if needed.

B2

TimedFaultLogic

Adjust phase angle to obtain

the correct power flow. Adjust

voltage to obtain the matching

VAR flow at each end.

SOURCE 2Ph Angle

-180

180

20

S2W

MW-300 300

-300

S2Q

MVAR-100 100

-100

Voltage

0

500

230

V2rms

kV220 250

220

P2

MW-150 150

-150

Q2

MVar-30 30

-30

SOURCE 1Ph Angle

0

180

0

S1W

MW-300 300

-300

S1Q

MVAR-100 100

-100

Voltage

0

500

230

V1rms

kV220 250

220

P1

MW-150 150

-150

Q1

MVAR-30 30

-30

Dial Position:

1=> A-g

2=> B-g

3=> C-g

4=> AB-g

5=> AC-g

6=> BC-g

7=> ABC-g

8=> AB

9=> AC

10=> BC

11=> No fault (0)

Dial Position:

1=> FT1:

Between Source

and B1

2=> FT2:

Between Line

and B1

3=> FT3:

Between Line

and B2

4=> FT4:

Between Source

and B2

To turn the Recorders on,

click on the switch.

On = Recorder will record data.

Off = Recorder will NOT

record data.

You can turn on or off

each recorder individually.

Recorder Controlen Record1OFF ON

1

en Record2OFF ON

1

RecordersStart

0

1

0.15

Stop

0

1

0.5

Playback Recorders

The subpage contains controls for the voltage sources, faults, breakers, and recorders. Each control is explained below.

Substation Control Panel

The MW flow can be adjusted by increasing the phase angle difference between the two substations. Keep Source 1 phase angle at zero and adjust Source 2 phase angle. The

SOURCE 1Ph Angle

0

180

0

S1W

MW-300 300

-113.3

S1Q

MVAR-100 100

16.75

Voltage

0

500

230

V1rms

kV220 250

229.5

P1

MW-150 150

-113.7

Q1

MVAR-30 30

16.75

Hint: To compare PSCAD load flow results with phaser-based load flow results, calculate the PSCAD voltage source behind the impedance.



MW flow is controlled by the difference in phase angle with power flowing from higher to lower angle. MVAR values are adjusted by voltage magnitude at each phase. The voltage magnitude and phase angle are adjusted as voltage behind the equivalent source impedances. When you are adjusting the load flow values, it may be practical to turn all faults off. Set the Fault Type Dial to No Fault at position 11.

Playback Recorders

The Recorder Control sliders determine the simulation time to start and stop recording data for future test waveforms. The Test waveforms will be saved in a directory that is created automatically by PSCAD/Relay. The directory name is “casename.emt.” For PSCAD filename “Case1.psc,” the recorder data files will be stored in the directory “case1.emt.”

Recorder Controlen Record1OFF ON

1

en Record2OFF ON

1

The Playback recorders will only record if they are enabled. To enable a recorder, click on the “en Record” switch so that it is in the ON position. To disable the recorder, turn the switch to the OFF position. Each recorder works independently.

Hint: The sliders can be adjusted up and down with the arrows keys or a value can be entered from the keyboard by clicking on the digital value. Enter the desired value and press “Enter.”

RecordersStart

0

1

0.15

Stop

0

1

0.5


PSCAD/Relay

Breaker Controls

B2 Timing42-B1

C O

0

B2 T1

0

2

0.31

B2 T2

0

2

0.36

The breaker operations are controlled by the Breaker Controls. A trip and reclose time are available for Breaker B1 and Breaker B2. The default time trip time is 0.31 seconds. The fault is applied at 0.2 sec. Therefore a 110 msec detection and operating time is simulated. The breaker recloses at 0.36 seconds.

Breakers can be held open manually by using any breaker switch that is included in the Controls’ page.

Fault Controls

Fault controls determine the location and type of fault that is applied. The duration of the fault is controlled by adjusting the slider for the time the fault is applied (default at 0.2 seconds) and fault duration (approximately twelve 60Hz cycles, or 0.2 seconds).

Steps to Perform a PSCAD Simulation

1. Open PSCAD/Relay if you have not already done so.

2. Click on File | Load Project, or the Load Project button.

Hint: Changing the slider value is temporary. To change the default value, right click on the slider and choose Control Properties. Change the default value property to change the default



File | Load Project Load Project Button

3. Select case1.psc from the sample cases provided by clicking on the case, then clicking Open. Alternatively,, double clicking Case 1 will also open the case.

4. Double clicking the case name in the Project Tree will open the circuit diagram. Take a minute to familiarize yourself with the various features.

5. Click to start the case. Double clicking either Plot icon will open the graph subpage, where you will see your simulation results.

6. You can run, stop, pause or advance the simulation one frame at a time (when paused) using the buttons as shown.

RUN STOP PAUSEADVANCE ONE FRAME


PSCAD/Relay

7. PSCAD/Relay will automatically generate all necessary files to perform the simulation. You can view the simulation results in the plots’ subpage, the controls’ subpage and the animated graphics in the circuit.

8. The case properties dialog specifies “Runtime” settings for the particular case. The default parameters are 50 sec (microsecond) time steps and an overall simulation time of 0.5 seconds. The

user can adjust the duration of the simulation to any length, as required. Typical lengths are 0.5 seconds to 2 seconds, with the minimum being one time step.

For more help, see Appendix B or the Getting Started manual, found on the PSCAD web page at www.hvdc.ca.

http://www.hvdc.ca/



MODIFICATION OF PARAMETERS

Three Phase Voltage Source

The equivalent system impedance is defined in the voltage source. Place the mouse on top of the drawing of the voltage source and double click the left button. The following properties, menu will be displayed.

There are four pages in the properties’ menu. They are Configuration, Positive Sequence Impedance, Zero Sequence Impedance and Internal Output Variables. The user should not modify Internal Output Variables.

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]


PSCAD/Relay

The Impedance Data Format can be entered in Z or R+jX format. For either method, the Positive Sequence Impedance and Zero Sequence Impedance must be entered.

Voltage Input Time Constant: PSCAD/RELAY solves the power system numerically in time steps using numerical integration techniques. Typically, the AC system protection simulation will use a 50 sec time step. This means the network equations are solved every 50 μsec. Upon the start up of the simulation, all the solution parameters are set at zero. In order to allow the solution to stabilize, it is good practice to allow the voltage sources to ramp up at the start of a simulation. The Voltage Input Time Constant provides ramp up time at the start of a simulation. One of the results of this feature is to ensure faults and simulated disturbances occur after the solution has stabilized. With a 50 msec (millisecond) time constant, stable operation occurs after



200 msec of simulation. See Chapter 5, Advanced Topics, “Starting from a Snapshot” for additional information.

If Z is used as the Impedance Data Format, the

Impedance and Phase angle can be modified (as shown). If R+jX format were used, then the Resistance and Reactance would be modifiable.

Similarly, for the Zero Sequence Impedance, if Z is used as the Impedance Data Format, the Impedance and Phase angle can be modified. If R+jX format were used, then the Resistance and Reactance would be modifiable (as shown).

For additional information, please see the Help files associated with the voltage source, by clicking on the Help button.


PSCAD/Relay

Transmission Line Parameters

The transmission line data can adjust to simulate specific situations. PSCAD/Relay offers several different modeling options for transmission lines. Each transmission line can be customized based on the information available. The parameters of the transmission line are available by placing the mouse on top of the transmission line (T-line) display and double clicking the left mouse button. The T-Line properties box will be displayed. The user can modify this property to change line length and steady state frequency. By selecting the EDIT button, the transmission line edit program is started.

The T-line EDIT program allows for various geometry and conductor data to be entered for the transmission lines. Calculation of the equivalent impedances used by PSCAD/Relay is performed automatically. On the T-Line Edit page, there is a display of the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance and admittance values calculated for the transmission line. An option changes the display to either rectangular or polar coordinates.

An example transmission line page is shown on the next page.



The transmission line page has all of the components to accurately model a multi conductor transmission circuit. Ground plane, conductor type and configuration, selection of model parameter, and basic line info are all displayed.

Note that the Sequence Impedance and Sequence Admittance values are displayed on the page. These values are calculated based on the transmission line data entered.

Please see Chapter 4: Transmission Line Models for a complete description of Transmission Lines.


PSCAD/Relay

Fault Impedance

The fault impedance can be specified in the Fault Block properties either as a real fixed number or as a variable name. Right click on the Fault component, and choose Edit Parameters, or double click on the component, to access the properties.

There are four menus; Configuration, Fault Resistances, Fault Type and Fault Current Names. The user does not need to modify Fault Current Names. The Fault Type is set using the dial Fault Type in the Controls’ subpage, and is not editable from this properties’ menu.

FT5

F5



Fault Resistances can be set to the user-defined levels in the Fault Resistances properties.

Fault resistances can be defined as a variable, or a real constant. In Case 1, the fault ON resistance is set as variable “Ron,” and fault OFF resistance is the real variable 1.0E6 [ohm] (1 Mega ohm). The value of Ron is controlled by Slider Rf on the Controls’ page.

Fault Control

Recorder Parameters

A RTP and COMTRADE Recorder is required to save the AC voltage and current waveforms for real time playback testing. Up to 12 analog signals and 16 digitals can be recorded by each Recorder. In Case 1, there is a 6-channel recorder for Station 1, which records the Voltage and Current waveforms that would be applied to a protection relay located at Breaker B1 and a second recorder located at Breaker B2. In general, each breaker location is associated with its own recorder. Each recorder collects the

Hint: The value of the fault resistance is determined by the slider reading at the instant the “fault” is applied. Adjusting the slider after the Fault time will have no effect.


PSCAD/Relay

voltage and current signals, which a protection relay would see at a particular location.

In all cases, each recorder is enabled and disabled from the Controls’ subpage, using an “en Record” switch.

I1A I1B I1C

I2A I2B I2C

V1A V1B V1C

V2A V2B V2C

Start

End

Analog Inputsv2.0 RTP Recorder No. 2File: stn2Format: RTP

Comtrade 91Comtrade 99

Digital Inputs

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

D1

Fault

Fault

A

B

Ctrl

Ctrl = 1

A

B

Ctrl

Ctrl = 1

10.0

10.0

Start

End



Digital Inputs

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

D1

Each recorder is configured to save as a COMTRADE 99 format waveform file. The Properties of the recorder can be modified by double clicking the left mouse button on top of the recorder, and opening the recorder properties’ page, as shown on the next page.

Hint: The RECORDER files are automatically overwritten each time the PSCAD/Relay case is run. If you have waveforms you want to save, either enter a new Output File Name in the Recorder properties or move the existing files to a



The waveform files are saved in an automatically created directory, called “filename.emt.” For Case 1, the following COMTRADE files would reside in the directory “..\case1.emt\”:

• Stn1.cfg• Stn1.hdr• Stn1.dat (from RECORDER 1)• Stn2.cfg• Stn2.hdr• Stn2.dat (from RECORDER 2)

The transient waveform files created by the recorder can be used to provide testing waveforms for RTP (*.pbk) or COMTRADE (*.dat, *.hdr, *.cfg) relay testing devices.


PSCAD/Relay

CASE 2: SINGLE LINE (MID-LINE FAULT)

Case 2 is a single line case, similar to Case 1, with the exception that Fault can be placed anywhere along the transmission line (T-line). The controls are identical to Case 1. The impedance of the equivalent source is modified identical to Case 1. The MW and MVAR flow are adjusted by using the interactive sliders controlling Source 1 Voltage and Phase, and Source 2 Voltage and Phase. Case2_pi is an example of the same case using a coupled pi model instead of the full frequency dependent model. For more information on the coupled pi model, see Chapter 4, Section Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters.

In order to place a fault along the transmission line, the user has to adjust the length of each line section, ensuring the sum of the two sections equal the total length of the transmission line that is being simulated. In this case, the two line sections are 50 km each; therefore, Fault 5 is 50% down the line. Care must be taken to ensure the traveling wave models of transmission line lengths are not less then one time step long. In this case, using 50 sec, the minimum line length is 15 km. The line length is defined as the distance electrons can travel in one time step (Assuming 3 X 108 m/sec times 50 sec = 15 km). Pi sections can model shorter transmission lines. See Chapter 4 for more details.

To change line length, right click with the mouse over top of the transmission line and edit the line Properties. Change the line length to the desired value, remembering to ensure line section T1 added to line section T2 equals the total length of the line you wish to simulate. For example, if the total length of the line is 200 km, and the fault location is at 30 km (15%) from Substation 1, T1 should equal 30 km, and T2 should equal 170km.

FT2

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

FT1

F1 F2

SUBSTATION 2

V1 V2

50.0 kmT2

F4

FT4

F3

F5

FT5

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

B2

-18.45 [MVAR]116 [MW]

B1

14.91 [MVAR]-113.9 [MW]Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

50.0 kmT1

FT3Plots

B1

Plots

B2

SUBSTATION 1



Each line section cannot be smaller then 15 km using full frequency dependent modeling. If a line is less than 15 km, pi section modeling is appropriate.

CASE 3: PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINE

Case 3, case3.psc, consists of two equivalent voltage sources connected together with two parallel transmission lines. Once again, sliders that control the voltage magnitude and phase for each source, control power and VAR flow. There are four (4) Playback recorders to record voltage and current signals at each of the four breaker locations. A Fault can be set to occur at one of six locations. Faults can be applied either in front or behind the location for each protection relay. Each of the breakers can be opened and closed by breaker timing controls, or by a manual operated breaker control. If no fault is applied during the simulation, the breakers will not open and close automatically, as set in the controls’ subpage. This allows the user to adjust the power flow of the system without

breaker interference. The breakers will continue to operate manually, using the dial control.

Each fault has a variety of fault types associated with it. The user must choose at which fault point the fault is located, as well as the type of fault.

Dial Position Fault Type

1 A phase to ground

FT1

F1 V3 V4

FT3

F3

FT6

F6

B2

-18.52 [MVAR]116.6 [MW]

FT2

F2

FT5

F5

3 PhaseRMS

V1 V2

3 PhaseRMS

F4

FT4

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

B4

-0.04818 [MVAR]0.04279 [MW]

B3

0.285 [MVAR]-0.03452 [MW]

SUBSTATION 1

SUBSTATION 2

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

B1

14.7 [MVAR]-114.7 [MW]

100.0 kmLINE1

100.0 kmLINE2


PSCAD/Relay

Dial Position Fault Type

2 B phase to ground

3 C phase to ground

4 AB phase to ground

5 AC phase to ground

6 BC phase to ground

7 ABC phase to ground

8 AB phase to phase

9 AC phase to phase

10 BC phase to phase

11 No fault

Fault Location Description

1 Fault at Source 1 Bus

2 Fault between Breaker B1 and Line 1

3 Fault between Line 1 and Breaker B2

4 Fault at Source 2 Bus

5 Fault between Breaker B3 and Line 2

6 Fault between Line 2 and Breaker B4



Case 3 is considerably more complex than Cases 1 or 2. Therefore, the steps to perform the simulation are considerably more complex, and are outlined below.

For help on changing parameters, please refer back to Case 1, or the help file associated with each component.

Steps Required to Perform Simulation.

• Ensure Sources 1 and 2 are adjusted to the appropriate voltage level and equivalent system impedance.

• Ensure the transmission lines have the appropriate data.

• Ensure the Playback recorders are set to start and stop at the required times. The default settings are sufficient for this case. The “en Record” switch for both recorders must be in the “ON” position for recording to occur.

• On the Controls’ subpage, select No Fault, Position 11. Run the simulation and check the Voltage levels, power and VAR flows are appropriate. Adjust Sources 1 and 2 Voltage Magnitude and angle, as required.

• On the Controls’ subpage, adjust the Fault Type and Fault location. For help, please see Case 1, Chapter 3.

• Select Time for Fault to Start. Apply Fault after simulation arrives at Steady State, typically 0.2 sec.

• Select Fault Duration. Fault durations are typically between 0.050 sec and 0.3 sec.

• Determine Breaker Operation sequence and adjust Breaker Control Timers.

For example:


PSCAD/Relay

• Assume 3-phase to ground Fault is on Transmission Line 2 in front of Breaker B3. The following settings would have to be made.

Fault Location = 5 and Fault Type = 7

• If the fault is applied at 0.20 sec and is permanent (the duration of the fault outlasts the end of the simulation).

Fault Start Time = 0.20 and Fault Duration = 2(2 sec is after simulation is completed)

• Operate breaker B3 to open at 0.32 (120 msec detection and breaker operating time after fault occurs), and not reclose.

B3T1 = 0.32 sec and B3T2 = 2 sec(2 sec is after simulation is completed)

• Operate breaker B4 to open at 100 msec after B3, perhaps from POTT detection. Breaker Timer B4 opens at 0.42 sec and does not reclose.

B3T1 = 0.42 sec and B3T2 = 2 sec(2 sec is after simulation is completed)

• Neither Breaker 1 nor Breaker 2 operates automatically.

B1T1 = 2 sec B1T2 = 2 secB2T1 = 2 sec B2T2 = 2 sec

(2 sec is after simulation is completed)

The last issue of concern is the set-up of playback recorders. This feature will record the waveforms for future playback testing on a physical relay.

Select the Start and Stop times for the playback recorders.

RecordersStart

0

1

0.15

Stop

0

1

0.55

Playback Recorders



• Set Recorder Start to 0.15 sec.• Set Recorder Stop time at 0.5 sec.

The Recorder can be enabled or disabled from the Controls’ subpage using the “en Record” switch. Each recorder operates independently.

The recorder should have a minimal of three cycles of steady state waveforms prior to fault application, hence start recording after initialization, but before fault application.

Start

End



Digital Inputs

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

D1

Check the Playback recorder set-up from the main page. Enter the recorder dialogue by double clicking on the Recorder component.


PSCAD/Relay

Ensure the recorder filename is appropriate and the type of record, either RTP or Comtrade format is selected. The output data files will be created in a PSCAD created directory called “..\CASE3.emt\.”

Case3_state_pi is an example of Case 3 with coupled pi model representations of the transmission lines, and the added ability to record Doble ProTesT .ss1 files for playback on Doble’s test equipment, using the State component. For more information on the coupled pi model, see Chapter 4, Section Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow

Hint: Either move or use new filenames as PSCAD/Relay will overwrite existing filenames in the *.emt directory.



Parameters. For more help on the Doble State component, see Chapter 4, Section Doble State Component.

There are many other Case 3 variations in the example directory. These will be explained further in Chapter 5, Advanced Topics.

CASE 4: PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINE (MID-LINE FAULT)

Case 4 is very similar to the parallel line Case 3, except that faults can be located anywhere along the transmission lines. The two transmission lines 1 and 2 are divided up into four (4) sections, T1 through T4. A Line fault can applied at mid line on either Line 1, between line sections T1 and T2 using fault location three (3) or on Line 2, between line sections T3 and T4 using fault location seven (7). The user must ensure that the line sections T1 and T2 add up to the total length of Line 1 and similarly for Line 2. The total length of Line 1 and Line 2 is up to the user.

Note that the transmission lines are now designated T1 through T4. This indicates pieces of the transmission line that contain movable faults, not the entire line. This naming convention is used throughout the rest of the cases.

Case4_pi.psc is identical to Case 4, with the exception of the full frequency dependent models for the transmission lines replaced with coupled pi models. For more information

FT1

V3 V4

B2

8.376 [MVAR]-51.28 [MW]

FT2B1

-10.57 [MVAR]52.54 [MW]

B3

-10.57 [MVAR]52.54 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

V1

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

B4

8.376 [MVAR]-51.28 [MW]

FT5

FT3

FT7FT6 FT8

Fault

Fault

Fault

FaultFault Fault

Fault

V2

Fault

SUBSTATION 2SUBSTATION 1

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

FT4

Plots

B2 B4

Plots

B1 B3

50 kmT1

50 kmT2

50 kmT3

50 kmT4


PSCAD/Relay

on the coupled pi model, see Chapter 4, section Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters.

CASE 5: PARALLEL LINE WITH T-TAP

Case 5 continues to add on features to Case 3. In this case, Line 1 is tapped into two sections with Substation 3 added. A transformer is introduced, as well as an additional distribution breaker, B5, and distribution load. The distribution load is specified in MW and MVAR respectively. The load is modeled as constant impedance; therefore, the MW and MVAR flow will depend on the Bus Voltage.

Transformer MVA, voltage ratings, winding configuration and leakage reactance can be changed, along with a suite of other settings. The transformer model can include saturation.

The transformer properties are available by right mouse clicking on the transformer component and choosing Edit Properties. The properties’ dialog is shown on the next page.

FT4

V2V1

F4

FT1

F1

V3 V4

FT3

F3

FT6

F6

FT2

F2

FT5

F5

B3

0.2106 [MVAR]-0.2557 [MW]

F7

FT7

B4

-0.2844 [MVAR]0.3089 [MW]

B1

0.2227 [MVAR]-0.1233 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

B2

-0.2651 [MVAR]0.4404 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

V5

40.0 [MW] 10.0 [MVAR]

B5

0.04266 [MVAR]0.2286 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS


Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

#1 #2

FT8

F8

50 kmLINE1

50 kmLINE2

100.0 kmLINE3

50 kmLINE4



The transformer is a complex component of the system. For more information, please see the Help file associated with it, by clicking the Help button depicted above.

CASE 6: PARALLEL LINE WITH T-TAP (MID-LINE FAULT)

Case 6 is the same as Case 5, with two additional fault locations. Two line sections, T3 and T4, allowing a midline fault at fault location 6, replace line 3. Line 5 is also split into two sections, T5 and T6, with a midline fault at fault location 9.


PSCAD/Relay

If a fault location is not where you would like to apply it, it is possible to drag and drop an existing fault to a new location. For example, Fault 9 can be relocated from the midpoint of the line to either end of the line. Ensure you move both the fault and the signal labels. If you do not, you will get errors. For help with errors, see Appendix A.

CASE 7: TRANSFORMER HL/LV CONNECTION

Case 7 provides a system for testing transformer protection. The high voltage side of the transformer is connected to an equivalent system source, through breaker B1. The low side of the transformer is connected to a distribution bus using breaker B2. The distribution bus has a second low voltage equivalent source, switched by breaker B3. A constant impedance load is located on the distribution bus and is switched by breaker B4.

FT4

F4

FT1

F1

V3 V4

FT2

F2

FT5

F5

B3

86.75 [MVAR]-33.17 [MW]

B4

-89.07 [MVAR]35.56 [MW]

B1

85.16 [MVAR]-16.22 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

V5

FT6

F6

FT7

F7

FT8

F8

40.0 [MW] 10.0 [MVAR]

#1 #2

SUBSTATION 1

SUBSTATION 2

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

50.0 kmT3

50.0 kmT4

FT3

F3V1

3 PhaseRMS

V2

3 PhaseRMS

B2

-89.68 [MVAR]50.88 [MW]

Plots

B1 B3

Plots

B2 B4

50 kmLINE1

50 kmLINE2

FT9

F9

50 kmT5

50 kmT6

B5

7.752 [MVAR]31 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

F9

FT9

Fault and signal labels.



The controls for Case 7 have the same general look and feel as for the previous cases. Power and VAR flows are adjusted

with the magnitude and phase of each equivalent voltage source. A Tap changer is located on the low voltage side of the transformer. A 1.05 value means the secondary voltage is increased by 5% while a 0.95 tap changer setting results in a 5% reduction in secondary voltage.

CASE 8: TRANSFORMER HL/LV WITH TERTIARY WINDING

Case 8 is another transformer case, using a 3 winding configuration. Fault location 5 has been added to place a fault on this tertiary winding.

F1

FT3

FT2

3 PhaseRMS

F4V3

FT1

F3

FT4

F2

V2

V1

3 PhaseRMS

20.0 [MW] 5.0 [MVAR]

SUBSTATION 1

tap

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

25.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

B3

-0.02433 [MVAR]-1.067 [MW]

B4

-0.1577 [MVAR]-0.2166 [MW]

#1 #2

50 [MVA]230.0 [kV] / 25 [kV]

B1

1.254 [MVAR]1.497 [MW]

B2

0.182 [MVAR]1.287 [MW]

Plots

B1

Plots

B2

Plots

B3 B4

Tap Changer setting

refers to final Turns ratio

in Per Unit

DisplayTap Position

0.9 1.1

0.9


PSCAD/Relay

CASE 9: SERIES PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINES

This case is based on Case 3, with the addition of transmission lines in series with the parallel lines of Case 3. The lines are all modeled with the coupled pi model, using line lengths of one (1) metre. Coupled pi line sections require data for R, X and B selected as impedance per metre or pi per meter. By choosing a one-metre line section, the R, X and B values entered are for the entire line length. In this case, the one-metre line is equivalent to the 160 km (approximately 100 mile) line using the full frequency dependent model.

FT3

FT2

3 PhaseRMS

F4V3

F3

tap

FT4B4

-1.574 [MVAR]-6.447 [MW]

F2

V2

3 PhaseRMS

F5

FT5

V1

Displayoff line tap

0.9 1.35

1.05

FT1

F1

B1

2.312 [MVAR]6.21 [MW]

B2

1.684 [MVAR]6.099 [MW]

1.0

20.0 [MW] 5.0 [MVAR]

B5

-1.336e-015 [MVAR]0.00012 [MW]

B3

-0.1103 [MVAR]0.3487 [MW]

SUBSTATION 1

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

25.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

#1

25 [MVA]230.0 [kV]/10 [kV]/25 [kV]

#3

#2

Plots

B1

Plots

B2

Plots

B3 / 4



Note the breaker control for breaker 5 is located on the main page, and not in the Controls’ subpage.

FT1

V3 V4

FT2

B3

117.4 [MVAR]36.05 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

V1

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

FT5

FT3

FT7

FT6 FT8

Fault Fault

Fault

Fault Fault

Fault

V2

Fault

SUBSTATION 2

SUBSTATION 1

FT4B2

-65.69 [MVAR]-25.51 [MW]

B1

117.4 [MVAR]36.05 [MW]

Fault

Z1 = 17.95 [ohm] /_ 87.63 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

50 [%] 50 [%]

Line 1

Line 2

Line 5

Line 4

Line 3

B5

82.54 [MVAR]24.08 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

50 [%] 50 [%] B4

-65.69 [MVAR]-25.51 [MW]

Z1 = 3.8 [ohm] /_ 87.69 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Plots

B2 B4

Plots

B1 B3


PSCAD/Relay

Chapter 4

PSCAD/Relay Components

TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING

The modeling of transmission lines for transient simulation is an important and complex topic. Transmission lines and cables in electric power systems are non-linear in nature due to frequency dependency in conductors (skin effect) and the ground or earth return path. PSCAD/Relay offers the most accurate time domain transmission line models offered today, but can also accommodate limited models based on the available system data.

There are two main methods for modeling transmission lines for PSCAD simulation in the time domain:

1. Use of coupled pi line sections. Although for frequency domain studies, transmission lines modeled with pi lines can be precise, in the time domain, particularly for long lines (where propagation travel time spans many time steps), precision suffers. Pi line sections are most useful for very short transmission lines where the propagation travel time is less than a time step. At 50 sec time step, any line less then 15 km should be represented as a pi section.

2. Use of distributed or traveling wave modeling. The distributed transmission line models operate on the principle of traveling waves. A voltage disturbance will travel along a conductor at its propagation velocity (near the speed of light) until it is reflected at the end of the line. In a sense, a transmission line or cable is a delay function. Whatever is fed into one end will appear at the other end after some delay, perhaps slightly distorted. The calculation time step of the simulation should be less than the propagation time.

Chapter 4: PSCAD/Relay Components


There is provision in PSCAD/Relay to model both pi line sections and distributed lines.

Distributed or Traveling Wave Transmission Line

There are three distributed transmission lines available in the Tlines and Cables’ pages of the Master Library. These are in order of increasing precision:

1. Bergeron model2. Frequency Dependent (Mode) model3. Frequency Dependent (Phase) model

The example cases implement a Frequency Dependent Phase Model. The user is required to provide the tower geometry and conductor information. A library of typical conductor types, radius and resistance per km information is provided based on Southwire’s ASCR data, found at www.southwire.com/wc/catalog/sec11/11-04.pdf1. All of the impedance calculations are performed automatically by the Line Constant program, which is part of PSCAD/Relay.

If data regarding tower configuration is not available, it is suggested to convert the R, X and B from stability or load flow models into a Bergeron traveling wave model.

Displaying Line Data Calculated by Line Constants

In order to display data calculated by Line Constants, double click on the transmission line. Use the EDIT key to view the transmission line parameter page. There are three pieces of information on this page, the line model, line configuration and the sequence information. The following box is an example describing which modeling option was selected for this line.

1 This is a valid web site as of August 23, 2001.

http://www.southwire.com/wc/catalog/sec11/11-04.pdf


PSCAD/Relay

To change the type of line model simply delete this box and replace it with a different option from the master relay Library "Tlines."

Next is the line configuration and ground information. This set of data describes the tower configuration and contains the information on conductor and ground wire data. Again, if a different tower configuration is required, simply delete the current one and paste a new one from the T-line library.

The last item on the Tline edit page is the Sequence Information display block. When Line Constants solves the line parameters, an output file is created in the “.emt” directory that corresponds to the current case, for example “case1.emt.” This output file, “linename.out” provides the data for the sequence display information, which can be viewed using any ASCII text viewer, such as Notepad. The display data takes into account the line length.

Tlines

Master Library T-Lines page icon

30 [m]

10 [m]

C1

C2

C3

10 [m]

Ground_Wires: 1/ 2"HighStrengthSteel

Conductors: chukar

Tower: 3H5

10 [m]

0 [m]

5 [m]

G1 G2

100.0 [ohm*m]Relative Ground Permeability:

Ground Resistivity:1.0

Earth Return Formula: Deri-Semlyen



3.62518

36.3595

1e-005

1e-005

1e-005

50.8645

132.732

0.000232266

POS

ZERO

NEG

POSNEG

ZERO

3.62518R

50.8645

0.000327118

X

Sequence Admittance

0.000327118

Sequence Impedance

(mhos)

(ohms)

G B

Line Constants are solved either by running the case, or right click on the T-line Parameters’ page, and select “Solve Constants” option, as shown below.


PSCAD/Relay

Coupled Line Model Using Load Flow Parameters

PSCAD/Relay offers a coupled pi section line model. This coupled pi is located in the Main Library and not in the T-Lines or Cables library pages. The coupled Pi line model uses data readily available from the Load Flow Parameters. This line model should be used when distances of less than 15 (at a 50 s time step) kilometres are to be simulated.

In transient studies with pi sections, it is important to consider whether one or several sections should represent a line. This is dependent upon:

1. The calculation time step DELT or t.

2. The length of the line.

3. The frequency of response required from the simulation model.

Typical transient studies for AC relay protection should represent frequencies up to 2000 Hz. A 50 sec calculation time step (t) is adequate. At the speed of light, a wave may travel 15 km over 50 sec. If the length of the transmission line is less than 15 km when t = 50 sec, then one pi section is adequate to represent the line. If the line is longer than the 15 km, then two or more pi sections should be cascaded in series.

Converting Line Data

Often network data is only available in load flow program format. A transmission line is represented with positive sequence parameters in per unit (usually on 100 MVA base). The line is represented by the parameters R, X and B, whereR = per unit Resistance,X = per unit Reactance, and B = per unit Susceptance.



The load flow line model data can be transferred into the coupled pi section component. The steps to do this are as follows:

Decide how many coupled pi sections are to be cascaded for the line to be modeled. If the line length is not available, assume a length of 1.0 meter for each line section.

To use the component, simply delete the full frequency dependent model and replace it with the coupled pi model, which can be found in the master library. There are two views available, single line diagram or three phase view. The single line diagram view is shown below.

50 [%] 50 [%]

A middle connection is optional, and is set within the model’s main parameters. The parameters are available by double clicking on the component.

The middle connection location is determined by the percentage entered in the Distance to middle connection parameter. The distance is taken from the left. For example, if you had a 3-metre line and you entered a distance of 30%, the middle connection would be located 0.9 metres from the left hand side of the transmission line.


PSCAD/Relay

The minimum distance to the middle connection is 5% and the maximum is 95%.

Data entry is in two formats, R, Xl, B (ohms) and R, Xl, B (per unit). B is susceptance, which is the reciprocal of reactance. Note that susceptance is entered in Mmhos*m, as shown below.



No other changes are necessary to use the coupled pi model in place of the full frequency dependent model.

The coupled pi model uses transformers to represent transmission lines of short length; therefore, the results will not be identical to the frequency dependent model. However, these results will be more accurate for a sub 15 km line than the frequency dependent model’s results would be for such a short line.

The coupled pi section component is for a balanced 3-phase line, which is similar to being continually transposed, so that its positive sequence impedance is the same as its negative sequence impedance.

Manual Entry of Data for Bergeron Model

There is an option to insert data manually for the Bergeron Model Options, instead of using the tower and conductor geometry component described above.


PSCAD/Relay

The line data available is in positive sequence load flow format R+jX, (B) in per unit, without any details of the tower and conductor geometry. A “best fit” distributed line model is desirable over using coupled pi sections.

To enter data manually for the Bergeron Model, copy the “Manual Entry of Y, Z” component from the Tlines page in the Master Library to the TlineInfo subpage of the transmission line being added to the simulation model under construction. Do not copy and transfer the tower and conductor geometry component or the ground component to the TlineInfo subpage. If the ground component is already located there, then delete it.

Tower Component:

30 [m]

10 [m]

C1

C2

C3

10 [m]

Ground_Wires: 1/2"HighStrengthSteel

Conductors: chukar

Tower: 3H5

10 [m]

0 [m]

5 [m]

G1 G2

Ground Component: 100.0 [ohm*m]

Relative Ground Permeability:Ground Resistivity:

1.0Earth Return Formula: Deri-Semlyen



Consider the 500 kV, 222.07 km transmission line in its load flow/stability data format in per unit on 100 MVA base:

R + jX (B) = 0.001525 + j0.034 (2.355)

If the line length is known, and it exceeds 100 km, the long line correction factor should be applied in converting the per unit line data for manual entry into a Bergeron line model. The line data with the long line correction removed enables parameters to be determined in terms of 1-metre sections for the Bergeron line model. The correction factors for long line effects can be enabled in the Bergeron line model or can be applied to the data conversion. In this example, the factors included are to compensate for effects of long, greater than 100 km lines.

Positive Sequence Resistance = R/(0.976*222070) [p.u./m]= 0.007036E-06 [p.u./m]

Positive Sequence Inductive Reactance = X/(0.987*22070)[p.u./m]= 0.1551E-06 [p.u./m]

Positive Sequence Capacitive Reactance*

= 1.006*222070/B [p.u.*m]= 0.09486E6 [p.u.*m]

Note: Charging capacitance is entered into the Bergeron manual data page in terms of per unit capacitive reactance (1/B), not the more familiar per unit admittance.

Although the Bergeron line model provides a good impedance match at steady state frequency, the lack of frequency dependency in the model will result in less damped transients at higher frequencies.

Additional information on Transmission Line modeling can be found in PSCAD/Relay Help by using the Help key, Table of Contents and select Tlines and Cables. This will bring up a topic about “Building a Transmission Line Model.” At the end of this chapter, there is a link to the PSCAD web site for more information on transmission line modeling theory, “Distributed Line and Cable Models.”


PSCAD/Relay

Conductor Database

When using a traveling wave transmission line model, the transmission tower geometry and conductor data is required. Using different pre-configured tower geometries from the transmission line library can modify transmission tower geometry. Conductor radius in meters and DC resistance in ohms per kilometre is required. This conductor data can be inserted into the t-line component directly or it can be read in from a conductor data file. A data file, “conductor.clb,” is supplied with PSCAD-Relay and contains many of the common ACSR conductor types.

The user can add additional conductors to this conductor library file by editing the file using any ASCII text editor such as Notepad. By specifying the name of the conductor and the location of the data file, the user does not have to remember the precise numbers for a particular conductor type.

For example, to add and use a new conductor type named “polly” in any example case, the following steps are required:

1. Open up conductor.clb from the examples/Relay_Cases directory, using an ASCII text editor, such as Microsoft’s Notepad.

2. Enter in your conductor type, as shown below. Data can be entered anywhere within the “conductor.clb” file. Be sure to use spaces, not tabs to separate the data. PSCAD/Relay is case sensitive, so capital letters are different than lowercase.

3. Save conductor.clb.

4. Double click on the T-Line you which to change in your case. Click on the Edit button. This will bring up the Transmission Line page. On it, you will find



the T-Line component, as shown below. Note it is shown as using "chukar."

30 [m]

10 [m]

C1

C2

C3

10 [m]


Conductors: chukar

Tower: 3H5

10 [m]

0 [m]

5 [m]

G1 G2

5. Double click on the T-line component to bring up the properties, as shown below.


PSCAD/Relay

6. From the drop down menu, select Circuit 1 Conductor Data.



7. Under Data Entry Method for Conductors, click on From Library. This tells PSCAD to use the conductor.clb file to find the conductor geometry.


PSCAD/Relay

8. Enter in the correct name in Circuit 1 Cond. Name. For our example, it is “polly,” as shown below. Unless you wish to use a file in an alternate location, the pathname remains the same.

The path for the file can be absolute or relational. In the \examples\Relay_Cases examples provided with PSCAD_Relay, the conductor library file is entered as “..\conductor.clb.” This means the file is located in the same directory as the PSCAD_Relay *.psc case.



9. Click OK.

10. To test and make sure that PSCAD/Relay is using the new geometry, right click on the T-Line page and select Solve Constants, or simply run the case. Notice the Sequence Impedance box. The values should change to reflect the new geometry. Note the conductor component also changes to reflect the new conductor type.

12.5169

45.2512

1e-005

1e-005

1e-005

37.3557

119.223

0.000290216

POS

ZERO

NEG

POSNEG

ZERO

12.5169R

37.3557

0.000455103

X

Sequence Admittance

0.000455103

Sequence Impedance

(mhos)

(ohms)

G B


PSCAD/Relay

30 [m]

10 [m]

C1

C2

C3

10 [m]


Conductors: polly

Tower: 3H5

10 [m]

0 [m]

5 [m]

G1 G2

Values can also be added manually, without having to modify the conductor.clb file. In step seven (7), choose Custom from the Conductor Data menu and enter in the appropriate Conductor Radius and Conductor DC Resistance.

For more information, search for “Transmission Line” in the Help files, or visit the PSCAD/Relay web site at www.hvdc.ca.

Additional T-line References

An introduction to PSCAD V3 is provided free of charge from the Centre’s web site.

This web site requires a user name and password, which are free to users of PSCAD.

To obtain a username and password, follow these steps:

1. Log on to http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/index.html

2. Click on Register Online.

3. Fill out the form. The Name you enter will be your user name.

http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/index.html

http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/index.html

http://www.hvdc.ca/



4. Click on Submit. The form will be submitted and a user name and password will be generated.

5. Write down your user name and password, for access to the site.

Either click on the go to downloads link at the bottom of the password page, or go to:

http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/pe_reg/pe/index.html

Look for AN INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD/EMTDC V3 MANUAL: pscad-intro-v1-4.pdf (3.3 MB), and other useful information.

Chapter 5 deals specifically with Transmission Lines.

TRANSFORMERS

Simulation of transformers requires an understanding of some of their basic properties involving both core and winding configuration. This is complicated by the fact that the core of the transformer is prone to saturation leading to the phenomena of inrush current, remanence, geomagnetic current effects and ferroresonance.

In this section, the main emphasis is on the magnetic properties of transformers. The effects of winding capacitance are generally minimal and need not be modeled providing the frequencies of interest are less than about 2000 Hz and switching transients are of interest. Winding capacitance is important when fast front studies are to be performed and magnetic effects can usually be neglected.

The transformer models are in the Transformers Library Group in the Master Library of PSCAD.

#1 #3

#2

Three phase component of a transformer model.

http://www.hvdc.ca/main/downloads/pscad_v3/pe_reg/pe/pscad-intro-v1-4.pdf




PSCAD/Relay

TRANSFORMER MODELS

The models require that there is leakage reactance, and so the concept of an ideal transformer without leakage reactance is not possible in PSCAD. If the leakage reactance is set to 0.0, the transformer model may actually run, but it may become numerically unstable. Fortunately, due to the double precision calculations of EMTDC, low values of leakage reactance (0.001 to 0.01 per unit) should solve satisfactorily if such a low value is needed.

Magnetizing current is a setting entered into each Winding Property Sheet of the transformer components. This is the unsaturated magnetizing current of the transformer at rated volts and at no load. Enter the same value for each winding in percent on the base of the winding rated voltage and transformer MVA rating. Usually, unsaturated magnetizing current at rated volts is less than 1% for most power (10 MVA or greater) transformers.

When saturation is included in the model (see below), the magnetizing current is merged into the saturation effects.

Actual winding resistance must be added as an external resistance as PSCAD does not request it in the transformer components. For many studies, the effect of winding resistance is negligible.

Core Configuration

The positive and zero sequence leakage impedances of three-phase transformers are dependent upon both core configuration and winding configuration. If the core is three-limb, then the effect is to have zero sequence impedance similar in value to the positive sequence impedance. This is because if the transformer is subjected to zero sequence voltages, there is no core path for zero sequence flux to flow. Consequently, the zero sequence flux passes through air, yoke and tank causing zero sequence impedance to be quite low. In the general transformer model, adding a delta winding approximates this effect.



Some-three phase transformers have their zero sequence impedance larger than their positive sequence impedance. A compensating neutral reactance XN is mathematically added at the star point to ground. If the positive sequence leakage reactance is XH-L, then the zero sequence reactance XO of the transformer from its star winding is:

XO = XH-L + 3*XN

From which;

XN = [ XO – XH-L ]/3

The neutral reactance is patched into the network model as an inductance. Its value is:

LN = XN * MVA / (w * VH2)

Where:

XN = Neutral reactance in per unit on the transformer base MVA and the star winding voltage rating.

MVA= Transformer base MVA rating.VH = Rated line-to-line r.m.s. volts of the star winding.w = System frequency in radians per second.

If a neutral reactor is incorporated in this way for modeling expediency, it should be noted that the transformer neutral point is removed from the actual ground to a node connected only to inductances. The chatter removal feature of PSCAD should eliminate numerical instability, but a resistor in parallel with the Neutral reactor can be added if any problems are detected. The value of the resistor should be selected to be larger than the fundamental frequency value of XN by one or two orders of magnitude.

Ungrounded Windings

Sometimes a transformer has an ungrounded winding without any load connected to it. When the case is run, a warning message may appear or the case may stop with numerical instability. This is because the winding has no way to keep itself from accumulating voltage and it will drift


PSCAD/Relay

away until the problem manifests itself in some way compromising the precision of the simulation. Delta windings on three phase transformers are often at risk in this way.

The solution is to simply ground one terminal of the winding through a very large resistance. A suitable value would add shunt losses to about 0.1% of the MVA rating of the winding. If it is a three-phase winding, apply such a resistor on at least one phase, but if applied on all three windings, then balanced winding terminal voltages should result.

Autotransformers

Autotransformers are modeled as coupled windings and not necessarily physically connected in the unique configuration where the LV winding is in series with the HV winding. As long as the leakage reactances between terminals are correct and winding configuration (Y or •) is the same, then mathematically the models are identical.

Saturation

The General Transformer model represents saturation by a current source placed across a selected winding. The winding wound closest to the core is the winding usually selected as it is closest to where the magnetic effects are occurring. This is often the lowest voltage winding or the tertiary winding if there is one. In a HVDC converter transformer, the HV winding is usually closest to the core.

The saturation characteristic is a continuous asymptotic function converging to the vertical flux axis at the low current end, and to the air core reactance line at the high current end. Although it is simply entered into the Saturation Properties Sheet, it is a reasonable entry method since the true saturation characteristic of a transformer is rarely known with any degree of precision.

The Saturation Property Sheet includes the Inrush decay time constant parameter. This allows control of the rate at which inrush current decays. If it is short, such as 1.0 seconds, then any observed inrush current will fade within one or two seconds. The rate of decay of inrush current is controlled by losses internal and external to the



transformer and it may be easier to set the rate by this method than in trying to change losses in the model. If the Inrush decay time constant is set to 0.0 seconds, then no rate of decay is applied, and inrush will continue as dictated solely by the network.

Time to release flux clipping is also an important parameter to consider. When a case is starting up initially, then for calculation TIME less than the value entered here, the flux is inhibited or clipped and can’t pass into saturation. This has the effect of centring the flux. This feature allows the network to initialize with the transformers being in saturation. If 0.0 seconds is entered, then during start-up, sustained inrush currents may inhibit an effective steady state condition for the snapshot. This effect is lessened if AC voltages are ramped up slowly over many cycles.

After TIME has exceeded Time to release flux clipping, the clipping is removed and the flux may migrate into saturation if network conditions so dictate.

PSCAD RECORDER MODEL

Any waveform that is generated by PSCAD V3 can be converted into an analog signal and used for testing real equipment. The Real Time Playback or RTP system developed by the Centre is a powerful open loop real time playback system designed to take full advantage of PSCAD. This chapter describes the procedure for using PSCAD to prepare a data file for playback. More information on the RTP system can be found at: http://www.hvdc.ca/main/rtp/index.html.

PSCAD Playback Recorder

Any data signal available in PSCAD can be recorded and saved as a playback data file. The recorder allows the user to configure the START and END times for the playback record, as well as define the analog and digital signals for future playback. The Recorder has options to record in either COMTRADE or RTP formats.

http://www.hvdc.ca/main/rtp/index.html


PSCAD/Relay

I1A I1B I1CV1A V1B V1C

Start

End



Digital Inputs

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

D1

Fault

The recorder is limited to 12 analog and 16 digital signals. For example, 12 digital and 4 analog signals can be recorded at once. There is a maximum of 28 signals that can be recorded.

Models of PT or CT, available in the protection library, can be used in PSCAD simulations to accurately model the effect these devices will have on the waveforms that would be seen by the protection relay. Optionally, inside the recorder properties, simple PT or CT ratios can be programmed. The CT/PT ratios are transferred to the RTP program to assist the user in tracking the signal levels during real time testing. Notice that the recorder in our sample cases has a start time of 0.15 seconds and stop time of 0.50 seconds. This time refers to the time of the PSCAD simulation. The faults are programmed to occur at 0.2 sec. simulation time. The total PSCAD simulation time is set to 0.50 seconds and the recorder data file length will be 0.35 sec or 350 msec (0.50-0.15). The recorder is set to recorder #0. Multiple recorders in the same PSCAD case are allowed. The recorder or RTP file is named "stn1" and the COMTRADE 99 file format is selected. Alternatively, RTP or COMTRADE 91 formats are allowed. The digital outputs are derived from PSCAD logic, as well.

Output File Location

When a case is run, PSCAD will automatically create a subdirectory with the case name appended by .emt, for example “case3.emt.” This directory contains all the temporary files created by PSCAD/Relay, including any



output files. The RTP recorder file, in this case, “stn1.pbk,” will also be created in this sub directory. If the case is repeated and the name in the recorder is not changed, the file *.pbk will be overwritten.

Multiple Run Capability with Recorder

PSCAD/Relay allows multiple playback files to be created using the multiple run component of PSCAD. An example of multiple run is found as Case3_multiple_run.psc. In order to perform repeated cases where parameters are varied from run to run, a multiple run component is used. The PSCAD recorder name is automatically truncated to the first eight (8) characters and then appended with the run number. See Advanced Topics, Chapter 5, section Multiple Run Component for more information.

RTP Playback Program

RTP is a full function versatile waveform playback system. In addition to the ability to play PSCAD waveforms, RTP can also play COMTRADE waveforms and RTP generated STATE waveforms. Multiple site end-to-end testing can be performed using GPS synchronization. For a complete description of RTP, email [email protected]. or http://www.hvdc.ca/main/rtp/index.html.

BREAKER COMPONENT

PSCAD/Relay breaker component models the switching behaviour of an AC system breaker. This breaker can be displayed graphically in several formats, and display calculated MW and MVAR at the location of the breaker. Both the open and closed resistances can be specified. The breaker can be specified to open only at current zero, allow

B1

14.03 [MVAR]-107.2 [MW]

http://www.hvdc.ca/main/rtp/index.html

mailto:[email protected]?subject=PSCAD/Relay%20Questions


PSCAD/Relay

for single phase control, and can be programmed to include pre-insertion resistors.

DOBLE STATE COMPONENT

The Doble state component captures voltage and current from the running case, perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the data, then output it in Doble .ss1 format, for use in Doble’s ProTesT software. The component will convert the transient time domain solution result into the phasor components (magnitude and angle) that can be used by the Doble ProTesT state testing software and hardware. These .ss1 files are located in the .emt directory associated with the case. The component can be found in the main library in the Meters’ subpage.

It will save three “snapshots” of the data at the prefault time, the fault time and the post-fault fault time. The .ss1 files are located in the emt directory created at runtime by PSCAD/Relay. The times are set within the component itself,



and are centered on the Fault Start time, which is set within the Controls’ page.

FDur

FStart

V

I

dobleProTesT

Inputs to the component include the Fault Start time (FStart), the Fault Duration (FDur), Voltage (V) and Current (I). Voltage and Current are three dimension connections, to include all three phases. They require a data merge, as shown below.

I1A

I1B

I1C

I1

Double clicking on the state component will bring up the component properties menu, as shown below.


PSCAD/Relay

From here, the user can change the output file name (leaving the .ss1 suffix). If there is a multiple run component in the case, PSCAD will automatically modify the file names to ensure they do not over-write each other. For example, if the output file name is out1.ss1 and PSCAD is set to run four runs using the multiple run component, the output file names will become out100001.ss1, out100002.ss1, out100003.ss1 and out100004.ss1.

The pre-fault, fault and post-fault fault cycles can be changed. The cycles indicate to the Doble ProTesT software how many cycles the values should be used. Post-fault Fault Data Zero, if set to Yes, will automatically record zeros in the post-fault fault data section of the .ss1 file, regardless of the actual measured values.

PSCAD/Relay normally calculates primary values. Primary values can be used input to the STATE component. PT & CT ratios can be entered to convert primary values into secondary levels.

The second menu available is the Advanced Settings. This is where the time to record values is set.

The minimum value allowed is zero, and there is no maximum value. However, if a value is entered which is past the end of the simulation run, the data will contain all zeros. If all zeros are entered, the output file will contain two sections, prefault and fault, with identical data. The



data in the post-fault-fault section does not occur until after the fault duration time.

Once the case is run, the .ss1 files will be located in the .emt directory created. These files are ready for import into Doble’s ProTesT software with no changes required.


PSCAD/Relay

Chapter 5

Advanced Topics SEQUENCER

These components can be used to set up complex sequences to control the application of faults, opening/closing of breakers, or waiting for events (such as a zero crossing...), for example. A sequence can be merged with other sequences, or a single sequence can branch off into many sequences. Some examples are shown in the PSCAD/Relay Master Relay Library in the Sequencer subpage.

Case3_seq.psc presents a modification of Case 3 to include a Sequencer control of the breakers. In this case, the same dials as for Case 3 control the Fault location and Fault type. The sequencer controls the time the fault is applied.

The sequences visually indicate their progress during a run

by coloring the finished section in gray, as shown below.

Sequence Control StartTime

0

1

0.2

Seq. EnableOff Enab

1

FaultAngle

0

360

22.8

Prot Time

0

0.1

0.032

Prot Delay

0

0.1

0.014

The Fault is applied at 0.2 sec according to the StartTime in this case.

Next, PSCAD/Relay waits for Source 1 voltage (V1a) to cross zero in the positive direction.

The phase angle, determined by the FaultAngle slider, causes PSCAD/Relay to wait a certain amount of time before

BreakerB4

S CloseSStart

SequenceBreaker

B3

S Close*

Wait For

from -ve to +veto Cross 0.0

SV1a

ApplyFaultFault

S OpenBreaker

B3

S OpenBreaker

B4

S

StartTime (Sec)

Wait UntilS

StartTime ProtTime

Wait For

ProtTime (Sec)

S

ProtDelay

Wait For

ProtDelay (Sec)

SWait For

FDelay (Sec)

S

Chapter 5: Advanced Topics


application of the fault. This allows for testing the effect of faults occurring at different angles.

Next, breaker B3 is opened after a delay defined by slider Prot Time. Prot Time represents the breaker operating time.

Breaker B4 opens after delay defined by slider Prot Delay. Prot Delay represents the communication delay between the two ends of the line.

This case allows the breakers to be controlled via the breaker timers or the sequencer using Continuous System Model Function (CSMF) control logic shown below.

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

B4

A

B

Ctrl

Ctrl = 1

B3

B3se

q

Seq_enable

Seq_enable

B4seq

A

B

Ctrl

Ctrl = 1

For more information on the PSCAD/Relay sequencer component, please see the help files.


PSCAD/Relay

MULTIPLE RUN COMPONENT

The Multiple Run component provides the user the capability of changing any variable within PSCAD/Relay and automatically repeating the PSCAD/Relay simulation. Multiple Run works in conjunction with the Playback Recorder to automatically prepare a series of files for real time playback. Example case “case3_multiple_run.psc” illustrates how the multiple component could be utilized by building onto the sequencer case. Note that the Multiple Run example case also includes a sequence, as described in Chapter 5, section Sequencer.

In the Controls' subpage of the Case 3 multiple run example, the Multiple Run component is found.

The Multiple Run example has two output control variables and six input control variables.

The first output control variable, on the right hand side is labeled as FAngle1. FAngle1 is a sequential real variable that changes from 0 to 360 degrees in 90 steps, which corresponds to the five values 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360.

Notice that the Fangle1 variable is used in the Sequencer Control logic to determine the point on wave the fault will be applied, as shown below.

1

FAngle1

FaultType

V1c

V1B

V1a

I3B

I3a

I3c

MultipleRun

Ch. 1

Ch. 2

Ch. 3

V1

V2

Ch. 4

Ch. 5

Ch. 6

Meas-Enab

.

.

.



360.0

N

D

N/D

60.0FREQ

N

D

N/DFDelayFAngle1

Wait For

FDelay (Sec)

S

The second output control variable is FaultType. FaultType is defined inside the component as an integer list containing a set of three integer values, 1, 4 and 7. One (1) represents an A phase to ground fault, 4 is an AB to ground fault and 7 is an ABC to ground fault. FaultType replaces the need to set the fault using the Fault Type dial. PSCAD/Relay will set the fault type automatically with the FaultType variable.

FAngle1 and FaultType can be set within the component by double clicking on the component to bring up the Properties’ page, as shown on the next page.


PSCAD/Relay

V1, or Fault Angle (FAngle1), corresponds to the degree for the fault angle. Since it is a real variable (which means it can have decimal values), it corresponds to the Real Variable 1 Config settings in the drop down menu.

V2, or Fault type (FaultType), corresponds to a list of faults to run. Since it is a list of integer values (no decimal values allowed), it corresponds to the Integer Variable 2 Config settings in the drop down menu.

Multiple Run causes PSCAD/Relay to perform the simulation a set number of times, according to the number of variables used in the simulation. In this example case, there are only two variables used, therefore PSCAD/Relay will run 15 times, according to the equation

(Number of FAngles) * (Number of Fault Types) = Number of Runs, or 5 * 3 = 15.



To change the number of simulations run, either FAngle1 or FaultType need to be changed.

FAngle1 can be changed to include any number of angles between 0 and 360. This is accomplished by double clicking on the Multiple Run Component and selecting Real Variable 1 Config, as shown below.

Change the Start of Range for Variable 1, Increment for Each Run and End of Range for Variable 1 to correspond to the fault angles you wish to use. For example, if you wanted to start at 90 and end at 360 with 45 steps, the numbers would be entered as shown below.

These numbers correspond to angles of 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315 and 360. The number of FAngle1 now changes to 7. Using the same number of faults (3), means PSCAD/Relay will run 21 simulations.


PSCAD/Relay

FaultType can be changed to include all faults, or any number of different faults by double clicking on the Multiple Run Component and selecting Integer Variable 2 Config, as shown below.

Change Number of Runs for Variable 2 to the number of different faults you desire, up to 10. Remember, these numbers correspond to the fault types. After changing the number of runs, click on the data locations found in the middle of the Properties. Enter in the numbers that correspond to the faults you wish to run.

Hint: Fault types are described in a sticky note in the controls subpage under the Fault Type Dial.



For example, the number of different faults has been changed to 5, and fault types 1, 2, 4, 6, and 3 will be implemented. See Chapter 3, section Case 2: Single Line (Mid-line Fault) for a table of dial positions and their fault types.

Using our example numbers, the number of faults has changed to five (5), and the number of angles has changed to seven (7). This will correspond to PSCAD/Relay running 35 separate simulations automatically.

On the left hand side of the Multiple Run icon, six inputs are analyzed during the multiple PSCAD/Relay runs. The fault location for the example is chosen as location FT5, between Breaker B3 and Line 2. This is set the same way as previous cases were, using the Fault Location Dial. Both the 3-phase Voltage and Breaker B3 currents are recorded for analysis.

Multiple Run will collect and store its output data into a file. The file name is also defined as a parameter within the component itself, as shown on the next page.

Choose Recording Data Config to modify the output data filename, as shown below.


PSCAD/Relay

This data file is called Data.out and is located in the automatically generated directory called “case3_multiple_run.emt.”

A file reference to this location can be added on the PSCAD/Relay page. In our example, the file reference is shown as a Data.out.



By double clicking on Data.out the results of the multiple runs, in ASCII text, will appear in a PSCAD/Relay text area, as shown below.

Looking at the file “Data.out,” one can observe that 15 PSCAD/Relay runs were performed. The values of Fault Angle and Fault Type are defined for each run as well as the maximum value of voltage and current. This summary file provides a definition or index for the playback data files created by the recorder. The “Stn101.dat” file is the Recorder file for Substation 1 with a zero (0) fault angle and A phase to ground fault. The “Stn115.dat” file corresponds to multiple run #15, with Fault angle at 360 degrees and an ABC ground fault.

Additional information regarding Multiple Run can be found by Clicking on the PSCAD/Relay Help menu on the main menu bar and select Table of Contents. One of the topics in this PSCAD/Relay Help system is Multiple Run. Another

Multiple Run Output File Run # Fault Angle Fault type V1A V1B… 1 0.000000000 1 186.0771683 188.3522885… 2 90.00000000 1 186.4884497 186.3635727… 3 180.0000000 1 186.4884497 188.5158854… 4 270.0000000 1 186.8472801 186.7300902… 5 360.0000000 1 186.8472801 188.6665013… 6 0.000000000 4 186.0771683 185.9218238… 7 90.00000000 4 221.6961404 186.3635727… 8 180.0000000 4 186.4884497 186.3635727… 9 270.0000000 4 221.3012163 186.7300902… 10 360.0000000 4 186.8472801 186.7300902… 11 0.000000000 7 186.0771683 187.5473005… 12 90.00000000 7 186.4884497 186.3635727… 13 180.0000000 7 186.4884497 187.6815173… 14 270.0000000 7 186.8472801 186.7300902… 15 360.0000000 7 186.8472801 187.7336097… The optimum occurred for run # 5 and has been repeated for the last run below: Run # Fault Angle Fault type V1A V1B… 16 360.0000000 1 186.8472801 188.6665013… Statistical Summary Based on 15 Runs:----------------------------------------- Fault Angle Fault type V1A V1B… Minimum: 0.000000000 1.000000000 186.0771683 185.9218238…Maximum: 360.0000000 7.000000000 221.6961404 188.6665013…Mean: 180.0000000 4.000000000 191.1938340 187.1195719…Std Dev: 131.7465098 2.535462764 12.30723315 0.8890433315… 2% Level: -90.57425510 -1.207203967 165.9178670 185.2937001…98% Level: 450.5742551 9.207203967 216.4698011 188.9454437…

Note that opening up Data.out while the PSCAD/Relay case is running will not show complete data.


PSCAD/Relay

method to retrieve help on this or any component is to open the component and click on the help button.

Since the fault type can be controlled by the Multiple Run component or the dial, a switch is located on the controls page. This switch, MR Enable, allows the user to choose between the multiple run component and the fault type dial. Note that this switch does not control the multiple run component, it only controls where the fault location decision is made.

A

B

Ctrl

Ctrl = 1

FTypeFaultType1

FaultType

MR EnableMREnable

OFF ON

1

Below is a table of possible combinations of sequencer, multiple run and fault type controls. Note there are three states, 2, 4 and 5, which result in erroneous data for the fault type. These states are to be avoided.

MR Enable Switch

Sequencer Enable

Multiple Run Component

Fault Location Dial

Resulting Fault Type

1 Off Off Off 1010 = dial (correct)

2 On Off Off 100 = ?

(Incorrect)

3 Off On Off 88 = dial (correct)

4 On On Off 70 = ?

(Incorrect)

5 Off Off On 6 6 = dial



(correct, dial is off)

6 On On On 5

1 = multiple run

control (correct)


PSCAD/Relay

STARTING FROM A SNAPSHOT

PSCAD/Relay starts all simulations by ramping the voltage sources over a time constant. This is done is order to prevent oscillations and numerical instability of the solutions. One of the options of PSCAD/Relay is to begin the solutions from a known operating point, instead of all the internal variables set to zero. A snapshot data file can be taken at anytime during the simulation. The simulation then can be started, not from time zero, but from the snapshot time. Where is this feature useful? Inside PSCAD/Relay, the systems being modeled are relatively small and the cases arrive at steady state operation by 0.2 seconds of simulation. However, if a multiple run case was solving 100 cases, there may be advantage to starting from a snapshot and reduce the overall simulation time required.

How do you use a Snapshot? Look at “case3_snap.psc.” To get to the Properties Dialogue for each case, right click on a blank section of any page in the case or go the Project Tree and right click on the Case name. Select Properties and the following dialogue will open.



A Snapshot file can be created by selecting the Start Up Method as “Standard” and then selecting Timed Snapshot(s) as “Single, (once only).” A filename and time for the snapshot to be taken is also required. In our cases, steady state operation occurs by 0.2 seconds, therefore select 0.2 seconds as the Time for the snapshot. Run the case and the snapshot file “Case3.snp” will capture the image of the solutions at 0.2 seconds.

To run the case from the snapshot you created, go back to the properties and select the Start Up Method as “from Snapshot file.” The snapshot file will be created in the *.emt directory. Choose the snapshot file Case3.snp and now the case will run from the snapshot data.

Above is an example of a case that started from a snapshot. As you can see, the graph displays the steady state waveform, while stating it starts at zero (0).

Compare the above waveform to a non-snapshot start, illustrated below.

Hint: Keep track of the snapshot time. The graphs will be relabelled to start at zero, but the time values used for control include the simulation time from zero.For example, the snapshot is taken at 0.2 sec, and you set the fault to occur at 0.3 sec. When the case is run from snapshot, the graph will indicate the fault occurs at 0.1 sec, even though the slider indicates it occurs at


PSCAD/Relay

The snapshot method can be used in any case, however, you cannot use a snapshot generated in a different case, as the output data would not be compatible.

PROTECTION TO OPERATE A BREAKER

In the Case Templates, the breakers are controlled either manually with a selector switch or controlled by fixed timers. PSCAD/Relay allows the user to design and control breakers by using models of protection relays. Case1_Prot.psc and Case3_Prot.psc are examples of how this can be implemented. Breaker B1 will open whenever the signal named B1 is high, or logical one. On the main page of Case1_Prot, you will find two new page blocks named “Line Protection Stn 1” and “Line Protection Stn 2.” This page contains the protection controls implemented for Substation 1 and Substation 2. This protection now can determine the state of breaker B1 and B2.

Double clicking “Line Protection Stn 1” reveals the implemented protection.

LineProtection

Stn 1



The protection is a phase comparator block, one per phase, set at 67 (ohms) and 80 (degrees). Within the protection, there is a feature to inhibit protection during the start-up of simulation, and an enable block to select between this protection and the breaker control timers.

In each protection block, there is a slider used to simulate operating time of the breaker.

ControlsB1opT

0

0.1

0.05

For example, in “case1_prot.psc,” double clicking on the “Line Protection Stn 1” page block will reveal B1opT, which is included to simulate the operating time of the breaker.

The details of the protection are not particularly important, but PSCAD/Relay provides the opportunity for the user to design and implement protection using standard library components. There is the possibility in other versions of PSCAD for the user to design their own protection blocks using Fortran, C or Matlab.

B1testb

B1testa

0.1

TIME

B1opT

A

B

Compar-ator

B1testc

1

1

2

2

3

3

B

ControlsB1opT

0

0.1

0.05

Delay

V

I

3Control

1

V TRIP

I OP

V TRIP

I OP

V TRIP

I OP


PSCAD/Relay

For more information, contact the Centre at [email protected] or on the web at www.hvdc.ca.

SINGLE PHASE BREAKER OPERATION

In the example cases, the breakers generally have controlled all three phases. The breaker component allows independent pole switching. Case3_single_PoleB3.psc is an example case where independent single breaker control is illustrated. Breaker B3 in the general Case 3 example has been modified to allow single phase operation. The breaker component now requires control signals B3A, B3B and B3C to control each phase, instead of the single signal B3 that previously controlled all three phases. The control logic with additional sliders is shown below.

B3A

B3B

B3C

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

Flt_en2

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

B3 Timing42-B3

C O

0

B3AT1

0

2

0.35

B3AT2

0

2

0.42

B3BT1

0

2

2

B3BT2

0

2

2

B3CT1

0

2

2

B3CT2

0

2

2

In this example, the fault is an A phase to ground fault applied at fault location 5. Only the A phase on Breaker B3 opens at 0.35 msec and then recloses at 0.42 msec, based on the timer control.

http://www.hvdc.ca/




The breaker component on the main page animates according to the breaker. Therefore, if one phase of the breaker is open, it will show green while the remainder stays red.

MUTUAL COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES

Example Case3_Mutual.psc illustrates two parallel transmission lines that are physically on the same tower. In this case, the transmission lines are modeled as a six conductor transmission line. This modeling will simulate the coupled effects on the healthy line when a fault occurs on the other 3-phase circuit on the same tower.

The relay protection will see the results of current and voltage on the transmission lines, both from coupled and non-coupled simulations. By comparing simulations of faults, with and without mutually coupled transmission lines, influence from adjacent lines will be demonstrated.

INTERFACE WITH DOBLE PROTEST PROGRAM

The example case case3_state contains a state component used to create .ss1 files that can easily be imported into Doble’s ProTesT software. When the PSCAD/Relay simulation is complete, the resulting .ss1 files will be located in the .emt directory.

The purpose of this component is to generate a data file defining pre, post and fault states to be directly imported into the Doble ProTesT software.

FT1

F1 V3 V4

FT3

F3

FT6

F6

B2

-19.63 [MVAR]118.5 [MW]

FT2

F2

FT5

B1

14.66 [MVAR]-116.6 [MW]

F5

B3

0.2957 [MVAR]-0.04062 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

V1 V2

3 PhaseRMS

F4

FT4B4

-0.05028 [MVAR]0.0474 [MW]

3 P

has

eR

MS

3 Phase

RM

S

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

Z1 = 52.9 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

100.0 kmL1_2



PSCAD/Relay

Fdur

FStart

I1

Fdur

FStart

Fdur

FStart

Fdur

FStart

I2

I3 I4

FDur

FStart

V

I

dobleProTesT

FDur

FStart

V

I

dobleProTesT

out2.ss1

out3.ss1 out4.ss1

FDur

FStart

V

I

dobleProTesT

FDur

FStart

V

I

dobleProTesT

V1s

V3s V4s

V2sout1.ss1

This example case is also done in case3_state_pi, which uses the coupled pi model to implement the transmission lines.

SPECIAL EXAMPLE BASED ON SEL 321 RELAY MANUAL

Case3_SEL.psc is a special case based on the SEL 321 Relay Manual, using data from the example cases located in Chapter 5. A Bergeron model is used to input the data into the PSCAD/Relay case.

See SEL-321-2 Instruction Manual, Chapter 5, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories for more information.

FT1

V3 V4

FT2B1

14.05 [MVAR]290.3 [MW]

B3

0.1912 [MVAR]0.005515 [MW]

3 PhaseRMS

V1

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

3 PhaseRMS

B4

-0.02051 [MVAR]-0.02128 [MW]

FT5

FT3

FT7

FT6 FT8

Fault

Fault

Fault

Fault

Fault Fault

Fault

V2

Fault


FT4B2

86 [MVAR]-276.2 [MW]

Z1 = 17.95 [ohm] /_ 87.63 [°]

V Ph

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]

80.456 kmT1

80.456 kmT3

80.456 kmT2

80.456 kmT4

Z1 = 3.8 [ohm] /_ 87.69 [°]

VPh

230.0 [kV], 60.0 [Hz]100.0 [MVA]


PSCAD/Relay

Appendix A

Troubleshooting InstallSTARTING THE LICENSE MANAGER SERVICE

WINDOWS NT:

If you are running Windows NT, the License Manager is installed as a service. To see if it installed correctly, and if the service is running, perform the following steps:

1. Go to Start | Settings | Control Panel and double click on the Services Icon, shown below.

2. Search through the services until you see “HVDC License Manager,” as shown below. If you do not see it in the list, skip to step 3: No service installed.

If the Status is blank, as shown above, it needs to be started. To start it, click on the Start button, in the same window. The following dialog window will appear. In this example, the computer’s name is Joan.

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Install


If the service start attempt is successful, the Status will change to Started, as shown below.

PSCAD/Relay should run successfully now.

3. If the HVDC License Manager is not installed on this machine, and it has the dongle attached to it, you must install the service manually. To do this, go to Start | Programs | HVDC Lmgr, as shown below.

Click on Install Windows NT Service. A MS-DOS based program will now run. It will not continue if the NT Service is already installed.

111PSCAD/Relay Manual

PSCAD/Relay

HELP FILES WON’T OPEN*

*This section is only relevant to the html style of help files.

If PSCAD/Relay generates the following error when you attempt to open the help files, it is because it cannot find an html viewer to open them.

To check this, open up Options | Edit PSCAD.ini file, as shown below.

It will bring up the following window, in which you can see there is no html viewer (i.e. Internet Explorer or Netscape) specified.

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Install


To fix the error, enter in the path to Internet Explorer or Netscape. If you do not know where these programs are installed, contact your system administrator. An example is shown below.

This will solve the problem, and you will be able to open the help files.

MESSAGE TREE ERRORS

For example, a component may be disconnected from the circuit. A picture of this is shown below, followed by the accompanying message tree errors.

Simply moving the F2 connector will solve this problem.


PSCAD/Relay

Appendix B

Using PSCAD/Relay

This appendix is a quick guide to useful features in PSCAD/Relay, as well as a general how to.

STARTING PSCAD

To start PSCAD, double click on the PSCAD icon on your desktop or use the Start menu on PC Windows. This will open the main window of PSCAD shown below. The list of items on the top of the window: File, Edit, etc. are called the main menu items. The buttons below it are called menu buttons and the collection is called a tool bar or menu bar.

TITLE BAR AND MENU BAR

The look and feel of your PSCAD main window might be slightly different depending on your operating system.

PSCAD/Relay Icon

Appendix B: Using PSCAD/Relay


Title Bar and Active Project

The top most part of the window that displays PSCAD V4 – Active project name is called the PSCAD title bar. The active project name changes depending on your current active project. When you start PSCAD, the master library is the active project.

Menu Bar and Menu Items

The area under the title bar consisting of menu items and menu buttons is called the main menu bar. All main menu items are drop down menus, which means that when you point the cursor to one of these menu items and click the left mouse button, you will see a list appearing below it. To select an item from this list, first move the cursor onto that item (the item is highlighted) and then click the left mouse button. The following menu shows how to load a project using the File menu from the main menu bar.

Menu Buttons

The pictures on the menu bar are called menu buttons. While menu items are two-stage processes, the menu buttons are one step processes. They initiate actions as soon as you click on them and hence are easier to use. For this reason, frequently used operations have button equivalents. After you become familiar with the program, you will probably use the keyboard equivalents that are faster and even more convenient than the menu buttons.


PSCAD/Relay

PROJECT TREE AND MESSAGE TREE

If you look at the top left-hand corner of the PSCAD main window shown earlier, you should see a smaller window entitled Project Tree, which is also called the Project Manager. If it is not visible, go to the main menu bar, click on View and select Project. This will bring up the Project Manager.

Project Manager gives you an overall view of all the libraries and cases loaded. You can use it to select components and perform many activities. We will discuss many of these functions later in this manual.

Below the Project Tree, you should see another window entitled Message Tree. If it is not visible, click on the View menu and select Messages to bring it up. Inside, you will see its first message: master.psl ’Master Library.‘ All the status, warning and error messages are logged in this window - so keep this window open and visible.

Both Message Tree and Project Tree behave very similarly to the Explorer (file manager) on your Windows operating system. We will discuss efficient use of these tree views later as we start creating and running cases.

LOADING A CASE PROJECT

We will first simulate an example case that has already been created to appreciate the power of PSCAD/Relay. More importantly, this exercise will help us to ensure that PSCAD/Relay is installed correctly.

To load an existing case, click on File menu located at the top left corner of PSCAD window and select Load Project… or click on the menu button containing the picture of the open folder (yellow). You will see the dialog pop up on your screen. By default, the selected file type is PSCAD V3 Case at the bottom of the dialog Load Project. With this type selected, you will see only PSCAD Version 3 case files that have .psc extension and directories. The file extension stands for pscad case.

In PSCAD/Relay, the Load a Case automatically takes you to the PSCAD/Relay Example cases’ directory. To navigate to the general examples’ directory, use the up one level icon.

Load Project

PSCAD V3 library files have .psl extension.

The Up One Level button.



This will take you out of the Relay_Examples directory, and into the main example directory.

Navigate to the Tutorial directory inside your PSCAD installation directory. Click on the vdiv_1.psc file and then click on the Open button to load this tutorial project in PSCAD. The Project Tree will now have a second project entitled vdiv_1 [.psc] Single Phase Voltage Divider. Double-click on the title to open and view the circuit.

If you did not choose to install the PSCAD example cases, you will not have these files. If you want to install them, follow the instructions in Chapter 2.


PSCAD/Relay

What you see here is the assembled voltage divider circuit, which is at the top left corner of the page that you just opened. The plots are to its right.

The circuit consists of a single-phase resistive voltage source connected to a restive load. Since the magnitude of the source resistance (1) and the load resistance are the same, the voltage at the load terminal is half that of the voltage behind the source resistance. This voltage is measured using a voltmeter Vmid connected to the node between the source and the load. The current in the circuit should be Esource/(Rsource+Rload).

The plot and graphs will contain the values of the voltage at the mid-point of the circuit; the current flowing through the circuit.

RUNNING A SIMULATION

Before we run the simulation, we will do a simple calculation to find out what load current and mid-point voltage we should be expecting. Double-click on the source component to view its data. Note that the source voltage magnitude is 70.71 kV rms or 100 kV peak. Close this dialog by clicking on the Cancel button at the bottom of the dialog. Click anywhere in the empty space to de-select the selected component. This will stop the blinking of the selected component. For a 100 kV source voltage, we know that the mid-point voltage should be 50 kV peak and the load current should be 50 kA peak. Now let us run the simulation and actually verify the current and voltage waveforms.

To run a case, simply click on the RUN button located at the right side on the top menu bar. This button is the one with a green triangle on it. Once you press this button, PSCAD will go through several stages of processing the circuit before starting the EMTDC simulation. You will see a message window pop up on the screen and display messages related to various stages of the process.

Watch the graphs as the simulation progresses. If you look at the bottom left corner of the PSCAD window, you will see a message "xx% complete" where xx changes from 0 to 100. This is a percentage of the total length of the simulation. To the right of it you will also see the current

Compile and Run

You must have a Fortran Compiler installed before you can run a case.



simulation time which changes with the simulation. This tutorial case is set up to run for 0.2 seconds. At the end of the run, you will see the message "EMTDC run completed." Your plot should look like this:

Make sure that your simulation produces the same result as shown here. This is one step towards ensuring that your PSCAD/Relay is installed correctly.

Click on the RUN button to see the run once again. It will go through all three stages, however, you will not be able to notice the first two stages, as they pass by very quickly. This is because PSCAD optimizes on these stages and performs them only if required.

PRINTING

To print the circuit along with the graph you just simulated, click the right mouse button on the background of the circuit page and select the Print item.


PSCAD/Relay

This will bring up the Print dialog. The content of this dialog is dependent on the printer driver installed on your computer and most likely be different from the one shown below.



Most PRINT dialogs have a Properties button or tab to select required properties. The common properties that are relevant in printing PSCAD circuits are:

• Paper size: letter: A4, legal, etc.• Paper orientation: landscape, portrait or

rotated.• Number of copies: usually the default is one.• Colour: grey scale, black and white, and colour.• Scaling: If the printer driver is capable of

scaling, you can scale the printer output to fit one page or span across multiple pages.

The best way to learn more about what these options can do for you is to try them out. Before printing, PSCAD provides you a preview of what you are about to print in relation to the selected paper size and orientation.

Click the OK button on the Print dialog to see the preview or Cancel button to exit from the print mode.

The Print Preview occupies the entire PSCAD window to maximize the display area for preview, and will hide your circuit. Click on the Print icon (see margin) on the menu bar to print the circuit. If you are not happy with the preview, click on the Stop button to return to the circuit and start printing once again. Your previous printer settings are remembered.

Do not click on the close button located at the top right corner of the print preview window! That will close PSCAD, which is probably not what you want.

PSCAD/RELAY GRAPHICAL INTERFACE FEATURES

The following describes some of the features and operations that are available in the PSCAD/Relay Graphic User Interface. While the intention is for the user to use the prebuilt cases, it is certainly possible and desirable to edit,

Print

Stop


PSCAD/Relay

change and save cases to meet the specific system requirements.

Scrolling

Use the scroll bars on the right and bottom side of the window to scroll through the page instead. A page-style scrolling can be achieved by holding the Ctrl key down, pressing the left mouse button on the page and then dragging the mouse. You can also use the centre wheel feature on your mouse, if the mouse has one, or the arrow keys in the extended keyboard.

Keyboard Shortcuts

For a complete list of Version 3 keyboard shortcuts, click on the Help menu on the PSCAD menu bar and select Keyboard Shortcuts item from the drop down menu.

Printing Circuits and Plots

To print a single page, right click on the background of the page and select Print. You can also select one or more components or graphs and print the selected items. Options in the print dialog allow resizing of the printed page or printing to multiple pages.

Printing Component Parameters

Right click on the component and select View Parameters from the pop up menu. All the parameters will be listed in a text window. Copy and paste this text in your favourite editor, for example, MS Write. Edit the text as required and print.

Creating Plots and Graphs

Plots, Graphs and Curves can be added manually by right clicking on the background of the page where you want to place the plot and selecting Add Plot from the pop up menu. Then, right click on the title bar of the plot, currently called ”Untitled“ and select Help from the pop up menu for further details. A faster way to plot a signal is to click the right button on PGB plot component and select



Input/Output Reference Create new plot with signal.

Connecting Wires

A connection is made whenever wires make contact with the end of another wire or at the input/output connection of a component. See online help on wire component for details with illustrations. To create a new wire, you can use the right button Add Wire, or copy the wire component from the main page in the master library.

Creating Slider, Switch, Button, and Dial Interfaces

Run time interfaces for slider, push button, switch, and dial are always located inside a special component called Control Panel. Right click on the background of the page where you want to place the interfaces and select Add Control Panel from the pop up menu. Then, right click on the title bar of the panel, currently called ”CPanel“ and select Help from the pop up menu for further details.

Changing Simulation Time Step and Run Duration

Right click on the case name in the project tree and select Properties… from the pop up menu. Click on the Help button on the Case Properties dialog for further details.

Using Arrays

You can create an array by using a datamerge component and extract an element out of an array by using a datatap component. To create these components, right click on the page and use Add menu. A data label can be used to transfer an array signal to another part of the page. For example, if the signal X is an array of 3, then you can name the data label X(3) to transfer all array elements. See Help on these components for details.

Note: You cannot connect an array to a plot channel (PGB) component. You must extract an element and connect the element to a PGB. You will need to do this if you are using the FFT component, for example. See the FFT case in the PSCAD/tutorial directory for an illustration.


PSCAD/Relay

MultiPlot Features: FFT, THD and Curve Calculation

Plots are very versatile. Use one of the pages in your case to lay the plots out the way you like. Currently, PSCAD supports only time plots, i.e., the horizontal axis is always TIME.

Tlines and Cables

Tline and Cable constants’ programs are launched by special info components placed on the circuit. Each Tline and Cable should have a corresponding Info component. For further details, see Tlines and Cables item under Help on the main menu bar.

Grouping Components

Temporary groups are called a selection. Simply click the left mouse button on the page and drag the mouse to enclose the components in the selection box. Selected components will start flashing. Now you can include or exclude individual components from the selection by clicking on them with the SHIFT key pressed. Right click on one of the flashing components and choose any of the items from the pop up menu. This menu includes cut and copy items. To move the selected components to a new location on the page, left click on one of the flashing components and drag the mouse. Left click on the page background to deselect the entire selection.

Editing Component Parameters

Double click on the component or use the Edit Parameters… menu on the component.

Undo

Undo works on all cut, copy, paste, and parameter changes. The keyboard shortcut for undo is to press Ctrl and “z” simultaneously. All changes are stored sequentially, thus allowing multiple undo operations to be performed.



Windows Meta File Export

Export any PSCAD page or selection to a Windows Meta File (Clipboard) using the Edit | Export function in the PSCAD Menu Bar, or by clicking the right mouse button. You can then paste the selection into any Windows program that will accept .wmf or .emf files. Once the objects have been pasted, you can edit the image to resize, recolor or change text. All objects are retained as vector objects (not bitmaps), so you can also resize the selection.

Finding Components

To find a certain text string within a case or a library, make the case or library active and then click on the button marked with a pair of binoculars.

Viewing Error and Warning Messages

Error, warning and diagnostic messages are logged in a special window called Message Tree. If this window is not already open, select View Messages from the top menu bar. Resize this window and place it in a convenient location. Whenever there is an error message, the tree opens up to show the message with a beep. Messages from EMTDC are also logged in this tree.

Changing Page Size and Layout

Right click on the page and select Special Page Layout… from the pop up menu.

Find Button


PSCAD/Relay

Appendix C

Technical Support

HOW TO CONTACT US

The Manitoba HVDC Research Centre and its representatives are committed to providing you with the best technical support. We can be reached at:

• Phone: +1-204-989-1240

• Fax: +1-204-453-5074

• Email: [email protected]

• Anonymous ftp: ftp.hvdc.ca

• World Wide Web: www.hvdc.ca

• Address: Manitoba HVDC Research Centre244 Cree Cres.Winnipeg, ManitobaCanada, R3J 3W1

Contact your local PSCAD/Relay supplier first for fast and efficient service. If you do not have their contact address from the time you purchased PSCAD/Relay, you can get it from the PSCAD web site at http://www.hvdc.ca/pscad or by contacting the Centre.

To make the best use of our technical support facilities, you should have a maintenance contract arranged through your local PSCAD/Relay supplier.

MAINTENANCE CONTRACT

A maintenance contract provides the following support and upgrades. Please contact us for details.

• Fast technical support via phone, fax or e-mail.

http://www.hvdc.ca/pscad

http://www.hvdc.ca/

ftp://ftp.hvdc.ca/


Appendix C: Technical Support


• Free upgrade of software for bug fixes and minor releases.

• An account on our web site that you can use to download the latest patches, tutorials, online help and manuals.

• A subscription to PSCAD News – a technical publication by the Centre on PSCAD/Relay related products.

EMTDC USERS’ GROUP

The EMTDC Users’ Group is an informal forum of EMTDC users worldwide, coordinated at the University of Manitoba. The Users’ Group maintains an anonymous ftp-site, web site and e-mail list server. All users are encouraged to submit their e-mail addresses to be included in the list server by sending an e-mail request to [email protected].

There are other regional user groups as well. Please contact the EMTDC Users’ Group, the Centre, or the PSCAD web page to find out if your region has a users’ group and, if not, how to start one.

Membership to EMTDC User’s Group

To become a member of the list server you should be an EMTDC user. Membership is FREE!

For further details, see the online help page on “How to Contact Us.”



PSCAD/Relay

Index

A

Active project, 110

B

Bergeron model, 60Breaker controls, 32Breakers, 28, 79

C

Cases included, 25Changing simulation time

step and run duration, 117Conductor database, 68Conductor.clb, 68Connecting wires, 117Contact us, 121Continuous system model

function (CSMF), 86Control module, 30Core configuration, 75Coupled Pi Model

Component, 45, 52, 57, 64Creating a snapshot, 98Creating plots and graphs,

117Creating slider, switch,

button and dial interfaces, 117

Curve calculation, 118

D

Data.out, 93Doble, 80Dongle, 7

E

Editing component parameters, 118

Enter license key, 19

Error and warning messages, 119

F

Fault controls, 33Fault description, 47Fault impedance, 41Fault type, 46Fault type dial, 88Faults, 28Ferroresonance, 74FFT, 118Finding components, 119Fortran, 6, 22

G

Geomagnetic current effects, 74

Get license info, 20Graph, 29Ground component, 67Grouping components, 118

H

Hardware lock, 7Hardware requirement, 5HTML viewer, 107

I

Inrush current, 74Installation, 9Internet explorer, 11

K

Keyboard shortcuts, 116

L

Leakage reactance, 74

Index


License manager install, 12Licensing, 7Line constants, 60Lmgr-hvdc database file, 13Load a case, 111Localhost, 11, 23

M

Magnetizing current, 75Make-f error, 22Menu bar, 110Menu buttons, 110Mid-line fault, 45Multiple run, 87MultiPlot features, 118

N

Netscape, 11Number of runs, 89

O

Output file, 79

P

Page size and layout, 119Parallel transmission line, 46Parameters, 36

Multiple run, 87Recorder, 42, 78Three phase voltage

source, 36Transformer, 52Transmission line, 39, 68

Phase angle, 85Phase comparator block, 100Pi line sections, 59, 63Ping, 13Playback recorders, 32Plot, 29Print, 114Printing circuits and plots,

116Printing component

parameters, 117Project manager, 111Project tree, 111

Protection relays, 99

R

Reboot, 21Register online, 73Remanence, 74Run button, 113Running a case, 21Runtime settings, 34

S

Saturation, 74, 77Scrolling, 116Sequence information, 61Sequencer, 85Sequencer control logic, 87Serial port, 7Single phase breaker

operation, 101Snapshot, 97Software requirements, 5Solve constants, 62Starting PSCAD, 109State Component, 80Steps required to perform

simulation, 48Steps to perform PSCAD

simulation, 33Subpages, 28Substation control panel, 31

T

TCP/IP, 6Tertiary winding fault, 56Testing transformer

protection, 55THD, 118Three phase voltage source,

27Title bar, 109Tower component, 67Transmission line, 30Transmission line modeling,

59T-Tap, 52


PSCAD/Relay

U

Undo, 119Uninstall, 24USB, 7Using arrays, 117

W

Winding capacitance, 74Windows meta file export,

119

relaymanual - pscad

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