Relativity and

Introductory Particle Physics

Hilary Term, 2010 S. Biller

www-pnp.physics.ox.ac.uk/~biller/particle_course

Suggested Reading List

Quarks

Leptons

The Strong Interaction

Introduction to Elementary Particles Griffiths (a bit more mathematical)

Nuclear and Particle Physics Williams (less mathematical but very good)

Introduction to High Energy Physics Perkins (some very good sections... worth a look)

Femtophysics (a bit mathmatical for this course, Bowler but contains some real gems !)

Scientific American articles (generally written at an extremely good level)

Facts and Mysteries in Particle Physics Veltman (Historical - a good read!)

Introduction to Special Relativity Rindler (good, basic text)

Particle Physics Martin & Shaw (very nice!)

Particle Physics:A Very Short Introduction Close (Handbook of basic concepts)

III. Tools of the Trade

High Energy Units 4-Vectors Cross-Sections Mean Free path

IV. Antiparticles & Virtual Particles

Klein-Gordon Equation Antiparticles & Asymmetry Yukawa Potential & The Pion The Bound State of the Deuteron Virtual Particles Feynman Diagrams V. QED; Symmetry

Bohr Magneton Off-Shell Electrons Vacuum Polarization Divergences, Running Coupling & Renormalization Yukawa Scattering & the Propagator

VI. Symmetries I

Symmetry & Unification Space-Time Symmetries Gauge Invariance in EM Noether’s Theorem Isospin Parity

VII. Symmetries II

Charge Conjugation Time Reversal CPT Theorem Baryon & Lepton Number Strangeness

VIII. Quarks I

Strangeness Meson & Baryon Multiplets 3-Quark Model & The Meson Nonets

IX. Quarks II

Quarks and the Baryon Multiplets Colour and Gluons Confinement & Asymptotic Freedom Quark Flow Diagrams

X. Quarks III

The November Revolution Heavy Quark States Truth R

XI. Weak Interactions

Cross-Section and the W Coupling Cabibbo Angle and CKM Matrix Parity Violation Kaons and Mixing CP Violation

XII. Electroweak Theory

Kaon Regeneration & Oscillation The Mass of the W Massless Photon & Broken Symmetry The Higgs Mixing and the Weinberg Angle The Mass of the Z Z Decay

XIII. Detectors Visual Track Detectors Electronic Ionization Devices Cerenkov Detectors Calorimeters Photomultiplier Tubes & Scintillators Tricks With Timing Generic Collider Detector

XIV. Solar & Atmospheric Neutrinos

Outline

(M&S: sec 1.5; append. A & B)

(M&S: chap. 1, 11.4.2)

(M&S: sec 5.1, 5.2, 7.1.2)

(M&S: sec 5.3, 6.1; app. D.1, D.2)

(M&S: sec 3.1-3.4, 5.3, 5.4, 5.6)

(M&S: sec chap 3, 6.2)

(M&S: sec 6.2, 6.3, 7.1)

(M&S: sec 6.4, 7.23, 7.3, 8.23)

(M&S: sec 4.51, 8.1; chap. 10)

(M&S: chap. 9, 10)

(M&S: sec. 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)

(M&S: sec. 2.3, 11.1)

I. Experimental Foundations of Special Relativity

Michelson-Morley Hamar Kennedy & Thorndike Alvager & Others Time Dilation

II. Relativistic Space-Time

Lorentz Transformations Invariant Intervals & Proper Time EM Unification Equiv of Mass & Energy Space-Time Diagrams Relativistic Optics

(Rindler: sec 1-5; 8-11)

(Rindler: sec 6-7; 19-21; 15-18)

(Rindler: sec 20, 22, 26-31)

www.anu.edu.au/Physics/Searle ⇒ Visualising relativistic optics, including movies (cool!) particleadventure.org ⇒ Nice overview of various things at basic level pdg.lbl.gov ⇒ Particle Data Group : The Bible of particle properties, limits, formulae, reviews... www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/ ⇒ Nifty physics Java applets (not strictly particle physics) - check out the Bose-Einstein Condensate section! www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/ ⇒ Overview and lots of interesting stuff (including live displays of CDF & D0 events with explanation!) www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/ ⇒ Nice discussion of linear colliders etc. www.cern.ch ⇒ CERN !! (enough said) hepweb.rl.ac.uk/ppuk/ ⇒ Particle physics news and links www.ep.ph.bham.ac.uk/user/watkins/seeweb/bubblechamber.htm ⇒ Bubble chamber pictures with explanations and excercises!

Websites of Interest

The Standard Model

Lecture 1: Experimental Foundations of Special relativity

•  Michelson & Morley •  Hamar •  Kennedy and Thorndike •  Alvager and Others •  Time Dilation

Section 1-5, 8-11

Useful Sections in Rindler:

Special Relativity Review

Einstein’s Two Postulates of Special Relativity:

I. The laws of physics are identical in all inertial frames

II. Light propagates in vacuum rectilinearly, with the same speed at all times, in all directions and in all inertial frames

v v v

c-v

c speed relative to mirrors

v v v

c+ v

c

speed relative to mirrors

v

L

v t1 2

d

ct1 = 2d

c2t12 = 4d2 = 4 ( L2 + v2t1

2/4)

t1 = 2L/c

√ 1 - v2/c2

t2 = L c-v

L c+v +

t2 = 2L/c

1 - v2/c2

1

2

Michelson & Morley (1887):

1/8th predicted displacement !!

data

1) Aether moves with the earth (“aether drag”)

Conclusions:

2)   Length contraction occurs for all objects moving through the aether (Lorentz-Fitzgerald hypothesis)

or

Eliminates 1st

explanation

(also, no aberation of starlight due to motion with respect to earth’s aether)

Hamar (1935):

Kennedy & Thorndike (1932): 1

2

v

30 km/s

30 km/s

Any length contraction alone will affect the distances (hence, the phases) for paths 1 and 2 to different extents, unless the frequency also changes to compensate (i.e. time dilation)

Eliminates 2nd

explanation

proton collision with Be target to make pions

Magnets sweep out charged particles

π0 → 2 γ

collimate beam

sweep charged particle again from grazing interactions Absorb swept

particles

Detection points spaced according to bunch structure (105ns x c)

charged particle veto

prompt timing signal

calorimetric Cherenkov measurement (Eγ > 6 GeV)

scintillator

thin lead converter

lead-glass

Δ = 0.005 ± 0.013 ns (out of 105 ns separation)

If c´ = c + kv

Then k < 10-5

Well, Is There Any Reason To Expect Anything Different ??

A Test Of

Δt ∼ ξ E L EQG c

Amelino-Camelia et al., Nature, 25 June 1998

Astrophysics, abstract astro-ph/9811018

A time varying speed of light as a solution to cosmological puzzles Authors: Andreas Albrecht, Joao Magueijo

Comments: To be published in Physical Review D. Note added referring to John Moffat's early work on VSL theories Journal-ref: Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 043516

We consider the cosmological implications of light travelling faster in the early Universe. We propose a prescription for deriving corrections to the cosmological evolution equations while the speed of light c is

changing. We then show how the horizon, flatness, and cosmological constant problems may be solved. We also study cosmological perturbations in this scenario and show how one may solve the homogeneity and

isotropy problems. As it stands, our scenario appears to most easily produce extreme homogeneity, requiring structure to be produced in the Standard Big Bang epoch. Producing significant perturbations during the

earlier epoch would require a rather careful design of the function c(t). The large entropy inside the horizon nowadays can also be accounted for in this scenario.

G. & V. Sokolov, 2007: Orbital Experiment with a Femtosecond Laser for Testing Light Speed Invariance

Iman Joudaki, 2007: Test of Special Relativity Using Nano Technology

Einstein’s Two Postulates of Special Relativity:

I. The laws of physics are identical in all inertial frames

II. Light propagates in vacuum rectilinearly, with the same speed at all times, in all directions and in all inertial frames

From this, Insanity Follows...