relationship between humans and energy · industrial age england in 1875, used steam engines....

1-1-1 Source: National Institute for Research Advancement, Thinking about Energy

Relationship Between Humans and Energy

Discovery of FireFire & Livestock Energy

Wood, Charcoal, Water, Wind and Horse Energy Coal Energy Oil EnergyC

on

sum

pti

on

/Per

son

(1,

000

Kilo

calo

ries

/Day

)--B

ar G

rap

h

Co

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ted

to

Oil

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

(1 M

illio

n K

ilolit

ers/

Day

)--C

urv

e G

rap

h

Mill

ion

s

100s

of Th

ousa

nds

5000

Pri

mit

ive

Hu

man

s

Hu

nte

rsF

ire

and

Sto

ne

Too

ls in

use

Ho

rse-

dra

wn

Car

riag

es

Gen

erat

ors

Tran

spor

tatio

n

15

10

5

0

250

200

150

100

50

02

23 4

1

7

67

Indu

stry

& A

gricu

lture

Hous

ehol

d &

Com

mer

ce

Food

Wat

t S

team

En

gin

e(F

rom

176

9)

Fir

st F

arm

ers

Ad

van

ced

Far

mer

s

Ind

ust

rial

Ag

e

14

24

3212

TechnologyAge

63

91

66

10

GasolineEngines

1000

B.C.

1000

A.D.16

00

1700

1800

1900

1970

Primitive Humans East Africa 1 million years ago, food only.

Hunters Europe 100,000 years ago, burned firewood for heat and cooking.

First Farmers Fertile delta region 5,000 years ago, used energy of livestock for

cultivating crops.

Advanced Farmers Northwest Europe 1,400 years ago, used coal for heating, wind and

water power; used livestock for transportation.

Industrial Age England in 1875, used steam engines.

Technology Age United States in 1970, used electrical power, food includes for livestock use.

©JAERO

1-1-2 Source: UN, World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision

World Population Projections

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding.

Po

pu

lati

on

Oceania

North America

South America

Europe

Asia

Africa

(billion)

(Year)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

42.8

47.2

6.3

6.8

40.1

49.0

6.4

7.1

36.8

50.7

6.5

7.4

33.1

52.1

6.7

7.6

29.0

52.9

6.9

7.7

24.9

52.9

7.1

7.6

20.8

51.9

7.3

7.4

16.9

49.7

7.4

7.1

13.4

46.4

7.5

6.5

108.8108.1104.6

97.4

85.5

77.9

4.5

4.1

3.7

0.7

0.70.6

0.4 3.9

0.5

92.0

101.5

106.7

4.30.6 4.4

4.8 4.9

0.5

4.7

0.70.7

©JAERO

1-1-3 Source: IEA, Data and statistics, Key World Energy Statistics 2020

World Population and Energy Supply Amount

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Btoe: billion tons of oil equivalent

World Population by Country (2018) Primary Energy Supply Amount by World Population by Country (2018)

©JAERO

China18％

China22％

U.S.A.16％

India18％

Russia 2%

Japan 2%

Germany 1%

France 1%

Canada 2%

Brazil 2%

Germany 2%

Canada 1%

South Korea 1%

Italy 1%

U.K. 1%

Italy 1%

U.K. 1%

France 2%

South Korea 2%

U.S.A. 4%

India 6%

Ru

ssia 5%

Brazil 3%

Others48％

Others35％

Japan

3%

World Total14.28 Btoe

World Total7.59 billion

1-1-4 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2020

Primary Energy Supply Amount Per Capita in World

©JAERO

Pri

mar

y E

ner

gy

Su

pp

ly A

mo

un

t

Canada U.S.A. SouthKorea

Russia France Germany Japan U.K. Italy WorldAverage

China Brazil India

(tons of oil equivalent / person)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

(2018)

8.0

6.8

5.35.5

3.7 3.63.4

2.6 2.5 2.3

1.9

1.4

0.7

1-1-5

Per Capita GDP and Primary Energy Supply Amount

Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2020

(Note) Total domestic production based on purchasing power parity conversion (US dollars, 2015 prices)

(US dollars)

Pe

r C

ap

ita

GD

P

Per Capita Primary Energy Supply Amount (tons of oil equivalent / person)

©JAERO

60,000

55,000

50,000

45,000

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

01 2 3 4 5 9876

Canada

U.S.A.

South Korea

Russia

France

Germany

U.K.

China

India

(2018)

Italy

Brazil

Japan

World Average

1-1-6 Source: ※1 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 ※2 OECD/NEA,IAEA, Uranium 2020

Proven Reserves of Energy Resources

(Note) Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio = Proven Reserves / Annual Production RAR (reasonably assured resources) of uranium is estimated at a production cost less than USD 130/kgU.

50 years

Oil※1

(at the end of 2019)Natural Gas※1

(at the end of 2019)Coal※1

(at the end of 2019)Uranium※2

(Jan. 2019)

50 years

132 years

115 years

1.7339 tril.barrels

199 tril. m3

1,696 bil. tons

6.15 mil. tons

©JAERO

1-1-7 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020

The World’s Primary Energy Consumption

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. The figures in parentheses are the share of the total. 1 EJ (=1018 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800,000 kℓ of crude oil (EJ: exajoule).

Pri

mar

y E

ner

gy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1965 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 1915 (Year)

（EJ）

24.9〔4.3％〕

157.9〔27.0％〕

141.5〔24.2％〕

193.0〔33.1％〕

37.6〔6.4％〕

29.0〔5.0％〕2019 total consumption: 583.9 EJ

Renewable Energy (Other than Hydroelectric)

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Coal

Natural Gas

Oil

©JAERO

1-1-8 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020

Primary Energy Consumption in Major Countries

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. 1 EJ (=1018 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800,000 kℓ of crude oil (EJ: exajoule).

Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydroelectric Renewable Energy

World Total

China

U.S.A.

India

Russia

Japan

Canada

Germany

South Korea

Brazil

France

U.K.

Italy

0 20 40 60 80 100（％）

Primary Energy Consumption (EJ)

（2019）

576.2

135.8

95.6

33.3

30.0

18.8

14.3

13.4

12.5

12.1

9.9

8.0

6.5

54 12 6 622

43 17 29 10 2

33 24 28 4 6 4

20 8 59 2 8 4

30 6 56 1 4 3

41 22 26 42 5

32 30 5 246 4

34 23 22 5 1 15

39 11 6 291 15

32 16 384 6 5

40 36 4 7 1 12

40 38 6 6 10

39 31 14 8 3 6

©JAERO

1-1-9

Electricity Generated by Major Countries (Growth Rate)

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020

Ra

te o

f G

row

th U

sin

g 1

99

0 a

s B

as

eli

ne

（％）

China

South Korea

India

Brazil

World Average

U.S.A.France

GermanyJapan

Russia

1990 95 2000 2005 10 1915 (Year)

1300

200

100

50

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

©JAERO

1-1-10 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics (2020)

Electricity Consumption Per Capita in Major Countries


Canada

U.S.A.

South Korea

Japan

France

Russia

Germany

Italy

U.K.

China

World Average

Brazil

India

Electricity Consumption by Country

©JAERO

（2018）

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

(kWh per capita/year）

15,438

13,098

11,082

8,010

7,141

6,917

6,848

5,220

4,906

3,260

4,906

2,570

968

Italy 1%

U.K. 1%

France 2%

Canada 2%

Brazil 2%

South Korea 2%India 5％

Japan 4％

Russia 4％

Germany 2％

U.S.A.17％

World Total24,739TWh

China28％

Others28％

1-1-11 Source: IEA, Data and statistics

Dependence on Imported Energy Sources in Major Countries

(Note) Canada and Russia are net-exporting countries.

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

8892

84

96

77 77

6370

45

89

30

39 38 39

20 22

－3 －2

－95－88

3

12

－78

－69

Includes nuclear energy

Excludes nuclear energy

©JAERO

（％）（2018）

Canada

SouthKorea

Russia

FranceGermanyJapan U.K. U.S.A.IndiaItaly China

Brazil

1-1-12 Source: eurogas, Statistical Report 2015

National Gas Pipeline Network in Europe

U.K.Ireland

Iceland

Norway

Sweden

Finland

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

BelarusPoland

Russia

Kazakhstan

Ukraine

Moldova

Romania

Hungary

SlovakiaCzech Republic

Austria

SloveniaCroatia

GermanyBelgium

Netherlands

Denmark

Switzerland

Italy

France

Spain

AlgeriaTunisia

Greece

Macedonia

Serbia

MontenegroKosovo

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Albania

Morocco

PortugalBulgaria

Turkey

Georgia

Armenia

Iran

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Jordan

Cyprus

LNG terminals in operationLNG terminals in planning/under construction Gas liquefaction plant

Pipelines in planning/under construction (other than EU funded) Pipelines in operation (other than EU funded)Pipelines in planning/under construction (EU funded) Pipelines in operation (EU funded)

Natural gas field

©JAERO

1-2-1

How Energy is Used in Japan

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule). Content of parentheses is the percentage of the total. The calculation method of Total Energy Statistics has been changed since FY1990.

Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Total Energy Statistics

Fin

al E

ner

gy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

©JAERO

（PJ）

(Year)0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Annual Per Capita Energy Consumption(Crude oil equivalent in 200ℓ barrels)

Transport (3.1 barrels)Household (1.9 barrels)Office, etc. (8.4 barrels)

1990 2000 0595 15 1810

Transportation

Household

Office, etc.

Total consumption13,124PJ

3,066〔23.4％〕

1,833〔14.0％〕

8,225〔62.7％〕

1-2-2

Changes in Japan’s Primary Energy Supply Structure

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule). Nuclear energy is classified into semi-domestic energy due to its characteristics. The calculation method of Total Energy Statistics has been changed since FY1990.


Total PrimaryEnergy Supply

DomesticEnergyRatio

16,133PJ 17,210PJ

1％5％

71％

14％5％4％

FY1973(The first oil crisis)

1％2％

77％

11％ 13％

15％4％1％

FY1979(The second oil crisis)

©JAERO

5％

23％

38％

Renewable(excl. hydro)

3％Not used

Natural Gas /town gas

Oil

Coal

HydroelectricNuclear

25％

3％3％

FY2018

19,728PJ

15％

1-2-3 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Total Energy Statistics

Historical Trends in Japan’s Primary Energy Supply

(Note) 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule). The calculation method of Total Energy Statistics has been changed since FY1990.

Total19,728PJ

553

4,510

Renewable(excl. hydro) 1,033

Not used 580

7,415

4,947

Hydroelectric6901953 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 1815

（FY）

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Oil

Coal

The first oil crisis The second oil crisis

Pri

mar

y E

ner

gy

Su

pp

ly

©JAERO

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

（PJ）

1-2-4

Japan’s Fossil Fuel Imports by Country of Origin


Source: ※1 Petroleum Association of Japan ※2 Trade Statistics of Japan

(FY2019 result)

Coal※2

©JAERO

United Arab Emirates1.9％

U.S.A.5.4％

Oman3.9％

Australia68.0％

Indonesia12.4％

Others 0.4%

China 0.7%

Canada 2.9%

U.S.A. 3.7%

Malaysia13.0％

Australia39.2％

Indonesia4.4％

Brunei5.6％

Qatar11.2％

Russia8.3％

Papua New Guinea4.7％

Others2.5％

Saudi Arabia34.1％

United Arab Emirates32.7％

Qatar9.3％

Kuwait8.9％

Others 2.8％

Iran 0.4％Iraq 1.1％

Bahrain 1.4％Oman 1.7％

Ecuador 1.3％U.S.A. 1.6％

Russia 4.8％

Middle East 89.6％

Total Imports173.04

billion liters

Russia11.9%

(FY2019 result)

Crude Oil※1

(FY2019 result)

Natural Gas※2

Total Imports110.03

million tons

Total Imports76.50

million tons

1-2-5 Source: Petroleum Association of Japan

Japan’s Dependence on Middle East Crude Oil ImportsJa

pan

’s D

epen

den

ce o

n M

idd

le E

ast

Cru

de

Oil

©JAERO

(FY)

（％）

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

91.2（FY1967）

67.9（FY1987）

89.6

1965 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 19

77.5（FY1973）

75.9（FY1979）

The first oil crisis

The second oil crisis

1-2-6 Source: Petroleum Association of Japan

Changes in the Price of Imported Crude OilP

rice

of

Imp

ort

ed C

rud

e O

il

(FY)

©JAERO

(Dollar/barrel)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

1972 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 1915

4.85（FY1973）

11.53

23.37（FY1979）

36.89

13.81

22.76（FY1990）

12.76

28.37

23.84

90.52

69.40

47.53

67.76

72.15

114.18

First Oil Crisis

Second Oil Crisis

Gulf War

1-2-7 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Energy White Paper 2020

Japan Power Generation and Purchase Volume by Source

(Note) Oil etc. includes LPG, other gases and bituminous mixtures. Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Numerical values depicted in this graph are composition ratios (%).

Created based on the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy's "General Energy Statistics"Created based on the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy's "Overview of Electric Power Development" and "Overview of Electricity Supply Plan"

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

20122011 2013 2015 2017 2018201620142009200520001995199019851980

26%3

10

32%33

7%8

38%40

8%

9%8

8

110

34

41

8

6

11

34

43

8

5

1,060 1,051

33

41

8

7

1,0511,0401,0581,0851,0781,090

989957

940

856

738

584

485

114

33

41

7

4

2

18

31

40

7

3

15

9

28

38

8

3

11

31 29

7

25

29

8

26

24

7 11

11

34

18

26

81

19

34

14

22

9

29

27

10

22

12

27

27

10

22

13

46

17

5

15

17

1

0

2010

1,150

9

25

28

29

7

2

Gen

erat

ed E

lect

ricity

©JAERO

(TWh / year)

(FY)

Geothermal &RenewablesHydroelectricNatural GasCoalOil etc.Nuclear

1-2-8 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Energy White Paper 2017

Historical Trends in Japan Power Generation Capacity by Source

(Note) Oil etc. include LPG, other gases and bituminous mixtures. Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Numerical values depicted in this graph are composition ratios (%).

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

(GW)

Gen

erat

ion

Cap

acit

y

1995

21

26

10

22

21

201.33

2000

20

23

13

25

20

229.13

2005

21

20

16

25

19

238.87

2007

21

20

16

24

19

238.02

2008

20

20

16

25

20

238.90

2009

20

19

16

26

19

241.48

2010 2011 2012 (FY)

20

19

16

26

19

20

19

16

26

19

243.60 245.38

19

19

16

27

19

246.75

2013

18

18

16

28

19

246.94

2014 2015

16％

16％

15％

28％

19％

18

17

16

29

19

6％2252.01

259.51

Geothermal &RenewablesHydroelectricNatural GasCoalOil etc.Nuclear

©JAERO

1-2-9

Percentage of Electric Power in Primary Energy (Electrification Ratio)


(Note) 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule).

Su

pp

ly o

f P

rim

ary

En

erg

y i

n J

ap

an

Percentage of electric power in primary energy supply

©JAERO

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

（PJ）

1970

26％

13,383

1975

15,330

29％

1980

16,627

33％

1985

16,967

37％

1990

19,69520,095

19,251

41％

1995

22,037

42％

2000

22,740

43％

2005

22,858

44％

201220112010 (FY)

20,827

22,157

44％

2013 2014 2015 20182017

21,01120,059 19,810

44% 44% 45%

19,728

46%

2016

45%43%

21,224

44％44%

1-2-10

Hourly Power Usage on Peak Power Days

Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies

(Note) The figures for 1975 is power synthesis (gross thermal) of nine companies. 2015 from 1985 is ten companies. and the figures for 2016 is power synthesis (sending end) of ten areas.

Po

we

r U

sa

ge

©JAERO

(million kW) (Total of 10 power companies)200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

July 24, 2001

August 5, 2005

August 23, 2010

August 9, 2013January 25, 2018

July 24, 2018August 2, 2019

August 7, 1990

August 29, 1985

July 31, 1975

August 25, 1995

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

144159

171 165

164156

182

110

7365

76

88

95

9494

94

9292

117 117

50

32

178 179

(o'clock)

1-2-11

Optimal Combination of Power Sources to Correspond to Demands

Source: Basic Energy Plan (April, 2014)

©JAERO

Oil, pumped storage hydropower, etc.

Solar, Wind power

Natural gas, LPG, etc.

Nuclear,Coal,General hydraulic (Inflow Type),Geothermal

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 (Time of Day)

Character as electricity power source

Amount of generated electricity

Peaking power source

High CostsOutput Fluctuates Easily

Intermediate power source

Base load power source

Medium CostsOutput May Fluctuate

Low CostsStable Output

1-2-12

(Note) The category "Appliances, lightning, etc." includes washing machines, clothes dryers, futon dryers, TVs, VCRs, stereos, CD players, DVD players, record players, vacuum cleaners, PCs and electric bidet toilets.

Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, 2020 EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan

Household Energy Consumption Per Application(Trillion kcal)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Kitchen 9.0％

Hot water 27.7％

Heating 26.7％

Cooling 3.2％

1965 7570 80 85 90 95 2000 05 (FY)10 1815

Total Consumption467.1 trillion kcal

33.4％Appliances, lighting, etc.

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n P

er A

pp

licat

ion

©JAERO

1-2-13

Power Consumption Per Household

(Note) The values are the average across nine power companies.

Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies

(kWh/Household) (Average Monthly Power Consumption)

Po

we

r C

on

su

mp

tio

n

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

01970 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 1510

(FY)

118.8

168.4 185.0

212.7

252.4

291.2

303.1 304.7 302.2

247.8

©JAERO

relationship between humans and energy · industrial age england in 1875, used steam engines....

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