relations of latin america and the caribbean with africa - sela

Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe Latin American and Caribbean Economic System Sistema Econômico Latino-Americano e do Caribe Système Economique Latinoaméricain et Caribéen

Permanent Secretariat of SELA Caracas, Venezuela June 2011 SP/Di No. 07-11

Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with Africa: Current status and areas of opportunity

Copyright © SELA, June 2011. All rights reserved. Printed in the Permanent Secretariat of SELA, Caracas, Venezuela. The Press and Publications Department of the Permanent Secretariat of SELA must authorize reproduction of this document, whether totally or partially, through [email protected]. The Member States and their government institutions may reproduce this document without prior authorization, provided that the source is mentioned and the Secretariat is aware of said reproduction.

Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with Africa: SP/Di Nº 07-11 Current status and areas of opportunity

C O N T E N T S FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 I. INTRODUCTION 6 II. BACKGROUND 8

1. Basic profiles of Africa and LAC: Territory, population and income 11 2. Economy and Competitiveness 19

III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 22

1. Bilateral relations 22 2. Bi-regional relations 33

IV. TRADE AND INVESTMENT 37

1. Bilateral, bi-regional and multilateral trade agreements 37 2. Bi-regional trade 44 3. Multilateral trade system 50 4 Common positions at the WTO Doha Round 55 5. Chambers of commerce 60 6. Investment 60

V. SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION 63

1. Energy 65 2. Agriculture 68 3. Environment 70 4. Culture and Education 71 5. Science and Technology 73 6. Tourism and transport 74 7. Health 76

VI. AREAS OF OPPORTUNITY 77 VII. CONCLUSIONS 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 ANNEX I. SELECTED BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON COOPERATION IN VARIOUS AREAS

BETWEEN LAC AND AFRICAN COUNTRIES 94 ANNEX II. TRADE INDICATORS FOR LAC AND AFRICA, BY COUNTRY (2010) 144 ANNEX III. MATRIX OF TRADE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES: ARGENTINA,

BRAZIL, MEXICO, PERU AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 150


F O R E W O R D

The Permanent Secretariat of SELA – as part of its project on the diversification of the external economic relations of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) which has been underway for three years, and in response to the requests made by some Member States during the past XXXVI Regular Meeting of the Latin American Council (Caracas, October 2010) – presents this first informative document on the current situation of the economic relations between the countries of our region and the African nations and their areas of opportunity. Following the introduction and background, the third chapter or section of the paper analyzes the legal framework within which bi-regional relations have been established, while the fourth section summarizes the main characteristics that typify trade and investment relations between LAC and the nations of Africa. After that, the fifth chapter of this document deals with issues related to South-South Cooperation, an area offering both past experience and new opportunities for further expansion of mutual relations. The sixth chapter identifies some of the existing areas of opportunity for expanding and strengthening economic ties between LAC and Africa. Finally, a summary is provided on the findings of the analysis. With this document, SELA commences a process to develop proposals for strengthening relations between LAC and African countries under the growing consensus about the desirability and the need to diversify foreign economic relations of the countries in our region. The Permanent Secretariat of SELA wishes to thank Dr. Luz Maria de la Mora for her valuable contribution as a consultant for the preparation of this study.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and Africa are currently experiencing good

economic times and their future seems promising. Both regions share the challenges of development, growth and the fight against inequality, and both are regions with young people and vast natural resources, as well as good prospects for economic growth. Although LAC and Africa seem to be on completely different orbits, a remarkable impetus has been given in the recent past to bi-regional relations and to the development of institutional mechanisms that can support such relations with a long-term vision.

This document provides an overview of the current status of bi-regional relations and explores different areas in which the relationship could be further developed in a concrete manner. While fostering friendly relations is not new – as evidenced by the legal framework from which bilateral and bi-regional relations between the Latin American and Caribbean nations and the countries of Africa have developed – it is only the foundation for a relationship with a greater growth potential. The “map” of the institutional framework of bilateral agreements between countries in LAC and Africa reflects both the existence of a rich agenda, especially on issues of development cooperation, economic growth, poverty reduction, environmental protection, culture and education, energy efficiency and renewable energy use, among others, and shared positions in regional and multilateral forums. This series of agreements reflects common goals and highlights the importance both regions give to multilateralism as a means to reach agreements and resolve differences. This document shows that bilateral and bi-regional trade is still in a very early stage, with few products being involved, while the corresponding trade shares represent a very small percentage of total trade for each country and region with the world. In 2009, purchases from LAC made by Africa amounted to US$ 13,494 million, which equals 1.86% of the continent’s imports from the world as a whole for that year. In terms of market share, however, it should be noted that, when compared to total imports made by Africa, imports from LAC have been on the increase, although starting from a very small base. Exports to LAC countries made by Africa in 2009 totalled US$ 10,018 million, which accounted for 1.52% of total African export sales to the world. The record level was reached in 2008 when they totalled US$ 12,749 million, representing a share of 1.48%, with South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Senegal as main suppliers. The above data reflects a high concentration of trade between Africa and LAC. Also, the bi-regional trade is notably made among a small number of countries, particularly the largest nations and oil exporters. With respect to traded goods, it can be seen that LAC’s exportable offer to Africa is mostly composed of agricultural commodities. Based on this data, it could be suggested that there is ample space for new business opportunities in both directions. Promoting reciprocal trade requires economic actors – the business communities of both regions – to be present and they are just beginning to organize bilateral chambers and associations of countries in Africa and LAC. These new organizations could serve as a solid foundation to boost trade and investment flows in the long term and become an even more powerful catalyst to promote business between both parties. The support of governments and their trade and investment promotion agencies is required in order to facilitate such relations. Undoubtedly, the richest component of this bilateral and bi-regional relation to date lies on the cooperation agenda, both bilaterally and regionally. The relation between LAC and African countries has gained renewed interest since the creation of the Africa-South

Permanent Secretariat Extra-regional Relations

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America Summits mechanism, which has become an engine of proposals to bring the two regions closer together through cooperation agendas. These closer ties have been demonstrated with the launch of the Africa-South America Summit (ASA) process in 2006 as explained in the section on bilateral and bi-regional relations. It should be noted that this process reflects the way in which both regions have elevated their strategic importance for each other, resulting in the creation of institutional frameworks aimed at further strengthening the relationship in the long term. Arguably, the strengthening of Africa-LAC relations – but particularly those of Cuba and South America with African countries – will heavily depend on agendas for which cooperation and political dialogue play a critical role. At present, both regions are more aware of each other, opening up many possibilities and opportunities around energy, environment, education and culture, science and technology, tourism and transportation, and health issues. Multilateral issues have linked Latin America and the Caribbean to Africa, but now there is a possible strategy which anticipates a greater bilateral interaction of the Latin American and Caribbean countries with the African nations. There is also a good political dialogue in the relations between these countries and regions. However, little headway has been made so far in the economic dimension despite strong potential complementarities, with trade, investment, tourism and economic cooperation still showing low levels of activity. The causes can be many and varied, including lack of information and knowledge, lack of promotion, competitive rather than complementary structures, focus on third-party markets, lack of preferential conditions for mutual trade and investment relations, and barriers to transport or logistics. This document identifies new opportunities to forge stronger links in three areas: I) Institutional; II) Economic and commercial; and III) South-South cooperation. It also offers recommendations that both regions and the individual countries could consider in order to strengthen their relations. Specifically, the analysis identifies several areas of work that SELA Member Countries might consider to promote closer ties to African nations, among which are the following: 1. Institutional area

a) Institutional strengthening of ASA and development of a mechanism, including all countries in LAC, in order to create a regional body with the support of a well-established Latin American and Caribbean agency such as SELA.

b) Fostering air connectivity between the two regions through the negotiation of bilateral Open-Skies agreements.

c) Negotiation of trade and investment agreements at the regional and sub-regional levels to open new trade opportunities and create preferential access to markets that can effectively promote trade.

d) Negotiation of health (plant and animal health) agreements providing guarantees of animal and plant safety in order to boost trade flows between both parties.

e) Negotiation of agreements to avoid double taxation. f) Establishing formal links between the various integration mechanisms of LAC and

Africa to improve the understanding of the respective realities and to promote cooperation activities in priority areas.


5 2. Economic and commercial area

a) Development of a matrix of business opportunities through the identification of the export offer of each party and each party’s imports from the entire world, with the potential areas to strengthen bilateral trade being also identified.

b) Conducting business missions to exploit trade and investment opportunities identified.

c) Promotion of bi-regional tourism through the creation of tourist routes to take advantage of sub-regional schemes in both directions.

d) Exchange of experiences in developing ecotourism programmes, including certification processes.

e) Encouraging mutual investment through the dissemination of information about investment projects in areas such as infrastructure development.

f) Increased communications between the development banks and investment funds of the parties for the purpose of defining the required financing schemes to allow greater participation of either party in the projects proposed by the other party.

3. South-South Cooperation

a) Promotion of programmes for the development of agricultural enterprises and family enterprises so as to foster sustainable food production.

b) Development of joint programmes to promote the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency.

c) Exchange of experiences in creating employment opportunities for the youth. d) Exchange of experiences and development of cooperation programmes for the

implementation of SME support. e) Exchange of experiences in implementing technical standards and directives. f) Developing programmes to address sustainable development priorities, in order

to combat desertification and protect the environment. g) Cooperation in the field of health policies, particularly those associated with

pandemic diseases like AIDS, viral haemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Marbug, Lassa, etc.), West Nile fever, and other threats to global health.

h) Creation of working groups to collect and harmonize criteria for the aggregation and compilation of regional statistical data on issues such as trade, economy, tourism, labour, education, demography, society, etc.

i) Development of workshops for the exchange of experiences in the area of tourism, with particular emphasis on ecotourism, discovery tourism and culture. Working in the certification process for the development of ecotourism is also suggested.

With this document, SELA also intends to contribute to the debate and discussion on the relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with the African countries and to propose ways to strengthen these relations in both directions. SELA is ideally positioned to contribute to this effort and to help ensure this bi-regional relation is inclusive of all LAC countries. Thus, the strategy of expansion and diversification of LAC’s external economic relations will undoubtedly grow richer and stronger.


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I. INTRODUCTION

Relations between Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and all 53 African countries still remain under-explored both from an analytical point of view and from a practical perspective. As pointed out by ECLAC, relations between LAC and African countries have not frequently been the subject of study or analysis because to some extent the relationship itself has little to offer for evaluation in terms of bi-regional and bilateral agreements. With the declining dynamism of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, scholars seem to have abandoned the analysis of the inter-regional relationship.1 This document is an effort aimed at helping promote knowledge building and raising the debate on the desirability of an LAC initiative to approach African nations with proposals in specific areas to strengthen relations between the two regions. Although Cuba and Brazil stand out for their great display of activities and friendly relations with the African region as a whole and bilaterally, and more recently the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has developed bilateral agendas and specific policies with countries in that region, the degree of coming together is still in its infancy and the level of exchange is relatively poor compared to the enormous potential offered by the parties. Brazil has historical and cultural reasons to try and get closer to Africa and maintains a clear policy towards the African continent, which is explained in part by its population of African origin, mostly from Senegal and Nigeria, who were moved from their countries of origin during the time of slave trade. Countries such as Colombia, Chile and Mexico have shown some interest in approaching the region, but such intentions have not yet materialized nor are they reflected in any long-term concrete and substantive agendas. On the Latin American and Caribbean side, the start of the millennium seems to have ignited this region’s interest in exploring the possibilities of building bridges to promote relations with African countries. This genuine interest shown by Latin America and the Caribbean is in line with political willingness and efforts to seek suitable ways of enhancing mutual relations, which is consistent with the perspective of international bodies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which has indicated that the future for most African countries “seems to be more favourable than it ever has been.”2 On the African side, a good responsiveness has also been apparent, especially in countries that were already building a presence in the LAC region such as Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and South Africa. Undoubtedly, the richest component of this bilateral and bi-regional relationship to date lies on the South-South Cooperation agenda, both bilaterally and regionally. Multilateral issues have linked Latin America and the Caribbean to Africa, but now there is a possible strategy which anticipates a greater bilateral interaction of the Latin American and Caribbean countries with the African nations. There is also a good political dialogue in the relations at the regional and national levels. However, little headway has been made so far in the economic dimension of mutual relations despite strong potential

1 Elodie Brun, 2009, p. 8. 2 As quoted by Jose Antonio Roman in his article titled “Buscará México acuerdos comerciales, educativos y de salud con Africa,” La Jornada, 21 May 2007. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/05/21/index.php?section=politica&article=014n1pol.


7 complementarities, with trade, investment, tourism and economic cooperation still showing low levels of activity, and therefore effective mechanisms to promote future ties between the two regions should be prioritized. The causes can be many and varied, including lack of information and knowledge, lack of promotion, competitive rather than complementary structures, focus on third-party markets, lack of preferential conditions for mutual trade and investment relations, and barriers to transport or logistics, just to mention a few. This closer cooperation between countries such as Brazil and the African region has shown the kind of South-South relationship which Latin America and the Caribbean can develop with Africa at the bilateral and continental levels. There is an increasing awareness of the importance that Africa has for the Latin American and Caribbean region and for the world at large. What happens in Africa does not stay in Africa. Instead, it is transferred to the LAC region as it has a global impact either through the participation of Africa in world markets for commodities or foodstuffs, use of energy, depletion of natural resources or the health of its population, to mention a few examples. While it is true that the relationship is at a very early stage and mostly relies on the specific interests of some countries, both regions have had contacts since African nations started to gain independence back in the1950s. There are an increasing number of agreements that reflect the mutual interest in promoting a closer relationship, evolving to encompass more areas and creating closer ties. Since the early 1960s, for example, Cuba has developed a very active policy of cooperation towards nearly all African countries, with special emphasis being placed on health issues. Additionally, MERCOSUR has negotiated free trade agreements (FTAs) with countries such as Egypt. Beyond bilateral and bi-regional issues, LAC and Africa have shared interests in global issues such as the need for a new international financial architecture, the food crisis resulting from high international commodity prices, and energy policies and their implications for the environment, to name a few. The LAC-Africa relationship occurs in a context characterized by countries with dynamic growth rates at the regional level and young people eager to seize economic opportunities and to have greater access to opportunities for political participation. Also, both regions face profound challenges to overcome poverty and economic and social inequalities. Today several Arab nations in Africa are experiencing deep political changes which reflect, among other things, a demand for greater participation of citizens in the economic and political spheres. Latin American and Caribbean countries have undergone their own political processes and can share their own experiences of openness and democratization with the African nations. As it is known, since the 1880s, LAC nations have experienced processes -- not without difficulties -- which have led to the construction of more open, participatory and inclusive political institutions, where governments cannot get isolated from the demands of the citizens. This document is divided into seven sections or chapters. Following the introduction, the second section provides an overview of basic and comparative information to contextualize the regions through the analysis of economic data and some general indicators. The third section explores the level of bilateral relations, including a brief review of the legal framework governing the relations between LAC and African countries. The existing agreements at bilateral, bi-regional and multilateral levels are briefly portrayed, highlighting those areas in which most agreements occur (e.g. trade, investment, cooperation, energy, agriculture, tourism). This section analyzes the framework of Africa-South America Summits (ASA), its institutional establishment through the Permanent


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Secretariat of ASA and the Strategic Presidential Committee and the 2010-2020 Agenda. The possibilities to help support closer ties between the two regions are also discussed. The fourth section examines the current situation of trade and investment flows and discusses existing trade agreements, their scope and reach, to present an assessment of the institutional framework within which the current bilateral and bi-regional relations are conducted. It also explores the common ground of Africa and LAC in various issues of the WTO Doha Round. The fifth section presents a brief overview of policies and programmes for South-South Cooperation among countries and regions to identify areas where it already exists. Initiatives are identified in areas such as involvement of regional and multilateral organizations, energy, environment, education and culture, science and technology, tourism and transportation, and health. Section VI identifies opportunities for trade between LAC and Africa. Based on an array of African import data and LAC’s exportable offer, specific products are identified the export of which to the African continent could be increased by LAC. The final section includes some insights and recommendations on ways in which both regions could strengthen their relations, by identifying areas of complementarity at the level of regional and sub-regional integration schemes and at bilateral level. For this purpose, a draft agenda of topics has been developed in three areas, namely: institutional, economic and commercial, and South-South Cooperation, in which there is potential to deepen LAC-Africa relations. This document provides an analysis encompassing many areas and issues in an attempt to present an overview as broad and comprehensive as possible. Naturally, it is impossible to cover every aspect of the relationship, this being the reason why an illustrative view of the headway made and the existing potential is offered instead. This should only be seen as the beginning in the process of promoting closer cooperation between the two regions, and SELA can undoubtedly support this effort. II. BACKGROUND

Forging closer relations between LAC and Africa is not a XXI Century process. It started way back, from the decolonization of the African countries and after World War II and as a result of the Bandung Conference held in Indonesia in 1955. Before World War II only four African countries enjoyed independence: Egypt, Liberia, South Africa and Ethiopia. By 1965, nearly all countries in that continent had achieved their liberation, with the former Portuguese colonies, i.e. Angola, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, Mozambique and the Spanish Sahara (whose status is still in dispute between Morocco and the independence movement of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) being the last ones to achieve it. Independence was accompanied by political instability, ethnic and tribal disputes, arising in part from the artificial division of colonial rule, poverty and dependence on their former colonial powers because of the debt incurred.


9 Chart 1

Contacts with Latin America and the Caribbean initiated by Africa started to occur from the independence of African countries when diplomatic relations were established between countries in both regions. Except for Cuba, however, relations between the two regions remained distant and superficial. Points of agreement have been found mostly in multilateral forums and in major issues of the global development agenda. This is partly explained by the fact that the political independence of African countries did not involve a substantive change in the economic relations with their former colonial powers, which continued to figure high on trade flows. European countries continued to dominate the economic life of those young nations, leaving little room for new players, and particularly for LAC. Although the attempts to establish closer ties were not persistent or constant, the two regions found common ground on concerns about development and growth in multilateral forums such as UNCTAD or the Group of 77, a mechanism of coordination between developing countries that emerged in 1963 for the purpose of coordinating positions on economic, social and budgetary negotiations at the United Nations.3 Within the framework of the G77, LAC and African countries have been able to develop common positions to advance their economic and cooperation agendas.

3 It is currently made up by 132 states of Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.


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Table 1 Common traits among multilateral organizations: G-15, G-77 and G-24

MEMBERS

ORGANIZATION

COMMON

ISSUES

WEB SITE

MISSION / OBJECTIVES LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN

AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Group of 15 (G-15)

Greater and mutually beneficial cooperation among developing countries, particularly in the areas of investment, trade and technology

www.g15.org

• Take advantage of the huge potential for a greater and mutually beneficial cooperation among developing countries. • Conduct regular reviews of the impacts of the global situation and the status of international economic relations in developing countries. • Serve as a forum for regular consultations among developing countries in order to coordinate policies and actions. • Identify and implement new, concrete schemes for South-South Cooperation, and boost support to such schemes. • To foster a more positive and productive North-South dialogue, and find new ways to confront problems in a cooperative and constructive manner, based on mutual support.

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Jamaica,

Mexico, Venezuela

Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria,

Senegal, Zimbabwe

Group of 77 (G-77)

Promote trade and the political agenda, reduce poverty, foster industrialization and unity of its members, speed up a new global order, among other cooperation-related issues.

www.g77.org

The Group of 77 is the largest inter-governmental organization that groups together developing countries that are member of the UN. It provides to the countries of the South the means to coordinate and promote their collective economic interests and improve their joint capacity to conduct negotiations on the main economic issues vis-à-vis the United States and the UN system, while promoting South-South Cooperation for development.

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas,

Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala,

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama,

Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, St.

Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the

Grenadines, St. Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and

Tobago, Uruguay Venezuela.

(Mexico withdrew from the G77 when it joined

the OECD in 1994)

Angola, Algeria, Benin, Botswana,

Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape

Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoro

Islands, Dem Rep. of Congo, Rep. of Congo, Côte

d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya,

Lesotho, Liberia, , Libya, Madagascar,

Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mauritius

Mauritania, Mozambique,

Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São

Tomé e Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan,

Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,

Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Group of 24

(G-24)

Governance, macroeconomics and finance, economic development, as well as social and labour issues.

www.g24.org

Its main objective is to coordinate positions of developing countries as regards financial and monetary matters, as well as development issues.

Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,

Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad and

Tobago, Venezuela

Algeria, Dem Rep. of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria,

South Africa.

These renewed contacts of LAC with Africa are the result of political decisions by countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to strengthen bilateral and bi-regional relations. Brazil and Cuba appear to be the countries with stronger ties with the African continent.4 The renewed interest in building bridges between LAC and Africa has been the result of political and economic trends in Latin America and the Caribbean, where the political will has been accompanied by concrete actions, especially in the area of South-South Cooperation.

4 Elodie Brun, 2009. p. 5.


11 The recent growing economic dynamism in both regions has opened a variety of opportunities which had remained largely unexplored until now due to reasons such as geographic location, lack of understanding of the respective realities, limited flows of mutual trade and investments, poor connectivity and an institutional framework that requires greater strength to foster the relationship between the two regions, just to mention the main factors. These closer ties have been demonstrated with the launch of the Africa-South America Summit (ASA) process in 2006, as explained in the section on bilateral and bi-regional relations. It should be noted that both regions have elevated their strategic importance for each other. It is said to be strategic in that it is based on the creation of institutional frameworks aimed at further strengthening the relationship in the long term. Arguably, Africa-LAC relations, but particularly those of Cuba and South America with African countries, will heavily depend on agendas for which cooperation and political dialogue play a critical role. Today, both regions are more aware of each other, opening up many possibilities and opportunities. 1. Basic profiles of Africa and LAC: Territory, population and income The continent of Africa comprehends 53 countries and is divided into the North region with 10 countries and the Sub-Saharan or Black Africa with 43 countries.5 The African continent covers a surface of more than 30 million square kilometres, almost double the surface of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has more than one billion inhabitants, which represent 14.58 % of world population and 17.14 % of the population of emerging and developing countries. Latin America and the Caribbean have approximately 600 million people, which account for nearly 8.32% of the world population and 9.78% of that in emerging and developing countries distributed among 33 countries.

5 Six of 43 countries are islands: Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Cape Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe, and Mauritius.


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Chart 2

Africa is home to hundreds of different ethnic groups with a large diversity of languages, customs, history, religion, and even physicality. Its population remains mostly rural distributed in villas and small settlements (some of nomadic nature). Most populations are located near the Nile River and the continental coastline where population density is low, no more than 20 inhabitants per square kilometre. Few African cities such as Cairo,


13 Alexandria, Kinshasa, Johannesburg, Casablanca, Cape Town, Algiers, and Addis Ababa have more than a million inhabitants. The African countries have great differences between them in terms of access to natural resources, economic dimensions and geography, population and life standards, as well as its levels of inequality, which, it should be said, are lower than in LAC.


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Table 2 Africa: General data by country

No. Country Area (Km²)

Population (2004 estimate)

Capital Official languages Currency

1 Angola 1,246,702 13,121,000 Luanda Portuguese. Other recognized national languages: Kikongo, Mutombo, Chokwe, Kimbundu and Umbundu

Kwanza (AOA)

2 Algeria 2,381,741 31,320,000 Algiers Arabic Algerian dinar (DZD) 3 Benin 112,622 2552,000 Porto Novo French CFA Franc (XOF) 4 Botswana 581,730 1,712,000 Gaborone English, Setswana Pula (BWP) 5 Burkina Faso 274,300 11,831,000 Ouagadougou French. Other languages: Mòoré, Dioula

(Bambara) CFA Franc (XOF)

6 Burundi 27,834 7,071,000 Bujumbura Kirundi, French Burundi franc (BIF) 7 Cape Verde 4,036 458,000 Praia Portuguese Cape Verdean escudo

(CVE) 8 Cameroon 475,442 15,769,000 Yaoundé French, English CFA Franc (XOF) 9 Central African

Republic 622,984 3,829,000 Bangui Sango, French CFA Franc (XOF)

10 Chad 1,284,000 8,341,000 N'Djamena French, Arabic CFA Franc (XOF) 11 Comoros 1,862 586,00 Moroni Arabic, Comoran, French Comorian franc (KMF) 12 Democratic Republic

of the Congo 2,334,885 51,580,000 Kinsasha French. Other languages Lingala,

Kikongo, Swahili and Tshiluba Congolese franc (CDF)

13 Republic of the Congo 342,000 3,657,000 Brazzaville French, Lingala, and Kituba CFA Franc (XOF) 14 Côte d'Ivoire 322,462 16,513,000 Yamoussoukro French CFA Franc (XOF) 15 Djibouti 23,200 693,000 Djibouti Arabic and French Djiboutian franc (DJF) 16 Egypt 1,002,000 66,372,000 Cairo Arabic Pound (EGP) 17 Eritrea 121,144 4,297,000 Asmara Tigrinya, Arabic Nakfa (ERN) 18 Ethiopia 1,133,380 67,218 Addis Ababa Amharic Ethiopian birr (ETB) 19 Gabon 267,667 1,315,000 Libreville French Franc (CFA) 20 Gambia 11,295 1,389,000 Banjul English Dalasi (GMD) 21 Ghana 238,537 20,271,000 Accra English Cedi (GHC) 22 Guinea 245,857 7,744,000 Conakry French Guinean franc 23 Guinea-Bissau 36,125 1,447,000 Bissau Portuguese CFA Franc (XOF) 24 Equatorial Guinea 28,051 482,000 Malabo Spanish, French, Portuguese, Other

languages: Fang, Bube, Annobonese. Franc (f, XAF)

25 Kenya 580,367 31,345 Nairobi Swahili, English Kenyan shilling (KES) 26 Lesotho 30,355 1,777,000 Maseru Sesotho, English Loti (LSL) 27 Liberia 97,754 3,295,000 Monrovia English Liberian dollar (LS, LRD) 28 Libya 1,775,500 5,448,000 Tripoli Arabic Libyan dinar (LYD) 29 Madagascar 587,041 16,437,000 Antananarivo Malagasy, French, English Ariary (MGA) 30 Malawi 118,484 10,743,000 Lilongwe English, Chichewa Malawian Kwacha

(MWK) 31 Mali 1,240,192 11,374,000 Bamako French (de iure), Bambara (de facto) CFA franc (CFA) 32 Morocco 1 458,730 29,641,000 Rabat Arabic (de iure), French (de facto),

Amazigh (de facto) Moroccan dirham

(MAD) 33 Mauritius 2,040 1,212,000 Port Louis English (de iure), French (de facto),

Mauritian Creole (de facto) Mauritian rupee (MUR)

34 Mauritania 1,030,700 2,785,000 Nouakchot Arabic Ouguiya (MRO) 35 Mozambique 799,380 18,438,000 Maputo Portuguese Metical (MZM) 36 Namibia 824,292 1,985,000 Windhoek English, Afrikaans, German Namibian dollar (NAD) 37 Niger 1,267,000 11,425,000 Niamey French CFA franc (XOF) 38 Nigeria 923,768 132,785,000 Abuja English. Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, Fulani

(regional languages) Naira (NGN)

39 Rwanda 226,338 8,163,000 Kigali Kinyarwanda, French, English Rwandan franc (RWF) 40 São Tomé e Príncipe 1,001 154,000 São Tomé Portuguese Dobra (STD) 41 Senegal 196,722 10,007,000 Dakar French. Wolof (most widely spoken

language, but not officially recognized) CFA franc (XOF)

42 Seychelles 455 84,000 Victoria Seychellois Creole, French, English Seychellois rupee (SCR) 43 Sierra Leone 71,740 5,235,000 Freetown English Leone (SLL) 44 Somalia 637,657 9,319,000 Mogadishu Somali, Arabic Somali shilling (SOS) 45 Swaziland 17,363 1,088,000 Mbabane Swazi, English Lilangeni (SZL) 46 South Africa 1,219,090 45,345,000 Pretoria Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern and

Southern Sotho, Tswana, Swazi, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu.

Rand (ZAR)

47 Sudan 2,505,813 32,791,000 Khartoum Arabic, English Sudanese pound (SDG) 48 Tanzania 945,087 35,181,00 Dodoma Swahili (de facto), English (higher courts,

higher education) Tanzanian shelling (TZS)

49 Togo 58,785 4,760,000 Lomé French CFA franc (XOF) 50 Tunisia 163,610 9,781,000 Tunis Arabic (de iure), French (de facto) Tunisian dinar (TND) 51 Uganda 241,139 24,600,000 Kampa la English, Swahili Ugandan shelling (UGX) 52 Zambia 752,614 10,244,000 Lusaka English Zambian kwacha (ZMK) 53 Zimbabwe 390,757 13,001,000 Harare English, Shona, Ndebele Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

TOTAL 30,081,530 832,002,000 1 Does not include Western Sahara.


15 In Latin America and the Caribbean, the population of African descent is largely found in the countries of the Caribbean and South America. In the Caribbean and Latin America, for example, the African Diaspora originated with the transatlantic slave trade. It is estimated that between 1450 and 1900, close to 15 million Africans reached the plantations of the New World. Brazil was the main destination with close to 35% of slaves, which explains why today the greater number of African descendants outside the African continent is found in Brazil. While LAC is characterized by great economic and social inequalities, Africa is defined by having the countries with the highest levels of poverty. As indicated in Table 3, the simple math average of the GINI coefficient (GC) of the 21 countries analyzed in LAC was 50.4, the highest in the world, and higher than the average Sub Saharan average of 35 countries, which was 45.9 The highest levels of socio-economic inequality in the world are found in Latin America and the Caribbean. The richest 10% perceives 48% of the total income whilst the poorest 10% only perceives 1.6%. In the case of LAC, Haiti presents the highest inequality levels positioned as number seven in the world ranking with a GC of 59.2 and Venezuela having the lowest inequality level, positioned at 56 with a GC of 41.

Table 3 Inequality index for Sub-Saharan Africa and LAC, as a whole

Region Average GINI Coefficient Number of countries

Sub-Saharan Africa 45,9 35 Latin America and the Caribbean 50,4 21

Total Aggregate 47,7 56 Source: Prepared by the author, based on CIA Factbook data. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2172.txt. In LAC, life expectancy reaches almost the 70 years of age for a greater part of the countries but fluctuates between 58 years in Haiti and 78 years in Costa Rica. Mortality and fertility rates have fallen considerably in the last decades; however, there are still groups such as dispersed rural populations, indigenous peoples, and Afro-descendants that still experience high rates. At global level, the 10 countries with the greatest inequalities are found in the Sub-Saharan Africa and in LAC. The six with more inequalities according to the GINI coefficient (GC) are Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Sierra Leona and the Central African Republic; all located in the Sub-Saharan region. The first four are found in the extreme south of the African continent. As indicated in Table 4, the African country with the greatest inequality is Namibia with a GC of 70.4, and the least is Ethiopia with a GC of 30 and positioned at 113, above average from the European Union with a GC of 30.4. However, this is but the result of an equal distribution of poverty. On the other hand, the four countries in LAC with a higher inequality index are Haiti, Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil.


16

Table 4 Inequality index for Sub-Saharan Africa and LAC, by country

World ranking (out of 136) Country Gini

Coefficient Year Continent

1 Namibia 70.7 2003 Africa 2 South Africa 65.0 2005 Africa 3 Lesotho 63.2 1995 Africa 4 Botswana 63.0 1993 Africa 5 Sierra Leone 62.9 1989 Africa 6 Central African Republic 61.3 1993 Africa 7 Haiti 59.2 2001 Latin America and the Caribbean 8 Colombia 58.5 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean 9 Bolivia 58,2 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean

10 Brazil 56.7 2005 Latin America and the Caribbean 11 Guatemala 55.1 2007 Latin America and the Caribbean 12 Honduras 53.8 2003 Latin America and the Caribbean 14 Paraguay 53.2 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean 15 El Salvador 52.4 2002 Latin America and the Caribbean 16 Chile 52.4 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean 17 Panama 51.0 2010 (est.) Latin America and the Caribbean 19 Zambia 50.8 2004 Africa 20 Niger 50.5 1995 Africa 21 Swaziland 50.4 2001 Africa 22 Gambia 50.2 1998 Africa 23 Zimbabwe 50.1 2006 Africa 24 Dominican Republic 49.9 2005 Latin America and the Caribbean 25 Peru 49.6 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean 27 Mexico 48.2 2008 Latin America and the Caribbean 28 Costa Rica 48.0 2008 Latin America and the Caribbean 30 Madagascar 47.5 2001 Africa 31 Mozambique 47.3 2002 Africa 33 Uruguay 47.1 2007 Latin America and the Caribbean 34 Ecuador 46.9 June 2010 Latin America and the Caribbean 35 Rwanda 46.8 2000 Africa 37 Uganda 45.7 2002 Africa 38 Argentina 45.7 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean 39 Jamaica 45.5 2004 Latin America and the Caribbean 41 Cameroon 44.6 2001 Africa 42 Côte d’Ivoire 44.6 2002 Africa 45 Nigeria 43.7 2003 Africa 46 Guyana 43.2 1999 Latin America and the Caribbean 47 Nicaragua 43.1 2001 Latin America and the Caribbean 50 Kenya 42.5 2008 (est.) Africa 51 Burundi 42.4 1998 Africa 54 Senegal 41.3 2001 Africa 56 Venezuela 41.0 2009 Latin America and the Caribbean 57 Morocco 40.9 2005 (est.) Africa 60 Mali 40.1 2001 Africa 61 Tunisia 40.0 2005 (est.) Africa 63 Burkina Faso 39.5 2007 Africa 64 Ghana 39.4 2005-06 Africa 66 Mauritania 39.0 2000 Africa 67 Mauritius 39.0 2006 (est.) Africa 69 Malawi 39.0 2004 Africa 71 Guinea 38.1 2006 Africa 81 Benin 36.5 2003 Africa 86 Algeria 35.3 1995 Africa 88 Tanzania 34.6 2000 Africa 90 Egypt 34.4 2001 Africa 113 Ethiopia 30.0 2000 Africa


17 According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 2010, the average GDP measured in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per capita in LAC was US$ 11,263, while Africa’s was less than one-third, that is, US$ 3,021. As indicated in Table 5, LAC is a region of great contrasts, with countries such as Barbados with a GDP per capita of US$ 22,296 while a country such as Haiti has a mere US$ 1,122. On the other hand, in Africa the average GDP PPP is US$ 3,021. Seychelles enjoys a GDP PPP per capita of US$ 24,837 followed by Equatorial Guinea with US$ 18,387 and Botswana with US$ 15,450. However, 36 African countries are under the average level in that continent, all of them in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 5

Per capita GDP for LAC and African countries (Purchasing Power Parity - PPP)

LAC countries Per capita GDP/PPP US dollars

Barbados 22,296 Trinidad and Tobago 20,723 Antigua y Barbuda 16,567 Argentina 15,603 Chile 14,982 Uruguay 14,342 Mexico 14,266 St. Kitts and Nevis 12,977 Panama 12,398 Venezuela 11,889 Brazil 11,289 LAC average 11,263 Grenada 10,881 Costa Rica 10,732 Dominica 10,456 St. Lucia 10,277 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 10,261 Colombia 9,445 Peru 9,281 Suriname 8,955 Jamaica 8,812 Dominican Republic 8,648 Ecuador 7,925 Belize 7,895 El Salvador 7,442 Guyana 6,893 Paraguay 4,915 Guatemala 4,871 Bolivia 4,584 Honduras 4,405 Nicaragua 2,970 Haiti 1,122

Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010.


18

African countries Per capita GDP/PPP US dollars

Seychelles 24,837 Equatorial Guinea 18,387 Botswana 15,450 Libya 14,878 Gabon 14,866 Mauritius 13,215 South Africa 10,505 Tunisia 9,489 Algeria 7,104 Namibia 6,945 Angola 6,413 Egypt 6,367 Swaziland 5,885 Morocco 4,773 Republic of the Congo 4,487 Cape Verde 3,563 African average 3,021 Djibouti 2,553 Sudan 2,466 Nigeria 2,399 Cameroon 2,165 Mauritania 2,100 Gambia 1,973 São Tomé e Príncipe 1,880 Senegal 1,814 Kenya 1,784 Côte d’Ivoire 1,687 Chad 1,654 Zambia 1,625 Ghana 1,610 Tanzania 1,497 Benin 1,453 Burkina Faso 1,342 Lesotho 1,266 Uganda 1,246 Mali 1,207 Rwanda 1,203 Comoros 1,177 Guinea-Bissau 1,082 Guinea 1,057 Ethiopia 1,014 Mozambique 982 Madagascar 911 Malawi 909 Togo 847 Sierra Leone 803 Central African Republic 764 Niger 721 Eritrea 676 Burundi 411 Liberia 396 Zimbabwe 396 Democratic Republic of Congo 341

Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010.


19 Most of the African countries are still of recent foundation. With their independence, these countries sought to create State-nations and to buttress their economic development with economic strategies based on heavy State investment in development by industrialization.6 During the 1960s, these nations experienced average annual growth rates of 3% owing to the high international prices of raw materials, which today largely make up their export offer. However, this economic growth was unsustainable and the economic situation of the continent, in general, deteriorated combined with the constant political instability that characterized almost all the countries in the region. To achieve growth and industrialization, the region became indebted in excess of US$ 6 billion in 1970 to US$ 231 billion in 1990 (approximately 100% of the continent’s GDP). The structural adjustment programs introduced in the 1980s, meant to provide stability and growth, did not lead to a reduction in poverty or unemployment indexes, nor did it help to avoid deindustrialization and stagnation of food production.7 Similarly, official development assistance streaming from donors from the North to African countries failed to achieve its objective – a significant reduction in poverty – much less development. Between 1981 and 1990, the levels of extreme poverty in the Sub-Saharan countries increased from 42.3% to 46.7% of the total population; in other words, during this period the number of people in the region living on a dollar a day per capita hiked from 167 million to 240 million. This same tendency is observed in populations living on two dollars a day per capita. In this same period, the percentage increased from 74.5% to 77% of the population, that is, from 295 to 396 million people.8 A new African development framework was adopted in 2001 by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) accepted by all countries from the continent to reduce poverty levels. With it, among other things, the countries seek to introduce the reforms needed to increase investment in sectors such as agriculture, human resources training, especially in health areas, education, science and technology, construction and improvement of infrastructure, diversification of production, and exports and environmental security. The countries from LAC may contribute to development in priority areas within the NEPAD strategy framework for the benefit of the continent, as well as strengthening the bilateral relation centred on priority areas identified by NEPAD. 2. Economy and Competitiveness

In economic terms, the LAC region represents 8.6% of world GDP. The three major economies in the region are Brazil, which contributes with 2.92% to world GDP, Mexico with 2.11%, and Argentina with 0.87%. On the other hand, the 53 African countries represent only 4.04% of world GDP – LAC by half – and the three main economies are South Africa with 0.7%; Egypt with 0.67%, and Nigeria with 0.51% (see Table 6).

6 Iraxis Bello. 2009. p. 84. 7 Mbuyi KABUNDA. 2005. pp. 9-29 8 José Antonio Sanahuja. pp. 73 and 74.


20

Table 6

Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa: Share of GDP and population, 2010

GDP – Purchasing Power Parity (Group share in %)

Population (Group share in %)

Region

No. countries

Regional

Emerg. & Developing

World

Regional

Emerg. & Developing

World

LAC 32 100.00 18.02 5.60 100.00 9.78 8.32 Brazil 34.02 6.13 2.92 34.09 3.34 2.84 Mexico 24.55 4.42 2.11 19.16 1.87 1.59 Argentina

10.06 1.81 0.87 7.15 0.70 0.59 Africa * 52 100.00 8.47 4.04 100.00 17.14 14.58 South Africa 17.46 1.48 0.71 5.02 0.86 0.73 Egypt 16.59 1.40 0.67 7.88 1.35 1.15 Nigeria

12.59 1.07 0.51 15.71 2.69 2.29

* There is no data available for Somalia or the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Western Sahara). Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011. On average, the levels of income for Africa are among the lowest and among the highest in terms of poverty levels. At global level, 34 of 49 of the less advanced countries are located in that continent. In terms of competitiveness indexes, some countries in LAC and Africa are running very late. As indicated in Table 7, the Index of Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) 2010-2011 of the World Economic Forum indicates that of 139 countries included in the survey the countries of LAC and Africa are completely absent from the list of the 20 most competitive economies in the world. The countries best positioned in the GCI are Chile in position 30˚ and Tunisia at 32˚. Chile’s favourable performance rests on the sub-pillar of efficiencies with the best performance of all LAC and African countries, number 35˚ at world level. The most developed country in the African continent is South Africa positioned at 54 of the GCI after Tunisia, consolidating its position with a positive ranking in basic requisites (31˚ at world level) and innovation and sophistication factors (34˚ at world level). On the other hand, Barbados and Costa Rica exhibit better performance in LAC and Africa coming in at 27˚ and 33˚, at world level, in the sub-pillars of basic requirements and innovation and sophistication factors, respectively. In general, the African countries are in a disadvantageous competitive position against LAC countries for they occupy the last positions of the GCI at world level. Within the GCI world ranking, the African countries rank an average 110 in the world in contrast with LAC located at number 82. The tendency is similar for three index sub-pillars.


21 Table 7

LAC and Africa in the Global Competitiveness Index World Economic Forum, 2010-2011

Positioning, 2010-2011 (out of 139) Country Global

Competitiveness Index

Basic

requirements

Efficiency enhancers

Innovation and sophistication

factors

Region

Chile 30 37 35 44 LAC Tunisia 32 31 50 34 Africa Barbados 43 27 52 52 LAC Panama 53 49 62 54 LAC South Africa 54 79 42 43 Africa Mauritius 55 47 66 59 Africa Costa Rica 56 62 58 33 LAC Brazil 58 86 44 38 LAC Uruguay 64 51 74 70 LAC Mexico 66 66 61 69 LAC Colombia 68 78 60 61 LAC Peru 73 87 56 89 LAC Namibia 74 54 91 91 Africa Morocco 75 64 88 79 Africa Botswana 76 76 85 93 Africa Guatemala 78 85 81 62 LAC Rwanda 80 84 98 87 Africa Egypt 81 89 82 68 Africa El Salvador 82 71 87 96 LAC Trinidad and Tobago 84 55 77 78 LAC Algeria 86 80 107 108 Africa Argentina 87 82 86 71 LAC Gambia 90 90 105 64 Africa Honduras 91 91 104 98 LAC Jamaica 95 103 80 86 LAC Libya 100 88 127 135 Africa Dominican Republic 101 107 92 99 LAC Benin 103 104 120 81 Africa Senegal 104 108 108 67 Africa Ecuador 105 92 115 124 LAC Kenya 106 126 79 58 Africa Bolivia 108 101 125 125 LAC Guyana 110 105 112 103 LAC Cameroon 111 111 121 105 Africa Nicaragua 112 109 122 126 LAC Tanzania 113 116 114 94 Africa Ghana 114 122 96 100 Africa Zambia 115 121 101 90 Africa Cape Verde 117 96 129 128 Africa Uganda 118 123 102 111 Africa Ethiopia 119 119 118 117 Africa Paraguay 120 115 119 132 LAC Venezuela 122 117 113 129 LAC Madagascar 124 118 124 113 Africa Malawi 125 129 110 84 Africa Swaziland 126 110 126 131 Africa Nigeria 127 136 84 83 Africa Lesotho 128 124 132 116 Africa Côte d’Ivoire 129 133 116 110 Africa Mozambique 131 130 128 101 Africa Mali 132 128 116 101 Africa Burkina Faso 134 134 133 127 Africa Mauritania 135 131 138 134 Africa Zimbabwe 136 137 134 122 Africa Burundi 137 135 139 138 Africa Angola 138 138 130 139 Africa Chad 139 139 137 130 Africa

Region Average GCI

Average Basic Req.

Average Effic. Enhancers

Average Innov. & Sophis

Number of countries

Africa 110.6 111.1 110.3 99.7 35 LAC 82.1 80.7 82.5 83.6 22

Aggregated total 97.7 96.9 98.4 92.8 57

Best positioned in the region

Source: Prepared by the author, based on WEF data: http://www3weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf.


22

Africa’s poor performance can be explained because its economy is yet at early stages of development in spite of its numerous resources. The continent is the first producer of precious minerals; it has the world largest diamond reserves, platinum, chromium, and gold; contributes with 15% of oil production, and has the second largest drinking water reserve in the world. The main exporters of petroleum and diamonds in Africa are Nigeria, Algeria, Angola, and South Africa, which is also the biggest contributor to GDP. The physical characteristics of the continent’s diverse regions hamper agriculture and livestock in most parts of its territory owing to the great desert extensions or because jungle areas are almost impenetrable. Agriculture in many countries is mostly about farming and does not comprehend technology coexisting with market agriculture and plantations. To the North and North-east of Africa, cereals harvested include corn, oats, wheat and barley, in addition to dates, olives and citrus together with a large variety of vegetables. Caprine or ovine livestock is basic. In the Sub-Saharan Africa, nomad agriculture has given way to sedentary agriculture in most areas. The main crops are rice, sweat potato, manioc, kimbombó, and bananas as products of subsistence. Cattle breeding are for personal consumption. Nomad shepherds breed camels, and some farmers grow dates and cereals in oases. Although close to 60% of cultivable land is meant for subsistence farming, commercial agriculture still takes place for local markets in the entire continent. Certain produce such as palm oil, cotton, cocoa, coffee, peanuts, and tobacco are exported. Africa produces and exports half of the world’s production of cocoa bean, peanuts, clove, and pita. Mining is abundant although not yet intensively exploited. Africa is rich in natural and mineral resources such as oil, copper, gold, tin, cobalt, chromium, uranium, coltan, and diamonds. It has great energy potential in terms of sources such as sun, wind, rain and biofuels. The LAC and African economic profiles have the potential to identify areas of complement. Both economies need growth and have the resources to achieve it. However, they require well focused public policies to drive them. III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1. Bilateral Relations

In general, the relations between LAC and the countries of the African continent lack knowledge of their mutual specificities, which makes relations and identification of true opportunities in different areas difficult – politics, economy, culture, academia, business, etc. In times of the Non-Aligned Movement, both regions came close. Several Latin American countries, Cuba in particular, took part in the wars of independence in African countries such as Mozambique and Angola. Cuba is the country that has shown more continuance of its cooperation policy towards the countries of the region, since 1962. During the wars of independence Cuba mainly participated in politics with a military presence to help along the national processes and also in education. Brazil has also had a presence in Africa during the times of “Independent Foreign Policy” and the “responsible pragmatism”9 towards the end of the process of decolonization of black and lusophone 9 Alfredo Portillo. “Un balance de las actuales relaciones entre Venezuela y África”, 13 April 2009. http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/a76124.html (consulted on 15 April 2011).


23 Africa, in 1975. From a multilateral point of view, Brazil has participated with military and police presence in four UN Peace Keeping missions in Africa: the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara, the UN Mission in Liberia, the UN Mission in Sudan, and the UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has expanded its diplomatic relations to Burkina Faso in 2003; Mauricio, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger and Mozambique in 2005; in Guinea Bissau, Republic of Congo, Eritrea, São Tomé e Príncipe, the Central African Republic, Cape Verde, Swaziland, and Djibouti in 2006; Botswana and Mauritania in 2007, and more recently with Burundi and Madagascar in 2008. The BR of Venezuela has established relations with all the African nations with the exception of Madagascar. In 2005, the BR of Venezuela created the Vice-Office of Foreign Relations for Africa and established the African Agenda in order to provide greater level of attention to the bilateral relation with every African nation. 10

The visits of heads of Government from countries in the two regions have become an important aspect of bilateral relations that can spur further reciprocal bonds. More and more, leaders are undertaking work visits to countries from the other continent. In November 2008, the President of Argentina, Cristina Fernández, travelled to the African continent where she met with the heads of government of Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt and Libya. As a result, the National Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Technology (INTA) of Argentina, has begun programming actions with African countries that can benefit Argentina’s development in the sector. The Brazilian president with the greatest number of visits to Africa was the Head of State, Lula da Silva, who during his two terms in office paid more than a dozen visits to 30 African countries owing to the renewed priority assigned in matters of foreign policy to the African continent. For instance, in 2006, Brazil allocated more than half of its resources to South-South Cooperation activities in African countries (US$ 11 million) underscoring those member countries of the Lusophone Community.11 In 1975, Mexican president Luis Echeverría visited Algeria within the framework of his Third World policy. President Vicente Fox was the first Mexican president to undertake three visits to Africa during his administration (2000-2006). His State visit to Morocco in February 2005 gave impulse to a visit paid by entrepreneurs and high rank officials from the public sector, which traveled to Morocco to establish greater trade relations. On 25 July 2010, President Felipe Calderón attended the Opening Ceremony of the 15th Regular Session of the Assembly of the African Union in Kampala, Uganda. He also visited South Africa. In 2008, Mexico established diplomatic relations with the Comoros and, in 2010, it carried out meetings of the Consultation Mechanisms in Matters of Common Interest with Kenya (February), Rwanda (February), and the First Meeting of the Inter-governmental Mixed Commission for Economic, Commercial, Scientific, Technical and Technological Cooperation Mexico-Algeria in October. In August 2009, the President of the Dominican Republic, Leonel Fernández, visited Libya in order to “set the foundations for new relations with the African continent,” on the occasion of the Summit of the African Union. The Dominican Republic was then admitted 10 Alfredo Portillo. “Un balance de las actuales relaciones entre Venezuela y África”13 de abril de 2009. http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/a76124.html (consulted on 15 April 2011). 11 SEGIB. II Informe de la Cooperación Sur-Sur en Iberoamérica. Estudio SEGIB Nº 3. Madrid. p. 108.


24

as Member Country with full rights. The presidents of Barbados, Bolivia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Saint Lucia, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela also attended.12 Colombia has also pursued closer relations with countries from the African continent. Both former presidents Andrés Pastrana and Ernesto Samper made official visits to the continent especially to South Africa, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Lesotho, Kenya, Tanzania, Egypt, Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal. In turn, President Hugo Chávez of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has visited Algeria, Libya, Mozambique, Mali, Gambia, Benin, Angola and South Africa, countries never before visited by a Venezuelan president. Visits by Heads of State from African countries have also been made to the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The first visit ever by a Moroccan Head of State to a Latin American country was made in November 2004. In June 2009, the president of the Commission of the African Union visited the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The political level, as well as the diplomatic and consular representation of each country in the other region, is an interesting indicator when measuring the level of attention that the countries from both regions grant themselves. Table 8 illustrates the type of diplomatic presence of countries owing to embassies and consulates from African countries in Latin America and vice versa. Practically all African countries considered in this document have established some type of representation in different countries of LAC from embassies and consulates to honorary consulates representing their interests in ascribing countries. Table 8, Diplomatic representations (see below) indicates that 32 countries in Africa have this type of representation in some countries of LAC. Egypt is the African country with the greatest representation of this type (11) followed by South Africa with 10, Algeria with eight, and Libya, Morocco and Nigeria with seven. Most of these representations are found in the LAC countries with greater presence in Africa such as Brazil with 25 African representations and Cuba with 21. To date, 21 of the 53 African countries ― Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé e Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda – have no diplomatic representation in LAC countries.

12 “Leonel llegó a Libia para cumbre africana,” in Listindiario.com, 30 August 2009. http://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2009/8/30/113241/Leonel-llego-a-Libia-para-cumbre-africana (consulted on 25 April 2011).


25

Table 8 African diplomatic missions in Latin America and the Caribbean

AFRICAN COUNTRIES

DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

AND THE CARIBBEAN WEB SITE OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Angola (5)

Argentina, Brazil (Embassy in Brasilia and

consulate in Rio de Janeiro), Cuba, Mexico

www.mirex.gv.ao

Algeria (8)

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba,

Mexico, Peru, Bol. Rep. Venezuela

www.mae.dz

Benin (1) Cuba www.cotonou-benin.com/ambassades.html

Botswana (1) Brazil www.mofaic.gov.bw

Burkina Faso (1) Cuba www.mae.gov.bf

Burundi None embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/burundi#

Cape Verde (2) Brazil, Cuba www.caboverde.com/rubrique/embass.htm

Cameroon (1) Brazil embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/cameroon#

Central African Rep. None www.centrafricaine.info/flags/index-english.html

Chad None www.primature-tchad.org

Comoros (1) Cuba www.comorosembassy.org

Rep. of the Congo (1) Cuba

www.congo-siteportail.info/Representations-diplomatiques-de-la-Republique-du-Congo-a-l-

Etranger_a61.html

Dem. Rep. of the Congo (3) Argentina, Brazil, Cuba embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/congo-

democratic-republic-of Côte d'Ivoire

(2) Brazil, Mexico www.diplomatie.gouv.ci

Djibouti None www.djibdiplomatie.dj

Egypt (11)

Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador,

Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay,

Bol. Rep. Venezuela

www.mfa.gov.eg

Eritrea None embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/eritrea#

Ethiopia (1)

Cuba, Mexico (honorary consul) www.mfa.gov.et

Gabon (1) Brazil www.gabonembassy.org.za

Gambia None gambia.embassyhomepage.com


26

AFRICAN COUNTRIES



Ghana (2) Brazil, Cuba

www.ghanahighcom.org.au, www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/foreig

n_affairs/home.php

Guinea (2) Brazil, Cuba www.mfa.gov.gn Guinea Bissau

(1) Cuba

Equatorial Guinea (2) Brazil, Cuba www.embarege-londres.org

Kenya (1) Brazil www.mfa.go.ke

Lesotho None www.lesotho.gov.ls/foreign/, www.foreign.gov.ls/home

Liberia None www.mofa.gov.lr

Libya (7)

Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Bol. Rep.

Venezuela

www.foreign.gov.ly

Madagascar None www.madagascar-diplomatie.net

Malawi None www.malawi.gov.mw; www.foreignaffairs.gov.mw

Mali (1) Cuba www.mae.gov.ml

Morocco (7)

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru,

Dominican Republic www.maec.gov.ma

Mauritius None www.gov.mu/portal/site/mfasite

Mauritania (1) Brazil en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Mauritania

Mozambique (2) Brazil, Cuba embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-

of/mozambique

Namibia (2) Brazil, Cuba www.mfa.gov.na

Niger None embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/niger#

Nigeria (7)

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico,

Bol. Rep. Venezuela

www.immigration.gov.ng/index.php?id=33#indexST, www.mfa.gov.ng

Rwanda None www.minaffet.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1

São Tomé e Príncipe None saotome.org

Senegal (1) Brazil www.diplomatie.gouv.sn

Seychelles None www.mfa.gov.sc

Sierra Leone None www.slhc-uk.org.uk

Somalia None embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/somalia


27

AFRICAN COUNTRIES



South Africa (10)

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico,

Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Bol.

Rep. Venezuela

www.dfa.gov.za

Sudan (2) Brazil, Bol. Rep. Venezuela www.sudanmfa.com

Swaziland None www.gov.sz

Tanzania None www.mfaic.go.tz

Togo None embassy.goabroad.com/embassies-of/togo#

Tunisia (2) Argentina, Brazil www.diplomatie.gov.tn

Uganda None www.mofa.go.ug/index.php/diplomaticmissions/tradeainvestment

Zambia (1) Brazil www.zambiatourism.com/travel/listings/zambianmissionsabroad.htm

Zimbabwe (2) Brazil, Cuba www.zimfa.gov.zw In the case of LAC, 21 countries have established diplomatic representations in different African countries. Brazil, Cuba, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela are the countries with the greatest diplomatic representation in that region. In fact, during the administration of President Lula, Brazil opened 16 embassies in Africa. Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico followed in number across different countries (See Table 9). Countries such as Jamaica, Panama, and Uruguay have two representations while Bolivia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Surinam have one. To date, 12 countries, especially in the Caribbean and Central America, have not established any type of diplomatic or consular representation in any of the African countries. This is the case for Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guyana, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.


28

Table 9

Latin American and Caribbean diplomatic missions in Africa LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN

COUNTRIES DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS IN AFRICA WEB SITE OF THE MINISTRY

OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Antigua and Barbuda None www.foreignaffairs.gov.a

g

Argentina (9)

Angola, Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa,

Tunisia www.mrecic.gov.ar

Bahamas None

www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb2/home.nsf/vContentW/ED5BBA89FF25AC9106256F0000705847!OpenDocument&Highlight=0,foreign%20affairs

Barbados None www.foreign.gov.bb

Belize None www.mfa.gov.bz

Bolivia (1) Egypt www.rree.gob.bo

Brazil (34)

Angola, Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Rep. of the Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana,

Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Mali,

Morocco, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé e

Príncipe, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,

Zambia, Zimbabwe

www.itamaraty.gov.br/

Chile (5)

Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa

chileabroad.gov.cl/embajadas

Colombia (3) Egypt, Kenya, South Africa

www.cancilleria.gov.co/wps/portal/espanol/directo

riomisiones

Costa Rica None www.rree.go.cr/


29 LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN


OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Cuba (30)

Angola, Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Rep. of

the Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial

Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,

Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda,

Zambia, Zimbabwe

america.cubaminrex.cu/index.htm

Dominica None www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/index.php?q=node/11

28

Dominican Republic

(3) Egypt, Morocco, South Africa

www.serex.gov.do/index.php?option=com_fabrik&view=table&tableid=306&calculations=0&resetfilters

=0&Itemid=108

Ecuador (6)

Egypt, South Africa (embassies); Cape Verde, Gabon, Kenya and

Morocco (consulates)

www.mmrree.gob.ec/representaciones/indice_ec.a

sp

El Salvador None www.rree.gob.sv

Grenada None www.gov.gd/ministries/foreign_affairs.html

Guatemala (1) Egypt www.minex.gob.gt

Guyana None

www.minfor.gov.gy/tsite/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50

&Itemid=79

Haiti (1) Benin www.haiti.org

Honduras (1) Egypt www.sre.hn

Jamaica (2) Nigeria, South Africa www.mfaft.gov.jm/?q=embassies_and_high_com

missions

Mexico (7)

Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa www.sre.gob.mx

Nicaragua (1) Egypt www.cancilleria.gob.ni

Panama(2) Egypt, South Africa mire.gob.pa


30

LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN


OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Paraguay (3) Egypt, Morocco, South Africa www.mre.gov.py/es/inicio_es.asp

Peru (4)

Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa

www.rree.gob.pe/portal/misrree.nsf/webdiremb?OpenForm&Start=1&Count=160&Expand=54.1&Seq=1

8

Saint Kitts and Nevis None www.mofa.gov.kn

St. Lucia None www.stlucia.gov.lc/agencies/overseas_missions.ht

m St. Vincent and the

and the Grenadines

None www.foreign.gov.vc

Suriname (1) South Africa www.surinameembassy.org/embassy_consulate.sht

ml

Trinidad and Tobago (3) Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda

www.foreign.gov.tt/representatives/tt/diplomatic_m

issions/ Uruguay (2) Egypt, South Africa www.mrree.gub.uy

Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela

(14)

Angola, Algeria, Benin, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Libya, Mali,

Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal,

www.mppre.gob.ve

This diplomatic presence reflects the level of political importance countries in both regions mutually grant themselves. Such presence guarantees a greater and deeper level of conversation and political dialogue, and fosters greater possibilities for developing interchange of all types in economic, social, cultural, educational, technical and health areas, among others. Similarly, this network of representations offers practical mechanisms to develop substantial agendas of mutual interest and implementation of concrete actions that may bring together both regions under a more long term vision. Rapprochement between both regions is also reflected in the institutional setup created through different bilateral agreements undersigned among the countries from both regions as illustrated in Annex I. Said annex evidences that as of the First South America-Africa Summit cooperation agreements have proliferated especially among South American and African countries. Following is a brief summary of the main agreements in force that support bilateral relations among countries from LAC and Africa. This will allow for identifying the main focus areas and the potential areas to be strengthen and deepened. Although not a


31 thorough account, the compilation is representative of the type of agreements in force today. Argentina has signed agreements with 22 countries in Africa, including: Algeria, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The agreements cover diverse areas such as interchange and cooperation in agriculture, science and technology, trade, culture and education, and technological development, energy, fishery, health, credit lines. Argentina has also undersigned memoranda of understanding with ministries of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic academies from diverse countries, and cooperation agreements with entities in charge of export promotion. Bolivia has undersigned agreements with the Arab African countries such as Algeria, Egypt and Libya. The agreements include economic, scientific, commercial, technical, and cultural cooperation. They have also undersigned agreements to suppress visas for diplomats and memoranda of understanding to establish mechanisms of political consultation with which to generate the institutional structure for a sustained approximation in matters of common interest. Brazil has abandoned its policy privileging relations with Portuguese-speaking African countries. Its network of bilateral agreements comprehends the following 28 countries: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, São Tomé e Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia and Zambia, in areas of cooperation such as agriculture, science and technology, culture and education, sports, human rights, energy and petroleum, professional training in law, environment, water management of natural resources, phytosanitary and veterinarian security,13 safety and public order, health, transportation, and urbanism. Brazil has also established agreements in matters of visa exemption for diplomatic and government service passports; agreements to combat drug trafficking, and undersigned memoranda of understanding with different countries on matters of political consultation among ministries of Foreign Affairs or for the establishment of commissions that may strengthen economic and commercial relations. Chile sustains cooperation agreements with Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, and Tunisia in areas such as defence, and combating drug trafficking. The agreements also cover areas of cooperation in agriculture and fishery, visa exemption for diplomatic passports, telecommunications, tourism, economic cooperation, commercial, science and technology, culture. Colombia has established agreements with countries such as Algeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Kenya, and Morocco in areas of economic and commercial cooperation, technical and scientific, culture and tourism. Similarly, Chile has undersigned memoranda of understanding among ministries of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic academies. Costa Rica has undersigned agreements with Egypt, Gambia, Morocco, and South Africa in areas of technical cooperation. Costa Rica has also signed agreements to establish 13 The Cooperation Agreement between Brazil and Morocco in the area of veterinary health paves the way for Brazil to export meat to that market.


32

mechanisms of political consultation among ministries of Foreign Affairs, and cooperation with diplomatic academies. Cuba has played a major role in relations with Africa. The nation has undersigned agreements with, at least, Algeria, Botswana, Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Togo. The Cuban agreements of cooperation cover a great diversity of areas among these mutual exemption of visas in diplomatic passports, combating trafficking of illicit drugs and the use of psychotropic substances, as well as cooperation agreements in matters of agriculture, customs, libraries, legal and judiciary, science and technology, sports, education and culture, medicine and health, mining, radio, cinema and television, news agencies, technical assistance, hydraulic and mineral resources, and tourism. Cuba has also established with different countries several memoranda of understanding to foster cooperation among ministries of Foreign Affairs and the development of political consultation. El Salvador established diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1996 when both nations undersigned a memorandum for political consultation. Through the Egyptian International Centre of Agriculture (EICA), Salvadorian nationals may obtain up to four scholarships for training in that area. Guatemala has subscribed agreements with Egypt, Morocco, and Swaziland, in matters of cooperation in agriculture, forestry, economy and technical areas. It has also signed memoranda of understanding with different countries to foster cooperation among ministries of Foreign Affairs and for the development of political consultation. Mexico has established agreements with eight countries in the region: Algeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Senegal, South Africa, and Tunisia. Said agreements cover a diversity of areas such as cooperation in agriculture, cinema, education, science and technology, trade, fiscal area and tourism, as well as agreements to combat drug trafficking and the use of psychotropic substances. It has also undersigned memoranda of understanding for the development of political consultations with several countries. Mexico established a strategy with nine action lines for its relation with Africa, which includes opening or reopening missions in African countries. Nicaragua signed an agreement with Morocco on bilateral cooperation in areas such as culture, economy, science and technology, and policies. Panama has undersigned agreements with Egypt and Libya in combating crime and economic, technical, commercial and cultural cooperation. Paraguay has established agreements of cooperation with Morocco and South Africa in areas such as health and visa exemption for diplomatic passports. Peru has established agreements with countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and South Africa in many different areas, as have countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Cuba or the BR of Venezuela. For instance, Peru has undersigned cooperation agreements in areas such as energy and mining, economics, trade, agriculture, criminal justice, science and technology, education, academic and cultural, fiscal, medicine, fishery, health, and tourism. Peru has undersigned memoranda of understanding for the development of political consultation with several of the countries indicated for the establishment of political consultation mechanisms among ministries of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic


33 institutes, and agreements for visa exemption in diplomatic passports. The nation has also established agreements among export promoting bodies and memoranda of understanding among business chambers and associations. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has signed cooperation agreements with 35 of the 54 African countries.14 Annex I indentifies agreements with Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Republic, Togo, Uganda and Zambia in areas related to mining, energy and petroleum, as well as petroleum and gas related technology, agriculture and water, economy and trade, science, politics, education and culture, technology transfer, industry, fishery, information interchange, maritime and transportation, tourism, and health. Uruguay has established agreements with Angola, Algeria, Egypt, Gabon, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria and South Africa in areas of economic, scientific and veterinarian cooperation, as well as agreements for visa exemption in diplomatic passports. Although this exercise did not include each and every agreement undersigned by each LAC country, it does offer an overview of a series of agreements and the nations with which the LAC countries have developed relations in Africa. These agreements, as well as the diversity of areas referred to in them illustrate substantial contact and a rich agenda filled with topics of mutual interest. 2. Bi-regional relations

Different Latin American and Caribbean countries have expressed their interest in developing strategic policies towards Africa albeit this contact has been possible at sub-regional and bilateral level. The most relevant one in relation to South American countries led by Brazil with African nations led by Nigeria, which has produced the creation of the cooperation forum South America-Africa (ASA). This forum brings together 54 African countries members of the African Union (AU) and 12 South American nations, members of the South American League of Nations (UNASUR). South America-Africa Summit (ASA) The initiative took shape in 2004 with the meeting of presidents of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. I Summit 2006: Abuja, Nigeria The First ASA Summit took place in Abuja, Nigeria on 26 to 29 November 2006, mainly under the Brazilian impulse (on behalf of Latin America) and Nigeria (on behalf of Africa). Participants included seventeen African and four South American Heads of State (Brazil, Ecuador, Suriname, and Paraguay). The countries from both regions decided to consolidate the cooperation process in different areas of mutual interest and a strategic association. The adopted approach was to foster South-South Cooperation as their main objective. Consequently, the Summit adopted the Abuja Declaration and the Abuja Action Plan, whereby the starting points for a wider bi-regional cooperation were established. Among 14 Venezuela. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. África. http://www.mppre.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=5&Itemid=255&limitstart=12 (consulted on 6 May 2011).


34

the proposals presented in the Summit mentioned should be made of the creation of the energy commission for South America and Africa, a South American-African bank, a network of universities and the proposal of relating South America to Africa by means of communications. The Declaration opened the possibility of exploring cooperation opportunities in areas such as trade, agriculture, energy, technology, hydro resources, and tourism, among others. It also offered to spur and activate bilateral agreements among countries particularly in areas such as trade, air services and agriculture, which accounts for the proliferation of bilateral agreements from countries such as Argentina or the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela with African countries. II Summit 2009: Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela Prior to the II Summit, preparatory conferences with ministerial and high ranking officials as well as experts took place, as was the occasion for the first Conference of Ministers of Trade of South American and Africa, held on 19 June 2008, in Marrakesh, Morocco. An International Seminar on the South Poles also took place on 20 and 21 May 2008, in Caracas, Venezuela. During the preparatory meeting for the Summit, delegations from the two regions participated and agreed to the creation of eight working teams:

Agriculture and Environment; Education and Cultural affairs; Institutional strengthening, Governance, and Public Administration; Peace and Security affairs; Social and Sports affairs Science and Technology and Information and Communication Technologies; Trade, investment, and tourism; and Infrastructure

The Second ASA Summit took place in the Island of Margarita, Nueva Esparta, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, on 26 and 27 September 2009 with nine South American heads of State and another 20 from Africa, as well as representatives from 61 countries of the 63 that make up the integration block of South America-Africa (ASA). On that occasion, the Heads of State and Government discussed multilateral cooperation themes; fight against crime; peace affairs; democracy; governance; human rights and political affairs; agriculture, agro-businesses, rural development, and water resources; energy; trade, investment and tourism; development of infrastructure, health and labour; social and sports matters; science, technology, and information and communication technologies (ICT); education and culture. These areas have been identified as areas where both regions may develop joint cooperation projects. Upon follow up on the Summit, on 6 August 2010, the first ASA Meeting of the Presidential Strategic Table took place in Venezuela, which had emerged from the Nueva Esparta Summit. As a result of said meeting, it was agreed that the actions included in the South America-Africa Strategic Agenda 2010-2020 were to begin as an instrument that would give greater viability to cooperation actions of interest for both regions. Agreements were made to strengthen the South-South union in eight areas, including: economy, food production, energy stability, maritime, air and communicational connections, and defence of the Earth in the light of climate change.


35 ASA - Organic and institutional structure The Abuja Summit led to the creation of the Permanent Secretary of ASA and the Strategic Presidential Board, with which a Work Agenda for the decade 2010-2020 was proposed. The installation of the South America-Africa Monitoring Mechanism was agreed under the competence of top representatives from both parties. The mechanism is responsible for:

Proposing new initiatives and undertaking actions related to programs and projects previously agreed upon.

Monitoring the progress of implementation. Spreading information on cooperation arrangements. Follow up on ministerial and Summit decisions. Presenting the Summits with recommendations.

The Follow-Up Mechanism is foreseen to operate through the following instances:

i. Meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs. ii. Regular Meetings of the eight working groups, at least once a year, in order to

ensure full implementation of the projects foreseen. iii. Troika Meetings with the participation of the minister of Foreign Affairs of the host

country to the Summit; the minister of Foreign Affairs of the country hosting the following summit; Brazil and Nigeria as Regional Coordinators; the president of the African Union Commission; and the country occupying the UNASUR Pro Tempore Presidency.

As a result of the first meeting of the Strategic Presidential Board, an Executive Secretariat of the Presidential Board for the Cooperation Forum South America-Africa (ASACOF) was installed as a temporary structure that would be perfected in the following three years. Said Executive Secretariat would include representatives from Africa and South America, and Venezuela Ambassador Jesús Arnaldo Pérez was designated Executive Secretary. The ASA Summit is to take place every two years alternating continents so that said encounters should generate the action plans and activities to be undertaken so that the joint agendas may make progress in strengthening the mutual relation. Libya was chosen as host country for the III ASA Summit and it is expected for member countries to adopt the presidential strategic agenda that will define the lines of action and strategic orientations for the period 2010-2020. 15

15 “Próxima Cumbre América del Sur-África tratará temas de complementariedad económica”, in DIARIOCOLATINO.com, 28 August 2010. http://www.nuestromar.org/noticias/politica_y_economia/29_08_2010/32550_proxima_cumbre_america_del_sur_africa_tratara_temas_de (consulted on 6 May 2011).


36

Table 10

Africa-South America Summit MEMBERS ORGANISATION MAIN ISSUES WEB SITE MISSION/OBJECTIVES

LAC AFRICA

Africa-South America

Summit (ASA)

I. MULTILATERAL COOPERATION; II. COOPERATION IN FIGHT AGAINST CRIME AND OTHER RELATED ISSUES; III. PEACE AND SECURITY; IV. DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND POLITICAL ISSUES; V. AGRICULTURE, AGRIBUSINESS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HYDRIC RESOURCES; VI. ECONOMY, TRADE, INVESTMENT AND TOURISM; VII. FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY AND HUNGER; VIII. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT; IX. ENERGY AND SOLID MINERALS; X. SOCIAL ISSUES AND SPORTS; XI. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs); XII. ENVIRONMENT; XIII INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION, AND SHARED VISION OF ADEQUATE PRACTICES; XIV. FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM

www.iadb.org/

intal/ intalcdi/PE/ 2010 /05387.pdf

The Africa-South America Summit is a bi-regional forum for political cooperation among the nations of both regions, made up by 54 African countries and 12 South American countries, most of them members of the African Union (AU) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). It is aimed at strengthening bonds of brotherhood among peoples and cooperation for development, through the creation of a multipolar world and the respect for political and territorial autonomy. The negotiations between the representatives of Brazil and Nigeria started in 2004, during a meeting of then Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. In May 2005, a Summit of South American and Arab countries is held in Brazil. After that summit and several other meetings, a decision was made to conduct the Africa-South America Summit. The preparatory meetings of high-level official started in 2006 and the first Summit was held later that year.

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,

Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,

Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay,

Venezuela


Burkina Faso, Burundi,

Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Central African Rep, Chad,

Comoros, Dem. Rep, of the

Congo, Rep, of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti,

Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,

Mauritius, Mauritania,

Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,

Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé e

Príncipe, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia,

South Africa, Sudan,

Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda,

Zambia, Zimbabwe

(Western Sahara)

Initiatives toward Africa are also evident at a bilateral level. Mexico, of instance, has established a continental strategy based on closer contact policy in order to achieve greater presence through a more solid political dialogue, conduction of meetings of high rank officials, promotion of trade by way of entrepreneurial missions, celebration of bilateral reunions during multilateral forums, development of cooperation programs and mutual awareness of the regions and of Mexico by means of academic and cultural events.16 At present, Mexico has seven embassies in the African continent, with 23 concurrences: a redefinition in order to achieve greater presence in a greater number of countries, as well as designating a Mexican diplomat that may tend the African relations within that multilateral forum, to create a inter-secretarial commission for Africa, where policies and actions may be analyzed, in relation to the continent and the promotion of Africa in Mexico.

16 Mexico. Presidency. Nacional Development Plan. Status Report. http://pnd.calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/pdf/SegundoInformeEjecucion/5_8.pdf (consulted on 2 April 2011).


37 IV. TRADE AND INVESTMENT 1. Bilateral, bi-regional and multilateral trade agreements A good way to promote bi-regional trade is through agreements that establish the rules to facilitate it. At the bilateral level, Cuba has established trade agreements to develop and diversify its economic and trade relations with the following countries in Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, the Republic of Guinea, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Other examples can be found in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, which established the first trade agreements with countries in Africa in the 1960s. However, these agreements are not of great magnitude, and the commitments are limited, which restricts their capacity to foster trade. In the sub-region, the Abuja Declaration of 2006 acknowledges that international trade is an instrument for “promoting social and economic development, creating job opportunities, increasing income, reducing poverty, and improving living conditions”, and the need to enhance trade relations, for which it is necessary to establish trade agreements. (Paragraphs 20 and 21). As will be analyzed in the following section, a true barrier to trade flows between Africa and LAC is the high tariffs and the lack of preferential agreements to activate reciprocal trade. The countries of MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) have already established trade agreements with several countries and blocks in Africa. They are presented in chronological order: a) Arab Republic of Egypt, in January 2004, MERCOSUR received a proposal to negotiate a free trade agreement, based on conversations held during a parallel meeting at the WTO’s 5th Ministerial Conference in Cancun, Mexico, in September 2003. At the 26th regular meeting of the Common Market Council, a frame agreement was signed between MERCOSUR and the Arab Republic of Egypt. This frame agreement was added to Decision Nº 16/04 of the Common Market Council. The agreement included the negotiation of a free trade zone, with an initial stage that was the negotiation of an agreement of fixed preferences. On 2 August 2010, MERCOSUR signed a free trade agreement with Egypt, within the framework of the 39th Meeting of the Common Market Council, and the Summit of Heads of State of MERCOSUR and Associated States, held in San Juan, Argentina. The agreement includes the gradual release of tariffs for more than 90% of the trade between both parties, within ten years. b) Kingdom of Morocco. On 26 November 2004 MERCOSUR countries signed a framework agreement to create the conditions to negotiate a free trade agreement. The first round of negotiations took place on 11 April 2008 in Rabat, Morocco. The framework trade agreement between MERCOSUR and the Kingdom of Morocco entered into force on 29 April 2010. To deepen bilateral trade, on 15 December 2010, within the framework of the MERCOSUR Summit held in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, the countries of MERCOSUR and the Kingdom of Morocco signed a reciprocal preferential agreement on tariffs. c) Southern African Customs Union (SACU) In December 2004, SACU and MERCOSUR signed a Preferential Trade Agreement formed by a main text and five annexes, included in an institutional mechanism to manage the new trade regime, a general regime on


38

origins, safeguards, and dispute resolution. The agreement covers around one thousand products with preferential margins between 10% and 100%. It includes a program to continue negotiations in areas like rules of origin, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and specific requests for additional trade preferences for specific products on both sides.

The commitment was also made to continue with the negotiations and expand bilateral cooperation to facilitate the implementation of the agreement in the customs and automotive sectors. Therefore, on 15 December 2008 the ministers of MERCOSUR signed the Fixed Preferences Agreement with SACU which expanded coverage to more than two thousand items.

This was the first agreement of SACU as a single entity, and with other developing region, in agreement with the objectives of South-South Cooperation and integration.17

Table 11 Free Trade Agreements between Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa

(by May 2011)

LAC Country African Country Date of Signature Entry into force Argentina Democratic and Popular

Republic of Algeria: Trade Agreement

06 June 2007

Kingdom of Morocco: Trade Agreement

06 January 2003

Republic of Tunisia: Trade Agreement

30 March 1995

Republic of Guinea-Bissau Trade Agreement

24 October1991

Republic of Cote d’Ivoire: Trade Agreement

12 September 1984

Republic of Gabon: Trade Agreement

09 May 1984

Trade Agreement between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea

22 April 1981

Republic of Zaire: Trade Agreement

31 October 1980

Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Trade agreement

27 April 1979

Brazil Tunisia: Trade Agreement 22 September 1992 Cape Verde: Trade

Agreement 05 May 1990

17 South African Customs Union. Trade Negotiations. Bilateral Trade. http://www.sacu.int/traden.php?include=about/traden/bilateral.html


39 LAC Country African Country Date of Signature Entry into force Gabon: Trade Agreement 09 September 1988

People’s Republic of the

Congo: Trade Agreement

11 December 1987

Guinea Bissau: Trade Agreement

07 August 1979

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Trade Agreement

19 June 1976

Ghana: Trade Agreement 30 October 1974

Senegal: Trade Agreement

April 11, 1967

Cameroon: Trade Agreement

07 October1966

Chile Arab Republic of Egypt: Trade Agreement

31 October1978

Republic of Zaire: Trade Agreement

20 March 1981 28 February1987

Colombia Kingdom of Morocco

22 June 1995 20 July 2002

Republic of Cote d’Ivoire

02 November 1997 14 March 2001

Algeria: Trade Agreement

10 May 1997

Egypt: Trade Agreement

23 July1981

Kenya: Trade Agreement

06 April 1977

MERCOSUR Egypt 02 August 2010

n.a.

Morocco: Framework trade agreement between MERCOSUR and the Kingdom of Morocco

26 November 2004

29 April 2010


40

LAC Country African Country Date of Signature Entry into force Morocco: Reciprocal

preferential tariffs agreement

15 December 2010 n.a.

South African Customs Union (SACU) Fixed Preferential tariffs agreement

Expansion 15 December 2008

16 December 2004

Mexico Republic of Gabon: Trade agreement

14 September 1976

United Arab Republic (Egypt): trade agreement

25 October 1963

Peru Kingdom of Morocco: Trade Agreement

18 June 2003

Algeria: Trade Agreement 15 August 1973

Source: OAS. Trade Information System. Commercial Treaty Section. http://www.sice.oas.org/agreements_e.asp Sites of the Foreign Affairs Ministries of LAC countries.

There are few integration links between regional blocks. As can be seen in Chart 3, Africa has several integration entities that strive to expand economic, trade and investment opportunities among their members. 1. African Union (AU). Inspired on the European Union, it is the main regional organization of the continent. Its mission is to enhance economic and political integration, and reinforce cooperation between its member states.18 Eleven LAC countries are credited as permanent observers in this mechanism: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, the Dominican Republic, and the BR of Venezuela, allowing them to have contact with all African representatives in the African Union, expand political, economic, cultural, and educational relations, as well as to cooperate and raise the awareness of African Union countries towards Latin America and the Caribbean.19 2. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Founded in 1975 for the economic integration of its Member States, it has 15 members. The BR of Venezuela has Observer status. 3. Eastern Africa Community (EAC). Founded in 2001, it is a customs union of Eastern Africa, formed by 5 countries (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda).

18 Morocco is the only country in the continent that is not a member of the AU, given the acknowledgement by the Independence block of the old Spanish Colony of Western Sahara, as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which Morocco claims as part of its territory. 19 Web site of the African Union: http://www.au.int/en/partnerships/others.


41 4. South African Customs Union (SACU). Founded in 1910, it is the oldest customs union of the world. It is formed by 5 countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland). 5. Southern Africa Development Commission (SADC). It complements the role of the African Union and has 15 members. The BR of Venezuela has Observer status. 6. Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). In 1988, it replaced the Central African Customs and Economic Union, to favour the development of natural and human resources of its 6 Member States (Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, and the Republic of Congo). 7. African Economic Community (AEC). Founded in 1991 through the Abuja Treaty, it depends on the African Union and strives to generate more pressure to foster economic issues of interest. 8. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Founded in December 1994, it is a customs union with 19 members, from Libya to Zimbabwe.


42

Chart 3

Map of regional and subregional integration mechanisms in Africa

Except for the African Union, Latin American organizations have little participation in those mechanisms. Similarly, there is no record of participation from African countries or organizations in regional integration and cooperation mechanisms in LAC, such as ALBA-TCP, ALADI, CAN, CAF, MERCOSUR, SELA or SICA. Beyond merely Latin American and Caribbean organizations, the OAS and the following countries participate as Observers: Angola, Algeria, Benin, Egypt, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Nigeria and Tunisia. A greater rapprochement between the organizations of both regions would contribute to generate a stronger agenda, since it would have the human and administrative institutional support of LAC subregional and regional organizations on integration and cooperation.


43 Table 12

Common traits between multilateral organizations: AU and OAS MEMBERS

ORGANIZATION

COMMON ISSUES

WEB SITE

MISSION/OBJECTIVES LAC

AFRICA

ORGANIZATIONS/ INSTITUTIONS

African Union (AU)

•Peace and Security •Political affairs •Infrastructure and energy •Social affairs •Human resources, Science and Technology •Trade and Industry •Rural economy and agriculture •Economic affairs •Legal affairs •Women, Gender and Development •Civil Society and Diaspora (CIDO)

www.au.int

VISION OF THE AFRICAN UNION: The vision of the African Union is: “An integrated, prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens and representing a dynamic force in the global arena.” This vision of a new, forward-looking, dynamic and integrated Africa will be fully realized through relentless struggle on several fronts and as a long-term endeavour. The African Union has shifted focus from supporting liberation movements in the erstwhile African territories under colonialism and apartheid, as envisaged by the OAU since 1963 and the Constitutive Act, to an organization spearheading Africa’s development and integration. Some of the objectives of the AU are: •To accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent. •To promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest tothe continent and its peoples. •To promote peace and security, on the continent. •To promote democratic institutions, good governance and human rights.

Countries accredited to

the African Union: Antigua and Barbuda,

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,

Cuba, Guatemala,

Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic,

Venezuela


Burkina Faso, Burundi,

Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central

African Rep, Chad, Comoros, Dem. Rep, of the Congo, Rep, of

the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti,

Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,

Mauritius, Mauritania,

Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,

Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé e

Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia,

South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland,

Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda,

Zambia, Zimbabwe

(Western Sahara is an AU member, and Morocco

decided not to join the AU

because of its claim on Western

Sahara)

Continent-Continent: Africa-South America

Summit (ASA);

Continent-Regions: Africa-Caribbean

(in progress);

Organizations/ Institutions:

African Union; Organization of American States

Organization of American States

(OAS)

The OAS uses a four-pronged approach

to effectively implement its

essential purposes. The Organization’s four main pillars –

democracy, human rights, security, and

development –support each other and are intertwined

through political dialogue,

inclusiveness, cooperation, and

legal and follow-up instruments that

provide the OAS with the tools to maximize

its work in the Hemisphere.

www.oas.org

The OAS proclaims the following essential purposes: a. To strengthen the peace and security of the continent. b. To promote and consolidate representative democracy, with due respect for the principle of non-intervention. c. To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the Member States. d. To provide for common action on the part of those States in the event of aggression. e. To seek the solution of political, juridical, and economic problems that may arise among them. f. To promote, by cooperative action, their economic, social, and cultural development. g. To eradicate extreme poverty, which constitutes an obstacle to the full democratic development of the peoples of the hemisphere. h. To achieve an effective limitation of conventional weapons that will make it possible to devote the largest amount of resources to the economic and social development of the Member States."

Antigua and

Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas,

Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil,

Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,

Cuba,* Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada,

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras,* Jamaica, Mexico,

Nicaragua, Panama,

Paraguay, Peru, Dominican

Republic, St. Kitts and Nevis, St.

Vincent and the Grenadines, St.

Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and

Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.

* Member States in a special situation

Countries with Permanent

Observer status: Angola, Algeria,

Benin, Egypt, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco,

Nigeria and Tunisia

African Union 42/2007 Declaration of

intention between African Union

Commission (AUC) and the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States

(SG/OAS)

151/2009 Memorandum of

Understanding between the General

Secretariat of the Organization of

American States and the African Union

Commission

African Telecommunications

Union (ATU) 37/2005 Cooperation Agreement between

the OAS General Secretariat for the

Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) and the Antiterrorist

Unit


44

2. Bi-regional trade

Foreign trade is a good gauge of Africa-Latin America and Caribbean relations. There is an explicit acknowledgement that an effective and concrete way to promote relations between to regions is to foster trade flows. The ASA Declaration of Nueva Esparta (September 2009) states that “fostering South-South trade and investment contributes to complement the developing economies and the identification of new economic and trade exchange opportunities.” (Paragraph 48)20 Rapprochement between LAC and Africa depends necessarily on trade and investment. However, the participation of LAC and Africa as a whole represents a small proportion of total world trade. In 2010, both regions accounted for 9% of world trade, 5.75% corresponding to LAC, and 3.15 % to Africa (see Annex II). According to data from the WTO, in 2009, 15 countries represented 68.2 % of the total world trade of goods, and only Mexico was in place number 15, among the main stakeholders in international trade.21 It is followed by Brazil, in place No. 21, Chile in 41, Argentina in 42, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ranking 49. Among African countries, South Africa is the main stakeholder in international trade; worldwide, it is number 36, followed by Nigeria in 45, Algeria in 51, Egypt in 56, and Angola in 57 (see Table 13). Regarding exports, LAC contributed with 5.72% of world exports, 13.48% from emerging and developing countries. The 52 African countries considered in this study accounted for 3.28% and 7.73%, respectively. The main export markets for each region are mostly in developed countries, increasingly in Asia, and not in LAC or Africa. With respect to imports, in 2010, LAC represented 5.78% of the world total, and 14.74% of the purchases made by emerging and developing countries in the world, while African countries accounted for 3.03%, and 7.72%, respectively.

20 ASA Declaration 2009. http://www2.mre.gov.br/asa/documentos/decNovEspEsp.pdf. 21 WTO, Chart 7. WTO Members share in world merchandise trade, 2009. http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2010_e/charts_e/chart07.xls (consulted on 15 May 2011).


45 Table 13

Positioning of LAC and African countries as regards global trade, exports and imports, 2010

Positioning, 2010 (out of 199)

Country Global Trade

Exports Imports

Region

Mexico 15 15 16 Latin America and the Caribbean Brazil 21 22 20 Latin America and the Caribbean South Africa 36 37 32 Africa Chile 41 40 46 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina 42 42 47 Latin America and the Caribbean Nigeria 45 38 55 Africa Bol. Rep. Venezuela 49 44 51 Latin America and the Caribbean Algeria 51 49 53 Africa Colombia 55 57 52 Latin America and the Caribbean Egypt 56 63 48 Africa Angola 57 51 69 Africa Peru 59 59 59 Latin America and the Caribbean Libya 65 56 86 Africa Morocco 66 71 56 Africa Tunisia 71 73 66 Africa Ecuador 72 72 71 Latin America and the Caribbean Costa Rica 80 85 79 Latin America and the Caribbean Guatemala 81 90 78 Latin America and the Caribbean Dominican Republic 84 97 76 Latin America and the Caribbean Sudan 86 79 88 Africa Ghana 88 93 85 Africa Côte d’Ivoire 89 80 99 Africa Kenya 91 103 82 Africa Trinidad and Tobago 92 81 103 Latin America and the Caribbean Equatorial Guinea 93 82 105 Africa Uruguay 94 96 94 Latin America and the Caribbean Cuba 95 113 84 Latin America and the Caribbean Paraguay 96 109 87 Latin America and the Caribbean Honduras 97 100 96 Latin America and the Caribbean El Salvador 100 110 95 Latin America and the Caribbean Zambia 102 94 112 Africa Plurinational State of Bolivia 105 98 111 Latin America and the Caribbean Tanzania 106 114 100 Africa Ethiopia 107 121 93 Africa Congo 108 92 137 Africa Gabon 109 91 142 Africa Botswana 110 107 106 Africa Panama 111 151 92 Latin America and the Caribbean Dem. Rep. of the Congo 112 101 121 Africa Namibia 114 111 110 Africa Cameroon 116 112 115 Africa Uganda 119 118 117 Africa Mozambique 120 117 120 Africa Senegal 122 125 116 Africa Mauritius 126 126 122 Africa Jamaica 127 138 113 Latin America and the Caribbean Zimbabwe 129 123 130 Africa Nicaragua 132 129 125 Latin America and the Caribbean Chad 133 115 141 Africa Mali 135 124 139 Africa Haiti 141 157 135 Latin America and the Caribbean Mauritania 142 128 152 Africa Benin 143 140 145 Africa Madagascar 145 144 143 Africa Burkina Faso 146 141 149 Africa Swaziland 148 134 154 Africa Bahamas 149 155 144 Latin America and the Caribbean Niger 150 147 148 Africa Suriname 151 127 160 Latin America and the Caribbean Malawi 152 143 150 Africa Lesotho 153 153 147 Africa Guinea 155 136 162 Africa Togo 156 150 157 Africa Guyana 157 148 158 Latin America and the Caribbean Barbados 159 161 155 Latin America and the Caribbean Rwanda 161 167 159 Africa Sierra Leone 168 165 170 Africa Seychelles 169 162 174 Africa Belize 171 166 171 Latin America and the Caribbean Liberia 172 169 173 Africa

Permanent Secretariat Extra-regional Relations 46

Antigua and Barbuda 173 178 167 Latin America and the Caribbean Cape Verde 174 182 168 Africa St. Lucia 175 172 175 Latin America and the Caribbean Eritrea 176 191 172 Africa Burundi 177 177 177 Africa Djibouti 179 176 178 Africa Central African Republic 180 174 181 Africa St. Vincent & the Grenadines 181 183 180 Latin America and the Caribbean St. Kitts & Nevis 185 181 186 Latin America and the Caribbean Guinea Bissau 186 175 190 Africa Gambia 187 189 185 Africa Grenada 188 187 187 Latin America and the Caribbean Dominica 189 184 189 Latin America and the Caribbean Comoros 191 188 191 Africa São Tomé e Príncipe 194 192 194 Africa Source: Prepared by the author, based on WTO data, available at: http://stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDBStatisticalPartner.aspx?Language=E. When analyzing the trade between LAC and African countries, it is obvious that it is very incipient. According to information from the WTO, in 2009 only 2.4% of the export of goods from Central and South America were destined to markets in the African continent, while 2.8% of the sales in said continent were directed to Central and South American countries. Moreover, trade between Africa and Central and South America isn’t more than 0.1% of world trade.22 The case of Mexico is the same; in 2010 only 0.15% of Mexican exports were destined to Africa, while 0.37% of its imports came from that continent.23 Trade flows have been limited due to market conditions, where the exportable offer of both regions is frequently similar, making them competitors rather than complementary, thus inhibiting potential trade flows. Both Africa, and South American and Caribbean States are great producers of raw materials and minerals, as well as some agricultural products and commodities like cotton, sugar, or coffee. Since at present half of the trade in the world responds to an intra-industry trade pattern, in order to participate in international trade flows it seems imperative to have the participation of globalized companies that consider both regions as complementary to their production processes, their productive chains, or as destination markets. Recent data also show that in the last decade this type of trade has increased. Since 2000 there has been an increase in bi-regional trade flows, driven particularly by South American countries, specifically Brazil. This increase is also explained by the rise in international prices of certain products, particularly oil and raw materials. WTO data reveal that in 2000 Africa accounted 1% of the exports of South and Central America to the world; by 2009, this percentage increased to 3%. LAC only acquires 2% of African sales to the world.24 Although this percentage remains, the recent relationship between countries in both regions could increase this proportion in the mid term. In fact, in the Abuja Declaration (2006) of the ASA Summit, the parties acknowledged the importance that “mechanisms should be established for increasing trade and investment between Africa and South America, and exchange of technologies to add value to raw materials.” (Paragraph 21) As can be seen in Table 14, as a whole, LAC has a deficit with respect to African countries.

22 WTO, World Trade Development in 2009. www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2010_e/section1_e/i04.xls. 23 Data from the Ministry of Economy of Mexico. www.economia.gob.mx. 24 WTO, Exports by region. October 2010. http://www.wto.org/spanish/res_s/statis_s/world_region_export_09_s.pdf.


47

Table 14 Exports, imports and trade balance for LAC countries with Africa, 2008-2010

Exports Imports Trade Balance LAC country (US$ thousands. Average for 2008-2009)

Brazil 9,370,011 11,841,139 -2,471,127 Argentina* 4,022,306 335,532 3,686,774 Mexico 635,942 1,436,359 -800,417 Uruguay 241,104 211,926 29,178 Chile 234,284 939,113 -704,829 Peru 215,367 887,726 -672,359 Colombia 202,393 125,221 77,127 Trinidad and Tobago* 143,581 1,107,385 -963,804 Venezuela**** 107,305 69,995 37,311 Paraguay 91,532 9,997 81,535 Ecuador* 17,900 170,252 -152,352 Bahamas* 16,682 1,046 15,637 Costa Rica 13,149 45,424 -32,275 Guatemala* 12,711 45,525 -32.815 Dominican Republic* 7,979 29,186 -21,207 Honduras* 4,227 14,485 -10,259 El Salvador 3,903 45,832 -41,929 Jamaica* 2,604 18,539 -15,934 Panama* 1,814 3,174 -1,360 Bolivia* 1,753 8,732 -6,979 Guyana* 1,536 2,066 -530 St. Lucia*** 1,052 177 875 Nicaragua* 472 7,440 -6,968 Barbados 418 3,289 -2,871 Antigua and Barbuda** 131 1,408 -1,277 Belize*** 124 1,079 -956 St. Vincent & the Grenadines* 53 1,644 -1,591 Grenada*** 8 280 -273 St. Kitts & Nevis** 3 260 -257 Dominica*** 0 216 -216 Suriname 0 0 0 Cuba 0 0 0 Haiti 0 0 0 Total 15,350,342 17,364,445 -2,014,103

Notes: * Average for 2007-2009 ** 2007 *** Average for 2007-2008 **** Average for 2008-2009


In 2009, African purchases from LAC amounted to US$ 13.49 billion, equivalent to 1.86% of the imports of that continent from the world in that year. The behaviour of the purchases of African countries from LAC has been erratic, since in 2006 they amounted to US$ 8.86 billion (1.24% of world imports), in 2007 they rose to US$ 11.07 billion (1.39%) and in 2008 they reached their peak at US$ 17.58 billion (1.84%) to fall again in 2009. However, it must be noted that in terms of the participation of African imports from LAC, their total imports have been increasing, although starting from a very small base (See Chart 2 on shares).

Chart 4

The seven main African importers of merchandise from LAC between 2001- 2009, were:

South Africa 30.9% Algeria 17.6% Nigeria 12.9% Morocco 11.7% Tunisia 5.6% Senegal 2.8% Côte d’Ivoire 2.5%


49

Table 15 Africa’s imports from LAC and 10 main importers,

2006-2009 (US$ thousands) 2006 2007 2008 2009

Importers Value % Value % Value % Value %

Total 715,037,938 798,792,881 957,459,813 726,244,838 African Aggregate 8,863,987 100.0 11,078,292 100.0 17,581,609 100.0 13,494,490 100.0

South Africa 2,947,734 33.3 3,688,483 33.3 3,699,928 21.0 2,728,427 20.2

Senegal 271,344 3.1 337,389 3.0 454,437 2.6 311,939 2.3

Ethiopia 68,946 0.8 133,926 1.2 71,500 0.4 99,783 0.7

Tanzania 39,551 0.4 113,372 1.0 83,014 0.5 98,920 0.7

Uganda 12,482 0.1 35,067 0.3 55,329 0.3 93,320 0.7

Burkina Faso 0.0 29,820 0.3 37,950 0.2 49,238 0.4

Mozambique 49,886 0.6 67,514 0.6 71,611 0.4 65,200 0.5

Malawi 3,059 0.0 11,863 0.1 10,848 0.1 5,751 0.0

Zambia 12,938 0.1 16,522 0.1 19,279 0.1 9,694 0.1

Botswana 3,157 0.0 1,800 0.0 3,585 0.0 1,263 0.0 Addition of main countries

3,409,097 38.5 4,435,756 40.0 4,507,481 25.6 3,463,535 25.7

Source: International Trade Centre. Trade Map.

The African importing countries with an above average importing rate from LAC (24.2%) that have also been consistent in trade are: São Tomé e Príncipe (50%), Nigeria (46.1%), Sudan (39.4%), Burkina Faso (35.8%), Uganda (34.2%), Tanzania (29.5%), Cape Verde (28.6%), Ethiopia (27.9%), Niger (27.9%), and Senegal (27.4%).

With respect to African exports to LAC countries in 2009, they amounted US$ 10.01 billion or 1.52% of sales from Africa to the world. The record was in 2008 when they amounted US$ 12.74 billion, or a participation of 1.48% and the main suppliers were South Africa (US$ 782 million) followed far behind by Malawi (US$ 52,5 million), Mozambique (US$ 19.5 million), Zambia (US$ 4.8 million), and Senegal (US$ 3.6 million).


Table 16 Exports from Africa to LAC and 10 main exporters,

2006-2009 (US$ thousands) 2006 2007 2008 2009

Exporters Value % Value % Value % Value %

Total 587,371,542 667,212,264 858,036,791 656,705,734 African Aggregate 7,512,643 100.0 8,850,703 100.0 12,749,867 100.0 10,018,307 100.0

South Africa 989,659 13.2 1,363,009 15.4 1,445,669 11.3 782,173 7.8 Mozambique 1,287 0.0 3,471 0.0 10,173 0.1 19,537 0.2 Malawi 3,928 0.1 14,725 0.2 14,220 0.1 52,562 0.5

Tanzania 866 0.0 6,148 0.1 1,706 0.0 3,550 0.0

Ethiopia 939 0.0 1,332 0.0 3,211 0.0 3,598 0.0 Senegal 6,521 0.1 15,269 0.2 14,611 0.1 3,664 0.0 Uganda 1,233 0.0 3,783 0.0 3,144 0.0 1,054 0.0 Zambia 76 0.0 128 0.0 185 0.0 4,846 0.0 Botswana 323 0.0 711 0.0 437 0.0 231 0.0

Source: Trade Map The previous data reflect a high concentration of exchanges between Africa and LAC. Bi-regional trade occurs mainly between a small number of countries, particularly the largest and the oil exporting countries. It must be mentioned that between 2001 and 2009, 44 out of the 53 African countries imported from LAC at some time or another. On the other hand, countries like Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, and Sierra Leone have not had imports from LAC during the above mentioned period, and seven others imported only occasionally from the region (Djibouti, Egypt, Angola, Guinea Bissau, Eritrea, Comoros, and the Central African Republic). Similarly, regarding the basket of products traded, the exportable offer from LAC to Africa is made up mostly by agricultural raw materials, like soy from Argentina, or sugar from Brazil. Even Chile and Mexico export agricultural products to Africa, while the export basket from African countries to LAC is made up mostly by oil and gas, and sometimes fertilizers. Without a doubt, a special case is Brazil, whose trade with Africa was strongly promoted during the government of President Lula. This allowed Brazil to significantly increase its trade with Africa, going from US$ 5 billion in 2003 to around US$ 29 billion in 2009, making Africa the fourth main trade partner of Brazil.25 3. Multilateral trade system

One way to enhance bilateral trade flows is having clear rules for trade, and also to have the possibility to establish regional preferential agreements that foster bilateral flows. Since these are scarce (see below) the option is to try and develop trade following the international trade rules of the WTO. Today, there is a great disparity between Africa and LAC regarding their trade characteristics. First, not all African countries are members of the WTO. As can be seen in Table 19, 42 of the 53 African countries are members of GATT/WTO, whereas all members of the LAC region are, except for the Bahamas. Countries such as Algeria or Libya have few incentives to 25 “Lula goes to Mozambique as his last visit to Africa as President,” Diario Crítico. 7 November 2010. http://www.diariocritico.com/mexico/2010/Noviembre/noticias/236562/lula-realiza-en-mozambique-ultima-visita-a-africa-como-presidente.html.


51 participate in the WTO, since their export offer, based on oil, does not have to pay tariffs abroad. Second, while only one-third of Africa countries have consolidated less than 10% of their industrial tariffs, another third has consolidated almost 90% (see Table 17). Indeed, as shown in Table 17, only 10 countries – Angola, Cape Verde, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gabon, Lesotho, Morocco, Rwanda, Senegal and Sierra Leone – have consolidated all their tariff levels at the WTO, which means that there is great uncertainty regarding the tariff policies of most countries in Africa: This is a true barrier to trade. Compared to this, more than 85% of Latin American and Caribbean countries have consolidated more than 90% of their respective tariffs.26 (see Table 18)

There is no doubt that one of the elements that has hindered and discouraged trade between both regions is lack of knowledge, but mostly the great barriers to trade and the lack of preferential agreements. The great barriers in African countries suggest that there is room to create trade between both regions by establishing preferential agreements. As can be seen in the next chart, the high tariffs of both regions are a true hindrance to bilateral trade, since as shown in Table 17 the average tariffs applied by African countries that are members of the WTO are around 13.5% and the consolidated are 57.1%, which represents a barrier against the exports of LAC. Countries like Egypt and Zimbabwe have tariffs as high as 1000%, South Africa has tariffs of 878%, Morocco 304%, Botswana and Swaziland 255%, just to mention a few. Of the African countries listed, 9 are observers at the WTO, while Eritrea and Somalia don’t even have that status. Given that the trade of goods and services of these countries does not follow international trade rules (WTO) a way to promote a trade relation between the countries of both regions is to negotiate and sign agreements that establish rules for the trade of goods and services between LAC and African countries that are not members of the WTO. This framework would allow the establishment of preferential access conditions for countries in both areas, and would allow the development of a longer term trade relation.

26 Murray Gibbs. “Política Comercial. Guías de Orientación de Políticas Públicas”, p 24.


Table 17 General tariffs on imports in Africa

Consolidado NMF aplicado Consolidado NMF aplicado Consolidado NMF aplicado

Consolidado NMF aplicado Consolidado NMF aplicado

Angola 100.0 59.2 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.3 10.1 80.0 30.0 5,200

Argelia 18.6 1.4 0.0 40.7 30.0 5,903

Benin 39.0 28.5 11.9 0.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 17.7 40.0 100.0 20.0 5,547

Bostwana 96.4 18.7 7.7 14.5 61.0 0.0 2.2 40.0 20.8 597.0 255.0 6,701

Burkina Faso 38.9 42.1 11.9 0.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 17.6 40.0 100.0 20.0 5,547

Burundi 22.0 67.6 12.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.4 19.0 20.3 100.0 30.0 5,555

Cabo Verde 100.0 15.8 10.4 4.8 43.6 0.0 0.0 44.1 31.6 55.0 50.0 5,583

Camerún 13.3 79.9 17.8 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 13.3 47.4 80.0 30.0 6,124

Rep. Centroafricana 62.1 36.2 17.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 62.1 46.9 70.0 30.0 5,491

Chad 13.5 79.9 17.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 13.5 46.9 80.0 30.0 5,474

Comoros 11.3 13.7 0.1 1.1 20.0 5,378

Rep. del Congo 16.1 27.3 0.0 0.0 14.1 30.0

Rep. Dem. del Congo 100.0 96.2 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 98.9 35.2 100.0 30.0 5,793

Côte d'Ivoire 32.9 11.1 11.9 0.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.5 40.0 64.0 20.0 5,547

Djibouti 100.0 41.3 20.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 99.6 70.6 450.0 33.0 5,579

Egipto 99.4 36.7 17.3 2.4 8.0 0.2 0.2 71.3 19.3 > 1,000.0 > 1,000.0 5,488

Eritrea

Etiopía 17.3 4.3 0.0 50.8 35.0 5,468

Gabón 100.0 21.4 17.8 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 14.2 46.9 60.0 30.0 5,592

Gambia 13.7 102.6 18.7 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.1 13.7 89.2 110.0 20.0 5,067

Ghana 14.4 92.5 13.0 0.0 11.9 0.0 0.3 14.4 43.0 99.0 20.0 5,864

Guinea 38.6 20.3 11.8 0.6 3.3 0.0 0.0 17.3 39.7 75.0 20.0 5,762

Guinea Bissau 97.7 48.7 11.9 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 97.7 40.0 50.0 20.0 5,547

Guinea Ecuatorial

Kenia 14.8 95.4 12.6 0.0 37.2 0.0 0.2 14.8 40.7 100.0 100.0 5,259

Lesotho 100.0 78.4 7.7 0.0 61.0 0.0 2.2 100.0 20.8 200.0 129.0 6,701

Liberia

Libia

Madagascar 29.7 27.4 11.8 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 27.4 38.0 30.0 20.0 6,338

Malawi 31.6 75.4 13.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 31.6 38.9 125.0 25.0 5,435

Malí 40.2 29.0 11.9 0.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 19.0 40.0 75.0 20.0 5,547

Marruecos 100.0 41.3 18.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.5 39.0 289.0 304.0 17,734

Mauricio 17.9 94.0 1.4 3.2 91.5 0.0 2.4 14.8 1.8 122.0 129.0 6,293

Mauritania 39.1 19.9 0.6 0.0 17.9 75.0

Mozambique 13.6 97.5 10.3 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 13.3 34.8 100.0 25.0 5,376

Namibia 96.4 19.0 7.7 14.6 61.0 0.0 2.2 39.9 20.8 597.0 255.0 6,701

Niger 96.7 44.6 11.9 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 75.8 40.0 200.0 20.0 5,543

Nigeria 19.1 119.1 11.2 0.0 10.9 0.0 0.0 19.1 38.3 150.0 35.0 5,670

Rwanda 100.0 89.4 18.7 0.9 6.0 0.0 0.2 97.1 38.0 100.0 30.0 5,903

São Tomé e Príncipe

Senegal 100.0 30.0 11.9 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 99.8 40.0 30.0 20.0 5,543

Seychelles

Sierra Leona 100.0 47.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 80.0

Somalia

Sudáfrica 96.4 19.0 7.7 14.6 61.0 0.0 2.2 39.9 20.7 597.0 878.0 6,701

Sudán 20.4 26.1 1.6 50.1 40.0 5,294

Swazilandia 96.4 19.0 7.7 14.6 61.0 0.0 2.2 39.9 20.8 597.0 255.0 6,701

Tanzania 13.4 120.0 12.6 0.0 37.2 0.0 0.2 13.4 40.7 120.0 116.0 5,259

Togo 14.0 80.0 11.9 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 14.0 40.0 80.0 20.0 5,547

Túnez 58.0 57.9 21.5 0.0 20.8 0.0 0.0 58.0 46.0 200.0 60.0 16,491

Uganda 15.7 73.4 12.6 0.0 37.2 0.0 0.2 15.7 40.7 80.0 80.0 5,547

Zambia 16.8 106.5 13.6 0.0 21.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 32.9 125.0 25.0 5,999

Zimbabwe 21.9 89.2 25.6 1.8 6.1 0.6 6.9 15.1 35.0 150.0 > 1,000.0 5,898

Promedio de África 55.5 57.1 13.5 1.8 16.9 0.0 0.6 41.7 36.7 179.1 124.6 6,272Fuente: World Tariff Profiles 2010

PERFIL ARANCELARIO DE ÁFRICA, 2009

Participación porcentual de la Tarifa Armonizada a nivel de Subpartida (%)

Libre de Arancel Aranceles mayores a 15%Aranceles No Ad‐Valorem

País de África% Tarifa

Consolid.

Núm. de

Frac. Aran.

NMF Aplic.

Prom. Simple Arancelario Arancel Máximo

Table 18

General tariffs on imports in Latin America and the Caribbean

Consolidado NMF aplicado Consolidado NMF aplicado Consolidado NMF aplicado

Consolidado NMF aplicado Consolidado NMF aplicado

Antigua y Barbuda 97.8 58.7 9.8 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 97.8 24.5 220.0 70.0 6,658

Argentina 100.0 31.9 12.6 0.0 13.1 0.0 0.0 97.8 36.1 35.0 35.0 9,783

Bahamas 35.8 9.8 0.3 83.2 75.0 5,896

Barbados 97.8 78.1 0.0 0.0 97.8 247.0

Belice 97.9 58.2 11.0 0.0 9.5 0.0 0.5 97.9 24.9 110.0 110.0 6,289

Bolivia 100.0 40.0 10.3 0.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 19.0 40.0 20.0 7,546

Brasil 100.0 31.4 13.6 1.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 96.4 35.8 55.0 35.0 9,781

Chile 100.0 25.1 6.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 98.0 13.0 7,713

Colombia 100.0 42.8 12.5 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 28.0 227.0 80.0 7,253

Costa Rica 100.0 42.9 5.4 2.5 51.7 0.0 0.0 95.6 1.1 233.0 150.0 9,638

Cuba 30.9 21.3 10.7 2.1 5.9 0.0 0.0 14.0 9.7 62.0 30.0 5,418

Dominica 94.7 58.7 0.0 0.0 94.7 150.0

Ecuador 100.0 21.8 11.2 0.0 44.7 0.0 0.0 71.7 33.0 86.0 86.0 7,234

El Salvador 100.0 36.6 5.9 2.7 50.8 0.0 0.0 97.3 2.2 164.0 164.0 6,591

Grenada 100.0 56.7 10.2 0.3 5.0 0.0 0.2 99.7 24.6 200.0 40.0 6,307

Guatemala 100.0 41.2 5.6 2.4 51.0 0.0 0.0 93.7 0.9 257.0 40.0 6,563

Guyana 100.0 56.6 10.9 0.0 9.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 25.0 100.0 100.0 6,300

Haití 89.3 18.7 2.8 5.1 68.7 9.1 0.0 53.1 0.0 70.0 58.0 5,249

Honduras 100.0 31.8 5.6 2.5 50.7 0.0 0.1 89.5 0.6 164.0 164.0 6,565

Jamaica 100.0 49.6 7.5 0.6 65.9 0.0 0.0 83.8 24.7 100.0 100.0 6,847

México 100.0 36.1 11.5 0.3 19.6 0.9 0.7 98.6 25.5 254.0 254.0 12,101

Nicaragua 100.0 40.7 5.6 2.5 51.3 0.0 0.0 97.4 0.8 200.0 164.0 6,564

Panamá 100.0 23.5 7.1 2.1 36.9 0.0 0.0 71.1 1.3 260.0 260.0 8,942

Paraguay 100.0 33.5 10.3 0.0 13.9 0.0 0.0 94.9 31.2 35.0 30.0 9,727

Perú 100.0 29.3 5.5 2.6 50.6 0.0 0.0 97.4 12.9 68.0 17.0 6,968

Rep. Dominicana 100.0 34.0 7.1 2.5 56.0 0.0 0.0 89.3 27.5 99.0 40.0 6,751

Saint Kitts y Nevis 97.8 75.9 9.2 0.0 25.2 0.0 0.3 97.8 22.1 250.0 192.0 6,335

Santa Lucía 99.6 62.0 0.0 0.0 99.6 250.0

San Vicente y las Granad 99.7 62.6 0.0 0.0 99.7 250.0

Surinam 26.7 18.2 1.2 0.0 21.0 40.0

Trinidad y Tobago 100.0 55.8 7.5 1.4 67.2 0.0 0.3 95.2 24.8 156.0 100.0 6,289

Uruguay 100.0 31.6 10.5 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 98.2 35.0 55.0 55.0 11,030

Venezuela 100.0 36.5 12.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 99.0 28.1 135.0 40.0 6,940

Promedio de LAC 94.8 41.9 9.8 1.0 28.5 0.3 0.1 88.8 20.8 145.9 90.1 7,474Fuente: World Tariff Profiles 2010

Arancel MáximoNúm. de

Frac. Aran.

NMF Aplic.Participación porcentual de la Tarifa Armonizada a nivel de Subpartida (%)

PERFIL ARANCELARIO DE LATINOAMÉRICA Y EL CARIBE, 2009

País de Latinoamérica

y el Caribe

% Tarifa

Consolid.

Prom. Simple ArancelarioLibre de Arancel Aranceles No Ad‐Valorem Aranceles mayores a 15%


53 Table 19

Tariffs applied by African countries in 2009

País de África TotalBienes

Agrícolas

Bienes No

AgrícolasStatus OMC

No. de sect. de

servicios con

compr. GATS*

Angola 7.3 10.0 6.9Miembro:

23 noviembre 19965

Argelia 18.6 23.3 17.8 Observador n.a.

Benin 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

22 febrero 199612

Botswana 7.7 9.0 7.5Miembro:

31 mayo 199519

Burkina Faso 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

3 junio 19952

Burundi 12.7 10.5 13.1Miembro:

23 julio 199522

Cabo Verde 10.4 12.2 10.2Miembro:

23 julio 200899

Camerún 17.8 22.3 17.1Miembro:

13 diciembre 19953

República

Centroafricana17.8 21.9 17.2

Miembro:

31 mayo 199517

Chad 17.9 21.9 17.2Miembro:

18 octubre 19962

Comoros 11.3 5.6 12.2 Observador n.a.

República del Congo 17.9 21.9 17.3Miembro:

27 marzo 19974

República Dem. del

Congo12.0 12.8 11.9

Miembro:

1 enero 199712

Côte d'Ivoire 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

1 enero 199529

Djibouti 20.9 14.2 21.9Miembro:

31 mayo 199513

Egipto 17.3 70.7 9.2Miembro:

30 junio 199544

Eritrea 7.9 10.0 7.6No miembro,

ni observadorn.a.

Etiopía 17.3 22.3 16.6 Observador n.a.

Gabón 17.8 21.8 17.1Miembro:

1 enero 199515

Gambia 18.7 17.4 18.9Miembro:

23 octubre 1996111

Ghana 13.0 17.4 12.3Miembro:

1 enero 199530

Guinea 11.8 14.2 11.5Miembro:

25 octubre 19959

Guinea Bissau 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

31 mayo 19952

Guinea Ecuatorial 17.9 21.9 17.3 Observador n.a.

Kenia 12.6 19.9 11.5Miembro:

1 enero 199540

Lesotho 7.7 9.0 7.5Miembro:

31 mayo 199580

Liberia n.d. n.d. n.d. Observador n.a.

Libia 0.0 0.0 0.0 Observador n.a.

Madagascar 11.8 14.6 11.3Miembro:

17 noviembre 19952

Malawi 13.0 17.1 12.4Miembro:

31 mayo 199533

Malí 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

31 mayo 19952

Marruecos 18.1 42.1 14.4Miembro:

1 enero 199545

Mauricio 1.4 1.0 1.4Miembro:

1 enero 199527

Mauritania 11.9 10.1 12.1Miembro:

31 mayo 19953

Mozambique 10.3 13.5 9.8Miembro:

26 agosto 199517

Namibia 7.7 9.0 7.5Miembro:

1 enero 19953

Niger 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

13 diciembre 19967

Nigeria 11.2 15.5 10.5Miembro:

1 enero 199532

Rwanda 18.7 15.1 19.2Miembro:

22 mayo 19966

São Tomé e Príncipe n.d. n.d. n.d. Observador n.a.

Senegal 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

1 enero 199529

Seychelles 8.2 19.7 6.4 Observador n.a.

Sierra Leona 13.6 16.4 13.1Miembro:

23 julio 1995110

Somalia n.d. n.d. n.d.No miembro,

ni observadorn.a.

Sudáfrica 7.7 8.9 7.5Miembro:

1 enero 199591

Sudán 20.4 31.7 18.7 Observador n.a.

Swazilandia 7.7 9.0 7.5Miembro:

1 enero 19959

Tanzania 12.6 19.9 11.5Miembro:

1 enero 19951

Togo 11.9 14.5 11.5Miembro:

31 mayo 19955

Túnez 21.5 40.9 18.6Miembro:

29 marzo 199520

Uganda 12.6 19.8 11.5Miembro:

1 enero 19955

Zambia 13.6 19.1 12.8Miembro:

1 enero 199516

Zimbabwe 25.6 25.3 25.6Miembro:

5 marzo 199521

Prom. Total 13.1 17.5 12.5 25Nota: * Promedio simple de los aranceles a las importaciones en 2009, excepto Burundi, Comoros, Túnez, Zimbabwe (2008);

Congo, Guinea Ecuatorial, Mauritania, Seychelles (2007); Eritrea, Libia, Sierra Leona (2006);

GATS = General Agreement On Trade in Services, n.a. : no aplica; n.d.: no disponible

http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E

Aranceles Aplicados 2009 (%)*


Table 20 Tariffs applied by Latin American and Caribbean countries in 2009

País de América Latina

y el CaribeTotal

Bienes

Agrícolas

Bienes No

AgrícolasStatus OMC

No. de sect. de

servicios con

compr. GATS*

Antigua y Barbuda 9.8 14.7 9.0Miembro:

1 enero 199532

Argentina 12.6 10.3 13.0Miembro:

1 enero 199563

Bahamas 35.8 23.2 37.7 Observador n.a.

Barbados 13.5 31.0 10.8Miembro:

1 enero 199521

Belice 11.0 21.7 9.3Miembro:

1 enero 199517

Bolivia 10.3 12.4 10.0Miembro:

12 septiembre 199536

Brasil 13.6 10.2 14.1Miembro:

1 enero 199543

Chile 6.0 6.0 6.0Miembro:

1 enero 199542

Colombia 12.5 16.8 11.8Miembro:

30 abril 199557

Costa Rica 5.4 11.7 4.5Miembro:

1 enero 199520

Cuba 10.7 10.9 10.7Miembro:

20 abril 199550

Dominica 9.9 20.5 8.3Miembro:

1 enero 199520

Ecuador 11.2 18.4 10.1Miembro:

21 enero 199666

El Salvador 5.9 12.3 4.9Miembro:

7 mayo 199529

Grenada 10.2 16.9 9.2Miembro:

22 febrero 199619

Guatemala 5.6 9.9 4.9Miembro:

21 julio 199520

Guyana 10.9 21.7 9.3Miembro:

1 enero 199519

Haití 2.8 5.9 2.3Miembro:

30 enero 199616

Honduras 5.6 10.5 4.8Miembro:

1 enero 199517

Jamaica 7.5 17.9 5.9Miembro:

9 marzo 199548

México 11.5 22.1 9.9Miembro:

1 enero 199577

Nicaragua 5.6 11.0 4.8Miembro:

3 septiembre 199549

Panamá 7.1 13.4 6.2Miembro:

6 septiembre 199770

Paraguay 10.3 10.3 10.3Miembro:

1 enero 19959

Perú 5.5 6.2 5.4Miembro:

1 enero 199549

Rep. Dominicana 7.1 12.8 6.2Miembro:

9 marzo 199560

Saint Kitts y Nevis 9.2 13.2 8.6Miembro:

21 febrero 19968

Santa Lucía 8.9 14.8 8.0Miembro:

1 enero 19958

San Vicente y las

Granadinas9.9 15.9 8.9

Miembro:

1 enero 19958

Surinam** 18.2 19.8 16.5Miembro:

1 enero 199512

Trinidad y Tobago 7.5 18.1 5.9Miembro:

1 marzo 199532

Uruguay 10.5 10.1 10.6Miembro:

1 enero 199530

Venezuela 12.5 15.0 12.1Miembro:

1 enero 199563

Prom. Total 10.1 14.7 9.4 35Nota: * Promedio simple de los aranceles aplicados a las importaciones en 2009, excepto Barbados, Dominica, Santa Lucía; San Vicente y las Grandinas (2007);

República Dominicana, Grenada, Guyana, Trinidad y Tobago (2008);

** Aranceles consolidados

GATS = General Agreement On Trade in Services, n.a. : no aplica; n.d.: no disponible

http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E

Aranceles Aplicados 2009 (%)*


55 | Common positions at the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization Beyond the rules to enhance bilateral and bi-regional trade, being a member of the WTO allows a greater space for action to advance common positions of interest for both regions, which could be a valid enough reason to seek a greater rapprochement between LAC and Africa regarding trade policies. Within the WTO, the countries of South America and Africa have endeavoured to coordinate their positions to move forward in their agendas and priorities at the WTO’s Doha Round negotiations. Within the framework of both regions, both the Abuja Declaration (2006) and the Nueva Esparta Declaration (2009) mention the “need to coordinate the positions of our two regions to promote the interests of developing countries,” at the Doha Round negotiations (Abuja paragraph 4, and Nueva Esparta paragraph 51). Regarding agricultural negotiations, it was stated that the two regions “shall also work closely … for the total elimination of trade distorting subsidies and for greater and effective market access for our agricultural products.” (Paragraph 17) The countries of South America and Africa made the commitment to secure market access for products from least developed countries, pursuant to paragraph 47 of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration of the WTO, and the active participation in the current round of negotiations of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing countries (GSTP).27 (Abuja Declaration 2006, paragraph 25). Through several groups that pursue their specific agendas, the countries of LAC and Africa have found areas of common interest, and have added efforts and cooperation to advance their agendas in the Doha Round negotiations. These groups have the participation of countries from LAC and from Africa, like the G-90; G-20; G-33; G-11 NAMA; Cairns Group; Small and vulnerable economies – agriculture and regulations; Recent Acceded Members (RAMs); Group of sponsors of the W-52 Document; and voluntary registry of geographical indications within the framework of TRIPS. Next, we present a short list of the coincidences in each group where LAC and African countries participate. The G-90, formed by the African Group, ACP28 countries, and least advanced countries, strives to join forces to counteract the positions of developed countries in agriculture and livestock negotiations. From LAC, only Caribbean countries participate (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago) and for Africa, the participating countries are Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Morocco, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Niger, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. The following are observers at the WTO: Comoros, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, São Tomé e Príncipe, Sudan, and Eritrea and Somalia.

27 Countries from Africa and LAC that participate in the GSTP: Algeria, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Libya, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Sudan, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tanzania, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. 28 A group of 77 countries from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (56 members) which have a preferential trade relation with the European Union, by virtue of the old Lomé Agreement, now called Cotonou Agreement.


At the G-20 there are countries from LAC and Africa striving for ambitious reforms to trade rules for agriculture in developed nations, with more flexibility for developing countries as part of the Doha Round negotiations. The LAC countries that participate in the G20 are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela; from Africa are Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The G-33 also called “Friends of special products” tries to exert pressure so that developing countries have the flexibility required to have a limited opening of their agricultural and livestock markets. From LAC, the following countries participate: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, St Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. For Africa: Benin, Botswana, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The G-11, regarding non agricultural products market access (NAMA) has the participation of Egypt, Namibia, South Africa and Tunisia, as well as Argentina, Brazil, and the B. R. of Venezuela. Its mission is to obtain flexibility to limit the opening of industrial products markets, according to the developing interests of its members. Also in NAMA is the Group of countries mentioned in paragraph 6. These are countries with les than 35% of non-agricultural products covered by legally consolidated tariff limits. They have agreed to expand considerably the coverage of their consolidations, but they are trying to exempt some products. (Paragraph 6 of the first version of NAMA, and later paragraph 8.) For LAC, Cuba and Suriname participate, and for Africa, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria and Zimbabwe. The Cairns Group has the participation of countries that export agricultural and livestock products that are pressuring to liberalize the trade of these products. For Africa there is the participation of South Africa, and for LAC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. At the Group of Small and Vulnerable economies – agriculture the participating countries are Barbados, Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, and for Africa only Mauritius. In the same Group, but focused on the issue of standards the participating countries are Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, and also Mauritius. Its mission is to help these nations have a greater participation and integration in world trade through mechanisms that allow them to overcome difficulties, like the lack of an economy of scale, limited natural and human resources, or high transportation costs for their exports. At the Group of Sponsors of Document “W52” (TN/C/W/52), which promotes several modalities for negotiations on geographical indications (the multilateral registry for wines and spirits, and the extension of the highest level of protection to products other than wine and spirits) and the “dissemination” (the obligation of patent applicants to inform about the origin of genetic resources and traditional knowledge used in inventions) the participating LAC countries are: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. For Africa, the participating countries are: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana,


57 Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Morocco, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Niger, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leona, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Also on the issue of geographical indications (Registry of geographical indications TRIPS) there is a group that promotes document TN/IP/W/10/Rev.2 which proposes the establishment of fully volunteer data base, and the participating countries are Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, the Dominican Republic and South Africa. The coincidence of interests in all of these groups enables Africa and LAC to have a greater capacity to act in the multilateral arena, which is very relevant to increase their negotiating power, despite their limited participation in world trade flows. This is an area of opportunity to deepen bi-regional relations.


Table 21 Common traits among multilateral organizations: WTO Doha Round

ORGANISMOTEMAS DE

VINCULACIÓNSITIO WEB MISIÓN/OBJETIVOS

LATINOAMÉRICA

Y EL CARIBEPAÍSES AFRICANOS

Organización

Mundial de

Comercio

(OMC/WTO)

Es una Organización para la

apertura del comercio. Es un

foro para que los gobiernos

negocien acuerdos

comercia les . Es un lugar en

el que pueden resolver sus

di ferencias comercia les .

Apl ica un s i s tema de normas

comercia les . En lo

fundamental , es un lugar al

que los gobiernos Miembros

acuden para tratar de

resolver los problemas

comercia les que tienen unos

con otros.

www.wto.org

Los Acuerdos de la OMC son extensos y complejos , porque

se trata de textos jurídicos que abarcan una gran variedad

de actividades . No obstante, todos esos documentos están

inspi rados en varios principios s imples y fundamentales ,

que consti tuyen la base del s i s tema multi la tera l de

comercio.

No discriminación, Ser más abierto, Ser previs ible y

transparente, Ser más competi tivo, Ser más beneficioso

para los pa íses en desarrol lo, Proteger el Medio Ambiente

Antigua y Barbuda,

Argentina , Barbados, Bel ice,

Bol ivia , Bras i l , Chi le,

Colombia , Costa Rica, Cuba,

Dominica, Ecuador, El

Salvador, Grenada,

Guatemala, Guyana, Haití,

Honduras , Jamaica , México,

Nicaragua, Panamá,

Paraguay, Perú, Repúbl ica

Dominicana, Saint Kitts y

Nevis , San Vicente y las

Granadinas, Santa Lucía ,

Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago,

Uruguay, Venezuela .

Angola , Benin, Botswana,

Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo

Verde, Camerún, Chad,

Congo, Rep. Dem. del Congo,

Côte d’Ivoi re, Djibouti ,

Egipto, Gabón, Gambia,

Ghana, Guinea, Guinea ‐

Bissau, Kenya , Lesotho,

Madagascar, Mal í, Malawi,

Marruecos , Mauricio,

Mauri tania , Mozambique,

Namibia , Nigeria , Níger,

Repúbl ica Centroafricana,

Rwanda, Senegal , Sierra

Leona, Sudáfrica ,

Swazi landia , Túnez,

Tanzanía , Togo, Uganda,

Zambia , Zimbabwe.

Observadores y en proceso de adhesión Bahamas

Argel ia , Comoros , Etiopía ,

Guinea Ecuatoria l , Libia ,

Liberia , Sao Tomé e

Príncipe, Seychel les , Sudán

No observadores ni en adhes ión Eri trea, Somal ia

Grupo ACP:

Países de África , el Caribe y el Pacífi co a los que la UE otorga

preferencias

www.acpec.org

Antigua y Barbuda,

Bahamas , Barbados , Bel ice,

Cuba, Dominica , Rep.

Dominicana, Grenada ,

Guyana , Haití, Jamaica,

Saint Kitts y Nevis , Santa

Lucía , San Vicente y las

Granadinas , Surinam,

Trinidad y Tobago

Pa íses Miembros de la OMC:

Angola, Benin, Botswana,














Leona, Sudáfrica ,



Zambia , Zimbabwe.

Observadores :

Comoros, Etiopía , Guinea

Ecuatoria l , Liberia , Sao

Tomé e Príncipe, Seychel les ,

Sudán.

No miembros :

Eritrea y Somal ia

Países menos adelantados (PMA/LDCs):

Los países más pobres del mundo. Se uti l i za la l i s ta de las

Naciones Unidas . http://www.un.org/specia l ‐

rep/ohrl l s /ldc/l i s t.htm

Cuestiones : Generales

Si tio Web: http://www.ldcgroups .org

Ha i tí

Pa íses Miembros de la OMC:

Angola, Benin, Burkina

Faso, Burundi , Chad,

Djibouti , Gambia, Guinea,

Guinea ‐Bissau, Lesotho,



Níger, Repúbl ica

Centroafricana , Repúbl ica

Democrática del Congo,


Leona, Tanzanía , Togo,

Uganda, Zambia.

Observadores :



Tomé e Príncipe, Sudán.

No miembros :

Eri trea y Somal ia .

G‐90:

Grupo Africano + ACP + PMA

Antigua y Barbuda,

Bahamas , Barbados , Bel ice,


Dominicana, Grenada ,

Guyana , Haití, Jamaica,

Saint Kitts y Nevis , Santa

Lucía , San Vicente y las

Granadinas , Surinam,

Trinidad y Tobago

Miembros de la OMC:

Angola, Benin, Botswana,














Leona, Sudáfrica ,



Zambia , Zimbabwe.

Observadores ante la OMC:



Tomé e Príncipe, Sudán.

Ni miembro ni observador:

Eri trea y Somal ia .

Grupos y Coaliciones dentro la Organización Mundial de Comercio:


MIEMBROS


59

Economías pequeñas y vulnerables — agricul tura

Barbados, Bol i via, Cuba, El

Sa lvador, Guatemala ,

Honduras , Nicaragua,

Paraguay, Repúbl ica

Dominicana, Trinidad y

Tobago

Mauricio

Economías pequeñas y vulnerables — normas

Barbados, Cuba, Dominica ,

El Sa lvador, Honduras ,

Jamaica , Nicaragua,

Repúbl ica Dominicana, San

Vicente y l as Granadinas ,

Santa Lucía

Mauricio

Miembros de reciente adhes ión (MRA/RAMs):

Países que negociaron su adhes ión a la OMC y se

convirtieron en Miembros de la Organización después de

1995, que piden asumir menores compromisos en l as

negociaciones debido a la l i bera l ización que han

emprendido como parte de sus acuerdos de adhes ión.

Ecuador, Panamá Cabo Verde

Grupo Cairns :

Coal ición de países exportadores de productos

agropecuarios que ejercen pres ión para que se l ibera l ice el

comercio de dichos productos .

(www.cai rnsgroup.org)

Argentina , Bol ivia , Bras i l ,

Chi le, Colombia, Costa Rica ,

Guatemala , Paraguay, Perú,

Uruguay

Sudáfrica

G‐20:

Coal ición de países en desarrol lo que ejerce pres ión para

que se efectúen reformas ambiciosas de la agricul tura en

l os países desarrol lados , con flexibi l idad para los países

en desarrol lo.

www.g‐20.mre.gov.br

Argentina , Bol ivia , Bras i l ,

Chi le, Cuba, Ecuador,

Guatemala , México,

Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay,

Venezuela

Egipto, Nigeria , Sudáfrica ,

Tanzania , Zimbabwe

G‐33:

También denominado “Amigos de los productos especia les”

en la agricul tura . Coal ición de países en desarrol lo que

ejerce pres ión para que se dé flexibi l idad a los países en

desarrol lo a fin de que puedan efectuar una apertura

l imitada de sus mercados agropecuarios

desarrol lados , con flexibi l idad para los países en

desarrol lo.

Antigua y Barbuda,

Barbados, Bel ice, Bol ivia ,


Dominicana, El Sa lvador,

Grenada, Guatemala ,

Guyana, Haití, Honduras ,

Jamaica , Nicaragua,

Panamá, Perú, Sa int Kitts y

Nevis , Santa Lucía , San

Vicente y las Granadinas ,

Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago,

Venezuela

Benin, Botswana, Congo,

Côte d’Ivoire, Kenia ,

Madagascar, Mauricio,

Mozambique, Nigeria,

Senegal , Tanzanía , Uganda,

Zambia , Zimbabwe

Grupo AMNA 11:

Acceso a los Mercados para l os Productos No Agrícolas ,

coal ición de países en desarrol lo que pretenden obtener

flexibi l idad para l imitar l a apertura de los mercados de

productos i ndustria les .

Argentina , Bras i l ,

Venezuela

Egipto, Namibia , Sudáfrica ,

Túnez

Países a los que se refiere el párrafo 6:

Grupo de países con menos de un 35% de productos no

agrícolas abarcados por techos arancelarios lega lmente

consol idados . Han acordado ampl iar cons iderablemente la

cobertura de sus consol idaciones, pero quieren eximir

a lgunos productos . (Párrafo 6 de la primera vers ión del texto

sobre el AMNA, posteriormente párrafo 8.)

Cuestiones: AMNA

Cuba, Surinam

Camerún, Congo, Côte

d’Ivoi re, Ghana, Kenia ,

Mauricio, Nigeria ,

Zimbabwe

Propuesta conjunta:

Patrocinadores del documento TN/IP/W/10/Rev.2 en el que

se propone el es tablecimiento de una base de datos

completamente voluntaria

Cues tiones : Regis tro de las indicaciones geográfi cas ADPIC

Sitio Web: http://www.wto.org/adpic_s#issues

Documentos: TN/IP/W/10/Rev.2

Argentina , Chi le, Costa Rica ,

Ecuador, El Sa lvador,

Guatemala , Honduras ,

México, Nicaragua,

Paraguay, Repúbl ica

Dominicana

Sudáfrica

Patrocinadores del documento “W52”:

Patrocinadores del documento TN/C/W/52, una propuesta de

“modal idades” para las negociaciones sobre las

indicaciones geográficas (el regis tro multi latera l para vinos

y bebidas espiri tuosas y la extens ión del nivel más elevado

de protección a productos distintos de los vinos y l as

bebidas espiri tuosas) y la “divulgación” (obl igación de los

sol i ci tantes de patentes de divulgar el origen de l os

recursos genéticos y los conocimientos tradiciona les

uti l i zados en las invenciones). La l i s ta incluye como grupos

a la UE, el Grupo ACP y el Grupo Afri cano. * Si bien la

Repúbl ica Dominicana pertenece a l Grupo ACP patrocina el

documento TN/IP/W/10/Rev.2 relativo a las indicaciones

geográficas .

Antigua y Barbuda,

Barbados, Bel ice, Bras i l ,

Colombia, Cuba, Dominica ,

Rep. Dominicana, Ecuador,

Grenada, Guyana, Haití,

Jamaica , Perú, Sa int Kitts y

Nevis , Santa Lucía , San

Vicente y l as Granadinas ,

Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago

Angola , Benin, Botswana,

Burkina Faso, Burundi , Cabo


Congo, Côte d’Ivoi re,

Djibouti , Egipto, Gabón,

Gambia , Ghana, Guinea,

Guinea ‐Bissau, Kenia,

Lesotho, Madagascar, Malí,

Malawi , Marruecos ,

Mauricio, Mauri tania ,

Mozambique, Namibia ,

Nigeria , Níger, Repúbl ica

Centroafricana, Repúbl ica

Democráti ca del Congo,


Leona, Sudáfrica ,



Zambia , Zimbabwe.



4. Chambers of Commerce

One way to enhance reciprocal trade flows is through the active participation of entrepreneurs from each part in these joint efforts. They must take advantage and foster trade opportunities in both regions. There are some bilateral chambers of commerce between LAC and African countries, and their goal is to promote contacts between businesses, business opportunities, and also serve as information exchange centres and to inform about ways to make business in the respective countries. These chambers are listed in Table 22 and can become a powerful instrument to promote economic, trade, investment and business relations between the regions, and give concrete support to the LAC-Africa relation. For example, the African-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce has been in existence since 1968. Besides organizing trade missions to the African continent, and signing several trade agreements, it also promotes exchanges from Brazil with its counterparts in Africa. More recently, in November 2010, a group of entrepreneurs from Uruguay founded the Uruguayan-African Chamber of Commerce (Cámara de Comercio Uruguayo-Africana-CCUA) with the support of the Embassies of South Africa and Egypt. The goal is to provide a business platform between Uruguay and African countries.29

Table 22 Bi-national Chambers of Commerce in LAC countries for African countries

Country Chamber Argentina Argentine-South African Chamber of Commerce

Brazil African-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce

Colombia Colombian-Libyan Chamber of Commerce

Chile Chilean-South African Chamber of Commerce

Mexico Arab-Mexican Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Paraguay Paraguayan-South African Chamber of Commerce

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Angolan-Venezuelan Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Uruguay Uruguayan-African Chamber of Commerce

Source: Directory of Business Groups. www.aladi.org. Portal Empresarial. There are still very few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean that have created Chambers of Commerce for African countries or in the region. There is no doubt that the chambers can be created with the support of the governments, but only if the trade flows merits them. 5. Investments

Another powerful mechanism to strengthen relations between both regions is investment. There are some LAC investments in African countries; however they cannot be considered a significant destination for LAC investments outside the region. So far there are only isolated projects, and with some exceptions, for very small amounts.30

29 Portal of America. http://www.portaldeamerica.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3954:lanzamiento-de-la-c%C3%A1mara-de-comercio-uruguayo%E2%80%93africana&Itemid=6 (consulted on 6 May 2011). 30 Ellodie Brun, ECLAC. 2009. p. 17.


61 Promoting investments implies the creation of an institutional framework that creates the best conditions for them. According to UNCTAD some African countries have liberalized their policies to attract FDI. Such is the case of Morocco and The Gambia, which have reduced taxes to companies, or of Rwanda and Libya, which have improved the business environment for FDI. In contrast, countries like Nigeria have introduced restrictions such as local content requirements, or Algeria, which established limits to the participation of foreign capital in specific sectors, thus reducing the possibilities to attract FDI.31 At present there are countries in the region such as Argentina, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador and Jamaica that have established agreements to promote and protect their respective investments in African countries (see Table 23). These agreements are a good foundation to foster investments in both directions.

Table 23 Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (IPPAs) between LAC and African

countries (up to May 2011)

Country in LAC Country in Africa Date of signature Entry into force Argentina Algeria 04 October 2000 28 January 2002 Egypt 11 May 1992 03 December 1993 Morocco 13 June 1996 19 February 2000 South Africa 23 July 1998 09 May 2000 Tunisia 17 June 1992 23 January 1995 Chile Egypt 05 August 1999 n.a. Tunisia 23 October 1998 n.a. Cuba* Algeria 1999 n.a. El Salvador Morocco 21 April 1999 11 April 2002 Jamaica Egypt 10 February 1999 n.a. Source: OAS. Foreign Trade Information System. Section: Bilateral Investment Treaties. http://www.sice.oas.org/Investment/bitindex_e.asp. * Information on Cuba taken from the Web site Cuba Industria. http://www.cubaindustria.com/webs/acuerdos_protec_inver.htm. In its 2011 report, UNCTAD states that FDI flows to Africa decreased 14% in 2010 reaching US$ 50 billion, compared to US$ 59 billion in 2009 given the reduction in the demand for raw materials as a result of the economic and financial crisis that started in the end of 2008.32 In the specific case of South Africa, the largest economy in the continent, FDIs dropped 78% from US$ 5.7 billion in 2009 to only US$ 1.3 billion in 2010; also in Nigeria where the drop was 60%. The exception in the continent was Central Africa where Equatorial Guinea showed an increase in FDIs. According to the 2010 Report on foreign direct investment by UNCTAD, apparently FDIs in Africa concentrate on minerals; however, new investments increased in the continent between 2003 and 2009, a period in which 41% of said flows was in

31 UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2010. Slide 8. http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir2010_regionalslides_africa%20_en.pdf. 32 UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2010. Slide 5. http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir2010_regionalslides_africa%20_en.pdf.


manufacturing activities. The same report reveals that by 2008, LAC countries had accumulated an FDI stock that represented 1.3% of the total stock in Africa.33 LAC countries with greater FDI flows were Chile with an average of US$ 44 million per year between 2006 and 2008, and Brazil, with US$ 14 million per year during the same years. Chile was the 7th investor in Africa, among developing countries, while Brazil was 9th.34 Although the investments made between countries of both regions are still small, there is a greater coincidence of opportunities that may emerge for both zones, to carry out investments in their respective markets. As part of NEPAD, countries in Africa have looked into diversifying their productive base to process minerals, increase their manufacturing activities, and increase the production and export of non-traditional agricultural and industrial products, all of them sectors where LAC countries have experience and could explore investment or association opportunities. Also, LAC has increasingly more globalized companies, the “translatinas”, which invest outside the region and look for markets around the world, positioning them as true global actors. Also, the Abuja Declaration of the 1st ASA Summit established as a priority to promote the investment of South American countries in Africa, in the mining and energy sectors. Recently, Brazilian investments have increased significantly in countries like Mozambique, Angola, Congo, Zambia, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Guinea, Liberia and Nigeria, among others, and in sectors such as biofuels, infrastructure, and banking. During the government of President Lula, Brazil signed more than 200 bilateral agreements with several African countries.35 Brazilian companies like Vale do Rio Doce, Odebrecht or Petrobras have an important Brazilian presence in countries like Angola, Guinea and Mozambique. The company Vale do Rio Doce has investment plans between US$ 15 and 20 billion for the next five years, in copper, in Mozambique, Zambia, Guinea and Liberia. Vale do Rio Doce is carrying out the largest iron ore project of Africa in Guinea. The infrastructure company Odebrecht is already operating in Angola, Libya, Liberia, Mozambique, and Ghana. Petrobras has investment plans for US$ 3 billion up to 2013, mainly in Angola and Nigeria. The interest of Brazilian companies in Africa was supported by the diplomatic-trade policy of the government of Lula, particularly in Portuguese speaking countries such as Mozambique and Angola. Cuba has investments in countries such as Namibia, the main destination of Cuban companies in Africa, with a mixed company for the manufacture of “guayaberas”, two others in the fishing sector, and a fourth one for the manufacture of generic drugs.36 There are also cases of investments of African countries in LAC. For example, the accumulated investment of South Africa in Mexico is almost US$ 10 million in communications, transport, and financial services. Similarly, South Africa has made investments in El Salvador and Honduras, and is exploring the possibility of investing in 33 UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2010. Slide 6. http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir2010_regionalslides_africa%20_en.pdf. 34 UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2010. Slide 7. http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir2010_regionalslides_africa%20_en.pdf. 35 Stephen Kingah. “How the European Union should respond to the increasing economic and political influence of BRICs in Africa,” in Europe’s World. 01 April 2011. http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/CommunityPosts/tabid/809/PostID/2388/HowtheEuropeanUnionEUShouldRespondtotheIncreasingEconomicandPoliticalInfluenceofBRICsinAfrica.aspx. 36 Cuba-Africa: An historical commitment. http://www.cubasolidaridad.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:cuba-africa-un-compromiso-histo&catid=23:cooperacion-sur-sur.


63 Nicaragua in hydroelectric energy, infrastructure, and tourism.37 In Peru, the stock of real foreign direct investment of South Africa by June 2006 was US$ 830.9 million (5.69% of the total FDI in that country).38 Algeria has made investments in countries such as Peru, and by 2005 the Algerian State company Sonatrach, has made investments for US$ 220 million in the Camisea Gas sector, as part of the “Transport and Distribution” Consortium. Although LAC and Africa are still not a priority in the investments of either part, there is an increasing participation of some countries like Brazil and Chile in the African market, through investments. This could become a trigger for trade flows, and could have a multiplying effect for investments in both directions.

V. SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION

Quite possibly the most substantial component in the Africa-LAC relationship is

South-South Cooperation, which has played a key role in the rapprochement between the two regions in a wide variety of areas.

The bi-regional relations in South-South cooperation have a history. It can be traced back to at least 1977, when Member States of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) adopted resolutions in their respective bodies to strengthen “the existing technical cooperation agreements” and encourage “new cooperation programs between the regions.” To that end, they would rely on the capacities of the respective regional commissions within the framework of their resources and mandates.39 The meeting of the United Nations Conference on Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries held in 1978 in Buenos Aires gave political impetus to work on joint cooperation programs in three priority areas for LAC and Africa: 1. human resource development, 2. science and technology for development, and 3. promotion of inter-regional trade. In February 1979, the Conference of African Planners, Statisticians and Demographers approved a draft document that discusses the three areas. On 27 March 1979, ECA issued resolution 355 (XIV) approving the interregional cooperation program with ECLAC to promote technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC) and economic cooperation among developing countries (ECDC) between Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. For its part, ECLAC adopted its own resolution, 387 (XVIII) of 26 April 1979 where it decided to undertake activities of technical and economic cooperation between Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean in the areas of trade, training and science and technology. The bi-regional cooperation program was materialized in November 1980 with financial support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Secretariats of ECA and ECLAC. However, due to the lack of funds, it was necessary to limit the number of topics and geographic scope of the project. The secretariats of 37 “South Africa explores investing in Nicaragua” El Nuevo Diario, 19 February 2010. http://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/venezuela-y-nigeria-estrechan-lazos-de-cooperacion (consulted on 6 May 2011). 38 Peru. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Bilateral relations. http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/Pbilateral.nsf/PaisTipo/87274AFF7665D20205256BEC0072E19D?OpenDocument. 39 ECLAC. Africa and Latin America: prospects for inter-regional cooperation. September 1983. http://www.eclac.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/3/12583/P12583.xml&xsl=/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/dmaah/tpl/top-bottom.xslt.


ECA and ECLAC presented the working paper Promoting Economic and Technical Cooperation between Africa and Latin America (ECO/ETC/I/4/CEPAL/SEM.4/L. 4) with conclusions and recommendations to strengthen cooperation ties between the two regions in the three areas identified as priorities. Consequently, the first joint meeting of government experts from LAC and Africa on economic and technical cooperation between the two regions was held in June 1982 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with the support of ECA, ECLAC and UNDP. That was the first meeting of its kind where the conclusions of the joint document were adopted. This set the tone for the strengthening of biregional relations with a clear spirit of cooperation through economic and technical cooperation in the three priority areas (human resource development, inter-regional trade, and science and technology for economic and social development). There is a wide range of substantial areas of South-South Cooperation between LAC and Africa. The purpose of this document is not to address each area in a particular and specific way, but to point out some of the major advances that have occurred in the bilateral and bi-regional agendas in order to identify working issues, points of convergence and to identify new areas of opportunity. To this end, we explore succinctly the main areas of cooperation in today's ALC-Africa agenda, which emphasizes technical cooperation with initiatives in the areas of agriculture, energy, health, education and culture, environment, transport and tourism. At the regional level, cooperation between Africa and LAC has been developed mostly within three organizations: a. Security, Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA). On 27 October 1986, at the initiative of Brazil, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 41/11 declaring the creation of the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA). Its purpose was to promote regional cooperation and maintaining Peace and Security in the area, promoting the peaceful uses of the oceans, regional cooperation, economic and social development, environmental protection, conservation of natural resources and peaceful use of the South Atlantic. The ZPCSA is composed of 24 countries in this geographical area, namely Angola, Argentina, Benin, Brazil, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Congo, Dem. Rep. of Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé e Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo and Uruguay. As part of the process, ministerial meetings and seminars were held alternatively between LAC and Africa. b. Education: Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).40 The members of the CPLP are Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal and São Tomé e Príncipe. It is based on the International Portuguese Language Institute (IILP) for promotion of the language. The CPLP consults on political and cooperation in areas of justice, education, military, immigration and environment, among others. It also has a Parliamentary Assembly. It seeks to deepen relations with civil society organizations in member countries. As part of Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), Brazil is working with Portugal and Lusophone countries in Southern Africa to increase the teaching of the Portuguese language. Language teaching centers (Camões Institute) have been established in the main cities and rural areas, in order to make Portuguese one of the major languages worldwide. Portuguese is also taught in Namibia and South Africa. c. Environment: The High Level Forums on Cooperation between Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean within the framework of the Convention Against Desertification. The South-South cooperation represents a valuable and necessary

40 Web site of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries: http://www.cplp.org/id-50.aspx.


65 instrument to reverse the desertification process and the Cooperation Platform is a starting point for achieving the objectives set and, in particular, to implement in a timely and effective manner the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD). Bi-regional cooperation has been developed through the forums Platform for Interregional Cooperation between Africa-Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The First Africa - Latin America and the Caribbean Forum on Desertification, held in 1998 in Recife, Brazil, launched the Platform of Interregional Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean-Africa to Combat Desertification, which provides a framework for action within which cooperation between the two continents is to be developed. So in June 2007, the Secretariat to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), together with the Government of the Dominican Republic, organized the Fifth Forum of the Platform for Interregional Cooperation between Africa - Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the implementation of the Convention by promoting synergies among the countries of both regions, technology transfer and exchange of experiences. The development of South-South cooperation, the strengthening of national capacities and the exchange of information are the pillars of cooperation in this area. However, there is a poor implementation of interregional projects due to the lack of monitoring of the initiatives and of an effective follow-up mechanism and the lack of financial resources. According to the results of the 5th Forum both sides have decided to prioritize the exchange of information and capacity building.41 At the subregional level in South America, there is already a broad agenda of cooperation. In fact, since 2006, the Abuja Declaration of the First South Africa-South America Summit states the following:

RECOGNIZE that South-South cooperation is the primary goal of both regions, especially with regard to the possibilities of sharing and transferring best practices in the area of poverty eradication, sustainable development, gender mainstreaming, science and technology, culture, education and youth in the respective regions and, hence, the need for joint action in these areas;

AFFIRM the importance of South-South Cooperation in an interdependent world that requires the expansion of knowledge on the other, promoting the exchange of information and experiences and working together on mutual issues of special interest;

STRESS that cooperation is also a useful tool in many fields including social policies, production initiatives, science and technology, culture and education, and in all areas where opportunities for joint action can be identified. (Abuja Declaration 2006).

Next, we present the various sectors in the South-South Cooperation between LAC and Africa. 1. Energy

Africa and South America hold 24% of the world's hydrocarbon reservoirs.42 In LAC, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela are among the world's leading producers of oil. Bolivia has substantial reserves of natural gas. Africa is a strategic continent due to its natural resources and especially energy, which are not

41 Secretariat. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Final Report. 2007. http://www.unccd.int/regional/lac/meetings/interregional/sdomingo2007/finrep-foro-v-spa.pdf. 42 Africa-South America Summit promotes energy integration. 27 September 2009. http://www.larepublica.com.uy/mundo/382096-cumbre-america-del-sur-africa-impulsa-integracion-energetica (consulted on 15 April 2011).


sufficiently exploited. Nigeria and Angola are the first and second oil producers in the continent, with significant gas reserves. The energy sector is an area of great value and potential for South-South Cooperation between Africa and LAC. The Abuja Declaration (2006) of ASA gives “priority to the creation of inter-regional partnerships and promoting investment in Africa by South American countries in the mining and energy sectors, to harness fossil fuels, particularly oil, petrochemicals, and renewable sources of energy such as hydropower, biofuels, solar, geothermal and wind power in order to meet various power requirements” (Paragraph 30). The Abuja Plan of Action recommends the following activities in the energy and minerals sector: Exchange of information on how to develop skills and transfer technology in the

extractive industries; Explore the possibility of developing a common energy strategy; Share experiences and develop capacity for exploration of energy resources and

efficient energy marketing systems, and Cooperating in developing alternative energy sources and promoting the use of

renewable energy sources and hybrid power technology. In the 2009 Declaration of Nueva Esparta, ASA member countries resumed earlier commitments on energy cooperation to support “industrial growth, energy infrastructure development, exchange and transfer of technologies, reducing transaction costs and human resources training,” in order to promote the strategic goal of energy security and integration (Paragraph 61). The parties also agreed to make efforts to exchange experiences in the development and use of clean, renewable and alternative energy sources, with a view to extending their distribution and sustainable use, and to achieve maximum efficiency in their applications. Both regions will cooperate on issues related to sustainable production and use of fossil fuels especially oil and gas (Paragraph 60). In order to achieve these objectives, the parties raised the possibility of creating a bi-regional Energy Commission and to promote the exchange of information between the African Energy Commission (AFREC) and of the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), where Algeria is already a permanent observer. They proposed that AFREC and the ASA Summit should develop an “energy strategy to promote sustainable development while respecting the sovereign right of handling and regulating natural resources” (Paragraph 31). In July 2009, the Forum on Partnership and Cooperation on Energy was held, within the framework of the Forum on Africa-South America Cooperation (ASACOF).43 The outcome of said Forum was a document that outlines a strategy to meet the goals established in the ASA Declaration and its Plan of Action. Among the main recommendations for cooperation, the parties suggested inter-regional partnerships and promoting South American investment in Africa in the mining and energy sectors for the use of fossil fuels, including oil, petrochemicals and renewable energy resources, hydropower, biofuels, solar, geothermal and wind. As a matter of fact, in the energy sector there are already Latin American investments in Africa, most of which are for the oil sector as in the case of the National Petroleum Company (ENAP) of Chile, which is present in Egypt as an operator in North Bahariya blocks, with a 50% stake, in East Ras-Qattara, with 50.5%, and Rommana with 40%. Similarly, the company participates as a non-operating partner in the Sidi Abd El

43 http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/july/IE/docs/ASACOF_%20Strategy_en.doc.


67 Rahman (SAER) block, with a 30% stake. The Brazilian oil company, Petrobras, is the company with the highest number of projects in Africa: the share of its processed oil coming from Africa is increasing, from 6.8% in 1997 to 13.63% in 2006, surpassing the Middle East as the main supplier of oil in Brazil. Outside the ASA Summit, Mexico has offered technical cooperation in partnership with UNIDO in the area of energy. In April 2011, a study mission was prepared on industrial use and production of geothermal energy for nine countries in East Africa (Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia). Mexico has offered technical assistance by sharing information on technology development for exploration, development and exploitation of geothermal resources as this is the first country in America in geothermal electricity production. 44

44 UN Bulletin. CINU. “Se lleva a cabo Seminario de Cooperación Triangular México-África del este, sobre energía geotérmica.” 15 April 2011, Communiqué No. 11/87 (consulted on 15 May 2011).


Table 24 Common traits in multilateral organizations: OPEC and OLADE

MEMBERS

ORGANISATION COMMON ISSUES WEB SITE MISSION/OBJECTIVES LAC AFRICA

Organization of Petroleum

Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Policies on oil

production and prices

www.opec.org

Coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.

Ecuador,

Venezuela

Angola, Algeria, Libya,

Nigeria. (Gabon

withdrew in 1995)

Latin American

Energy Organization

(OLADE)

Establish a cooperation mechanism among the countries of the region to sustainably develop their energy resources and to jointly deal with those issues related to their efficient and rational use, in order to contribute to the social and economic development of Latin America and the Caribbean.

www.olade.org.ec

VISION: OLADE is the political and technical-support organization through which its Member States undertake common efforts to achieve integration and development in the regional energy market. MISSION: To contribute to the region’s integration, sustainable development and energy security, by advising and promoting cooperation and coordination among its Member States.

South America: Argentina, Bolivia,

Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and

Venezuela Caribbean:

Barbados, Cuba, Grenada, Guyana,

Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and

Tobago, Dominican Republic and

Suriname Central America

and Mexico: Belize, Costa Rica, El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,

Nicaragua, Panama, Mexico

Algeria

2. Agriculture

One of the main challenges shared by the two regions and the world is, without doubt, the growing demand for food. Both Africa and LAC countries have the potential to generate food for their own populations and the world through their own natural resources. The Abuja Declaration established for the agricultural area the active participation of South America in supporting economic and social development of rural workers in Africa and their agricultural and livestock resources. It was agreed to support Africa in the “revitalization of agriculture to boost economic and social development and achieving food and nutrition security in Africa through the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), which is the starting point for cooperation in the area of agriculture and agribusiness.” It was also agreed to promote cooperation, training and bilateral exchanges of experiences in the areas of biotechnology, biofuels, tropical agriculture and land reform. As a result of the Second ASA Summit, the Declaration of Nueva Esparta agreed to develop joint studies and exchange experiences on food security, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals. It was also agreed to promote at the multilateral level the implementation of the commitments on funding from developed countries, made at the High Level Conference on food security, held in FAO in June 2008. The countries also agreed to strengthen the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) to find ways to encourage global food security. The cooperation also aims to seek to add value to agricultural products especially from Africa.


69 Bilateral initiatives exist in countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico or the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which have developed bilateral projects to support agricultural activities in Africa. Argentina, for example, has established cooperation agreements with African countries to increase food production and develop joint strategies to achieve this, via direct seeding programs, transfer of fertilizers and all types of technologies such as agricultural machinery for small producers or the joint agricultural research. The objective is to advance socially inclusive and sustainable strategies that lead to increase food production and establish the basis for an effective bilateral and regional cooperation, within the framework of the guidelines of the Africa-South America (ASA) Association.45 Through the Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina promotes technology transfer, development, and work with cooperatives and universities to train technicians. Brazilian cooperation is also active in the sector of agriculture. In May 2010, the countries agreed on the Brazil-Africa Dialogue on Food Security, Nutrition and Rural Development. The commitments made by Brazil include the implementation of ten pilot projects in five regions of Africa. Within the framework of this dialogue, in April 2011, the Brazilian government launched the second edition of the training courses in family agriculture for Africa to provide insight into strategies and methods aimed at developing small-scale agriculture. Through the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA), Brazil offers technical assistance to the cotton sector in Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali. Also, another way in which Brazil wants to route South-South cooperation with Africa is through the provision of Brazilian methodologies and programs, such as the Food Acquisition Program (PAA, by its acronym in Portuguese), by which the products of a family farm are purchased by the government for use in public services. Brazil's cooperation with Africa involves significant resources to ensure that its policies are aligned with the local populations. Brazil is partnering with the African Development Bank to create a trust fund to finance technology transfer in South-South cooperation in the fields of agricultural research and the environment.46 Furthermore, the Dialogue on Food Security has funding from the Board of Trade (CAMEX), which contributed US$ 193 million to implement the “More food for Africa” program, which seeks to replicate the scheme developed in Brazil to modernize family production in favourable financial conditions. The funds are earmarked for Ghana and Zimbabwe, and should be used to purchase equipment produced in Brazil. Similarly, Brazil, together with the American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), and EMBRAPA have sought to develop technical cooperation projects in areas of interest for Africa, such as administration of agricultural research institutions, links with private enterprise, family agriculture and export. Cuba, meanwhile, develops bilateral and triangular cooperation in this sector. With FAO, Cuba has worked to provide technical assistance to Cape Verde. 47

45 “Argentina advances in bilateral agreements with Africa,” Panorama Agropecuario. 6 April 2011. http://www.sudesteagropecuario.com.ar/2011/04/07/argentina-avanza-en-acuerdos-bilaterales-con-africa/ (consulted on 29 April 2011). 46 Stephen Kingah. 01 April 2011. 47 ”Apoyarán técnicos cubanos programa agrícola en África.” 17 May 2011. http://www.radioguines.icrt.cu/index.php/ext/10797-apoyaran-tecnicos-cubanos-programa-agricola-en-africa (consulted on 20 May 2011).


Along with Egypt, Mexico is promoting the establishment of cooperation in agriculture, through the implementation of projects to produce nopal, corn, wheat, dates and amaranth. In South Africa, the Cooperation Agreement between Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chapingo (Mexico) and University of the Free State (South Africa) signed on 29 March 2006 in Bloemfontein, South Africa, sets the parameters for cooperation in nopal farming and campaigning against the nopal moth, through exchange of experience activities and skills, academic exchange, as well as advisory and training activities, among others. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela approved in October 2010, the Law of the cooperation agreement between Venezuela and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to provide technical assistance and develop productive projects in African countries. The law provides for progress in the production of agricultural inputs and machinery, agricultural storage systems and irrigation systems and water management and the installation of small smithy workshops for the production of implements, tools and silos used in some African countries. The countries identify the needs of agricultural education, the definition of areas for planting and installing irrigation systems. Similarly, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela provides for the development of agricultural machinery for the projects in Africa and an area will be selected to plant foundation seed for production in these projects. Also, scholarships will be designed to train African personnel in different study centers and research institutes in Venezuela.48 3. Environment

Given the nature of environmental issues, cooperation guidelines have been devised especially at the multilateral level. A clear example is the UN Convention for Combating Desertification (see above) and another one is the determination to tackle the climate change issue within the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The Abuja Declaration considers environmental cooperation as a pillar of cooperation between the two regions to promote sustainable development and efficient management of natural resources in line with international instruments in this area, such as the Kyoto Protocol. As shown in Chart 5, the contributions of LAC and Africa in the percentage of global CO2 emissions in 2005 were 3.5% for the former and 3.1% for the latter, well below those of the rest of the world. Although both regions are far from being the main sources of these emissions, there is awareness about the need to help combat their effects on the environment.

48 http://www.noticias365.com.ve/temas/al-dia/aprobada-ley-de-cooperacion-agricola-entre-venezuela-y-la-fao/.


71 Chart 5

Source: Alicia Bárcena, ECLAC. 2009. Slide 19.

The Abuja Declaration (2006) states that as part of the cooperation activities in the environmental area “efficient management of natural resources is one of the pillars of cooperation”, with special attention to the preservation and sustainable use of the environment, the sustainable use of biodiversity, and the promotion of measures against hazardous toxic waste dump. Also mentioned is the exchange of experiences and the promotion of technical cooperation in new and renewable energy, combating desertification, global warming, forestry, depletion of the ozone layer and pollution (Paragraph 37). In the Declaration of Nueva Esparta (2009) priority areas for environmental protection cooperation are specified in a more explicit way, including: Opposition to changing the balance of rights and obligations set forth in the

Kyoto Protocol in relation to mitigation commitments (Paragraph 86). Support to the Special Fund for Climate Change aimed at developing

countries (Paragraph 87). The political commitment to implementing the 10-year Strategic Framework

Plan to promote the implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), adopted by the 8th Conference of the Parties (Paragraph 88).

4. Culture and Education

Through cultural, academic and educational programs, the countries seek to lay the groundwork for closer relations between LAC and Africa. This has been forged through different mechanisms and instruments such as centers of regional studies, curricula, scholarships and academic exchanges and cultural events, just to mention the most important ones, which have enriched the relationship and opens up opportunities for new ways of cooperation in this area.


There are already academic institutions in LAC and Africa dedicated to regional studies of the other party.49 In Argentina, African Studies focus on the Interdisciplinary Section of Studies of Asia and Africa in Universidad de Buenos Aires, the African Studies Program of the Center for Advanced Studies (CEA), and the Program of International Relations and African Studies in the Center for Advanced Studies (CONICET-UNC), National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, both of Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. In Brazil we can highlight the Center for African Studies, University of Sao Paulo, the Center for Afro-Asian Studies in Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais (CEAO) in Salvador-Bahia, and Centre for Afro-Asian Studies in Londrina State University. Brazil also established the Open University of Brazil in Mozambique. In Colombia, there is the Program of African Studies of the Centre of Research and Special Projects at the School of Finance, Government and International Relations at the Universidad Externado of Colombia. In Cuba, there is the Center for African and Middle East Studies (CEAMO), an autonomous, non-governmental scientific association, created in 1979 for the development of Cuba's relations with African countries. It focuses on the history, sociology, politics, international relations and economy and it publishes the Magazine on Africa and Middle East (RAMO), which is issued twice a year in Spanish and English. In Mexico, the Center for Asian and African Studies (CEAA), of El Colegio de Mexico, was created in 1964 and later the Latin American Association for Asian and African Studies, A.C. (ALADAA), in the same institution that has conducted several International Congresses which gather Latin American specialists from different areas of study that share a common interest in Africa. In Africa, study centers on Latin America and the Caribbean are starting to be created, such as the Center for Latin American Studies, (UCLAS) in University of South Africa in Pretoria. A case of bi-regional education is the Federal University of Luso-Afro-Brazilian integration (Unilab) created in the city of Fortaleza (northeastern Brazil) and aimed at educating 2500 Brazilian students and 2500 Africans to pursue careers in nursing, agricultural science, public administration, natural sciences, mathematics and energy engineering.50 In order to offer African studies in Brazil, UNESCO is preparing together with the Brazilian government a program for teaching African history, to be applied in Brazilian schools and then be offered to countries of that continent. The basis of the curriculum will be General History of Africa, prepared by – mostly African – historians in the 1980s with the support of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This will allow Brazil to include African history in the curriculum of secondary education in Brazil. Subsequently, this project is expected to be extended to Lusophone countries such as Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé e Príncipe, among others.

49 Information obtained from the Africa Foundation Web site. http://www.africafundacion.org/spip.php?article1839&var_mode=calcul # AR. 50 UNILAB. http://blog-unilab.blogspot.com/


73 Another way of rapprochement is the creation of cultural programs. In 2007, the Cultural Festival of the Peoples of Africa was held in Caracas (Venezuela), with the participation of delegations from 22 African countries. Also since 2002, Mexico decided to celebrate in May the Day of the African Union as a way to strengthen ties with this continent. Since 2006, Mexico celebrates, every year in May, the Africa Week as a way to mark the creation of the African Unity, in May 1963, and as a substantial part of the government's actions to promote Mexico's relationship with Africa and bring Mexican society closer to the continent through various thematic activities aimed at strengthening the knowledge of Africa among the various sectors of the country. Africa Week in Mexico has had a variety of themes and has included scientific presentations, technical cooperation fairs, seminars on business opportunities and cultural and artistic activities. In May 2011, the theme was Youth: challenges and opportunities, while in 2010 it was Women, Peace and Development. Mexico has also developed other initiatives to promote African culture. In October 2004, South Africa was the special guest country of the International Cervantino Festival, in Mexico, attended by almost 200 South African artists. In May 2006, South Africa was a special guest country at the Acapulco Fashion 2006, where several highly successful South African designers participated. In turn, Cuba has taken the “Yo sí puedo” literacy program to five countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. 5. Science and Technology

In the capitals of developed countries there is an African Diaspora that is increasing annually and that has tripled in the past 40 years. Since 1990, Africa loses about 20 thousand professionals annually. The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) has identified the brain drain as a threat to the continent's development since it reaches high levels in the area of science and technology. Ethiopia, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa are among the countries with highest rate of university professionals migrating to the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, France, Belgium and Canada. According to the International Organization for Migration, the brain drain in Africa has an annual cost of US$ 4 billion, paid to 100 thousand foreign professionals to replace those who migrate, especially in the field of health. Ghana lost 60% of its physicians in the 1980s and about 700 are now practicing in the United States; in Kenya there is an exodus of about 20 doctors each month; the most notable case is Nigeria – ranking last in the development human index – which has more doctors in the United States than in the country, and Ethiopia lost 75% of its skilled workforce between 1980 and 1991.51 Abuja 2006 recognizes that science and technology are essential components of the industrialization of the two regions for which it is necessary to implement initiatives to build capabilities. One proposal is to exchange experiences in formulating and implementing policies for science and the transfer and development of technology to achieve development goals. Reference was made to the Tunis Declaration adopted at the World Summit on the Information Society held in Tunis in November 2005. They pledged to contribute to the Digital Solidarity Fund created for this purpose and to undertake cooperative efforts to create the infrastructure and legal framework in order to support the development of communication and information (Paragraph 33). In the Declaration of Nueva Esparta both regions decided to make efforts to undertake initiatives for cooperation and exchange of experiences aimed at building 51 Arturo Prins “América Latina y África: ¿por qué los más pobres?” In Criterion, October 2007, No. 2331, http://www.revistacriterio.com.ar/cultura/america-latina-y-aacutefrica-iquestpor-que-los-mas-pobres/ (consulted on 10 April 2011).


the scientific, technological and institutional capacities of national STI (science, technology and innovation) systems and the formulation and implementation of policies for sustainable development and social progress of both regions in order to promote integration and rapprochement of the South American and African scientific communities that promote the generation, transfer and social appropriation of scientific and technical knowledge. With a view to promoting social inclusion, they recognized the need to promote the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other technologies to open up more opportunities in education, health and living conditions (Paragraph 74). Investment in research and development remains marginal, keeping growth and productivity lower than their potential. LAC invests less than 2% of the world total, and Africa, 0.2%. South Korea alone invests more in R&D that the entire region of LAC. OECD notes that the rate of access to digital technology in LAC reaches a level of 0.51 and Sub-Saharan Africa only 0.23, compared with 1 for the countries of that organization. It is necessary to break the digital divide both in LAC and Africa. Therefore, development cooperation programs in this area could help to generate the public policies required to advance in terms of economic growth, productivity and social inclusion. 6. Tourism and Transport

Africa and LAC are far from each other not only geographically but because of lack of means to connect them. The distance becomes more obvious due to the lack of infrastructure as well as transport and communications connectivity than to their geographical distance. At present, air connectivity and sea routes between LAC and Africa are inadequate, to say the least, and sometimes non-existent, which also reflects the lack of flows of all kinds: commercial, business, tourism, academic, artistic, cultural, educational, etc. Nevertheless, there is awareness of this situation and of the need to plan and work to address this shortcoming. As part of the diversification objectives of African economies, NEPAD identifies the development of service sectors and tourism. The Brazil-Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Summit held in Sal Island, Cape Verde, in July 2010, proposed to advance the field of transport in order to build the necessary bridges to bring the two regions closer together. The parties agreed to “deepen cooperation in the field of air transport in order to improve scheduled air services between Brazil and the Member States of ECOWAS.”52 The issue of transport and connectivity is not only a matter of linking the regions per se but is an essential tool to build and strengthen a substantial bi-regional agenda. If the regions are to achieve an increase in economic, tourism, investment and other types of relations, it is essential to think about establishing the best ways and means of rapprochement. In the Abuja Declaration of the ASA Summit, the parties recognized the need to develop direct air routes and rationalize the maritime routes between the two regions. (2006 Declaration, paragraph 29) Freight costs are high for export to Africa and the marketing channels are not always transparent.53 As a way of example, trade between Africa and LAC is done by sea en route to Asia, through South African ports of Durban and Cape Town.

52 Elizabeth Archibong. “ECOWAS to forge closer ties with Brazil“ in Next.com http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5589637-146/ecowas_to_forge_closer_ties_with.csp (consulted on 29 April 2011). 53 Ellodie Brun. ECLAC. 2008. p. 21.


75 Air connections face a similar situation. To get to Africa from LAC one must go through an airport in the United States or Europe which greatly complicates the possibilities of connection. In this regard, as a result of the first meeting the ASA Presidential Strategic Group identified South America-Africa interconnection needs and agreed to work on feasibility studies on air lines, maritime routes, to achieve a greater unity of the two continents, which will allow the implementation of projects under the Strategic Agenda for 2010-2020.54 Having an infrastructure that brings together the countries from both regions will have an impact on tourism, an activity that can lead to higher economic growth between the parties. The global tourism industry has grown exponentially in recent decades, from 534 million arrivals in 1950 to 808 million in 2005, with an average annual growth rate of 6.5% (WTO, 2006). In 2005, tourist arrivals to Central and South American countries reached 133 million (16% worldwide) compared with Africa, which received 37 million tourists (5% worldwide). During the same period, tourism revenues amounted to US$ 676 billion (100%) for the world, of which US$ 21.7 billion (3.1%) were captured by Africa, and US$ 17 billion (2.5%) by South and Central America.55 Similarly, in the Declaration of Nueva Esparta which resulted from the Second ASA Summit, countries committed themselves to “promote tourism as an integrating factor ... based on community development and full respect for our cultural heritage and our customs and traditions.” The importance of tourism in the economies of the LAC countries is enormous. ECLAC found that in LAC as a whole, tourism revenues are equivalent to 1.8% of GDP (1980-2008 period). However, in the Caribbean tourism contributed 16.6% of GDP in these years, in Central America 5% (1980-2009) but in some Caribbean countries it contributed up to 30% of GDP. 56 The same is true for Africa as a whole. Specifically, the World Tourism Organization finds that income from tourism contribute significantly to both GDP growth in sub-Saharan African countries as well as investments in physical and human capital in this sector. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the top five destinations are: Seychelles, Mauritius, Namibia, Cape Verde and Botswana. Empirical evidence shows that “the international tourist spending has a positive impact on economic growth of African countries.”57 African economies could increase their economic growth in the short term strategically via the strengthening of their tourist industries, which could create an area of synergy and opportunity between the two regions. One area of common interest and of great potential is ecotourism, which exploits the natural and cultural wealth of each country. In countries such as Costa Rica, Ecuador and Madagascar, ecotourism is a fundamental part of the economy. This provides economic, financial, ecological benefits to the community and promotes sustainability, opening up employment options for people in their own place of residence. Costa Rica has developed certification programs to ensure that the destinations and hotels have certain features that make them sustainable and ecological.

54 “Mesa Estratégica Asa renueva compromiso político para avanzar en la cooperación Sur- Sur,” 6 August 2010. http://mppre.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4321:mesa-estrategica-asa-renueva-compromiso-politico-para-avanzar-en-la-cooperacion-sur-sur&catid=185:082010-cumbre-asa&Itemid=323 (consulted on 11 May 2011). 55 Bichaka Fayissa. 2009. 56 ECLAC, Latin America and the Caribbean: Macroeconomic Indicators on Tourism (Statistical notebooks of ECLAC, Nº 39). 57 Bichaka Fayissa, Christian Nsiah and Bedassa Tadesse. “The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa,” Department of Economics and Finance. Working Paper. August 2007.


Both LAC and Africa also offer enormous potential not only for the traditional beach tourism but also for cultural tourism, sports tourism and discovery tourism. Tourism has the potential to impact the economy of each place in a positive way in the long term. This activity can be a strategic area of rapprochement between the two regions which will lead to economic growth, more and better jobs, and community development, contributing to the goal of reducing extreme poverty. Tourism also can trigger other types of productive activities in each community where it is developed, both in the service and the manufacturing sector. It is of the essence to identify some regional tourism poles that can be promoted between LAC and Africa. Visiting a country in a region can become a incentive for others to visit, which will result in a multiplier effect for the area. Achieving this requires strategic planning, which involves developing attractive tourist routes, call for tour operators and facilitate or eliminate visa procedures for tourists, among other factors. 7. Health

The health sector in an area where there has been close cooperation – especially from LAC countries to countries in Africa, as well as in the bi-regional agenda. Programs have been developed both in preventive medicine and early treatment of infectious diseases in areas where LAC has implemented effective programs to serve its population. In fact, the International Association against AIDS in Africa is the widest South-South Cooperation network worldwide focused on a single area; hence the importance given to offer LAC cooperation to Africa, both at subregional and bilateral level. The Abuja Declaration states that “cooperation between Africa and South America in the area of health care includes HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other epidemics.” There is recognition of the need to implement the AU Plan of Action for the operation of the Policy Framework on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, adopted by African health ministers in Maputo in 2006. Both regions are committed to supporting the facility for the purchase of Drugs (UNITAID) in the fight against these diseases (Paragraphs 34 and 35). This commitment is reiterated in the Declaration of Nueva Esparta (2009), which establishes that both regions will make efforts for cooperation in health in order to “identify structural weaknesses and other social determinants of diseases and prevent high rates infant and maternal mortality and malnutrition and to improve the conditions of access to safe drinking water, to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs and their impact on the population as well as other poverty-related diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics that coexist with non-communicable diseases through the promotion of national and international initiatives aimed at producing and distributing new vaccines and expanding equitable access to essential medicines, in order to ensure health as an inalienable right of our people and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.” They also proposed an exchange of information and best practices for treating Influenza A (H1N1) (Paragraphs 72 and 73). In the area of health, triangular cooperation has also been developed between Southern countries. One case is the Cuba-Libya-Nigeria Cooperation which began in 2001 through which Cuba provides human resources and Libya and Nigeria fund the development of the South-South Collaboration Program for the benefit of Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Chad and Niger with the Cuban Medical Brigade, with an average of 177 Health professionals per year.58 Another example of this type of 58 Néstor Marimón Torres and Evelyn Martínez Cruz. Cooperación técnica entre Cuba y la OPS/OMS. Su historia y futuro. http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/infd/n809/infd1309.htm (consulted on 28 April 2011).


77 cooperation is that of Cuba-South Africa-Rwanda, which started in 2005, in which Cuba provides human resources consisting of 34 health professionals, funded by South Africa, and Rwanda being the recipient of this assistance. Triangular South-South cooperation has also been developed with the support of international organizations. Such is the case Cuba-PAHO/WHO-Angola cooperation program, in the strategy for the eradication of polio in this country for which they develop epidemiological surveillance, medical training, focal points, municipal technicians, managers, community representatives and the general public and the dissemination of information on the immunization program. At the bilateral level, since the 1960s, Cuba has offered medical assistance and cooperation programs in the area of health to almost all African countries, 16 of which are included in the Comprehensive Health Program. This type of cooperation began with the dispatch of medical brigades to Algeria. Cuba has trained about 30,000 people in various medical specialties.59 An important aspect of the Cuban cooperation in the area of health is the creation of medical schools in Gambia and Equatorial Guinea, and support to medical teachers in countries such as Ethiopia, Uganda and South Africa. Mexico has also developed initiatives and programs of technical and scientific cooperation in the prevention and treatment of HIV / AIDS and malaria, as well as training of medical cadres with African countries at the bilateral level. In 2006, Mexico signed Letters of Intent on Health with Angola, Tanzania in 2007, and Algeria in 2010. VI. AREAS OF OPPORTUNITY

This section includes the experience gained so far about the areas of overlap in the LAC-Africa relationship. In addition, based on the analysis in this document, areas of opportunity were found where there is room for further strengthening LAC-Africa relationship. Recommendations in three major categories – I. Institutional Area, II. Economic and Trade Area, and III. South-South Cooperation – are listed below. Importantly, this report identifies the political will of the LAC countries to have a closer relationship with Africa. This decision is a starting point for advancing the relationship between the two regions. However, such will still needs to be specified in projects, programs and activities to strengthen the relationship in the short and long term. 1. Institutional Area – bilateral relations have been strengthened through institutional agreements, particularly in the area of cooperation, that are the foundation for a stronger rapprochement over the long term. However, there is still room for an ampler bi-regional relationship. Today, there exists a structured forum comprising South American countries, but the Caribbean and Central American nations, as well as Mexico, need to be included for purposes of fully complementing the LAC-Africa relationship. Therefore, it is essential to have an institutional framework fostering the development of the LAC-Africa relationship based upon clear rules and political commitments at the highest level. Some recommendations are included below:

a) Institutional strengthening of ASA and inclusion of other LAC countries in the forum. The inclusion of all LAC countries that are not yet parties to the mechanism could further strengthen bi-regional rapprochement from an institutional perspective. The inclusion of all Latin America and Caribbean countries would also provide more resources for strengthening the mechanism

59 “Cuba-África. Un compromiso histórico.” http://www.cubasolidaridad.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:cuba-africa-un-compromiso-histo&catid=23:cooperacion-Sur-Sur.


from the side of LAC. SELA is ideally positioned to support the process of institutionalization because of its broad membership of countries in our region, in addition to its institutional and administrative strength allowing it to act as the Secretariat of the Africa-LAC bi-regional relationship.

b) Strengthening of air connectivity between the regions through the negotiation of both open skies agreements and air transport agreements. It is essential that countries in both regions define rules that facilitate and promote interrelation among African and Latin American and Caribbean airliners.

c) Negotiation of trade and investment agreements between countries that have not done so in order to open opportunities for trade, which are curtailed by the high tariffs enforced by African countries. One way to promote trade relations between the nations of both regions would be creating an institutional structure to define the rules governing trade in goods and services between LAC and African countries. This framework would establish preferential access conditions for the countries of both regions and the possibility of developing a long-term business relationship. Further, this would help investors in both regions to view each other as business partners, as conditions conducive to business in favourable terms would be created.

d) Negotiation of sanitary, phytosanitary and zoo-sanitary agreements that provide guarantees of animal and plant safety in order to boost trade flows between both parties. Such agreements are of the essence for the LAC region as they are the gateway for their products into the markets of Africa. Sanitary agreements will open new markets for LAC agricultural and livestock exports, as compliance with sanitary regulations in target markets would secure access. Further, given the growing global demand for food, such agreements will be vital for importing countries in order to ensure safe food supply.

e) Negotiation and enforcement of agreements on double taxation to facilitate economic and trade transactions between the parties. This will boost economic and trade exchanges of the parties, as the fiscal status of taxpayers engaged in economic activities in other countries would be clarified, unified, and guaranteed to prevent taxes from being levied twice.

f) Rapprochement of regional bodies. To encourage multilateral and bilateral agreements among the African, Latin American and Caribbean countries and among regional organizations. The Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the African Economic Community (AEC) and other blocks could enter into Agreements with different cooperation and integration bodies in LAC such as SELA. Given its vast experience in cooperation and the fact that virtually all LAC countries are its members, SELA could play a key role in this rapprochement. SELA could become the body the whole region would use – which is not the case of ASA – to help consolidate the process of linking with Africa because of its institutional framework, administrative and human and material resources.

2. Economic and Trade Area – Given the low levels of trade and investment between the two regions, this is an area with enormous potential. Therefore, development of the following proposals is recommended:

a) To conduct trade and business missions in order to develop the identified investment opportunities. The private sector plays a key role at the forefront of innovation, research and development and production. Further, to promote the establishment of bilateral business chambers between LAC and African countries to give greater support to trade and investment opportunities between the


79 parties. In order to foster contacts between entrepreneurs, they need to meet each other at business forums, missions and events. Within the framework of the Summit of South American-Arab Countries (ASPA), Business Forums have been held to promote meetings among businesspersons from both parties and bolster business development. This format could be replicated with African countries.

b) Bi-regional tourism promotion through the creation of tourism routes to cash in on subregional schemes in both regions. In LAC, attracting greater resources from African countries for real estate or residential tourism could lead to increased tourism related construction and services and help to develop or strengthen an important source of foreign exchange. Another recommendation involves exploring the exchange of experiences on development opportunities in ecotourism, cultural tourism and discovery tourism. Equally important is the facilitation of visa issuance process or the elimination of visa barriers, in order to pave the way for tourism. c) Attraction of mutual investment through dissemination of investment projects in areas of interest for each party, such as the development of physical infrastructure. It would also be desirable to disseminate information on funding sources to enable participation in these projects via the African Development Bank. d) Closer relations between the development banks and investment funds of the parties in order to define funding schemes that allow greater participation of the parties in each other's proposed projects. In addition to preferential treatment, to promote exports from both regions funding is required. Domestic, regional and subregional development banks can create lines of credit to facilitate trade between LAC and Africa. In order to move forward in this direction in LAC, export credit lines could be opened for traders seeking to open markets in Africa, through development banks such as IDB, CAF, the Caribbean Development Bank, the Bank of ALBA and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI). One of the responsibilities of the Islamic Development Bank is to promote foreign trade, especially in capital goods, among member countries, as well as provide technical assistance to member countries, and expand training services for personnel engaged in development activities in Muslim countries. It would be worth exploring the possibilities that bi-regional development banks could establish agreements to enable businesspersons from both parties to have the credit guarantees needed to boost business in both directions. e) To prepare a list of business opportunities through the identification of exports and imports of each party from and to countries around the world, and identify areas with real potential for expanding trade. There is enormous potential to place LAC exports of agricultural goods and fisheries in the African market, among others, as shown in Table 25. In order to make a brief analysis of business opportunities for LAC exports to Africa, Table 25 sorts, by value, LAC exports to Africa and overall African imports from countries around the world. The main findings are as follows: In 2009, Africa's total imports from the world were US$ 414.2 billion. The products

listed in Table 25 represent the majority of the total imports by African countries. Therefore, this representative subset of imports allows for identification of business opportunities for LAC.

Some examples that can be identified have to do with products such as cars

(Chapter 87), where LAC exported US$ 2.26 billion in 2009 while African imports from the whole world were US$ 38.2 billion.


Regarding cereals (Chapter 10), LAC exported US$ 2 billion in 2009, while African

countries imported US$ 15 billion from the whole world. LAC could become a more important provider of cereals to African economies.

The products listed in Chapter 85 (electrical equipment and appliances) have

great potential, as LAC world sales totalled US$ 68 billion, with sales to Africa at US$ 669 million only. For their part, African countries imported U.S. $ 36 billion in these products from all around the world.

In the sector of plastics (Chapter 39), LAC sold the world US$ 11.9 billion, with sales

to Africa at US$ 397 million. African countries purchased US$ 12.9 billion in plastics from all around the world.

As regards steel (Chapter 72), LAC world sales hit US$ 12.7 billion, with sales to

Africa at only US$ 369 million. African countries purchased US$ 13.6 billion in steel products from all around the world.

LAC could expand exports to Africa of a wide variety of products, such as those

shown in Table 25, as production in LAC countries is enough for export and African countries require these types of products.


81 Table 25

Business Opportunities for LAC Exports to Africa (US$ thousands)

Africa imports from Latin America and the Caribbean

Latin America and the Caribbean exports to the

world

Africa imports from the

world Product Code Product Description

Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

TOTAL Todos los productos 15.750.954 21.493.727 19.214.684 879.446.210 689.234.082 414.269.069

'17 Azucares y artículos de confitería 1.502.219 1.895.354 2.263.972 9.068.113 12.484.468 3.681.001

'87

Vehículos automoviles, tractores, ciclos, demas vehic. terrestres, sus partes.

990.668 1.536.624 2.173.698 65.718.884 49.625.794 38.269.560

'10 Cereales 1.634.015 3.418.842 2.002.482 10.761.751 7.234.309 15.155.845

'84

Maquinas, reactores nucleares, calderas, aparatos y artefactos mecánicos.

712.871 1.415.045 1.349.841 51.574.711 42.070.717 58.063.695

'02 Carne y despojos comestibles 1.056.544 1.164.507 1.240.991 18.436.680 15.678.064 2.439.852

'27

Combustibles minerales, aceites minerales y prod.de su destilación

821.382 1.258.279 981.709 205.697.142 144.915.682 53.681.757

'15

Grasas y aceites animales o vegetales; grasas alimenticias; ceras

1.340.910 1.961.439 929.910 13.173.235 7.949.746 6.113.984

'23

Residuos,desperdicios de las industrias alimentarias;ali. para animales

635.782 933.197 865.090 15.797.771 16.838.309 1.702.063

'85

Maquinas, aparatos y material eléctrico, sus partes; aparatos de grabaci

373.453 636.088 669.699 87.078.693 68.999.331 36.997.109

'73 Manufacturas de fundición, de hierro o de acero

585.781 788.076 663.287 9.970.145 7.478.361 17.661.370

'26 Minerales, escorias y cenizas 494.793 802.687 469.327 46.826.648 37.187.455 1.380.614

'39 Materias plásticas y manufacturas de estas materias

357.951 328.979 397.048 13.355.905 11.912.966 12.980.304

'04 Leche y productos lácteos; huevos de ave; miel natural;

444.814 399.204 390.764 3.040.191 2.202.151 3.484.859

'72 Fundición, hierro y acero 449.809 367.421 369.047 24.512.820 12.617.476 13.676.393

'03 Pescados y crustáceos, moluscos 425.880 293.212 314.960 8.279.392 7.413.778 2.325.089




world



Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

y otros invertebrados acuáticos

'12 Semillas y frutos oleaginosos; semillas y frutos diversos.

289.921 358.241 284.627 18.682.838 15.674.424 1.580.647

'99 Materias no a otra parte especificadas 477.459 464.397 274.340 11.188.866 6.966.058 7.424.450

'24 Tabaco y sucedáneos del tabaco elaborados

135.238 144.487 259.705 4.610.305 4.738.761 2.055.017

'88 Navegación aérea o espacial 214.014 29.394 226.660 7.890.134 5.486.173 5.033.679

'48

Papel, cartón; manufact. de pasta de celulosa, de papel/de cartón

206.881 146.078 217.497 6.084.428 5.507.788 5.606.215

'28

Prod.quimicos inorgan.;compuestos inorgan./organ.de los metales

112.451 157.443 174.488 10.224.895 5.512.648 3.171.138

'08 Frutos comestibles; cortezas de agrios o de melones

100.220 133.089 151.384 14.131.148 13.625.164 877.454

'94

Muebles; mobiliario medicoquirúrgico; artículos de cama y similares

158.577 176.839 146.587 7.261.408 5.478.960 3.914.258

'29 Productos químicos orgánicos 137.709 181.451 141.033 7.719.111 5.632.114 4.426.600

'90

Instrumentos, aparatos de óptica, fotografía, cinematografía, medida, contr.

75.982 205.229 130.621 12.214.132 11.104.066 6.936.510

'40 Caucho y manufacturas de caucho

95.315 88.069 113.336 5.129.811 3.897.956 4.734.214

'44

Madera, carbón vegetal y manufacturas de madera

107.544 160.371 102.804 6.957.866 4.815.841 3.669.792

'16

Preparaciones de carne, de pescado o de crustáceos, de moluscos..

70.734 116.482 100.705 4.242.782 3.344.466 977.024

'38 Productos químicos diversos. 36.519 77.187 86.507 4.202.356 3.671.293 4.854.198


83



world



Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

'19

Prep. a base de cereales, harina, almidón, fécula o leche; pastelería

74.655 112.373 85.171 2.532.532 2.159.894 1.852.787

'22 Bebidas, líquidos alcohólicos y vinagre 168.547 77.502 81.682 9.366.660 7.827.543 2.049.050

'31 Abonos 31.436 39.040 77.184 2.488.073 1.604.076 2.639.892

'11

Productos de la molinera; malta; almidón y fécula; inulina; gluten de trigo

41.846 59.596 71.051 1.389.329 1.154.171 1.555.519

'32

Extractos curtientes/tintoreos; taninos, sus derivados; pinturas

28.825 47.831 70.193 1.662.779 1.455.810 2.091.763

'30 Productos farmacéuticos 50.726 59.362 66.465 4.365.637 4.663.272 9.929.572

'21 Preparaciones alimenticias diversas 35.773 53.846 65.883 3.265.914 3.095.884 1.860.763

'07

Legumbres y hortalizas, plantas, raíces y tubérculos alimenticios

58.715 65.206 65.326 5.746.062 5.337.224 1.485.733

'20

Prep. de legumbres, hortalizas, frutos o de otras partes de planta.

72.091 79.899 64.648 6.125.982 5.166.276 1.414.885

'76 Aluminio y manufacturas de aluminio

66.864 64.233 62.679 6.573.665 4.135.858 2.423.916

'09 Café, te, yerba mate y especias 40.795 70.786 62.347 10.026.527 9.036.768 1.321.350

'69 Productos cerámicos 66.206 60.699 61.323 2.031.386 1.533.130 2.391.029

'33

Aceites esenciales y resinoides; prep. .de perfumería, de tocador

30.108 44.740 56.222 3.521.978 3.760.879 2.583.415

'25 Sal; azufre; tierras y piedras; yesos, cales y cementos

87.767 111.246 54.716 2.219.924 1.836.029 3.902.995

'70 Vidrio y manufacturas de vidrio

36.112 42.412 49.568 2.208.475 1.842.728 1.648.275

'82 Herramientas, útiles, articulo. de cuchillería ,cubiertos

23.670 39.910 45.852 1.379.610 1.088.297 1.657.097




world



Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

de mesa, de met.com

'68

Manufacturas de piedra, yeso, cemento, amianto, mica o materias análogas

24.683 34.471 41.321 1.868.225 1.430.078 1.124.848

'41 Pieles (excepto la peletería) y cueros 57.296 50.680 38.997 3.880.171 2.478.821 449.416

'83 Manufacturas diversas de metales comunes

18.460 31.383 38.589 2.579.682 2.353.395 1.830.114

'89 Navegación marítima o fluvial 7.177 27.698 38.341 2.682.811 851.563 10.117.097

'01 Animales vivos 22.277 22.645 38.079 923.760 1.058.534 353.700

'05

Los demás productos de origen animal, no comprendidos en otros capítulos

35.912 40.381 33.922 738.006 642.341 237.157

'64

Calzado, polainas, botines y artículos análogos y sus partes

30.791 27.559 33.222 2.912.119 2.232.716 2.058.496

'18 Cacao y sus preparaciones 16.267 20.721 27.318 1.461.497 1.678.961 458.243

'49

Productos editoriales, de la prensa/de otras industrias graficas

9.927 27.409 27.037 1.156.219 1.298.597 1.615.684

'86

Vehículos y material para vías o simil. y sus partes; aparatos mecánicos

32.677 52.849 25.436 1.626.874 840.577 1.419.316

'35

Materias albuminoides; prod. a base de almidón o de fécula modificados

18.338 23.467 24.063 798.331 775.630 618.126

'93 Armas y municiones y sus partes y accesorios

300 492 21.645 310.281 387.871 319.665

'54 Filamentos sintéticos o artificiales 1.277 10.456 20.821 649.821 511.880 1.792.556

'34

Jabones, agentes de superficie orgánicos, preparaciones para lavar, etc.,

32.147 31.583 20.393 1.827.480 1.633.588 1.776.508


85



world



Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

'52 Algodón 31.992 104.323 18.975 1.940.487 1.697.419 4.234.315

'62

Prendas y complementos de vestir, excepto los de punto

15.643 11.626 18.156 5.519.843 4.081.729 2.386.300

'59

Tejidos impregnados, recubiertos, revestidos o estratificados..

169.542 8.855 17.892 402.189 360.289 646.994

'74 Cobre y manufacturas de cobre

26.982 73.905 17.668 30.650.342 23.648.651 2.000.791

'96 Manufacturas diversas 7.477 7.776 17.580 1.046.729 914.139 1.047.334

'65 Artículos de sombrerera y sus partes

809 2.249 17.500 103.131 98.400 175.729

'47

Pasta de madera o de otras materias fibrosas celulosicas; papel..

22.782 43.533 17.021 6.720.897 5.500.077 246.592

'13 Gomas, resinas y demás jugos y extractos vegetales

1.293 3.965 16.802 278.274 269.561 156.185

'61 Prendas y complementos de vestir, de punto

82.719 42.734 16.482 7.458.294 5.744.491 2.122.050

'56

Guata, fieltro, telas sin tejer; hilados especiales; cordeles, etc.

6.153 11.383 15.332 690.179 574.060 676.219

'63

Los demás artículos textiles confeccionados; conjuntos /surtidos..

13.189 13.089 14.610 1.452.036 1.169.344 2.467.054

'95

Juguetes, juegos, artículos para recreo o para deporte; partes...

3.838 6.189 11.267 2.307.457 1.821.797 843.288

'79 Cinc y manufacturas de cinc 46.432 18.854 9.419 959.546 777.130 187.185

'37 Productos fotográficos o cinematográficos

8.968 5.629 7.052 498.603 426.962 466.739

'51 Lana y pelo fino u ordinario; hilados y tejidos de crin

5.335 5.721 5.829 630.844 503.542 278.647




world



Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

'53

Las demás fibras textiles vegetales; hilados y tejidos de papel

4.808 4.827 3.935 69.088 49.875 127.927

'06 Plantas vivas y productos de la floricultura

2.476 4.182 3.627 2.099.023 1.915.434 150.806

'55 Fibras sintéticas o artificiales discontinuas

9.367 19.479 3.573 651.158 445.595 2.206.894

'36 Pólvoras y explosivos; artículos de pirotecnia; fósforos..

1.467 2.907 3.265 222.645 186.858 278.744

'71

Perlas finas o cultivadas, piedras preciosas, semipreciosas y similares

1.868 2.918 2.846 18.290.413 21.353.214 1.612.115

'42

Manuf. de cuero; artículos de guarnicionaría, talabartería, viaje....

2.162 3.116 2.790 686.720 476.521 655.809

'78 Plomo y manufacturas de plomo

8.195 11.240 2.185 555.714 438.429 97.857

'57

Alfombras y demás revestimientos para el suelo, de materiales textiles

673 1.564 1.712 92.056 65.355 243.640

'58

Tejidos especiales; superfic. textiles con pelo insertado; encajes

871 2.315 1.305 353.100 289.665 677.111

'92

Instrumentos de música; partes y accesorios de estos instrumentos

303 6.647 1.162 80.822 67.257 70.561

'67

Plumas, plumón preparados y artículos de pluma/plumón; flores artificial

382 991 1.053 7.354 7.975 255.933

'66

Paraguas, sombrillas, quitasoles, bastones asiento, látigos, fustas

25 183 671 2.726 3.547 64.502

'91 Relojería 216 463 619 185.733 175.874 287.397

'43 Peletería, 636 861 450 116.517 76.706 6.495


87



world



Value in 2007

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2008

Value in 2009

Value in 2009

confecciones de peletería; peletería artificial/facticia

'81

Los demás metales comunes; cermets; manufacturas de estas materias

134 888 397 290.370 199.993 61.244

'50 Seda 313 456 359 39.011 29.180 93.952

'80 Estaño y manufacturas de estaño

2.389 1.076 337 850.853 556.589 52.595

'60 Tejidos de punto 3.548 407 326 608.502 464.311 829.818

'97 Objetos de arte, de colección o de antigüedad

467 391 315 71.076 82.028 44.279

'14

Materias trenzables, demás produc. de origen vegetal, no expres. en otros

147 164 246 84.292 65.417 64.436

'75 Níquel y manufacturas de níquel

20 327 127 1.203.410 705.460 318.383

'46 Manufacturas de espartería o de cestería

115 167 73 9.499 10.405 27.879

'45 Corcho y sus manufacturas 10 31 7 10.757 12.430 23.615

'98

Materias especificadas en el nivel del capítulo solamente

0 0

Source: International Trade Centre. Trade Map. http://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx Annex III lists the specific business opportunities that have been identified for some LAC countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. Argentina could export to Africa products such as soybeans, beef, tobacco, cars, wheat flour, unroasted malt, copper ore, chocolate, or sunflower oil, among many others as they are part of Argentina's exports, and Africa increasingly purchases these goods. Brazil's export potential is aircraft, soybean oil, engine parts, tires, steel, copper ore, cotton, engines or wooden furniture, to name a few. In the case of Mexico, in the African market there is significant demand for Mexican exports. For example, there is potential for exports of cars, mobile and landline phones voice reception devices, tractors, monitors, plastics, bottles or wooden chairs, among others. Peru also has potential for export to Africa, with products like copper wires, coffee, onions, copper ore, bottles, milk, sweaters, clothing or paper, among many others. Trinidad and Tobago also has opportunities to sell products in Africa such as methanol, natural gas, ammonia, drilling platforms, rum, urea, ketchup and toilet paper, to name a few.


3. South-South Cooperation – Sharing common development challenges makes

possible the exchange of experiences and the development of joint programs through technical assistance and training to promote the development of different policy areas. Some recommendations are listed below:

a) One of the main needs of Africa is sustainable development of agricultural activities, not only subsistence agriculture but also agriculture to produce more food to meet increasing demand in the continent. LAC has experience in developing programs for the development of agricultural enterprises to promote sustainable food production based on the experiences of MERCOSUR member countries in the development of agricultural enterprises. b) Development of joint programs to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency based on the experiences of countries in the region with the support of the OLADE. It would also be desirable to encourage the exchange of information and experience in the development of the petrochemical industry in African countries with LAC countries.

c) Discussion of experiences about the creation of employment opportunities for young people based on good practices developed in LAC countries. It would also be very positive to promote the exchange of information about loans for incubating new enterprises and tax cuts for young people entering the workforce and companies hiring people who join the labour market for the first time. d) Exchange of experiences in the development of programs to support SMEs by identifying overlapping areas between LAC and Africa. This exchange of experiences may lead to the consolidation of the SMEs whose ultimate goal is to cash in on the business opportunities identified in the matrix of export opportunities. It is also recommended to identify areas in which to address the priority of NEPAD for the promotion of agricultural products and raw materials processing. Here we could draw on the experience of the SELA / IBERPYME Programme whose projects have been of great value to the promotion of SMEs in LAC.

e) Development of programs for the exchange of best practices that enable African and LAC countries to meet the priorities of sustainable development, fight against desertification and environmental protection.

f) Exchange of information and experiences on the implementation of rules and technical standards as well as laws and regulations that each country or subregion (e.g. MERCOSUR) applies to facilitate and promote trade. g) Development of new health cooperation programs by sharing the experiences of LAC countries, particularly regarding pandemic diseases like AIDS, viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, etc.), West Nile fever and other threats to global health.

h) Creation of working groups for the collection and harmonization of aggregation criteria and collection of regional statistics on trade issues, finance, tourism, labour, education, demographics, social issues, among others, for policy and business-related decision making based on information that is more accurate.


89

i) Exchange of experiences on the development of ecotourism as both LAC and Africa have the cultural and natural wealth required to develop this activity. In addition, it is necessary to provide information and training to promote tourist destinations in both regions. It is suggested that seminars are conducted to exchange information on best practices to implement a national strategy for sustainable tourism. Further, exploring areas related to ecotourism certification – which would further add value to tourism in both regions – is also recommended.

VII. Conclusions

Africa is little known to most countries in LAC. Except for countries like Cuba and Brazil and more recently the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Colombia or Mexico, bilateral contacts are still scarce. A bi-regional initiative, the Africa-South America (ASA) Summit, is an effort of rapprochement that needs to be recognized and supported as it seeks to establish innovative partnerships and coalitions to build a forum for dialogue and new forms of South-South cooperation that strengthen both regions. ASA has allowed leaders of countries from both regions to identify common problems, seek new mechanisms of cooperation and, above all, show their political will to achieve a more influential role in the international system. ASA is certainly an excellent starting point for the rapprochement of two regions that until recently had little contact and barely knew each other. However, ASA is merely an inter-subregional forum and leaves out the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. Therefore, it is worth considering a truly bi-regional effort where SELA could play a role as an institutional support to expand the relationship between the two regions. This would systematize and bring together the various bilateral efforts made by these countries, thereby strengthening LAC presence in Africa. This document intended to provide an overview of the Africa-LAC bi-regional relations by examining the institutional, economic, trade and cooperation aspects. Efforts were made to make this document as comprehensive as possible. This is a first effort to have a clear picture of the progress and future challenges. It is clear that LAC and Africa share the challenges of growth, development, poverty reduction and competitiveness to name a few, while maintaining common interests and providing better levels of economic and social welfare to their populations, and particularly in education, health and employment. African economies need to meet the demands of employment and welfare of their populations, especially among the youth. LAC also has a young population with growing demands and needs. This is an area of opportunity to develop constructive and creative alternatives in order to exploit this great resource in the countries of both regions. Unexplored mutual opportunities in trade, investment and services may be a grain offering viable options for responding to such demands. It is also clear that there is increasing willingness and awareness of the desirability of promoting closer links with Africa. However, there is still much work to do to implement long-term projects. The global economic and financial crisis that erupted in 2008 unveiled a major weakness of many African and Latin American and Caribbean economies: their dependence on a few export products, and their concentration in industrialized markets. It will take time to regain dynamism, which is having a negative impact on the limited capabilities of the developed countries to purchase products from both regions. This dependence makes many nations vulnerable to fluctuations in prices and demand for commodities, and weather effects. Both the countries of Africa and LAC could diversify or complement their export markets if they knew each other better and if they made a deliberate effort to reach out. It is therefore essential to overcome specific obstacles related to crucial issues such as connectivity, transport and logistics, access to credit and market knowledge. If more countries were willing to expand their


network of agreements to negotiate free trade agreements or other more nations, they would further boost this effort. Mexico, Central America or the Caribbean could negotiate trade agreements with key countries like South Africa or Nigeria. Finally, a regional approach to economic diversification is particularly important, especially given the small size of African economies and the benefits of economies of scale of regional initiatives. In the area of cooperation, there is a wide range of agreements among a variety of countries from both regions. Africa represents a large community for cooperation activities. However, the challenge is to materialize the intentions of these agreements in programs and projects that will sustain the political will and a higher stature to dialogue between the regions. LAC countries can add experience and proposals to deliver major actions and impact on Africa. With this document, SELA tried to identify areas where there have been progress and the opportunities that have been found to forge a bi-regional relationship with a large and long-term vision. The current situation is ideal to promote a partnership where both Africa and LAC get much benefit from their rapprochement. The political will exists but it must be translated into solid actions and signatures. SELA can be the forum and the Latin American and Caribbean regional mechanism to implement these proposals and strengthen outreach schemes already developed so far in bilateral and regional levels. This is the time for Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.


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economic and political influence of BRICs in Africa,” en Europe’s World. 01 de abril de 2011 http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/CommunityPosts/tabid/809/PostID/2388/HowtheEuropeanUnionEUShouldRespondtotheIncreasingEconomicandPoliticalInfluenceofBRICsinAfrica.aspx (consultado el 6 de mayo de 2011)

Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General. “Tema 41 del programa provisional* Examen y

evaluación finales de la aplicación del Nuevo Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de África en el Decenio de 1990.” 15 de agosto de 2002. A/57/304. Quincuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones. http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/57/304 (consultado el 31 de marzo de 2011)

Naciones Unidas. Secretariado de la Convención para el Combate a la

Desertificación. Informe Final. V Foro sobre la Plataforma de Cooperación Interregional entre África-América Latina y el Caribe para la puesta en práctica de la CNULD a través de la Silvicultura y la Agroforestería como Herramientas Orientadas al Mercado para el Manejo Sostenible de Sistemas de Agricultura, Santo Domingo, 18 – 21 de junio del 2007

Naciones Unidas, MARN, UNCCD, III Foro de Alto Nivel Sobre la Cooperación entre

África - América Latina y el Caribe en el Marco de la Convención de Lucha Contra la Desertificación. Caracas – Venezuela, del 18 al 20 de febrero de 2002. 14 pp. http://www.unccd.int/regional/lac/meetings/interregional/caracas2002/report-spa.pdf (consultado el 10 de abril de 2011)

OCDE. ONU. Oficina del Asesor Especial para África. ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN

AFRICA A Review of Selected Countries. Estudio conjunto de la Oficina del Asesor Especial para África de las Naciones Unidas y de la Iniciativa para la Inversión en África NEPAD-OCDE. 2010. 70 pp.

Organización Mundial del Turismo. Informe anual de la Organización Mundial del

Turismo sobre sus actividades de ayuda al desarrollo. Edición 2008. http://www.unwto.org/develop/pub/sp/pdf/UNWTODevelopmentAssistance08.pdf


93 PNUD. Población afrodescendiente de América Latina. http://www.afrodescendientes-undp.org/page.php?page=1

PNUD. “Cuba y la cooperación internacional en ciencia y tecnología,” en Cuba y la

Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología. Capítulo 6. pp 113-125. http://www.undp.org.cu/idh%20cuba/cap6.pdf (consultado el 1 de abril de 2011)

Prins, Arturo “América Latina y África: ¿por qué los más pobres?” en Criterio Octubre

2007, nº 2331, http://www.revistacriterio.com.ar/cultura/america-latina-y-aacutefrica-iquestpor-que-los-mas-pobres/ (consultado el 10 de abril de 2011)

Sanahuja, José Antonio. “¿Más y mejor ayuda?: La Declaración de París y las

tendencias en la cooperación al desarrollo” 2007. pp. 71-101. SEGIB. II Informe de la Cooperación Sur-Sur en Iberoamérica. Estudio SEGIB Nº 3.

Madrid. Octubre 2008. 134 pp. Yapur, María Virginia. Cooperación Sur-Sur. El caso de la “Zona de Paz y Cooperación

del Atlántico Sur” (ZPCAS) http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/ieeri/ennee/vi/Tema%203/Mar%C3%ADa%20Virginia%20Yapur.doc (consultado el 15 de abril de 2011)

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ANNEX I – SELECTED BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON COOPERATION IN VARIOUS AREAS BETWEEN LAC AND AFRICAN COUNTRIES

LAC country African country

Agreement Signing date

Argentina Algeria Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement Scientific Cooperation Agreement on Biotechnology Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Framework Agreement on Civil Space Cooperation between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Agreement on Sanitary and Veterinary Issues between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Cooperation Agreement between the Export-Ar Foundation of Argentine and the Algerian Foreign Business Promotion Office (Promex). Phytosanitary Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and the National Institute of Scientific Research of Algeria. Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Agreement for the Creation of the Joint Commission for Economic, Trade, Technological, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.

2008

2008

June/06/2007

November/16/2004

February/18/2004

July/30/2001

May/28/2001

May/ 09/1988

April/27/1987

April/27/1987

April/27/1987

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Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official, and Ordinary passports between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Note Exchange Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria concerning the contracts to be celebrated between Applied Research State Enterprise (INVAP S.E.) from the Argentine Republic and the Commissariat aux Energies Nouvelles of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria for providing a research and training reactor, as well as fuel elements for it. Note Exchange Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria concerning the contracts to be celebrated between Applied Research State Enterprise (INVAP S.E.) and the Commissariat aux Energies Nouvelles for the supply of nuclear material.

April/20/1987

February/06/1986

May/23/1985

May/23/1985

Cape Verde Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Cape Verde

April/29/1987

Central African Republic

Agreement on a Note Exchange between the Argentine Republic and the Central African Republic concerning the granting of a US$ 10-million credit line.

November/30/1984


Congo

General Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the People’s Republic of the Congo.

October/28/1980

Democratic

Republic of the Congo

(formerly Zaire)

Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Executive Council of Zaire. Economic Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Executive Council of Zaire. Agreement by Reversal Notes on the granting of a US$ 15 million credit line to the Republic of Zaire

March/01/1988

March/01/1988

July/04/1987

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Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Executive Council of Zaire. Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Executive Council of Zaire.

October/31/1980

October/31/1980

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire and the Argentine Republic. Trade Agreement between Republic of Côte d’Ivoire and the Argentine Republic.

April/08/1988

September/12/1984

Egypt Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Secretariat of Agriculture, Cattle Farming, Fishing and Food of the Argentine Republic on Technical Cooperation in Agriculture, Cattle Farming, Fishing, Food, Forestry, Biotechnology and Rural Development. Cooperation Agreement between the Center for International Economy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Egyptian Center for Economic Studies of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Cooperation Agreement between the National Foreign Service Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Institute for Diplomatic Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Economic and Trade Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Arab Republic of Egypt. Security Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Protocol on Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the Argentine Republic and the Arab Republic of Egypt.

November/20/2008

September/08/2006

May/12/2005

March/04/2002

November/14/2000

February/04/1998

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Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Argentina-Egypt Note Exchange Agreement on the Suppression of Visas for the holders of Diplomatic and Official passports. Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Cultural Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the United Arab Republic. Note Exchange Agreement concerning the purchase of Argentine wheat by the United Arab Republic and the purchase of oil by the Argentine Republic. Agreement by Reversal Notes on the Exchange of Cinematographic Films.

September/09/1993

May/11/1992

October/03/1983

January/18/1985

July/14/1978

March/05/1976

May/11/1967

June/21/1965

April/29/1963

Gabon Argentina-Gabon Cultural Agreement. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Gabonese Republic Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Gabonese Republic. Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Gabonese Republic.

July/27/1984

May/09/1984

October/23/1980

October/30/1977

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Additional Protocol to the Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Gabonese Republic.

October/30/1977

Guinea Note Exchange Agreement through which the Government of the Argentine Republic grants the Government of the Gabonese Republic a credit line for the purchase of Argentine products.

November/26/1984

Equatorial Guinea

Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation on the training of Diplomatic and Consular Personnel between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Francophony of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Memorandum of Understanding between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea for the Strengthening of the Cooperation on Human Rights and Good Governance. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Mining, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Education of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea Memorandum of Cooperation between the Secretariat of Agriculture, Cattle Breeding, Fishing and Food of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea concerning Consultations on Questions of Common Interests.

February/13/2008

February/13/2008

February/13/2008

February/13/2008

February/13/2008

February/13/2008

February/13/2008

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Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Financial Agreement between the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic and the Central Bank of Equatorial Guinea. Trade Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Note Exchange Agreement concerning the granting of a credit line from the Argentine Republic to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea for financing the purchase of Argentine products. Economic Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea.

November/22/2007

October/10/1987

January/20/1982

April/22/1981

April/22/1981

Guinea-Bissau Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. General Agreement on Scientific, Technical and Cultural Cooperation between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Guinea.

October/24/1991

October/24/1991

Libya

Amending Protocol to the Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on Scientific Research Cooperation subscribed on 22 November 2008 in Tripoli. Amending Protocol to the Framework Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the Cooperation for the use of outer space for peaceful purposes subscribed on 22 November 2008 in Tripoli. Amending Protocol to the Cooperation Agreement for Agriculture, Cattle Breeding and Marine Resources between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya subscribed on 22 November 2008 in Tripoli.

June/18/2009

June/18/2009

June/18/2009

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Agreement between the Argentine Federal Administration of Public Revenue and the Customs Department of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya for Mutual Cooperation and Assistance in Customs Matters. Cooperation Agreement on Agriculture, Cattle Breeding and Marine Resource between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Cooperation Agreement on Scientific Research between the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Argentine Republic. Cooperation Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya for the peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy. Framework Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya for the Cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space. Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on Zoo-sanitary measures, Memorandum of Understanding concerning Political Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the General People’s Committee for Foreign Liaisons and International Cooperation of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Trade Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Economic Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

November/23/2008

November/22/2008

November/22/2008

November/22/2008

November/22/2008

November/22/2008

March/16/2007

March/16/2007

April/27/1979

April/27/1979

April/27/1979

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Agreement through which the Government of the Libyan Arab Republic grants the Government of the Argentine Republic a US$ 200-million loan. Executive Agreement for the Financial, Trade and Economic Protocol. Agreement on the Establishment of an Argentine-Libyan Surveillance and Follow-up Committee. Argentine-Libyan Agreement on the Creation of an industrial complex for the production of flour, pasture and meat in one of the ports of the Libyan Arab Republic. Argentine-Libyan Agreement for the development of an agricultural-industrial project for the production of milk and dairy products in the Libyan Arab Republic. Complementary Agreement to the Protocol for the creation of the Argentine-Libyan Cooperation Institute. Cultural and Information Agreement and Additional Protocol between the Libyan Arab Republic and the Argentine Republic. Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement concerning the peaceful use of atomic energy between the Government of the Libyan Arab Republic and the Government of the Argentine Republic.

December/16/1974

December/12/1974

October/28/1974

October/28/1974

October/28/1974

October/28/1974

January/30/1974

January/30/1974

Mali Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Mali

April/20/1993

Morocco Cooperation Agreement between Delegate Minister before the Acting Prime Minister for the National Defence of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Argentine Army. Cooperation and Information Exchange Agreement between the Maghreb Arab Press (MAP) and the Argentine National News Agency (TELAM S.E.).

August/03/2010

June/17/2010

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Cooperation Agreement in Defence and Technical Military Matters between the Ministry of Defence of the Argentine Republic and the Delegate Ministry before the Acting Prime Minister in charge of the National Defence Administration of the Kingdom of Morocco. Memorandum of Understanding between National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA) of the Argentine Republic and the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) of the Kingdom of Morocco (inter-institutional). Cooperation Agreement between the Supreme Court and the Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Kingdom of Morocco and the High Council of the Judicial Power of the Argentine Republic. Agricultural Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement for the provision of technical equipment between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement between the High Council of the Judicial Power of the Argentine Republic and the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Morocco. Sports Cooperation Agreement between the Secretariat of Sports of the Argentine Republic and the Delegate Secretariat in charge of Youth of the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco concerning the cooperation between the National Foreign Service (ISEN) and the Moroccan Royal Academy of Diplomacy. Implementation Program of the Cultural, Education, and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco for the years 2005, 2006 and 2007. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco.

December/16/2009

June/23/2009

June/17/2009

January/09/2008

January/09/2008

June/22/2006

April/17/2006

April/17/2006

December/06/ 2004

January/06/ 2003

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Memorandum of Understanding on Mining between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Memorandum of Understanding on Industrial Cooperation between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement on Cinematography between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Cultural, Education and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Framework Agreement on Marine Fishing Cooperation between the Government of Argentine Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Memorandum of Understanding on Mutual Cooperation between the Export Foundation of the Argentine Republic and the Moroccan Center of Export Promotion Cooperation Agreement between the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) of the Argentine Republic and the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) of the Kingdom of Morocco. Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Memorandum of understanding for the establishment of consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco. Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement for the peaceful uses of atomic energy between the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Government of the Argentine Republic.

January/06/ 2003

January/06/ 2003

August/12/2002

June/04/2002

May/16/ 2002

October/03/ 2000

March/14/2000

January/05/ 2000

June/13/1996

June/13/1996

June/13/1996

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Agreement on Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health between the Secretariat of Agriculture, Fishing and Food of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Valorisation of the Kingdom of Morocco. Argentine-Moroccan Note Exchange Agreement for the suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official, Service and Special passports. Argentine-Moroccan Note Exchange for the unilateral suppression of visas on Diplomatic Passports. Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco.

June/13/1996

June/13/1996

August/16/1995

December/11/1979

Mozambique

Namibia

General Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the People’s Republic of Mozambique. Memorandum of Understanding between the Secretariat of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Science, and Technology of the Republic of Mozambique. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Namibia and the Government of the Argentine Republic for Cooperation in the field of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation.

December/02/2009

May/16/2006

July/24/2007

Nigeria Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Argentine Republic, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Military Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

March/01/2011

March/01/2011

August/17/1988

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South Africa Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa concerning Cooperation in Defence Matters. Additional Protocol for the protection of the classified information exchanged between both Governments within the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in Defence Matters between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa. Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement between the Government of Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa. Agreement for the Cooperation in the fields of Sports and Recreation for the 2008-2010 period between the Secretariat of Sports of Argentina and the Department of Sports and Recreation of South Africa. Memorandum of Understanding between the Agricultural Research Council of South Africa and the National Institute of Agricultural Technology of Argentina. Extradition Treaty between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of South Africa. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in Criminal Matters between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of South Africa. Bilateral Sports and Recreation Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa. Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa for the Coordination of Marine and Aeronautical Search and Rescue Services.

February/07/2011

November/20/2010

November/20/2010

April/07/200

October/07/2008

November/27/2007

August/29/2007

February/28/2007

February/28/2007

September/08/2006

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Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa for the creation of a Binational Commission. Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa for Mutual Cooperation and Assistance in the fight against illicit production and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, drug abuse and pending issues. Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of South Africa for the cooperation between their navies in peaceful times Unilateral Decision of the Government of South Africa on the suppression of visas for Argentine citizens in the cases of tourism and business. Inter-institutional Agreement on Veterinary Issues between the Secretariat for Agriculture, Cattle Farming and Fishing of the Argentine Republic and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of South Africa.

September/16/2005

May/09/2000

March/13/2000

April/28/1998

September/09/1994

Togo Scientific and Technical Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Togolese Republic.

October/16/1980

Tunisia Cultural and Education Exchange Program between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Tunisian Republic for e 2008-2011. Framework Cooperation Agreement on Agriculture between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Tunisian Republic. Agreement for Trade Promotion and Technology Transfer in the field of International Trade between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Tunisian Republic. Cooperation Program for Scientific Research and Technology for 2009-2011.

July/28/2009

July/28/2009

July/28/2009

July/28/2009

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Cooperation Agreement between the National Foreign Service Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Cult of the Argentine Republic and the Diplomatic Institute for Training and Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Tunisian Republic. Framework Cooperation Agreement in Sports between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Tunisian Republic. Treaty on Reciprocal Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Treaty on Reciprocal Judicial Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Extradition Treaty between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Environmental Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Zoosanitary Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Phytosanitary Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Agricultural Agro-alimentary Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Health Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Security Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Note from the Tunisian Government unilaterally eliminating the requirement of tourist visas for Argentine citizens.

May/16/2006

May/16/2006

May/16/2006

May/16/2006

May/16/2006

January/11/2001

September/14/1999

March/25/1997

March/25/1997

October/22/1996

June/06/1996

February/16/1996

January/01/1996

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Memorandum of Understanding for the establishment of Political Consultations between the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Tunisian Foreign Ministry. Argentine-Tunisian Note Exchange Agreement suppressing visas on Diplomatic and Official Passports. Trade Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic. Cultural Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Tunisia. Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Tunisian Republic.

November/17/1995

November/17/1995

March/30/1995

May/14/1994

March/04/1980

March/04/1980

Zambia Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Zambia and the Ministry of Science, Education and Productive Innovation of the Argentine Republic.

September/18/2008

Zimbabwe Veterinary Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Zimbabwe. Economic and Trade Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe. Scientific, Technical and Technological Cooperation Agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Zimbabwe.

September/13/1999

September/13/1999

September/13/1999

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Republic. Digital Library of Treaties. http://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/busqueda.php?consulta=si&modo=c. (Consulted on 15 April 2011)

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LAC country

African country

Agreement

Signing date

Bolivia Algeria Economic, Trade, Scientific, Technical and Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria and Bolivia, subscribed on August 3, 1989 in La Paz towards the creation of a Bolivian-Algerian Joint Commission for Economic, Trade, Technical and Cultural Cooperation .

June/08/2010

Egypt Agreement between the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Suppression of Visas for holders of Diplomatic, Official or Special and Service Passports .

October/14/2010

Libya Framework Agreement for the Programs, Plans, Projects, Specific Agreements and Other Activities for Development Cooperation between Bolivia and Libya, in the areas of Hydrocarbons, Mining, Production, Industry, Agriculture, Infrastructure, Energy, Culture, Science and Technology. Memorandum of Understanding for a Political Consultative Mechanism.

September/01/2008

September/01/2008

Source: Prensa.com. http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/03/19/hoy/negocios/165977.html Boliviaentusmanos.com http://www.boliviaentusmanos.com/noticias/bolivia/articulo36077.php FM Bolivia http://www.fmbolivia.com.bo/noticia3834-bolivia-y-libia-fortalecen-sus-relaciones-con-firma-de-acuerdos-economicos.html

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Brazil Angola Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation for the Strengthening of Public

Administration. Memorandum of Understanding for the establishment of Political Consultations. Memorandum of Understanding for the promotion of Scientific Training. Technical Cooperation Protocol for the Oil Industry. Cultural Cooperation Program for 2004-2006. Work Program for Scientific and Technological Cooperation. Program for the Strengthening of Environmental Education in Angola. Cooperation Protocol on Technical Cooperation in Agriculture and Cattle Farming. Technical Cooperation Protocol for the Environment. Agreement on the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Special and Services Passports, within the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), Protocol of Intent for Technical Cooperation on Security and Public Order. Agreement on the Suppression of Visas on Diplomatic and Services Passports. Protocol of Intent for Educational Development.

November/19/2007

November/19/2007

October/18/2007

November/04/2003

November/04/2003

November/03/2003

November/03/2003

November/03/2003

November/03/2003

September/11/2003

November/14/2000

September/30/2000

September/10/1991

Benin Technical Cooperation Agreement between Brazil and Benin. Cooperation Agreement for the establishment of Political Consultations. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Biofuels. Memorandum of Understanding in Sports. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Cotton Production.

October/03/2008

No date available

August/15/2007

February/10/2006

February/10/2006

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Current sta

tus and

area

s of opportunity

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in the prevention of Malaria. Agreement on the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic and Services Passports. Agreement for the Creation of the Joint Commission. Technical Cooperation Agreement. Cultural Agreement

February/10/2006

September/10/2005

August/11/2005

April/22/1974

April/22/1974

Burkina Faso Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation for the production of Sugar Cane. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Health. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Soccer. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Cattle Farming. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Cotton Production. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Sports. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Soy Production. Protocol of Intent within the framework of the International Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Health of Brazil.

October/15/2007

October/15/2007

October/15/2007

October/15/2007

October/15/2007

October/15/2007

October/15/2007

September/03/2003

Burundi Protocol of Intent within the framework of the International Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Health of Brazil.

Expired

Cape Verde Executive Program for Basic Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Brazil and the Government of the Republic of Cape Verde towards the execution of the project “Strengthening the National Institute of Statistics of Cape Verde”. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil for the promotion of Scientific Training among Cape Verdean Students.

July/21/2009

April/14/2009

112

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between Brazil and Cape Verde for the execution of the project “Strengthening Primary Health Care in Cape Verde”. Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Program between Brazil and Cape Verde for the execution of the Project “Strengthening Human Resources and Human Resources Training of the Professional Training System of Cape Verde - PHASE II ”. Memorandum of Understanding for the Strengthening of the Policy Consultative and Cooperative Mechanism between Brazil and Cape Verde. Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Program for the execution of the project “Institutional Strengthening of the Institute of Employment and Professional Training (IEFP) ". Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation between Brazil and Cape Verde for the implementation of the Project “Support for the Implementation of Human Milk Banking Techniques among the People of Cape Verde”. Agreement for the Implementation of the Project “Supporting Malaria Prevention and Control in Cape Verde". Agreement for the Implementation of the Project “Supporting School Cafeterias in Cape Verde - Phase I – ICASE Strengthening". Agreement for the Implementation of the Project “Consolidating ARFA as the Regulatory Agent for the Pharmaceutical and Food Industry towards the strengthening of its Institutional Capacity”. Agreement for the Implementation of the Project “A School for Everyone - Phase II”. Memorandum of Understanding for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Social Inclusion. Agreement on the Financial Activity of Diplomatic, Consular, Administrative and Technical Services. Work Program in Education, Science and Higher Education.

June/27/2008

June/27/2008

June/27/2008

June/27/2008

June/27/2008

March/12/2008

March/12/2008

March/12/2008

March/12/2008

July/28/2006

January14//2005

January/14/2005

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Current sta

tus and

area

s of opportunity

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Memorandum of Understanding on Technical Cooperation in Electronic Technology. Agreement on the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic and Special Service Passports (within CPLP). Memorandum of Understanding on Public Administration. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a three-year Cooperation Program in Public Administration. Trade Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Pluri-annual Cooperation Program. Note Exchange Agreement extending the dispositions of the Agreements subscribed between Brazil and the Portuguese Republic on Social Welfare and Complementary Welfare to Cape Verdean Nationals residing in Brazil. Basic Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement. Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. Cultural Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding on Education, Culture, Cattle Farming, Health, Transportation and Communications, Social Welfare and Urban Planning.

July/29/2004

September/11/2003

April/07/1998

April/07/1998

May/05/1990

March/19/1987

February/07/1979

30/April/1982

July/07/1980

November/23/1977

April/28/1977

Cameroon Executive Program of the Cultural Agreement subscribed in Yaoundé on November 1, 1972 concerning Higher Education Memorandum of Understanding on Technical Cooperation in Public Health. Agreement for the Suppression of visas for the holders of Diplomatic and Service Passports. Memorandum of Understanding on Education.

April/11/2005

November/04/2005

January/18/2005

May/12/2004

114

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Memorandum of Understanding for the Creation of a Joint Commission. Cultural Agreement. Technical Cooperation Agreement. Trade Agreement.

November/29/1986

September/20/1973

September/20/1973

October/07/1966


Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. Protocol of Understanding on the occasion of the visit of the Minister of Agriculture of Brazil to Côte d’Ivoire. Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement. Trade Agreement. Cultural and Educational Agreement. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic and Special Service Passports.

August/15/1979

April/11/1986

November/06/1973

November/06/4973

November/06/1973

October/24/1972

Egypt Memorandum of Understanding for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official or Special Service Passports. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of Political Consultations. Memorandum of Understanding on Tourism. Memorandum of Understanding between the Institute for Diplomatic Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt and the Rio Branco Institute (IRBr) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Agreement for the Establishment of the Brazilian-Egyptian Joint Coordinating Commission. Arrangements for a Note Exchange on Agricultural Development. Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement.

December/09/2003

December/09/2003

November/14/1996

May/09/1993

March/07/1985

September/24/1980

January/31/1973

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Trade Agreement. Cultural Agreement.

January/31/1973

May/17/1960

Gabon Letter of Intent for Cooperation in the Fight against Malaria. Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation on Manioc Production. Cooperation Agreement for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official or Special Service Passports. Protocol of Intent on Health. Protocol of Cooperation for the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Industries. Protocol Additional to the Cultural Cooperation Agreement in the field of Television. Trade Agreement. Agreement for the Establishment of the Joint Commission on Economy, Trade, Finance, Science, Technology, and Culture. Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement. Cultural Cooperation Agreement.

July/28/2004

July/28/2004

July/28/2004

July/28/2004

September/17/2002

September/17/2002

August/01/1984

September/09/1988

May/09/1988

March/21/1981

March/21/1981

Gambia Sports Cooperation Agreement.

2005

Ghana Sports Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of the Regional Office of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) in Africa, in Accra, Ghana.

July/10/2006

April/26/2006

116

Perma

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l Relations

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Agreement for the Suppression of Visas on Diplomatic, Official or Service Passports. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of Political Consultations. Agreement for the Establishment of the Joint Commission. Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement. Trade Agreement. Cultural Cooperation Agreement.

December/14/2005

April/12/2005

July/12/1988

July/15/1975

October/30/1974

November/23/1973

Guinea Agreement for the Establishment of the Joint Commission.

1988

Guinea-Bissau Executive Program concerning the Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement for the Implementation of the Project for the National Administrative Training Center of Guinea-Bissau. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism. Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in the Strengthening of Public Administration in Guinea-Bissau. Work Program on Higher Education and Science within the framework of the Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement. Agreement for the Suppression of Visas on Diplomatic, Special or Special Service Passports (within the CPLP). Protocol of Intent for the Development and Implementation of Cooperation Programs in the field of Labour. Protocol of Intent for the Development and Implementation of Cooperation Programs in the field of Labour focusing in Training and Professional Development Issues. Protocol of Intent in the area of Energy.

September/12/2008

November/14/2007

November/09/2007

February/09/2007

September/11/2003

August/20/1993

August/20/1993

July/03/1984

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Protocol of Intent. Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Trade. Trade Agreement. Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding.

August/17/1988

July/29/1980

August/07/1979

August/01/1979

June/21/1976

Liberia Treaty for the Peaceful Solution of Controversies. Second Trade Agreement. Basic Technical and Scientific Agreement.

July/02/1935

August/28/1978

No date available

Malí Complementary Agreement to the Cultural, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement for the Execution of the Project “Strengthening of Rice Cultivation in Mali”. Agreement for the Implementation of Remunerated Jobs for the dependents of Diplomatic, Consular, Military, Administrative and Technical Staff. Agreement for the Suppression of Visas for the holders of Diplomatic, Special and Special Service Passports. Memorandum of Understanding concerning the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism. Agreement for the Establishment of the Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation. Cultural, Scientific, and Technical Cooperation Agreement.

October/22/2009

No date available

November/11/2009

August/13/2009

February/27/1986

January/01/1984

Mauritania Protocol for Trade and Economic Cooperation Expansion.

1976

Namibia Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the Republic of Namibia.

September/17/2008

118

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Memorandum of Understanding on Education for Cooperation. Memorandum of Understanding for Technical, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation among Heritage Institutions. Memorandum of Understanding for Sports Cooperation. Memorandum of Understanding for Technical Cooperation in Health. Complementary Agreement to the Basic Technical Cooperation Agreement for the Implementation of the Project “Assistance for the Production of fruits and subtropical vegetables in Namibia ". Complementary Agreement to the Agreement for the Implementation of the Project “Assistance for Urban Development in Namibia” Memorandum of Understanding for Technical Cooperation in Urban Development. Memorandum of Understanding within the framework of the International Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Naval Cooperation Agreement. Cultural Cooperation Agreement. Basic Technical Cooperation Agreement. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Service and Mixed Passports. Agreement for the Establishment of the Joint Cooperation Commission.

August/11/2003

July/11/2003

July/11/2003

July/11/2003

July/11/2003

July/11/2003

September/29/2003

March/19/2003

March/12/2001

October/18/1998

September/18/1998

November/28/1992

October/29/1992

Nigeria Agreement for the Suppression of visas for the holders of Diplomatic, Service or Mixed Passports. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Agriculture. Protocol of Intent on Technical Cooperation in Health.

November/10/2008

April/12/2005

March/03/2004

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area

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Memorandum Understanding concerning Consultations on Matters of Mutual Interest. Brazil-Nigeria Air Services Agreement. Protocol of Intent on Agriculture. Basic Economic, Scientific, and Technical Cooperation Agreement. Friendship, Cooperation and Trade Agreement. Agreement for the Exchange of Radio and TV Press Releases. Agreement for the Establishment of a Joint Coordinating Commission. Memorandum of Understanding on Brazil-Nigeria Air Transportation.

November/08/2000

October/18/1991

December/04/1983

August/02/1983

January/10/1979

January/10/1979

January/10/1979

January/10/1979


Congo

Agreement on the Suppression of visas for Diplomatic, Special and Special Service Passports. Memorandum of Understanding for Technical Cooperation in Agriculture, Cattle Farming and Fishing. Sports Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding in Culture and Arts. Memorandum of Understanding in Health. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of Political Consultations. Trade Agreement. Cultural, Educational, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement. Economic, Scientific, Technical and Cultural Cooperation Agreement.

May/20/2007

March/15/2007

March/15/2007

March/15/2007

March/15/2007

June/13/2005

December/11/1987

July/14/1986

July/07/1982

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Democratic


(former Zaire)

General Convention on Economic, Trade, Scientific, Technical and Cultural Cooperation. Trade Agreement. Cultural Cooperation Agreement. Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement. Protocol for the Establishment of Air Services.

September/19/1980

June/19/1976

June/19/1976

June/19/1976

February/28/1973

São Tomé e Príncipe

Executive Program in the Basic Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Saint Thomas and Prince for the Execution of the Literacy Project in São Tomé e Príncipe – Phase V. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe for the Cooperation in Agriculture and Fishing. Memorandum of Understanding on Foreign Affairs Cooperation. Complementary Agreement to the Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Saint Thomas and Prince for the Execution of Projects and Preventive Actions for the Control of HIV/AIDS in São Tomé e Príncipe. Memorandum of Understanding for Technical Cooperation in the Oil Industry. Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in Education. Memorandum of Understanding for Technical Cooperation in Health. Sports Cooperation Agreement. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic and Special Service Passports (within the CPLP).

January/20/2009

January/20/2009

March/ 26/ 2007

August/18/2005

November/02/2003

November/02/2003

November/02/2003

November/02/2003

September/11/2003

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tus and

area

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Complementary Agreement to the General Cooperation Agreement in Education for the execution of the project “Solidarity in Literacy in São Tomé e Príncipe". Basic Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement. Cultural Agreement. Memorandum of Conversation between the Ministry of Agriculture of Brazil and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe.

July/30/2001

December/21/1987

June/27/1991

May/07/1982

Senegal Memorandum of Understanding for Alimentary Security and Rural Development. Memorandum of Understanding for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Social Inclusion. Agreement for the Suppression of visas for holders of Diplomatic, Official or Service Passports. 2005-2008 Cultural Executive Program. Memorandum of Understanding for Technical Cooperation in the Biological Control of Grasshoppers. Memorandum of Understanding in Health. Cooperation Agreement for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism. Complementary Protocol to the Cultural Agreement of September 23, 1964, for the Cooperation in Film, Radio and Television. Technical Cooperation Agreement. Protocol Agreement for the Implementation of Culture, September 23, 1964. Cultural Agreement. Trade Agreement.

June/09/2005

June/09/2005

April/14/2005

April/14/2005

January/16/2005

June/19/2002

June/19/2002

February/02/1979

January/16/2005

November/22/1972

June/23/1967

April/11/1967

122

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Sierra Leone Technical Cooperation Agreement. No date available

South Africa Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement.

Agreement between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the Republic of South Africa to avoid Income Tax Double Taxation and Evasion. Technical Cooperation Agreement. Agreement on Air Services in their territories and beyond. Agreement for the Establishment of a Joint Committee. Cultural Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for Consultations on Matters of Common Interests. Agreement, through Note Exchange, for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official and Ordinary Passports. Agreement for Mutual Cooperation and Assistance in the fight against the Production and Traffic of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Related Issues. Agreement for the Suppression of Taxes on Telecommunication Services. Agreement for the granting of Customs Exemptions to Consular Representations and Career Consul Officers. Agreement to avoid Double Taxation on Air and Marine Transportation. Memorandum of Understanding for Air and Sea Relations between both countries.

July/17/2008

July/13/2006

July/25/2003

August/27/2001

December/13/2000

April/12/2000

July/21/1998

November/26/1996

November/26/1996

March/12/1974

August/29/1973

March/29/1972

January/19/1972

Tunisia Executive Agreement of the 2006-2009 Cultural Cooperation Program. Cooperation Agreement between Diplomatic Institutions.

September/11/2008

July/05/2005

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Agreement on the Partial Suppression of Visas. Technical Cooperation Agreement. Protocol of Cooperation for the Establishment of Political Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tunisia. Cultural Cooperation Program for 2001-2004. Trade Agreement. Protocol to the Cooperation Agreement. Agreement for the Establishment of the Joint Cooperation Committee. Cultural Agreement. Agreement for the Suppression of Visas on Diplomatic and Special Service Passports.

June/08/2004

March/13/2002

July/19/2001

July/19/2001

September/22/1992

January/30/1992

May/12/1992

August/30/1970

June/04/1968

Zambia Complementary Agreement to the Technical Cooperation Agreement for the Execution of the Project "Biofuels Production”. Memorandum of Understanding for Sports Cooperation. Memorandum of Understanding for Alimentary Security, Nutrition and Humanitarian Assistance. Complementary Agreement to the Technical Cooperation Agreement for the execution of the Project “Brazil-Zambia Center for Professional Training”. Complementary Agreement to the Cooperation Agreement for the execution of the Project “Training Health Professionals at the University Teaching Hospital ". Complementary Agreement to the Technical Cooperation Agreement for the execution of the Project “Strengthening the National HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework”. Basic Technical Cooperation Agreement.

July/08/2010

July/08/2010

July/08/2010

July/08/2010

July/08/2010

July/08/2010

June/01/2010

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Trade.

March/27/1986

Source: Brazil. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/temas/temas-politicos-e-relacoes-bilaterais/africa.

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Chile Egypt Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the

Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt on Economic Cooperation, subscribed on October 31, 1988 in the city of Cairo. Executive Program of the Chilean-Egyptian Cultural Agreement for the period between the date of its subscription and December 31,1988. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official, Special, and Service Passports between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt subscribed on November 10, 1983 in the city of Cairo. Basic Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement, subscribed on November 25, 1981, in the city of Cairo, between the Republic of Chile and the Arab Republic of Egypt. Executive Program of the Chilean-Egyptian Cultural Cooperation Agreement, subscribed on 25 November 1981. Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, subscribed on 16 October 1979 in Santiago. Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, subscribed on 16 October 1979 in Santiago. Trade Agreement between Chile and Egypt, subscribed on 6 December 1977 in the city of Cairo. Executive Program subscribed between the Government of Chile and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on December 6, 1977, in the city of Cairo, in compliance with the dispositions established in the Cultural Agreement

October/31/1989

February/25/1986

June/11/1985

September/28/1982

May/13/1982

March/28/1981

January/29/1981

December/13/1978

31/Octubre/1978

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date subscribed between both countries on April 27, 1960. Agreement on Trade Benefits between the Government of Chile and the Kingdom of Egypt. Peace Treaty between the Kingdom of Egypt and the Republic of Chile.

August/10/1978

January/08/1931

Equatorial

Guinea Basic Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Basic Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of Equatorial Guinea.

May/19/1982

May/19/1982

Morocco Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in Maritime Fishing and Aquaculture with the Kingdom of Morocco. General Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Kingdom of Morocco. (Political Cooperation, Economic Cooperation, Fishing, Fishing Sector, Agriculture, Agricultural Sector, Tourism, Tourism Sector, Energy, Renewable Energies, Financial Sector, Business Sector, Technical Cooperation, Scientific Cooperation, Cultural Cooperation, Cultural Heritage.

January/30/2007

July/05/2006

South Africa Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Chile, through the Ministry of National Defence, and the Government of the Republic of South Africa, through the Ministry of Defence, for Cooperation Agreement in Defence. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of the Republic of South Africa on Mutual Cooperation and Assistance in Drug Abuse Prevention and in the Fight against the Trafficking of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, subscribed on 12 November 1998. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Government of the Republic of South Africa, concerning the granting of leases to Radio Amateurs of one of the contracting States to operate Radio Stations in the territory of the other country, subscribed by a Note Exchange on 16 June and 4 August 1987.

May/14/2009

October/11/1999

April/12/1989

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Tunisia Framework Cooperation Agreement for the Development of

Telecommunications and Postal Services, subscribed with the Government of the Tunisian Republic.

June/24/1994

Democratic Republic of the

Congo (formerly Zaire)

General Convention on Economic, Trade, Scientific, Technical, Social and Cultural Cooperation, subscribed between the Government of Chile and the Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire, on 20 March 1981. Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire, subscribed on 20 March 1981 in Santiago. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire, subscribed on 20 March 1981 in Santiago. Cultural Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Chile and the Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire, subscribed on 20 March 1981 in Santiago.

September/ 29/2004

March/05/1987

February/28/1987

February/27/1987

Source: Chile. Library of the National Congress of Chile. http://www.bcn.cl/lc/tinterna/index_html.

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Colombia Algeria Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and

the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. May/10/1997


Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan.

November/03/1997

Egypt Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia- Diplomatic Academy of San Carlos- and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt- Institute for Diplomatic Studies of Egypt. Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Trade Agreement between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Republic of Colombia.

November/04/2009

July/23/1985

July/23/1981

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Kenya Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and

the Government of the Republic of Kenya. April/06/1977

Morocco Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Government of the Republic of Colombia. Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Cultural Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco.

March/08/2000

June/22/1995

October/19/1992

December/13/1991

Source: Colombia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/wps/portal/espanol/!ut/p/c1/lY7LDoIwFES_yNzbFpAPQLE8NFIglA0hBBEFSnwhfL2sSYwxszyZMwMpzOnyV13lj1p1eQMJpEYWxUFMhcXQXHMLuW9TzdcDYjKcufzOQ_ZX--AHOtLYM47OhlHkxo_2fqfaEiSk628Oe3aEkKCWicuolKjZNIrhidJEtDghqnQPdnl12tMtMGSjn0VX3YUr3q4nXtMYEY9wzXaLmvrFsN2v-qlf7C1fMZBNWeXFCH0bJQMx1QeGor9r/dl2/d1/L0lJSklna21DU1EhIS9JRGpBQU15QUJFUkNKRXFnL1lGTkExTkk1MC01Rjg5dyEvN19VVlJWMlNEMzA4N0lEMElNRzI0TTVSMTgzMy83SUo4OTk5MTQwMTgwL3NhLkNvbnZlbmlvc0NvbnN1bHRhLkluaXQ!/?fldCodigo=&fldOption=&fldPage=11&fldGoPage=

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Costa Rica Egypt Agreement for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism between

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Costa Rica and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Cooperation Agreement between the Diplomatic Institutes of the Republic of Costa Rica and the Arab Republic of Egypt.

June,2008

June,2008

Gambia Framework Agreement for Technical Cooperation between Costa Rica and Gambia.

October/31/1999

Morocco Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of Political Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cult of Costa Rica and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco.

April/22/2000

South Africa Repeal of the Trade Prohibition Law between Chile and South Africa.

August/24/1993

Source: Costa Rica. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.rree.go.cr/index.php?sec=servicios al publico&cat=servicios en linea&cont=578&pagina=45

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date

Cuba Algeria Legal and Judicial Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Consular Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Cuba-Algeria Collaboration Agreement between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Democratic of Algeria.

February/02/2011

February/03/2011

May/21/2007

Botswana Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Cuba and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Botswana. Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba (MINREX) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Botswana.

June/09/2010

June/09/2010

Burkina Faso Protocol comprising the 2009-2011 Burkina Faso-Cuba Cooperation Program and the Agreement on the General Conditions for the Provision of Technical Assistance.

June/20/2010


Cultural Collaboration Agreement.

January/16/2006

Egypt Cooperation Agreement for Information Exchange between the Middle East News Agency (MENA) in Egypt and the Latin American News Agency Prensa Latina (PRELA) in Cuba. Agreement between the Republic of Cuba and the Arab Republic of Egypt for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official, Special and Service Passports.

March/30/2010

June/04/2008

Eritrea Sports Cooperation Agreement.

April/12/2007

Gabon Agreement for the Mutual Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official, Special and Service Passports, between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the Gabonese Republic.

June/24/2010

Equatorial Guinea

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea for the Mutual Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Official, Special and Service Passports.

February/22/2010

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Kenya

Sports Cooperation Agreement

January/16/2009

Lesotho Health Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Health of Cuba and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho.

April/2002

Malawi Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Malawi.

April/27/2007

Mali Cooperation Agreement between the National Center of Cinematography of Mali (CNCM) and the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Arts and Industry (ICAIC). Cooperation Agreement in the fields of Health, Education, Culture and Sports. Operation ‘Miracle’ Program.

June/13/2008

June/13/2008

February/26/2007

Mauritius Agreement for Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of Mauritius.

December/01/2009

Mauritania

Cooperation Agreement between Cuba and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.

September/16/2010

Mozambique Cooperation Protocol between the Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique and the National Assembly of People’s Power of the Republic of Cuba. Cooperation Agreement in the fields of Health, Education, Higher Education, Fishing, Sports, Tourism and Labour, and new Agreements on Radio and Television and Physical Planning. Economic, Trade, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement.

February/17/2009

May/28/2005

1977

Nigeria Agreement on Construction. General Agreement on economic, cultural, scientific and technical cooperation.

November/08/2010

1981

Rwanda Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Rwanda.

January/18/2005

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Senegal December/08/2010 Seychelles

Sports Cooperation Agreement Integral Health Program. Collaboration Agreement between the National Libraries of the Republic of Cuba and the National Libraries of the Republic of Seychelles. Protocol on Cultural Exchange. Agreement for the Development of Sports Cooperation between the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of Seychelles. Protocol in Technical and Economic Cooperation. Agreement for Cooperation in the fight against drugs. Cooperation Agreement in the fields of Health, Water Resources, Agriculture, Electricity and Sports between the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of Seychelles.

July/20/2009

June/24/2009

June/24/2009

November, 2007

October/17/2003

October/17/2003

1980

Sierra Leone Memorandum of Understanding between the Republics of South Africa and Sierra Leone and the Republic of Cuba (Cuba –South Africa – Sierra Leone Triangular Cooperation).

April/29/2010

South Africa Cooperation for Professional Training in Medicine, Sciences and Sports for young South Africans and for Training in Mining and Geosciences for Cubans in South Africa. Memorandum of Understanding between the public enterprises Mintek and CubaNiquel for the development of ferronickel projects.

August/25/2008

December/17/2003

Swaziland Bilateral Agreement establishing the Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation between both countries. Agreements in the fields of Sports, Sugar Cane Cultivation, Scientific Research and Development. Integral Health Program

July, 2003

November/20/2009

Tanzania Cooperation Agreement for Human Resources Training.

No date available

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Cooperation Agreement between the Government of Tanzania and the LABIOFAM Laboratory in Cuba for the fight against Malaria. Agreement for the Suppression of visas. Cooperation Agreement between the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) and the Revolutionary Party of Tanzania (CCM).

November/19/2010

June/21/2010

November/24/2009

Togo Framework Agreement for Economic, Trade, Technical, Scientific, Cultural and Social Cooperation. Agreement for the Creation of a “High-level Joint Commission” for Professional Training, Sports, Trade, and Technical and Scientific Research.

June/21/2010

June/21/2010

Source: Cuba. Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.cubaminrex.cu/Regionales/Articulos/AfricaSubsahariana/inicio.html

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date El Salvador Egypt Memorandum of Political Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of

El Salvador and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Agreement between the Republic of El Salvador and the Egyptian International Center for Agriculture (EICA).

1996

Source: El Salvador. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Guatemala Egypt Memorandum of Understanding for Political Consultations between the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Guatemala and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Guatemala and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Technical Exchange Agreement in the field of Forestry between the Government of the Republic of Guatemala and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, through the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. Dossier 1801-2005. Technical Exchange Agreement in the field of Forestry between the Government of the Republic of Guatemala and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, through the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Guatemala and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Dossier: 1824-2005.

August/03/2007

June/22/2007

November/29/2006

December/26/2006

June/11/2005

Morocco Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Guatemala. Dossier 716-97.

June/April/1999

Swaziland Agreement comprised in the Note Exchange of February 2, 1984 and June 7, 1984 between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Swaziland and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Guatemala, extending the validity of the Extradition Treaty celebrated between Guatemala and Great Britain on July 4, 1885 and of its corresponding Additional Protocol, amended on May 30, 1914

July/12/1984

Source: Guatemala. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Integrated Information System. Current International Treaties. http://www.minex.gob.gt/pBase.aspx?ID=/MAYT/MAYT_TRATADO_ACUERDO/MAYT_TRATADO_ACUERDO_VIGENTEWebReport.aspx.

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Mexico Algeria Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the United States of Mexico and the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.

June/30/1977

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory

Coast)

Cooperation Agreement in the fields of Education and Culture between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire.

September/20/2007

Egypt Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Arab Republic of Egypt. General Economic and Scientific-Technical Cooperation Agreement between the United States of Mexico and the Arab Republic of Egypt. Trade Agreement between the United States of Mexico and the United Arab Republic (Egypt ). Cultural Exchange Agreement between the United States of Mexico and the United Arab Republic (Egypt ).

June/19/1991

June/18/1984

October/25/1963

April/08/1960

Gabon General de Cooperation Agreement between the United States of Mexico and the Gabonese Republic. Cultural, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of Gabonese Republic. Trade Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of Gabonese Republic.

September/14/1976

September/14/1976

September/14/1976

Morocco General Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United

States of Mexico and Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Political Consultative Mechanism between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Agricultural Cooperation Agreement.

October/09/1991

Senegal Cultural and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of March/30/1977

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Republic of Senegal. Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Republic of Senegal. Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Republic of Senegal. Film Co-production Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Republic of Senegal.

March/08/1977

September/01/1976

August/31/1976

South Africa

Agreement between the United States of Mexico and the Republic of South Africa to avoid Income Tax Double Taxation and Evasion. General Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Republic of South Africa.

July/22/2010

November/07/2000

Tunisia Educational and Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the United States of Mexico and the Government of the Tunisian Republic.

October/26/1998

Source: Mexico. Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (SRE). International Treaties. http://www.sre.gob.mx/tratados/

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Nicaragua Morocco Framework Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic

of Nicaragua and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco (Bilateral Political, Economic, Technical-Scientific and Cultural Cooperation).

July/21/2000

Source: Nicaragua. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/docs/Dossiers/ma_marco_coo2000.pdf

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Panama Egypt Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Panama and the

Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt for the Promotion and Development of Cultural and Educational Relations. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Panama and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt for the Fight against Crime. Basic Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement.

April/16/2007

May/03/1999

October/21/1991

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Cultural Agreement.

1960

Libya Cultural Agreement. General Agreement of Mutual Cooperation. Agreement on Economic Cooperation and Trade.

April/16/2007

April/16/2007

April/16/2007

Source: Panama. Prensa.com. http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/03/03/uhora/local_2010030309444687.asp and www.superbancos.gob.pa http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2007/04/16/uhora/local_2007041613405433.shtml and http://www.eac.com.pa/espanol/pdf/tratadosbilaterales.pdf

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Paraguay Morocco Agreement concerning the Non-Refundable Financial Cooperation for the

Implementation of the Project of Strengthening of the Primary Heath Care System (APS) in Communities of Extreme Poverty in Guairá and Caazapá.

October/27/2010

South Africa Agreement between the Republic of Paraguay and the Republic of South Africa concerning the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic Passports.

1994

Source: Paraguay. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Peru Algeria Cooperation Agreement in the fields of Energy and Mining between the

Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Bilateral Political Consultative Mechanism between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Peru and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Executive Program of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.

May/18/2005

May/18/2005

March/23/2004

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Agreement for the Creation of the Peruvian-Algerian Joint Commission for Economic, Trade, Scientific-Technical and Cultural Cooperation. Cultural Exchange Agreement between the Republic of Peru and the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Trade Agreement between the Republic of Peru and the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.

October/13/1987

June/01/1976

June/01/1976

August/15/1973

Egypt M Memorandum of Understanding between the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA) and the Agricultural Research Center (ARC) for Agricultural Cooperation, subscribed in the city of Cairo. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Peru and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt for the Establishment of a Bilateral Political Consultative Mechanism. Agreement for the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic, Special and Service Passports between Egypt and Peru. Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in the fields of Health and Pharmacy between the Republic of Peru and the Arab Republic of Egypt. Executive Program for Cultural and Tourism Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Basic Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Specific Cooperation Agreement between the Peruvian Diplomatic Academy and the Institute for Diplomatic Studies of the Arab Republic Egypt, subscribed in Lima.

March/21/2004

March/21/2004

March/21/2004

September/16/1985

September/16/1985

September/16/1985

July/11/1983

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Tourism Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Arab Republic of Egypt, subscribed in Lima. Trade Agreement and Protocol between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Cultural Exchange Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, subscribed in the city of Cairo.

November/16/1976

March/24/1974

Morocco Memorandum of Understanding for Mutual Cooperation in Criminal Matters between Peru and Morocco. Cooperation Agreement between the General Confederation of Moroccan Entrepreneurs and the National Confederation of Private Business Institutions of Peru. Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of Peru and the Kingdom of Morocco (this agreement stipulates the creation of the Joint Commission.) Cooperation Agreement between the Marine Institute of Peru (IMARPE) and the National Institute for Halieutic Research of the Kingdom of Morocco. Twinning Partnership Agreement between the cities of Dakhla and Ica. Framework Agreement for Cooperation and Sustainable Development in Tourism between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Agreement for the Suppression of Visas on Diplomatic and Special Passports issued by the Government of Peru and on Diplomatic, Special and Service Passports issued by the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement in Maritime Fishing between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco.

February/21/2006

November/30//2004

November/30//2004

November/30//2004

November/30//2004

March/17/2004

January/08/2003

January/08/2003

June/18/2003

138

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Framework Cooperation Agreement between the Institute for Agricultural Research of Peru (INIA) and the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) of the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement between the Commission for Export Promotion (PROMPEX) and the Moroccan Center for Export Promotion. Declaration of Intent between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco for the Granting of Reciprocal Tariffs Preferences. Memorandum of Understanding for Bilateral Political Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco. Cooperation Agreement between the University Abdelmalek Essadi of Morocco and the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Cultural and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Peru and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco. Agreement on the modification of the final part of the “Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement”, subscribed between the Republic of Peru and the Kingdom of Morocco. Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of Peru and the Kingdom of Morocco.

June/18/2003

June/18/2003

June/19/2003

June/21/1999

January/06/1998

May/8/1995

June/14/1991

June/14/1991

South Africa Agreement on Academic and Cultural Cooperation between the University of South Africa and the National University of San Marcos. Memorandum of Understanding between the Association of South African Women in Mining and the Peruvian Association of Women in Mining. Declaration of Intent between South Africa and Peru on Mining Fields and Energy.

December /23/2004

August/23/2004

August/21/2004

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Memorandum of Understanding and Cooperation between the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce (NAFCOC) of the Republic of South Africa and the Committee for the Small Industry of the National Industrial Society of Peru. Cooperation Agreement for the Creation of a Binational Mining Group between the NAFCOC of South Africa and the National Society of Mining, Oil and Energy of Peru.

April, 2004

No date available

Source: Peru. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/Pbilateral.nsf/PaisTipo/6DFC7B711BD7E4CC052571F70078C12F?OpenDocument.

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela

Burkina Faso Framework Agreement for Cooperation in the execution of joint activities in the fields of: Energy, Mining, Trade, Industry, Fishing and in Science, Technology, Education and Culture. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

23/January/2010

23/January/2010

Burundi Framework Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

December/08/2010

December/08/2010

Central African Republic

Framework Cooperation Agreement for the execution of joint activities in the fields of: Energy, Mining, Trade, Industry, Fishing and in Science, Technology, Education and Culture. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

January/23/2010

January/23/2010

Chad Framework Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

December/08/2010

December/08/2010

Comoros Framework Cooperation Agreement for the execution of joint activities in the fields of: Energy, Mining, Trade, Industry, Fishing and in Science, Technology,

January/23/2010

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Education and Culture. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

January/23/2010

Egypt Agreement for the Suppression of visas for holders of Diplomatic, Official, Special and/or Service Passports. Cooperation Agreement on Information. Cooperation Agreement on Education. Executive Program on Cultural Exchange between both Governments for the years 2010-2012. Memorandum of Understanding on Water Management for Agricultural Purposes. Bilateral Agreement for Tourism Cooperation between the Government of Venezuela and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

May/19/2010

May/19/2010

May/19/2010

May/19/2010

May/19/2010

2000

Eritrea Framework Cooperation Agreement for the execution of joint activities in the fields of: Energy, Mining, Agriculture, Culture among others. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

January/22/2010

January/22/2010

Gambia Cooperation Agreement between the Government of Venezuela and Gambia in the fields of Drug Abuse Prevention and Fight against the Traffic of illicit drugs, psychotropic substances and chemical precursors, and related crimes.

July/30/2010

Liberia Framework Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

March/15/2011

March/15/2011

Libya

General Agreement for the Modification of the General Cooperation Agreement between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

October/23/2010

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Agreement for the Creation of a “Venezuela-Libya Joint Development Fund”. Project Agreement on Maritime Transport. Project Agreement on Air Transport. Memorandum of Understanding on Agriculture. Energy Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding between The New TV of the South (TELESUR) and General Institute for Radio and Television of the Great Jamahiriya. Memorandum of Understanding for Inter-institutional Cooperation between the Ministry of People’s Power for Foreign Affairs of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, for the cooperation between Diplomatic Academies. Memorandum of Understanding for Economic Complementation.

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

October/23/2010

Mali Framework Cooperation Agreement for the Promotion of Cultural and Sports Cooperation.

August, 2007

Morocco Cooperation Agreements in Economy, Science, Politics, Education and Culture.

Mauritania Framework agreement on Cooperation in energy, mining, agriculture, social, cultural, fishing and economic areas, among others. Memorandum of Understanding for establishing a political consultation mechanism

22/enero/2010

22/enero/2010

Mozambique Framework Cooperation Agreement in the fields of: Energy, Mining, Agriculture, Culture among others. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

22/January/2010

22/January/2010

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LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Rwanda Framework Cooperation Agreement.

Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

December/07/2010

December/07/2010

Sahrawi Arab Democratic

Republic

Integral Cooperation Agreement between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

2004

Togo Framework Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

December/10/2010

December/10/2010

Uganda Framework Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

July/23/2010

July/23/2010

Zambia Framework Cooperation Agreement. Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Political Consultative Mechanism.

July/27/2010

July/27/2010

Source: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mppre.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=5&Itemid=255&limitstart=4

LAC country African country Agreement Signing date Uruguay Angola General Agreement for Economic, Scientific-Technical and Cultural

Cooperation with the Government of the Republic of Angola.

October/20/2003

Algeria Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.

24/April/1987

Egypt Framework Agreement between the Veterinary Services of Uruguay and Egypt to enable Uruguayan Live Cattle Exports for Consumption and Farm Work.

August/27/2008

Gabon Cultural, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement.

July/20/1984

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Mozambique General Scientific Cooperation Agreement.

October/04/2007

Namibia Agreement on the Suppression of visas on Diplomatic and Official Passports with the Government of the Republic of Namibia.

November/16/2007

Nigeria Cultural, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement.

June/15/1983

South Africa Agreement for the Coordination of Maritime and Aeronautical Search and Rescue Services.

November/19/2010

Source: Eastern Republic of Uruguay. Legislative Power. http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/indexdb/OtrosDocumentos/ConsultaOtrosDocumentosSIPXXI.asp.


144 ANNEX II – TRADE INDICATORS FOR LAC AND AFRICA, BY COUNTRY (2010)

Table 1 Exports from Africa to the world and percentage share, by country, 2010

(US$ millions)

RegionalEmergentes

y en Desar.Mundial

Algeria 55,200 11.04% 0.85% 0.36%

Angola 52,300 10.46% 0.81% 0.34%

Benin 1,250 0.25% 0.02% 0.01%

Botswana 4,693 0.94% 0.07% 0.03%

Burkina Faso 1,200 0.24% 0.02% 0.01%

Burundi 80 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

Cameroon 3,900 0.78% 0.06% 0.03%

Cape Verde 45 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%

Central African Republic 140 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%

Chad 3,400 0.68% 0.05% 0.02%

Comoros 18 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Democratic Republic of Congo 8,200 1.64% 0.13% 0.05%

Republic of Congo 5,400 1.08% 0.08% 0.04%

Côte d'Ivoire 10,470 2.09% 0.16% 0.07%

Djibouti 100 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

Egypt 26,438 5.29% 0.41% 0.17%

Equatorial Guinea 10,000 2.00% 0.15% 0.07%

Eritrea 12 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Ethiopia 2,580 0.52% 0.04% 0.02%

Gabon 8,400 1.68% 0.13% 0.06%

The Gambia 15 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Ghana 8,080 1.62% 0.12% 0.05%

Guinea 1,450 0.29% 0.02% 0.01%

Guinea‐Bissau 120 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

Kenya 5,151 1.03% 0.08% 0.03%

Lesotho 800 0.16% 0.01% 0.01%

Liberia 200 0.04% 0.00% 0.00%

Libya 46,050 9.21% 0.71% 0.30%

Madagascar 1,080 0.22% 0.02% 0.01%

Malawi 1,130 0.23% 0.02% 0.01%

Mali 2,250 0.45% 0.03% 0.01%

Mauritania 1,890 0.38% 0.03% 0.01%

Mauritius 2,170 0.43% 0.03% 0.01%

Morocco 17,560 3.51% 0.27% 0.12%

Mozambique 3,200 0.64% 0.05% 0.02%

Namibia 4,090 0.82% 0.06% 0.03%

Niger 900 0.18% 0.01% 0.01%

Nigeria 79,000 15.81% 1.22% 0.52%

Rwanda 255 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%

São Tomé and Príncipe 11 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Senegal 2,200 0.44% 0.03% 0.01%

Seychelles 400 0.08% 0.01% 0.00%

Sierra Leone 350 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%

South Africa 81,821 16.37% 1.26% 0.54%

Sudan 10,500 2.10% 0.16% 0.07%

Swaziland 1,550 0.31% 0.02% 0.01%

Tanzania 3,687 0.74% 0.06% 0.02%

Togo 850 0.17% 0.01% 0.01%

Tunisia 16,427 3.29% 0.25% 0.11%

Uganda 3,100 0.62% 0.05% 0.02%

Zambia 7,200 1.44% 0.11% 0.05%

Zimbabwe 2,500 0.50% 0.04% 0.02%

África Total 499,813 100.00% 7.73% 3.28%

Emergentes y en Desarrollo 6,469,480 ‐‐‐‐ 100.00% 42.46%

Mundo 15,236,606 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 100.00%

País de ÁfricaExpor. 2010 (millones de

dólares)

Participación en total (%)

Source: International Trade Centre. Trade Map


145 Table 2

Africa’s imports from the world and percentage share, by country, 2010 (US$ millions)

RegionalEmergentes

y en Desar.Mundial

Algeria 40,212 8.71% 0.67% 0.26%

Angola 21,500 4.65% 0.36% 0.14%

Benin 2,350 0.51% 0.04% 0.02%

Botswana 5,657 1.22% 0.09% 0.04%

Burkina Faso 2,155 0.47% 0.04% 0.01%

Burundi 450 0.10% 0.01% 0.00%

Cameroon 4,850 1.05% 0.08% 0.03%

Cape Verde 742 0.16% 0.01% 0.00%


Chad 2,500 0.54% 0.04% 0.02%

Comoros 190 0.04% 0.00% 0.00%



Côte d'Ivoire 7,830 1.70% 0.13% 0.05%

Djibouti 420 0.09% 0.01% 0.00%

Egypt 52,923 11.46% 0.88% 0.35%


Eritrea 690 0.15% 0.01% 0.00%

Ethiopia 8,666 1.88% 0.14% 0.06%

Gabon 2,500 0.54% 0.04% 0.02%

The Gambia 300 0.06% 0.01% 0.00%

Ghana 11,040 2.39% 0.18% 0.07%

Guinea 1,100 0.24% 0.02% 0.01%

Guinea‐Bissau 210 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%

Kenya 12,090 2.62% 0.20% 0.08%

Lesotho 2,200 0.48% 0.04% 0.01%

Liberia 650 0.14% 0.01% 0.00%

Libya 10,500 2.27% 0.18% 0.07%

Madagascar 2,500 0.54% 0.04% 0.02%

Malawi 1,900 0.41% 0.03% 0.01%

Mali 2,850 0.62% 0.05% 0.02%

Mauritania 1,750 0.38% 0.03% 0.01%

Mauritius 4,460 0.97% 0.07% 0.03%

Morocco 35,522 7.69% 0.59% 0.23%

Mozambique 4,550 0.98% 0.08% 0.03%

Namibia 5,360 1.16% 0.09% 0.04%

Niger 2,200 0.48% 0.04% 0.01%

Nigeria 37,000 8.01% 0.62% 0.24%

Rwanda 1,400 0.30% 0.02% 0.01%


Senegal 4,820 1.04% 0.08% 0.03%

Seychelles 650 0.14% 0.01% 0.00%

Sierra Leone 710 0.15% 0.01% 0.00%

South Africa 94,040 20.36% 1.57% 0.62%

Sudan 9,960 2.16% 0.17% 0.07%

Swaziland 1,700 0.37% 0.03% 0.01%

Tanzania 7,830 1.69% 0.13% 0.05%

Togo 1,500 0.32% 0.03% 0.01%

Tunisia 22,218 4.81% 0.37% 0.15%

Uganda 4,710 1.02% 0.08% 0.03%

Zambia 5,321 1.15% 0.09% 0.03%

Zimbabwe 3,700 0.80% 0.06% 0.02%

África Total 461,941 100.00% 7.72% 3.03%


Mundo 15,266,982 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 100.00%

Participación en total (%)País de África

Impor. 2010 (millones de

dólares)


146 Table 3

Trade of African countries with the world and percentage share, by country, 2010 (US$ millions)

RegionalEmergentes

y en Desar.Mundial

Algeria 95,412 9.92% 0.77% 0.31%

Angola 73,800 7.67% 0.59% 0.24%

Benin 3,600 0.37% 0.03% 0.01%

Botswana 10,350 1.08% 0.08% 0.03%

Burkina Faso 3,355 0.35% 0.03% 0.01%

Burundi 530 0.06% 0.00% 0.00%

Cameroon 8,750 0.91% 0.07% 0.03%

Cape Verde 787 0.08% 0.01% 0.00%


Chad 5,900 0.61% 0.05% 0.02%

Comoros 208 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%



Côte d'Ivoire 18,300 1.90% 0.15% 0.06%

Djibouti 520 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%

Egypt 79,361 8.25% 0.64% 0.26%


Eritrea 702 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%

Ethiopia 11,246 1.17% 0.09% 0.04%

Gabon 10,900 1.13% 0.09% 0.04%

The Gambia 315 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%

Ghana 19,120 1.99% 0.15% 0.06%

Guinea 2,550 0.27% 0.02% 0.01%

Guinea‐Bissau 330 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%

Kenya 17,241 1.79% 0.14% 0.06%

Lesotho 3,000 0.31% 0.02% 0.01%

Liberia 850 0.09% 0.01% 0.00%

Libya 56,550 5.88% 0.45% 0.19%

Madagascar 3,580 0.37% 0.03% 0.01%

Malawi 3,030 0.32% 0.02% 0.01%

Mali 5,100 0.53% 0.04% 0.02%

Mauritania 3,640 0.38% 0.03% 0.01%

Mauritius 6,630 0.69% 0.05% 0.02%

Morocco 53,082 5.52% 0.43% 0.17%

Mozambique 7,750 0.81% 0.06% 0.03%

Namibia 9,450 0.98% 0.08% 0.03%

Niger 3,100 0.32% 0.02% 0.01%

Nigeria 116,000 12.06% 0.93% 0.38%

Rwanda 1,655 0.17% 0.01% 0.01%


Senegal 7,020 0.73% 0.06% 0.02%

Seychelles 1,050 0.11% 0.01% 0.00%

Sierra Leone 1,060 0.11% 0.01% 0.00%

South Africa 175,861 18.29% 1.41% 0.58%

Sudan 20,460 2.13% 0.16% 0.07%

Swaziland 3,250 0.34% 0.03% 0.01%

Tanzania 11,517 1.20% 0.09% 0.04%

Togo 2,350 0.24% 0.02% 0.01%

Tunisia 38,644 4.02% 0.31% 0.13%

Uganda 7,810 0.81% 0.06% 0.03%

Zambia 12,521 1.30% 0.10% 0.04%

Zimbabwe 6,200 0.64% 0.05% 0.02%

África Total 961,754 100.00% 7.72% 3.15%


Mundo 30,503,588 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 100.00%

País de ÁfricaComer. 2010 (millones de

dólares)



147 Table 4

Exports from LAC to the world and percentage share, by country, 2010 (US$ millions)

RegionalEmergentes

y en Desar.Mundial

Antigua and Barbuda 70 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%

Argentina 68,500 7.85% 1.06% 0.45%

Bahamas 740 0.08% 0.01% 0.00%

Barbados 450 0.05% 0.01% 0.00%

Belize 330 0.04% 0.01% 0.00%

Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 65,786 7.54% 1.02% 0.43%

Bolivia, Plurinational State of 6,240 0.72% 0.10% 0.04%

Brazil 201,915 23.15% 3.12% 1.33%

Chile 69,622 7.98% 1.08% 0.46%

Colombia 39,820 4.57% 0.62% 0.26%

Costa Rica 9,341 1.07% 0.14% 0.06%

Cuba 3,900 0.45% 0.06% 0.03%

Dominica 35 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Dominican Republic 6,310 0.72% 0.10% 0.04%

Ecuador 17,369 1.99% 0.27% 0.11%

El Salvador 4,472 0.51% 0.07% 0.03%

Grenada 24 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Guatemala 8,466 0.97% 0.13% 0.06%

Guyana 877 0.10% 0.01% 0.01%

Haiti 575 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%

Honduras 5,770 0.66% 0.09% 0.04%

Jamaica 1,290 0.15% 0.02% 0.01%

Mexico 298,361 34.21% 4.61% 1.96%

Nicaragua 1,851 0.21% 0.03% 0.01%

Panama 830 0.10% 0.01% 0.01%

Paraguay 4,534 0.52% 0.07% 0.03%

Peru 35,565 4.08% 0.55% 0.23%

Saint Kitts and Nevis 45 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%

Saint Lucia 150 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 40 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Suriname 1,910 0.22% 0.03% 0.01%

Trinidad and Tobago 10,200 1.17% 0.16% 0.07%

Uruguay 6,733 0.77% 0.10% 0.04%

Latinoamérica y el Caribe 872,120 100.00% 13.48% 5.72%


Mundo 15,236,606 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 100.00%


y el Caribe

Expor. 2010 (millones de

dólares)



148 Table 5

LAC imports from the world and percentage share, by country, 2010 (US$ millions)

RegionalEmergentes

y en Desar.Mundial


Argentina 56,443 6.40% 0.94% 0.37%

Bahamas 2,450 0.28% 0.04% 0.02%

Barbados 1,569 0.18% 0.03% 0.01%

Belize 700 0.08% 0.01% 0.00%



Brazil 191,468 21.72% 3.20% 1.25%

Chile 58,241 6.61% 0.97% 0.38%

Colombia 40,683 4.61% 0.68% 0.27%

Costa Rica 13,570 1.54% 0.23% 0.09%

Cuba 11,300 1.28% 0.19% 0.07%

Dominica 245 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%


Ecuador 19,961 2.26% 0.33% 0.13%

El Salvador 8,548 0.97% 0.14% 0.06%

Grenada 288 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%

Guatemala 13,836 1.57% 0.23% 0.09%

Guyana 1,400 0.16% 0.02% 0.01%

Haiti 3,200 0.36% 0.05% 0.02%

Honduras 8,490 0.96% 0.14% 0.06%

Jamaica 5,170 0.59% 0.09% 0.03%

Mexico 310,618 35.23% 5.19% 2.03%

Nicaragua 4,185 0.47% 0.07% 0.03%

Panama 9,140 1.04% 0.15% 0.06%

Paraguay 10,040 1.14% 0.17% 0.07%

Peru 30,126 3.42% 0.50% 0.20%


Saint Lucia 560 0.06% 0.01% 0.00%


Suriname 1,190 0.13% 0.02% 0.01%


Uruguay 8,622 0.98% 0.14% 0.06%

Latinoamérica y el Caribe 881,668 100.00% 14.74% 5.78%


Mundo 15,266,982 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 100.00%

Participación en total (%)País de Latinoamérica

y el Caribe

Impor. 2010 (millones de

dólares)


149 Table 6

Trade of LAC countries with the world and percentage share, by country, 2010 (US$ millions)

RegionalEmergentes

y en Desar.Mundial


Argentina 124,943 7.12% 1.00% 0.41%

Bahamas 3,190 0.18% 0.03% 0.01%

Barbados 2,019 0.12% 0.02% 0.01%

Belize 1,030 0.06% 0.01% 0.00%



Brazil 393,383 22.43% 3.16% 1.29%

Chile 127,862 7.29% 1.03% 0.42%

Colombia 80,502 4.59% 0.65% 0.26%

Costa Rica 22,910 1.31% 0.18% 0.08%

Cuba 15,200 0.87% 0.12% 0.05%

Dominica 280 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%


Ecuador 37,330 2.13% 0.30% 0.12%

El Salvador 13,020 0.74% 0.10% 0.04%

Grenada 312 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

Guatemala 22,303 1.27% 0.18% 0.07%

Guyana 2,277 0.13% 0.02% 0.01%

Haiti 3,775 0.22% 0.03% 0.01%

Honduras 14,260 0.81% 0.11% 0.05%

Jamaica 6,460 0.37% 0.05% 0.02%

Mexico 608,979 34.72% 4.89% 2.00%

Nicaragua 6,036 0.34% 0.05% 0.02%

Panama 9,970 0.57% 0.08% 0.03%

Paraguay 14,574 0.83% 0.12% 0.05%

Peru 65,691 3.75% 0.53% 0.22%


Saint Lucia 710 0.04% 0.01% 0.00%


Suriname 3,100 0.18% 0.02% 0.01%


Uruguay 15,354 0.88% 0.12% 0.05%

Latinoamérica y el Caribe 1,753,788 100.00% 14.08% 5.75%


Mundo 30,503,588 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 100.00%


y el Caribe

Comercio

Total 2010 (millones de



150

ANNEX III – MATRIX OF TRADE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES: ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, MEXICO, PERU AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

ARGENTINA

Código del

productoDescripción del producto

Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2007‐2009)

% en total Acumulado

TOTAL Todos los productos 4,022,306 100.00% n.a.100590 Los demas maices 686,796 17.07% 17.07%230400 Tortas y demas res iduos sol idos de la extraccion del aceite de so 657,142 16.34% 33.41%150710 Aceite de soja en bruto, incluso desgomado. 631,059 15.69% 49.10%100190 Los demas trigo y morcajo o tranqui l lon 410,570 10.21% 59.31%730429 Los demas tubos y perfi les huecos s in soldaduras de hierro o ace 186,927 4.65% 63.96%151211 Aceite de girasol o de cartamo, y sus fracciones en bruto 164,686 4.09% 68.05%040221 Leche en polvo, s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo. 146,926 3.65% 71.70%120100 Habas de soja , incluso quebrantadas . 125,304 3.12% 74.82%150790 Los demas acei tes de soja y sus fracciones , incluso refinados , pe 91,043 2.26% 77.08%271011 Alcohol de aviación 74,796 1.86% 78.94%270900 Aceites crudos de petroleo o de minera les bituminosos . 59,223 1.47% 80.41%870421 Los demas vehiculos automovi les para el tranporte de mercancia 41,199 1.02% 81.44%730419 Tubos y perfi les huecos , s in soldadura (s in costura), de hierro o a 37,566 0.93% 82.37%020230 Carne de bovinos deshuesada, congelada. 29,248 0.73% 83.10%030379 Los demas pescados congelados , excluidos fi letes , higados , hue 28,902 0.72% 83.82%071333 Alubia comun, seca desvainada 25,481 0.63% 84.45%020629 Los demas despojos comestibles de bovinos , congelados . 24,963 0.62% 85.07%050400 Tripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescado 23,154 0.58% 85.65%200969 Jugo de uva, incl . el mosto, s in fermentar y s in adición de alcoho 20,290 0.50% 86.15%020714 Trozos y despojos de gal lo o gal l ina, congelados 19,726 0.49% 86.64%170199 Las demas azucar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa quimicame 16,996 0.42% 87.06%080810 Manzanas frescas 16,481 0.41% 87.47%271019 Desti lados de petróleo l igero, no especi ficado en otra parte 16,276 0.40% 87.88%470321 Pasta quimica de madera de coni feras semiblanqueadas o blanq 15,719 0.39% 88.27%120220 Cacahuates o manies , crudos, s in cascara , incluso quebrantados 14,571 0.36% 88.63%020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gal lo o ga l l ina s in trocear conge 13,972 0.35% 88.98%020220 Carne de bovinos en trozos s in deshuesar, congelada. 12,919 0.32% 89.30%230110 Harina, polvo y pel lets , de carne o despojos ; chicharrones . 11,996 0.30% 89.60%190219 Las demas pastas al imenticias s in cocer, rel lenar ni preparar de 11,813 0.29% 89.89%180690 Los demas chocolates y demas preparaciones al imenticias que c 11,445 0.28% 90.18%160250 Preparaciones y conservas , de la especie bovina. 11,039 0.27% 90.45%190190 Las demas preparaciones al imenticias de harina, semola , almid 10,812 0.27% 90.72%100640 Arroz partido 10,465 0.26% 90.98%271113 Butanos, l i cuado 10,055 0.25% 91.23%271312 Coque de petroleo, ca lcinado. 9,879 0.25% 91.48%410441 Plena flor s in dividir o divididos con la flor, en estado seco crust, 9,833 0.24% 91.72%230630 Tortas y res iduos sol idos extraccion de grasas o aceites de giraso 9,651 0.24% 91.96%210690 Las demas preparaciones al imenticias 7,689 0.19% 92.15%870323 Vehiculos automovi l transporte personas de ci l indrada superior 7,372 0.18% 92.33%040510 Mantequi l la 7,117 0.18% 92.51%170490 Los demas articulos de confi teria s in cacao 6,987 0.17% 92.69%190590 Los demas productos de panaderia , pasteleria o ga l leteria . 6,676 0.17% 92.85%151219 Los demas acei tes de gi rasol o de cartamo y sus fracciones 6,560 0.16% 93.01%040120 Leche y nata, s in concentrar ni edulcorar con un cont. sup.1% e in 6,555 0.16% 93.18%852721 Receptores de radiodi fus ion que solo funcionen con una fuente 6,554 0.16% 93.34%110220 Harina de maiz 6,533 0.16% 93.50%110100 Harina de trigo y de morcajo o tranqui l lon 6,451 0.16% 93.66%870840 Cajas de cambio 6,239 0.16% 93.82%200811 Manies y cacahuates preparados o en conserva, incluso azucarad 6,219 0.15% 93.97%151521 Aceite de maiz y sus fracciones , en bruto. 6,149 0.15% 94.13%081320 Ciruelas desecadas o deshidratadas 5,291 0.13% 94.26%100300 Cebada 5,254 0.13% 94.39%200410 Patatas (papas), preparadas o conservadas , excepto vinagre o ac 5,184 0.13% 94.52%040210 Leche en polvo, granulos u otras formas , materia grasa inferior o 4,840 0.12% 94.64%040690 Los demas quesos 4,427 0.11% 94.75%441114 Tableros de fibra de madera u otras materias leñosas , incluso a 4,416 0.11% 94.86%040590 Las demas materias grasas de la leche, pastas lacteas para unta 4,235 0.11% 94.96%190110 Preparaciones para la al imentacion infanti l acondicionadas para 4,217 0.10% 95.07%

Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.Criterio : Principales subpartidas de exportación de Brasil hacia Africa, de tal fo rma que acumulen en 95% del to tal exportado.

Principales Subpartidas de la Oferta Exportable Argentina hacia África


151

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2007‐2009)

Exp. al Mundo

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2007‐2009)Razón

TOTAL Todos los productos 4,022,306 60,489,164 6.65%020220 Carne de bovinos en trozos s in deshuesar, congelada. 12,919 14,085 91.72%110220 Harina de maiz 6,533 7,571 86.29%040700 Huevos de ave con cascara, frescos , conservados o cocidos . 1,485 2,082 71.33%151521 Acei te de maiz y sus fracciones , en bruto. 6,149 8,864 69.37%040120 Leche y nata, s in concentrar ni edulcorar con un cont. sup.1% e in 6,555 10,537 62.21%100640 Arroz partido 10,465 17,430 60.04%150790 Los demas aceites de soja y sus fracciones, incluso refinados, pe 91,043 156,081 58.33%190219 Las demas pastas al imenticias s in cocer, rel lenar ni preparar de 11,813 21,654 54.55%040221 Leche en polvo, s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo. 146,926 351,908 41.75%230110 Harina, polvo y pel lets , de carne o despojos ; chicharrones . 11,996 29,122 41.19%050400 Ttripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescad 23,154 61,202 37.83%340119 Los demas jabones, productos y preparaciones organicos tensoa 2,360 6,294 37.49%850212 Grupos electrogenos con motor de embolo de potencia superior 857 2,769 30.94%020629 Los demas despojos comestibles de bovinos , congelados . 24,963 81,512 30.62%210610 Concentrados de proteinas y sustancias proteicas texturadas 1,139 3,746 30.40%100590 Los demas maices 686,796 2,363,021 29.06%170230 Gglucosa y jarabe de glucosa, s in fructosa o con contenido de fru 2,792 10,264 27.20%271312 Coque de petroleo, calcinado 9,879 40,373 24.47%100190 Los demas trigo y morcajo o tranqui l lon 410,570 1,853,258 22.15%730429 Los demas tubos y perfi les huecos s in soldaduras de hierro o ac 186,927 857,125 21.81%030379 Los demas pescados congelados , excluidos fi letes , higados , hue 28,902 132,890 21.75%040510 Mantequi l la 7,117 34,431 20.67%040590 Las demas materias grasas de la leche, pastas l acteas para unta 4,235 20,515 20.64%190190 Las demas preparaciones al imenticias de harina, semola, almid 10,812 55,034 19.65%170410 Goma de mascar (chicles ), incluso recubierta de azucar. 1,581 8,145 19.41%151211 Acei te de girasol o de cartamo, y sus fracciones en bruto 164,686 886,242 18.58%170199 Las demas azucar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa quimicame 16,996 96,706 17.58%150200 Grasas de animales de las especies bovina, ovina o caprina , en 3,043 18,634 16.33%730419 Tubos y perfi les huecos, s in soldadura (s in costura), de hierro o 37,566 235,893 15.93%441193 Tableros de fibra de madera u otras materias leñosas , incluso a 996 6,312 15.77%190590 Los demas productos de panaderia , pasteleria o gal leteria . 6,676 42,392 15.75%150710 Acei te de soja en bruto, incluso desgomado. 631,059 4,035,982 15.64%020714 Trozos y despojos de gal lo o ga l l ina , congelados 19,726 129,511 15.23%020622 Higados de bovinos, congelados . 3,755 24,881 15.09%271311 Coque de petroleo, s in calcinar. 3,745 25,016 14.97%441011 Tableros l lamados waferboard, incl .los l lamados oriented s tran 4,012 27,022 14.85%730792 Los demas codos ,curvas y mangui tos ,roscados, de fundicion, hier 810 5,657 14.31%190532 Barqui l los y obleas , incluso rel lenos gaufrettes , wafers y waffles 1,167 8,747 13.35%040210 Leche en polvo, granulos u otras formas, materia grasa inferior o 4,840 36,899 13.12%852721 Receptores de radiodi fus ion que solo funcionen con una fuente 6,554 50,077 13.09%210690 Las demas preparaciones al imenticias 7,689 59,786 12.86%480255 Papeles y cartones , s in estucar ni recubrir, de los tipos uti l i zados 2,837 22,437 12.65%020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gal lo o gal l ina s in trocear cong 13,972 111,295 12.55%470321 Pasta quimica de madera de coni feras semiblanqueadas o blan 15,719 128,887 12.20%200969 Jugo de uva , incl . el mosto, s in fermentar y s in adición de alcoho 20,290 168,216 12.06%071333 Alubia comun, seca desva inada 25,481 215,892 11.80%190531 Gal letas dulces (con adición de edulcorante) 2,689 22,810 11.79%080810 Manzanas frescas 16,481 160,052 10.30%180690 Los demas chocolates y demas preparaciones al imenticias que c 11,445 114,682 9.98%720918 Prod. l aminados planos en frio, espesor inferior a 0.5 mm hierro 1,317 13,391 9.84%370210 Pel i culas fotograficas en rol los , sens ibi l i zadas , s in impres ionar 3,061 31,865 9.61%230400 Tortas y demas res iduos sol idos de l a extraccion del acei te de so 657,142 6,976,814 9.42%230230 Sa lvados , moyuelos y demas res iduos del cernido o molienda y t 938 10,165 9.22%081320 C+B33iruelas desecadas o deshidratadas 5,291 60,687 8.72%120220 Cacahuates o manies , crudos , s in cascara, incluso quebrantados 14,571 171,924 8.48%230630 Tortas y res iduos sol idos extraccion de grasas o acei tes de gi ras 9,651 115,218 8.38%170490 Los demas articulos de confi teria s in cacao 6,987 86,749 8.05%030563 Anchoas sa ladas s in secar ni ahumar o en sa lmuera. 1,442 17,919 8.05%441114 Tableros de fibra de madera u otras materias leñosas , incluso a 4,416 55,015 8.03%151219 Los demas aceites de girasol o de cartamo y sus fracciones 6,560 82,148 7.99%220300 Cerveza de malta 1,404 18,653 7.53%392092 Las demas placas ,hojas ,pel iculas ,bandas y l amina, de pol iamid 884 12,219 7.24%

Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.

Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total exportado mayor de 7% y exportaciones hacia Africa iguales o superiores a 800 mil dólares de EE.UU.

África como un receptor importante de la Oferta Exportable Argentina:Subpartidas Relevantes


152

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares, 2009)

Imp. de África del Mundo

(Miles de dólares, 2009)Razón

TOTAL Todos los productos 3,045,148 414,269,069 0.74%230400 Tortas y demas res iduos sol idos de la extraccion del acei te de so 752,348 986,957 76.23%410449 Cueros y pieles , de bovino, incl . el búfalo, o de equino, en estado 2,844 3,836 74.14%030799 Los demas moluscos e invertebrados secos , sa lados o en sa lmue 1,667 2,611 63.85%020220 Carne de bovinos en trozos s in deshuesar, congelada. 14,624 23,914 61.15%030378 Merluzas congeladas , excluidos fi letes , higados huevas y l echas 6,920 12,761 54.23%330113 Aceites esencia les , de l imon. 1,479 3,030 48.81%081320 Ciruelas desecadas o deshidratadas 5,466 11,513 47.48%320110 Extracto de quebracho 764 1,611 47.42%120220 Cacahuates o manies , crudos , s in cascara , incluso quebrantados 25,678 57,695 44.51%370210 Pel iculas fotograficas en rol los , sens ibi l i zadas , s in impres ionar 4,087 10,532 38.81%150790 Los demas aceites de soja y sus fracciones , incluso refinados , pe 83,449 217,915 38.29%230110 Harina, polvo y pel lets , de carne o despojos ; chicharrones . 8,481 23,291 36.41%200969 Jugo de uva, incl . el mosto, s in fermentar y s in adición de alcoho 13,379 40,147 33.33%151211 Aceite de girasol o de cartamo, y sus fracciones en bruto 170,651 592,191 28.82%030563 Anchoas sa ladas s in secar ni ahumar o en sa lmuera. 1,908 6,819 27.98%020629 Los demas despojos comestibles de bovinos , congelados . 26,801 108,384 24.73%150710 Aceite de soja en bruto, incluso desgomado. 275,559 1,144,292 24.08%410441 Plena flor s in dividi r o divididos con la flor, en estado seco crus t, 4,303 18,804 22.88%230630 Tortas y res iduos sol idos extraccion de grasas o aceites de giraso 10,096 46,356 21.78%071333 Alubia comun, seca desva inada 30,456 141,705 21.49%281310 Disul furo de carbono. 696 4,172 16.68%100590 Los demas maices 417,615 2,507,856 16.65%160250 Preparaciones y conservas , de la especie bovina. 10,735 64,491 16.65%292320 Leci tinas y demas fosfoaminol ipidos 1,722 10,802 15.94%080820 Peras y membri l los frescos . 2,629 19,677 13.36%050400 Tripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescado 20,055 151,399 13.25%040221 Leche en polvo, s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo. 175,365 1,342,486 13.06%030499 Fi letes y demás carne de pescado (incluso picada), frescos , refrig 1,224 9,516 12.86%040900 Miel natura l de abejas 1,369 10,689 12.81%010190 Cabal los , asnos , mulos y burdéganos , vivos (exc. reproductores d 1,497 12,605 11.88%510219 Pelo fino, s in cardar ni peinar (exc. lana y pelo de cabra de Cache 664 5,695 11.66%180690 Los demas chocolates y demas preparaciones al imenticias que c 17,136 154,819 11.07%080810 Manzanas frescas 25,893 240,831 10.75%151521 Aceite de maiz y sus fracciones , en bruto. 6,399 60,567 10.57%150200 Grasas de animales de las especies bovina, ovina o caprina , en 6,263 59,587 10.51%200811 Manies y cacahuates preparados o en conserva, incluso azucarad 3,376 36,446 9.26%120100 Habas de soja , incluso quebrantadas . 80,978 885,438 9.15%392092 Las demas placas ,hojas ,pel i culas ,bandas y l amina, de pol iamida 728 8,300 8.77%470321 Pasta quimica de madera de coni feras semiblanqueadas o blanq 11,255 128,726 8.74%120600 Semi l las de girasol (maravi l la ; hel ianthus annuus l .) 5,931 69,923 8.48%110220 Harina de maiz 6,073 72,876 8.33%040120 Leche y nata , s in concentrar ni edulcorar con un cont. sup.1% e in 8,279 101,025 8.20%730419 Tubos y perfi les huecos , s in soldadura (s in costura), de hierro o a 42,623 542,550 7.86%030429 Fi letes y demás carne de pescado (incluso picada), frescos , refrig 3,420 45,479 7.52%100300 Cebada 10,684 160,308 6.66%441114 Tableros de fibra de madera u otras materias leñosas , incluso a 3,011 48,331 6.23%020230 Carne de bovinos deshuesada, congelada 45,324 755,238 6.00%730429 Los demas tubos y perfi les huecos s in soldaduras de hierro o ace 141,117 2,368,311 5.96%020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gal lo o gal l ina s in trocear conge 14,962 263,376 5.68%190590 Los demas productos de panaderia , pasteleria o gal leteria . 6,790 119,738 5.67%271312 Coque de petroleo, ca lcinado. 7,417 135,664 5.47%852721 Receptores de radiodi fus ion que solo funcionen con una fuente 2,868 52,889 5.42%020622 Higados de bovinos , congelados . 3,367 67,103 5.02%170230 Glucosa y jarabe de glucosa, s in fructosa o con contenido de fruc 3,671 73,233 5.01%151790 Las demas preparaciones al imenticias de grasas o de aceites , an 5,712 117,965 4.84%030379 Los demas pescados congelados , excluidos fi letes , higados , hue 40,746 851,377 4.79%200799 Las demas compotas , ja leas , mermeladas , pures y pastas de frut 2,729 58,967 4.63%441011 Tableros l lamados waferboard, incl .los l lamados oriented s trand 2,529 55,334 4.57%040490 Los demas productos de componentes naturales de la leche, incl 3,175 69,665 4.56%200410 Patatas (papas), preparadas o conservadas , excepto vinagre o ac 1,795 43,796 4.10%040510 Mantequi l la 9,631 241,103 3.99%681181 Manufacturas de amiantocemento, celulosacemento o s imi lares 665 16,689 3.98%020714 Trozos y despojos de gal lo o gal l ina, congelados 22,336 587,427 3.80%210610 Concentrados de proteinas y sustancias proteicas texturadas 1,003 27,217 3.69%170490 Los demas articulos de confi teria s in cacao 7,586 214,026 3.54%871620 Remolques y semirremolques autocargadores o autodescargado 659 20,040 3.29%


Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total importado por Africa mayor de 3% y exportaciones hacia Africa iguales o superiores a 500 mil dólares de EE.UU.

Argentina como un Proveedor Importante para África:Subpartidas Relevantes


153

Código del


Exp. Argentina

hacia África

Exp. Argentina

al Mundo

Imp. de África

del Mundo Potencial Real

TOTAL Todos los productos 3,045,148 55,669,064 414,269,069 13.44% 0.74%100590 Los demas maices 417,615 1,482,041 2,507,856 59.1% 16.7%120100 Habas de soja , incluso quebrantadas . 80,978 1,675,156 885,438 189.2% 9.1%382490 Las demas preparaciones aglutinantes para moldes 41 938,968 769,030 122.1% 0.0%020230 Carne de bovinos deshuesada, congelada . 45,324 802,497 755,238 106.3% 6.0%240120 Tabaco tota l o parcia lmente desvenado o desnervado 1,468 338,950 720,351 47.1% 0.2%870431 Los demas vehiculos para el transporte de mercancias con motor 0 400,269 583,057 68.7% 0.0%110100 Harina de trigo y de morcajo o tranqui l lon 5,228 294,838 558,676 52.8% 0.9%870321 Los demas vehiculos con motor de embolo o pis ton a l ternativo, d 0 712,624 550,114 129.5% 0.0%110710 Malta , s in tostar 0 194,464 459,306 42.3% 0.0%260300 Minerales de cobre y sus concentrados . 0 1,182,377 443,555 266.6% 0.0%380893 Insecticidas , raticidas y demás anti rroedores , fungicidas , herbici 365 216,001 404,471 53.4% 0.1%020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gal lo o ga l l ina s in trocear conge 14,962 121,691 263,376 46.2% 5.7%230990 Las demas preparaciones del tipo uti l i zadas para la a l imentacio 1,432 146,798 259,513 56.6% 0.6%220421 Los demas vinos ; mosto de uva en recipientes con capacidad infe 3,872 565,114 257,521 219.4% 1.5%080810 Manzanas frescas 25,893 146,352 240,831 60.8% 10.8%170490 Los demas articulos de confi teria s in cacao 7,586 86,513 214,026 40.4% 3.5%870840 Cajas de cambio 2,166 454,848 185,091 245.7% 1.2%271112 Propano, l i cuado 0 268,628 176,445 152.2% 0.0%100300 Cebada 10,684 189,317 160,308 118.1% 6.7%271121 Gas natura l , en estado gaseoso 0 460,724 159,036 289.7% 0.0%180690 Los demas chocolates y demas preparaciones a l imenticias que c 17,136 125,206 154,819 80.9% 11.1%050400 Tripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescado 20,055 64,182 151,399 42.4% 13.2%151219 Los demas acei tes de girasol o de cartamo y sus fracciones 2,343 75,912 147,179 51.6% 1.6%470321 Pasta quimica de madera de coni feras semiblanqueadas o blanq 11,255 128,890 128,726 100.1% 8.7%100510 Semi l las de maiz (zea mays l .) 34 130,490 128,186 101.8% 0.0%760120 Aleaciones de a luminio, en bruto 56 136,697 122,911 111.2% 0.0%030613 Camarones , langostinos , quisqui l las 920 321,507 122,135 263.2% 0.8%151790 Las demas preparaciones a l imenticias de grasas o de acei tes , an 5,712 144,717 117,965 122.7% 4.8%390190 Los demas pol imeros de eti leno en formas primarias . 0 175,998 117,944 149.2% 0.0%100700 Sorgo para grano 115 131,262 114,365 114.8% 0.1%330720 Desodorantes corporales y anti transpirantes 885 198,031 107,781 183.7% 0.8%070310 Cebol las y cha lotes , frescos o refrigerados 0 47,177 103,310 45.7% 0.0%350691 Adhes ivos a base de caucho o de materias plasticas (incluidas la 808 56,431 99,906 56.5% 0.8%271119 Los demas gas de petroleo y demas hidrocarburos 0 139,129 89,440 155.6% 0.0%730459 Los demas tubos y perfi les huecos ,seccion ci rcular de los demas 1,089 38,995 88,663 44.0% 1.2%760110 Aluminio en bruto, s in a lear 0 330,110 74,923 440.6% 0.0%150910 Aceite de ol iva, vi rgen 76 59,240 73,258 80.9% 0.1%220429 Los demas vinos y mostos de uva 56 51,467 72,722 70.8% 0.1%120600 Semi l las de girasol (maravi l la ; hel ianthus annuus l .) 5,931 98,886 69,923 141.4% 8.5%391732 Los demas tubos flexibles de plastico, s in reforzar ni combinar co 1,464 33,377 67,981 49.1% 2.2%020622 Higados de bovinos , congelados 3,367 28,965 67,103 43.2% 5.0%760511 Alambre de aluminio s in a lear,con la mayor dimens ion de la sec 202 31,188 67,005 46.5% 0.3%841090 Partes , incluidos los reguladores de turbinas y ruedas hidraul ica 0 27,097 66,053 41.0% 0.0%160250 Preparaciones y conservas , de la especie bovina. 10,735 207,301 64,491 321.4% 16.6%410712 Cueros preparados después del curtido o del secado y cueros y p 4 40,152 64,141 62.6% 0.0%150200 Grasas de animales de las especies bovina, ovina o caprina, en 6,263 26,211 59,587 44.0% 10.5%200799 Las demas compotas , ja leas , mermeladas , pures y pastas de frut 2,729 26,831 58,967 45.5% 4.6%230910 Al imentos para perros o gatos , acondicionados para la venta al p 272 68,829 57,853 119.0% 0.5%100620 Arroz descascari l lado (arroz cargo o arroz pardo) 10 45,429 56,890 79.9% 0.0%441011 Tableros l lamados waferboard, incl .los l lamados oriented strand 2,529 30,758 55,334 55.6% 4.6%410791 Plena flor s in dividi r, de trozos , hojas o placas de cueros prepara 346 37,073 54,410 68.1% 0.6%290250 Esti reno 0 35,145 53,850 65.3% 0.0%852721 Receptores de radiodi fus ion que solo funcionen con una fuente 2,868 30,649 52,889 57.9% 5.4%720712 Los demas semiproducto hierro o acero, de seccion transversal re 0 96,905 52,011 186.3% 0.0%780110 Plomo en bruto, refinado 0 31,443 50,868 61.8% 0.0%720916 Prod. laminados planos en frio, de espesor sup a 1mm pero infer 0 26,816 50,689 52.9% 0.0%842630 Gruas sobre porticos 0 27,873 48,417 57.6% 0.0%441114 Tableros de fibra de madera u otras materias leñosas , incluso a 3,011 49,282 48,331 102.0% 6.2%843230 Sembradoras , plantadoras y transplantadoras . 695 22,812 46,650 48.9% 1.5%200979 Jugo de manzana, s in fermentar y s in adición de alcohol , incl . con 0 41,412 45,864 90.3% 0.0%030429 Fi letes y demás carne de pescado (incluso picada), frescos , refrig 3,420 314,494 45,479 691.5% 7.5%200410 Patatas (papas), preparadas o conservadas , excepto vinagre o ac 1,795 103,526 43,796 236.4% 4.1%350110 Caseina 0 41,743 43,759 95.4% 0.0%230120 Harina, polvo y pel lets , de pescado o de crustaceos , moluscos o d 0 31,457 40,683 77.3% 0.0%070320 Ajos frescos o refrigerados 0 112,383 40,319 278.7% 0.0%040410 Lactosuero, incluso concentrado, azucarado o edulcorado de otro 701 37,209 40,196 92.6% 1.7%


Criterio: 1) Razón de potencial exportador superior al 40%, 2) Importaciones de Africa superiores a 40 millones en cada supartida, 3) Razón de exportación real menor o igual a 20%.

Oportunidades de Negocios de Argentina en el Mercado AfricanoSubpartidas Relevantes

(Miles de dólares, 2009) % de Exportaciones


154 BRAZIL

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)


TOTAL Todos los productos 9,370,011 100.00% n.a170111 Azucar de cana en bruto sin aromatizar ni colorear, en estado solido 1,309,361 13.97% 13.97%

170199 Las demas azucar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa quimicamente puras. 1,116,041 11.91% 25.88%

260112 Minerales de hierro y sus concentrados aglomerados 520,671 5.56% 31.44%

020230 Carne de bovinos deshuesada, congelada. 518,055 5.53% 36.97%

271011 Alcohol de aviación 400,274 4.27% 41.24%

020714 Trozos y despojos de gallo o gallina, congelados 286,375 3.06% 44.30%

020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gallo o gallina sin trocear congelados 189,616 2.02% 46.32%

100590 Los demas maices 188,566 2.01% 48.33%

150710 Aceite de soja en bruto, incluso desgomado. 162,275 1.73% 50.07%

240120 Tabaco total o parcialmente desvenado o desnervado 150,970 1.61% 51.68%

870600 Chasis de vehiculos automoviles de las partidas 8701 a 8705, con el mo 138,838 1.48% 53.16%

880240 Aviones y demas vehiculos aereos, de peso en vacio, superior a 15000 k 132,038 1.41% 54.57%

281820 Los demas oxidos de aluminio 124,608 1.33% 55.90%

870190 Los demas tractores 108,910 1.16% 57.06%

870120 Tractores de carretera para semirremolques 108,875 1.16% 58.22%

100630 Arroz semiblanqueado o blanqueado, incluso pulido o glaseado 104,464 1.11% 59.34%

870790 Carrocerias de los demas vehiculos 79,776 0.85% 60.19%

120100 Habas de soja, incluso quebrantadas. 78,522 0.84% 61.03%

150790 Los demas aceites de soja y sus fracciones, incluso refinados, pero si 74,418 0.79% 61.82%

870423 Vehiculo automoviles para el transporte de mercancias de peso total co 73,463 0.78% 62.61%

870431 Los demas vehiculos para el transporte de mercancias con motor de embo 73,453 0.78% 63.39%

220710 Alcohol etilico sin desnaturalizar con un grado alcoholico volumetrico 65,340 0.70% 64.09%

721420 Barras hierro con muescas, cordones, huecos o relieve obtenidos durant 62,831 0.67% 64.76%

020727 Trozos y despojos de pavo congelados 57,937 0.62% 65.38%

100190 Los demas trigo y morcajo o tranquillon 57,113 0.61% 65.98%

100640 Arroz partido 54,496 0.58% 66.57%

842911 Topadoras, incluso las angulares, de orugas 53,433 0.57% 67.14%

292242 Acido glutamicos y sus sales 49,631 0.53% 67.67%

850423 Transformadores de dielectrico liquido de potencia superior a 10.000 k 48,568 0.52% 68.18%

870210 Vehiculos automoviles para el transporte de personas con motor de embo 45,761 0.49% 68.67%

870829 Las demas partes y accesorios de carroceria, incluidas las cabinas, ex 44,940 0.48% 69.15%

721391 Los demas alambron de seccion circular con diametro inferior a 14 mm 43,186 0.46% 69.61%

871639 Carros de arrastre 42,850 0.46% 70.07%

020329 Las demas carnes de porcino, congeladas. 40,850 0.44% 70.51%

940360 Los demas muebles de madera 38,000 0.41% 70.91%

170490 Los demas articulos de confiteria sin cacao 36,444 0.39% 71.30%

870899 Las demas partes y accesorios de vehiculos automoviles 35,669 0.38% 71.68%

940600 Construcciones prefabricadas 35,557 0.38% 72.06%

390110 Polietileno de densidad inferior a 0,94 34,562 0.37% 72.43%

841430 Compresores del tipo de los utilizados en los equipos frigorificos. 33,337 0.36% 72.79%

880230 Aviones y demas vehiculos aereos, de peso en vacio, superior a 2000 kg 32,790 0.35% 73.14%

160100 Embutidos y productos similares, de carne, de despojos o de sangre; pr 32,719 0.35% 73.49%

090111 Cafe sin tostar, sin descafeinar. 32,509 0.35% 73.83%

842920 Niveladoras 32,330 0.35% 74.18%

160250 Preparaciones y conservas, de la especie bovina 31,850 0.34% 74.52%

730890 Fierro de construccion estructurado 31,599 0.34% 74.85%

730429 Los demas tubos y perfiles huecos sin soldaduras de hierro o acero 31,056 0.33% 75.19%

040221 Leche en polvo, sin azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo. 29,959 0.32% 75.51%

390120 Polietileno de densidad igual o superior a 0,94 27,062 0.29% 75.79%

860210 Locomotoras diesel‐electricas 26,617 0.28% 76.08%

732111 Aparatos de coccion y calientaplato 21,665 0.23% 76.31%

110220 Harina de maiz 21,338 0.23% 76.54%

690890 Las demas baldosas y azulejos esmaltados (revestimientos ceramicos) 21,076 0.22% 76.76%

040299 Las demas leches y natas concentradas azucadas o edulcoradas 20,389 0.22% 76.98%

843359 Las demas maquinas y aparatos para la recoleccion 20,298 0.22% 77.20%

480255 Papeles y cartones, sin estucar ni recubrir, de los tipos utilizados para escri 20,251 0.22% 77.41%

850300 Partes identificables como destinadas exclusivamente a las maquinas de 19,964 0.21% 77.63%

040700 Huevos de ave con cascara, frescos, conservados o cocidos 19,325 0.21% 77.83%

440710 Madera aserrada o desbastada longitudinalmente de coniferas. 17,936 0.19% 78.02%

021020 Carne de bovinos salada o en salmuera, seca o ahumada. 17,783 0.19% 78.21%

850153 Los demas motores corriente alterna, polifasicos, de potencia superior 17,523 0.19% 78.40%

940350 Muebles de madera del tipo de los utilizados en los dormitorios 17,338 0.19% 78.59%

190531 Galletas dulces (con adición de edulcorante) 16,474 0.18% 78.76%

480256 Papeles y cartones, sin estucar ni recubrir, de los tipos utilizados para escri 16,241 0.17% 78.93%

842481 Los demas aparatos para la agricultura o la horticultura 16,102 0.17% 79.11%

847432 Máquinas para mezclar materias minerales con asfalto 15,768 0.17% 79.27%

870422 Vehiculos automoviles transporte de mercancias de peso total con carga 15,295 0.16% 79.44%

840734 Motores de embolo alternativo para automoviles, tractores y demas vehi 14,110 0.15% 79.59%

840991 Partes identificables a los motores de embolo de encendido por chispa 13,842 0.15% 79.74%

854610 Aisladores electricos, de vidrio. 13,760 0.15% 79.88%

850152 Motores de corriente alterna, polifasicos, de potencia superior a 750 13,521 0.14% 80.03%Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.Criterio : Principales subpartidas de exportación de Brasil hacia Africa, de tal forma que acumulen en 80% del to tal exportado.

Principales Subpartidas de la Oferta Exportable Brasileña hacia África


155

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Exp. al Mundo

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Razón

TOTAL Todos los productos 9,370,011 184,284,155 5.08%890610 Navíos de guerra de todo tipo 7,923 7,923 100.00%870530 camiones de bomberos. 5,551 5,653 98.18%110220 harina de maiz. 21,338 22,153 96.32%721691 los demas perfi les obtenidos o acabados en frio, a partir de prod 3,470 3,683 94.22%293030 mono‐,di‐o tetrasulfuros de tiourama 800 855 93.61%731431 las demas redes y rejas soldadas en los puntos de cruce cincada 5,135 5,747 89.36%240220 cigarri llos que contengan tabaco. 12,777 14,539 87.88%020622 higados de bovinos, congelados. 2,891 3,393 85.19%860210 locomotoras diesel‐electricas. 26,617 32,583 81.69%860692 los demas vagones para transporte mercancias sobre riel, abier 4,807 5,900 81.47%860730 ganchos y demas sistemas de enganche, topes, y sus partes, de v 5,929 7,409 80.02%300339 los demas medicamentos que contengan insulina 1,262 1,587 79.50%230120 harina, polvo y pellets, de pescado o de crustaceos, moluscos o 2,155 2,725 79.10%100640 arroz partido. 54,496 69,771 78.11%700729 los demas vidrios laminados de seguridad 969 1,241 78.08%731010 depositos,barri les, y similares, de capacidad superior o igual a 5,155 6,611 77.97%761010 puertas, ventanas y sus marcos, bastidores y umbrales, de alum 3,299 4,253 77.58%110313 grañones y semola de maiz 7,700 9,962 77.30%871640 los demas remolques y semirremolques 949 1,263 75.09%847439 las demas maquinas y aparatos para mezclar o malaxar tierras, 5,761 7,912 72.82%853080 los demas aparatos electricos de senalizacion, para carretera, e 1,205 1,665 72.39%731420 enrejados de alambre soldados en puntos de cruce, con alambre 2,786 3,932 70.86%870590 los demas vehiculos tales como coches barredores, regadores y 10,263 14,542 70.57%021020 carne de bovinos salada o en salmuera, seca o ahumada. 17,783 25,652 69.32%620530 camisas de fibras sinteticas o artificiales, para hombres o niños 854 1,236 69.10%391723 tubos rigidos de polimeros de cloruro de vinilo 6,418 9,300 69.01%842389 balanzas de funciones multiples 1,946 2,823 68.95%730840 material de andamiaje, de encofrado o de apuntalado de fundici 2,061 3,031 68.00%252329 los demas cemento portland 10,615 15,664 67.77%845899 los demas tornos, excepto horizontales o de control numerico. 1,636 2,466 66.35%690510 tejas ceramicas. 2,848 4,384 64.96%680911 placas, paneles revestidos o reforzados exclusivamente con pap 1,277 1,971 64.80%100630 arroz semiblanqueado o blanqueado, incluso pulido o glaseado 104,464 161,309 64.76%721661 perfiles simplemente acabados en frio obte. de prod. laminado p 995 1,543 64.51%841710 hornos para tostacion, fusion u otros tratamientos termicos de l 1,228 1,932 63.54%860699 los demas vagones para el transporte de mercancias sobre riele 3,077 4,861 63.30%842691 las demas maquinas y aparatos proyectados para montar vehicu 1,370 2,204 62.15%870510 camiones‐grua. 1,927 3,139 61.40%040210 leche en polvo, granulos u otras formas, materia grasa inferior o 863 1,409 61.24%220900 vinagre comestible y sucedaneos comestibles de vinagre obtenid 1,036 1,695 61.14%846592 cepilladoras; maquinas fresar o moldurar, para trabajar madera 1,115 1,846 60.39%843830 maquinas y aparatos para la industria azucarera. 10,994 18,794 58.50%847751 las demas maquinas y aparatos para moldear o recauchutar neu 2,084 3,578 58.24%846150 sierras o tronzadoras para metales. 928 1,621 57.22%150200 grasas de animales de las especies bovina, ovina o caprina, en b 1,250 2,251 55.54%841311 bombas distribucion carburante o lubricante tipo usada gasolin 8,772 16,134 54.37%841939 los demas secadoras 6,790 12,535 54.17%847740 maquinas para moldear en vacio y demas maquinas para termo 1,544 2,913 53.02%841440 compresores de aire montados en chasis remolcable, de ruedas. 1,298 2,538 51.14%940320 los demas muebles de metal 12,501 24,507 51.01%020220 carne de bovinos en trozos sin deshuesar, congelada. 4,395 8,648 50.82%681181 Manufacturas de amiantocemento, celulosacemento o similares 2,186 4,401 49.66%250100 sal (incluida la de mesa y la desnaturalizada) y cloruro de sodio 6,038 12,377 48.79%252310 cementos sin pulverizar (cl inca), aunque esten coloreados. 6,528 13,915 46.91%

África como un receptor importante de la Oferta Exportable Brasileña:Subpartidas Relevantes


156

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Exp. al Mundo

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Razón

940600 construcciones prefabricadas 35,557 77,774 45.72%511211 tejido de lana peinada o de pelo fino peinado,con un contenido d 1,669 3,653 45.68%284910 carburo de calcio 2,037 4,541 44.85%170199 las demas azucar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa quimicame 1,116,041 2,562,492 43.55%847480 las demas maquinas y aparatos para aglomerar, moldear pastas 8,664 20,060 43.19%847431 hormigoneras y aparatos para amasar cemento. 2,845 6,715 42.37%841620 los demas quemadores, incluidos los mixtos, para la alimentaci 920 2,173 42.32%854610 aisladores electricos, de vidrio. 13,760 32,685 42.10%040291 las demas leches sin azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo 1,635 3,886 42.09%847759 las demas maquinas y aparatos para moldear o formar cauchos 1,123 2,695 41.67%040690 los demas quesos. 2,544 6,206 40.99%010210 bovinos reproductores de raza pura, vivos. 4,462 10,891 40.97%250810 bentonita. 2,854 7,029 40.60%040510 mantequil la 4,576 11,376 40.22%871639 carros de arrastre 42,850 107,436 39.88%847910 maquinas y aparatos para obras publicas, construccion o traba 2,936 7,374 39.81%190531 Galletas dulces (con adición de edulcorante) 16,474 41,538 39.66%843352 las demas maquinas y aparatos para tri llar. 1,346 3,423 39.32%160239 las demas preparaciones de aves de la partida 0105 2,097 5,334 39.31%271011 Acohol de aviación 400,274 1,024,916 39.05%100620 arroz descascarillado (arroz cargo o arroz pardo) 3,949 10,168 38.84%020727 trozos y despojos de pavo congelados 57,937 149,649 38.72%840211 calderas de vapor, acuotubulares, produccion vapor superior a 8,093 20,955 38.62%850720 los demas acumuladores de plomo. 2,950 7,763 38.00%841780 los demas hornos industriales o de laboratorio, que no sean ele 2,281 6,015 37.91%730830 puertas, ventanas y sus marcos, bastidores y umbrales,de fundic 1,131 3,012 37.56%441520 paletas, paletas‐caja y otras plataformas para carga, de madera 3,524 9,665 36.46%110423 granos de maiz, mondados, perlados, troceados o triturados. 2,504 6,876 36.41%190110 preparaciones para la alimentacion infantil acondicionadas pa 12,011 33,873 35.46%040299 las demas leches y natas concentradas azucadas o edulcoradas 20,389 57,560 35.42%100190 los demas trigo y morcajo o tranquillon 57,113 164,101 34.80%847432 maquinas para mezclar materias minerales con asfalto. 15,768 46,655 33.80%843780 las demas maquinas para la l impieza de semillas 1,346 3,986 33.77%843210 arados. 2,509 7,470 33.58%848060 moldes para materias minerales. 928 2,775 33.43%761410 cables, trenzas y similar, de aluminio, sin aislar, con alma de ac 2,426 7,391 32.82%391729 tubos rigidos, de los demas plasticos 2,710 8,286 32.71%220290 las demas bebidas no alcoholicas 3,026 9,374 32.29%843221 gradas de disco. 7,592 23,545 32.25%820140 hachas, hocinos y herramientas similares con fi lo 2,096 6,777 30.92%681140 Manufacturas de amiantocemento, celulosacemento o similares 3,304 10,716 30.83%890392 barcos con motor, de recreo o deporte, excepto con motores fuer 2,387 8,011 29.80%160413 sardinas, sardinelas y espadines en conserva, entero o en trozos 1,351 4,542 29.75%741300 cables, trenzas y articulos similares, de cobre, sin aislamiento e 811 2,742 29.56%870540 camiones‐hormigonera. 2,721 9,265 29.37%850163 generador corriente alterna, potencia superior 375 kva. e inferio 826 2,851 28.96%292242 acido glutamicos y sus sales. 49,631 172,950 28.70%830910 tapones corona, de metales comunes. 3,939 14,206 27.73%310230 nitrato de amonio, incluso en disolucion acuosa. 1,647 5,953 27.66%320910 pinturas y barnices a base de polimeros acril icos o vinil icos. 6,605 23,984 27.54%630533 los demas sacos de tiras o formas similares de polietileno o pol 2,881 10,670 27.00%730890 fierro de construccion estructurado 31,599 117,673 26.85%940510 lamparas y demas aparatos electricos de alumbrado, para colga 1,527 5,695 26.81%160249 las demas preparaciones y conservas, de porcino, incluidas las 6,672 25,196 26.48%190532 Barquil los y obleas, incluso rellenos gaufrettes, wafers y waffles 8,354 31,933 26.16%870895 Partes y accesorios de vehículos automóviles de las partidas 87 2,026 7,749 26.15%271312 coque de petroleo, calcinado. 9,786 37,457 26.13%721420 barras hierro con muescas, cordones, huecos o relieve obtenido 62,831 243,089 25.85%730300 tubos y perfiles huecos, de fundicion. 6,293 24,586 25.60%170490 los demas articulos de confiteria sin cacao 36,444 142,532 25.57%340212 agentes de superficie organicos cationicos, incluso acondiciona 829 3,295 25.17%


Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total exportado mayor de 25% y exportaciones hacia Africa iguales o superiores a 800 mil dólares de EE.UU.


157

Código del


Exp. hacia África




TOTAL Todos los productos 8,688,269 414,269,069 2.26%160231 Preparaciones y conservas, de pavo. 2,447 2,447 100.00%

021020 Carne de bovinos salada o en salmuera, seca o ahumada. 18,602 18,976 98.03%

170111 Azucar de cana en bruto sin aromatizar ni colorear, en estado solido. 1,234,129 1,620,189 76.17%

890610 Navíos de guerra de todo tipo 23,769 31,668 75.06%

170199 Las demas azucar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa quimicamente pura 1,078,447 1,451,502 74.30%

870600 Chasis de vehiculos automoviles de las partidas 8701 a 8705, con el mo 142,853 207,911 68.71%

290123 Buteno (butileno) y sus isomeros 5,654 8,370 67.55%

260112 Minerales de hierro y sus concentrados aglomerados 365,644 555,763 65.79%

291712 Acido adipico, sus sales y sus esteres 1,766 2,723 64.85%

220710 Alcohol etilico sin desnaturalizar con un grado alcoholico volumetrico 68,879 108,682 63.38%

870790 Carrocerias de los demas vehiculos 81,913 135,575 60.42%

020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gallo o gallina sin trocear congelados 155,491 263,376 59.04%

020230 Carne de bovinos deshuesada, congelada 430,411 755,238 56.99%

720293 Ferroniobio 5,475 9,637 56.81%

681140 Manufacturas de amiantocemento, celulosacemento o similares : Que co 5,134 9,061 56.66%

843359 Las demas maquinas y aparatos para la recoleccion. 18,031 32,507 55.47%

252490 Amianto (asbesto) : Los demás 2,666 5,287 50.43%

860730 Ganchos y demas sistemas de enganche, topes, y sus partes, de vehiculo 5,169 10,660 48.49%

320120 Extracto de mimosa (acacia). 1,636 3,384 48.35%

020714 Trozos y despojos de gallo o gallina, congelados 280,958 587,427 47.83%

190520 Pan de especias 1,200 2,519 47.64%

020130 Carne de bovinos deshuesada, fresca o refrigerada 6,638 14,743 45.02%

720110 Fundicion en bruto sin alear, contenido fosforo, en peso inefior o igu 6,700 15,585 42.99%

160250 Preparaciones y conservas, de la especie bovina. 26,692 64,491 41.39%

020727 Trozos y despojos de pavo congelados 52,097 133,456 39.04%

160239 Las demas preparaciones de aves de la partida 0105 2,208 5,850 37.74%

090411 Pimienta sin triturar ni pulverizar 10,505 27,846 37.73%

530500 Coco, abacá [cáñamo de manila (Musa textilis Nee)], ramio y demás fibras 3,330 8,886 37.47%

292242 Acido glutamicos y sus sales 48,989 140,299 34.92%

040299 Las demas leches y natas concentradas azucadas o edulcoradas 23,492 71,734 32.75%

020329 Las demas carnes de porcino, congeladas. 47,957 147,731 32.46%

280469 Los demas silicios, excepto conteniendo 99,99% o mas de sicilio. 2,162 6,732 32.12%

410792 Trozos, hojas o placas de cueros preparados después del curtido o del sec 5,974 18,869 31.66%

843221 Gradas de disco 6,540 20,690 31.61%

110220 Harina de maiz 22,340 72,876 30.65%

160249 Las demas preparaciones y conservas, de porcino, incluidas las mezclas 7,612 25,745 29.57%

846781 Sierras o tronzadoras de cadena, de uso manual 4,802 16,631 28.87%

200911 Jugo de naranja, congelado, sin fermentar y sin alcohol 2,662 9,652 27.58%

290919 Los demas eteres aciclicos y sus derivados halogenos., sulfonados., ni 2,313 8,747 26.44%

843230 Sembradoras, plantadoras y transplantadoras 12,199 46,650 26.15%

441192 Tableros de fibra de madera u otras materias leñosas, incluso aglomerad 7,142 27,798 25.69%

441520 Paletas, paletas‐caja y otras plataformas para carga, de madera 4,284 16,678 25.69%

860699 Los demas vagones para el transporte de mercancias sobre rieles. 1,652 6,651 24.84%

240120 Tabaco total o parcialmente desvenado o desnervado 175,329 720,351 24.34%

160100 Embutidos y productos similares, de carne, de despojos o de sangre; pr 32,629 137,990 23.65%

292213 Trietonolamina y sus sales 1,451 6,497 22.33%

152110 Ceras vegetales 1,307 6,049 21.61%

841013 Turbinas y ruedas hidraulicas potencia superior a 10000 kw. 2,437 11,456 21.27%

350300 Gelatinas (aunque se presenten en hojas cuadradas o rectangulares, inc 5,583 26,940 20.72%

240130 Desperdicios de tabaco 7,808 37,855 20.63%

281820 Los demas oxidos de aluminio 95,800 498,336 19.22%

410441 Plena flor sin dividir o divididos con la flor, en estado seco crust, de cueros 3,572 18,804 19.00%

110423 granos de maiz, mondados, perlados, troceados o triturados. 2,009 10,755 18.68%

400299 Los demas cauchos sinteticos y facticio 1,712 9,770 17.52%

731431 Las demas redes y rejas soldadas en los puntos de cruce cincadas 2,400 13,752 17.45%

480256 Papeles y cartones, sin estucar ni recubrir, de los tipos utilizados para esc 25,473 147,451 17.28%

160232 las demas preparaciones y conservas de carne, despojos de gallo,gallin 2,957 17,119 17.27%

170490 Los demas articulos de confiteria sin cacao 36,501 214,026 17.05%

391220 Nitrato de celulosa (incluidos los colodiones) 4,750 27,977 16.98%

681181 Manufacturas de amiantocemento, celulosacemento o similares : Que no 2,772 16,689 16.61%

760511 Alambre de aluminio sin alear,con la mayor dimension de la seccion tra 10,886 67,005 16.25%

020220 Carne de bovinos en trozos sin deshuesar, congelada. 3,853 23,914 16.11%

481930 Sacos y bolsas de papel, con una anchura en la base superior o igual a 8,678 53,876 16.11%

843830 Máquinas y aparatos para la industria azucarera. 16,197 105,346 15.38%

292241 Lisina y sus esteres; sales de estos productos 3,765 24,547 15.34%

120100 Habas de soja, incluso quebrantadas. 129,794 885,438 14.66%

854610 Aisladores electricos, de vidrio. 7,957 55,159 14.43%

291531 Acetato de etilo 4,355 30,235 14.40%

151229 Los demas aceites de algodon y sus fracciones 1,230 8,768 14.03%

040700 Huevos de ave con cascara, frescos, conservados o cocidos. 16,744 120,357 13.91%

250810 Bentonita 2,755 20,378 13.52%

151800 Grasas y aceites de animales o vegetales y sus fracciones, cocidos, ox 1,831 13,824 13.25%

842389 Balanzas de funciones multiples 5,107 38,660 13.21%

761410 Cables, trenzas y similar, de aluminio, sin aislar, con alma de acero, 4,682 35,534 13.18%

701342 Artículos de vidrio para servicio de mesa, cocina, tocador, baño, oficina, a 1,223 9,291 13.16%Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total importado por Africa mayor de 13% y exportaciones hacia Africa iguales o superiores a un millón de dólares de EE.UU.

Brasil como un Proveedor Importante para África:Subpartidas Relevantes


158

Código del


Exp. Brasil

hacia África

Exp. Brasil al

Mundo

Imp. de

África del

Mundo

Potencial Real

TOTAL Todos los productos 8,688,269 152,994,736 414,269,069 36.93% 2.10%880240 Aviones y demas vehiculos aereos, de peso en vacio, superior a 1 226,713 3,107,866 1,978,049 157.12% 11.46%150710 Aceite de soja en bruto, incluso desgomado. 141,721 1,040,869 1,144,292 90.96% 12.39%230400 Tortas y demas res iduos sol idos de la extraccion del acei te de so 21,871 4,592,651 986,957 465.33% 2.22%120100 Habas de soja , incluso quebrantadas . 129,794 11,424,283 885,438 1290.24% 14.66%840999 Las demas partes identi fi cables como destinadas a los motores 6,385 535,080 827,205 64.69% 0.77%880230 Aviones y demas vehiculos aereos, de peso en vacio, superior a 2 54,847 751,992 741,740 101.38% 7.39%401110 Neumaticos nuevos de caucho del tipo uti l i zado en automovi les 3,036 465,914 622,741 74.82% 0.49%740311 Catodos y secciones de catodos, de cobre refinado 0 417,704 547,647 76.27% 0.00%850300 Partes identi ficables como destinadas exclus ivamente a l as maq 13,233 521,671 530,402 98.35% 2.49%281820 Los demas oxidos de aluminio 95,800 1,298,459 498,336 260.56% 19.22%720720 Hierro o acero, con un contenido de carbono, enpeso, superior o i 12,151 288,359 454,293 63.47% 2.67%090111 Cafe s in tostar, s in descafeinar. 27,886 3,761,283 444,395 846.38% 6.28%260300 Minera les de cobre y sus concentrados . 0 803,013 443,555 181.04% 0.00%842920 Niveladoras 22,967 229,680 367,904 62.43% 6.24%841430 Compresores del tipo de los uti l i zados en los equipos frigori ficos 31,680 489,066 349,185 140.06% 9.07%840991 Partes identi ficables a los motores de embolo de encendido por 10,342 377,879 332,161 113.76% 3.11%870830 Partes y accesorios de vehículos automóvi les de las partidas 8701 8,410 271,974 309,611 87.84% 2.72%520100 Algodon s in cardar ni peinar. 3,947 684,577 266,863 256.53% 1.48%840820 Motores de embolo de encendido por compres ion (motores diese 5,429 247,925 250,926 98.80% 2.16%841112 Turborreactores , de empuje superior a 25 kn. 16,267 247,878 244,564 101.36% 6.65%940350 Muebles de madera del tipo de los uti l i zados en los dormitorios 16,844 233,731 239,553 97.57% 7.03%870850 Ejes con di ferencia l , incluso con otros organos de transmis ion, de 6,024 231,913 228,321 101.57% 2.64%870880 Amortiguadores de suspens ion, de vehiculos automovi les . 3,138 148,251 225,565 65.72% 1.39%730511 Tubos usado oleoductosy gasoductos ,soldados longi tudina lment 0 231,533 218,951 105.75% 0.00%150790 Los demas aceites de soja y sus fracciones , incluso refinados , pe 25,387 193,056 217,915 88.59% 11.65%170490 Los demas arti culos de confi teria s in cacao 36,501 136,517 214,026 63.79% 17.05%380892 Insecticidas , raticidas y demás anti rroedores , fungicidas , herbicid 386 141,319 210,805 67.04% 0.18%870893 Embragues y sus partes , para vehiculos automovi les . 6,885 124,383 206,114 60.35% 3.34%640399 Los demas ca l zados con suela de caucho, de plas tico o de cuero n 5,918 655,206 198,351 330.33% 2.98%841330 Bombas de carburante, de acei te o de refrigerante para motores 2,427 137,849 193,514 71.23% 1.25%720851 Los demas prod. laminados s in enrol lar, laminados en ca l iente e 204 192,117 188,187 102.09% 0.11%440799 Las demas madera tropica les aserradas o desbastadas longitudi 728 133,999 187,828 71.34% 0.39%870840 Cajas de cambio 4,946 238,995 185,091 129.12% 2.67%870870 Ruedas y sus partes y accesorios de vehiculos automovi les . 2,380 131,360 180,987 72.58% 1.32%480411 Papel y carton kraft, para caras (cubiertas), crudo, en bobina o en 11,833 119,940 180,605 66.41% 6.55%848310 Arboles de transmis ion (incluidos los de levas y los cigueñales) y 4,194 170,257 177,557 95.89% 2.36%441239 Madera contrachapada, madera chapada y madera estrati ficada s 10,953 278,808 169,760 164.24% 6.45%481092 Papel y cartón multicapas , estucados por una o las dos caras con 8,764 124,577 164,950 75.52% 5.31%640220 Calzado con l a parte superior de ti ras o bridas fi jas a la suela po 9,596 142,975 163,418 87.49% 5.87%830710 Tubos flexibles , de hierro o de acero, incluso con accesorios . 93 489,496 161,141 303.77% 0.06%850153 Los demas motores corriente alterna, pol i fas icos , de potencia su 19,431 307,361 155,874 197.19% 12.47%330590 Las demas preparaciones capi lares 2,290 106,836 152,928 69.86% 1.50%050400 Tripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescado 7,655 314,477 151,399 207.71% 5.06%480256 Papeles y cartones, s in estucar ni recubrir, de los tipos uti l i zados 25,473 477,144 147,451 323.59% 17.28%750210 Niquel s in alear, en bruto 0 140,912 139,487 101.02% 0.00%850152 Motores de corriente al terna , pol i fas icos , de potencia superior a 9,157 130,472 132,136 98.74% 6.93%010290 Los demas bovinos vivos . 6,000 433,081 130,090 332.91% 4.61%210111 Extractos , esencias y concentrados a base de cafe 7,925 486,213 127,657 380.87% 6.21%760612 Chapas y bandas aleaciones aluminio, cuadrada o rectangular, e 4,172 171,898 125,363 137.12% 3.33%760120 Aleaciones de aluminio, en bruto. 3,261 195,874 122,911 159.36% 2.65%330610 Denti fricos 9,450 88,645 120,383 73.64% 7.85%040700 Huevos de ave con cascara , frescos , conservados o cocidos . 16,744 76,096 120,357 63.23% 13.91%720917 Prod. l aminados planos en frio, espesor superior o igua l 0,5mm, i 2,267 76,973 117,542 65.49% 1.93%640610 Cortes aparados y sus partes , con exclus ion de los contrafuertes y 10 78,914 116,136 67.95% 0.01%845530 Ci l indros de laminadores 3,473 107,080 114,193 93.77% 3.04%441820 Puertas y sus marcos y umbrales . 8,007 149,128 112,298 132.80% 7.13%020629 Los demas despojos comestibles de bovinos , congelados . 11,536 176,120 108,384 162.50% 10.64%870894 Volantes , columnas y cajas de di reccion, de vehiculos automovi le 1,436 96,730 104,048 92.97% 1.38%401163 Neumáticos l lantas neumáticas nuevos de caucho, con al tos rel ie 12,559 68,316 103,800 65.82% 12.10%720852 Los demas prod. laminados ca l iente s in enrol lar espesor sup o ig 92 134,243 101,913 131.72% 0.09%440729 Las demas maderas aserradas o desbastadas longi tudina lmente 224 122,558 91,935 133.31% 0.24%720838 Los demas enrol lados s implemente laminados en ca l iente espe 2,546 96,443 84,506 114.13% 3.01%680293 Granito, de ta l la o de construccion. 6,904 433,036 84,239 514.06% 8.20%840682 Las demas turbinas de potencia inferior o i gua l a 40 mw 1,149 58,528 81,668 71.67% 1.41%850450 Las demas bobinas de reactancia y de autoinduccion. 1,273 50,170 81,462 61.59% 1.56%481029 Los demas papel y carton tipo usado escribir, imprimir u otros fin 29 109,833 80,595 136.28% 0.04%

Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.Criterio: 1) Razón de potencial exportador superior al 60%, 2) Importaciones de Africa superiores a 80 millones en cada supartida, 3) Razón de exportación real menor o igual a 20%.

Oportunidades de Negocios de Brasil en el Mercado AfricanoSubpartidas Relevantes



159 MEXICO

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)


TOTAL Todos los productos 635,942 100.0% n.a100110 Trigo duro 196,600 30.9% 30.9%

730429 Los demás tubos y perfiles huecos sin soldaduras de hierro o acero 103,740 16.3% 47.2%

870190 Los demás tractores 26,440 4.2% 51.4%

730419 Tubos y perfiles huecos, sin soldadura (sin costura), de hierro o acero : Tubos de los tip 25,060 3.9% 55.3%

851762 Aparatos para la recepción, conversión y transmisión o regeneración de voz, imagen u o 23,581 3.7% 59.0%

851712 Teléfonos, incluidos los teléfonos móviles (celulares) y los de otras redes inalámbricas; 19,797 3.1% 62.1%

071320 Garbanzos secos 19,658 3.1% 65.2%

870829 Las demás partes y accesorios de carroceria, incluidas las cabinas, ex 14,893 2.3% 67.6%

840219 Las demás calderas de vapor, incluidas las calderas mixtas 8,431 1.3% 68.9%

851770 Teléfonos, incluidos los teléfonos móviles (celulares) y los de otras redes inalámbricas; 5,927 0.9% 69.8%

220890 Los demas gin y ginebra 5,716 0.9% 70.7%

843230 Sembradoras, plantadoras y transplantadoras 5,070 0.8% 71.5%

300230 Vacunas para la medicina veterinaria 4,984 0.8% 72.3%

210210 Levaduras vivas 4,642 0.7% 73.0%

852352 Discos, cintas, dispositivos de almacenamiento permanente de datos a base de semicon 4,461 0.7% 73.7%

293399 Compuestos heterocíclicos con heteroátomo/s de nitrógeno exclusivamente (exc. comp 4,212 0.7% 74.4%

520942 Tejidos de mezclilla (denim), con hilados de distintos colores con un 4,032 0.6% 75.0%

300490 Los demás medicamentos preparados 3,941 0.6% 75.7%

841869 Los demás materiales, maquinas y aparatos para la produccion de frio 3,846 0.6% 76.3%

271113 Butanos, licuado 3,730 0.6% 76.9%

252922 Espato fluor, con contenido fluoruro calcio, en peso, superior al 97%. 3,624 0.6% 77.4%

870332 Vehiculos automoviles transporte personas con motor de embolo de cilin 3,538 0.6% 78.0%

382490 Las demás preparaciones aglutinantes para moldes 3,515 0.6% 78.5%

841199 Las demás turbinas de gas, partes y piezas 3,371 0.5% 79.1%

870323 Vehiculos automovil transporte personas de cilindrada superior a 1500 3,369 0.5% 79.6%

550200 Cables de filamentos artificiales. 3,249 0.5% 80.1%

870600 Chasis de vehiculos automoviles de las partidas 8701 a 8705, con el mo 3,075 0.5% 80.6%

840690 Partes de turbinas de vapor 2,650 0.4% 81.0%

847170 Unidades de memoria 2,605 0.4% 81.4%

730411 Tubos y perfiles huecos, sin soldadura (sin costura), de hierro o acero : Tubos de los tip 2,563 0.4% 81.8%

841370 las demas bombas centrifugas 2,534 0.4% 82.2%

020500 carne de animales de las especies caballar, asnal o mular, fresca, ref 2,348 0.4% 82.6%

730890 fierro de construccion estructurado 2,329 0.4% 83.0%

293723 Estrógenos y progestógenos 2,229 0.4% 83.3%

271019 Destilados de petróleo ligero, no especificado en otra parte 2,225 0.3% 83.7%

720711 semiproductos de hierro o de acero sin alear, de seccion transversal c 2,206 0.3% 84.0%

293499 Ácidos nucleicos y sus sales, incl. de constitución química no definida; compuestos heter 1,980 0.3% 84.3%

845710 Centros de mecanizado para trabajar metales. 1,893 0.3% 84.6%

790112 Cinc en bruto sin alear, contenido cinc, en peso, inferior al 99,99%. 1,829 0.3% 84.9%

940190 Sillas y asientos de madera, partes y piezas de 1,787 0.3% 85.2%

020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gallo o gallina sin trocear congelados 1,769 0.3% 85.5%

870590 Los demas vehiculos tales como coches barredores, regadores y analogos 1,532 0.2% 85.7%

740311 Catodos y secciones de catodos, de cobre refinado 1,482 0.2% 85.9%

040700 Huevos de ave con cascara, frescos, conservados o cocidos. 1,476 0.2% 86.2%

730820 Torres y castilletes de fundicion de hierro o acero 1,441 0.2% 86.4%

847989 Las demas maquinas y aparatos con una funcion propia 1,398 0.2% 86.6%

720917 Prod. laminados planos en frio, espesor superior o igual 0,5mm, inf.1m 1,396 0.2% 86.8%

840890 Los demas motores de embolo de encendido por compresion 1,359 0.2% 87.0%

843820 Máquinas y aparatos para confiteria, elaboracion de cacao o fabricacio 1,325 0.2% 87.2%

410411 Plena flor sin dividir o divididos con la flor, en estado húmedo, incl. el wet blue, de cu 1,254 0.2% 87.4%

870850 Ejes con diferencial, incluso con otros organos de transmision, de veh 1,231 0.2% 87.6%

320611 Pigmentos y preparaciones a base de dioxido de titanio cont sup 80% 1,137 0.2% 87.8%

210690 Las demas preparaciones alimenticias 1,085 0.2% 88.0%

090411 Pimienta sin triturar ni pulverizar 1,084 0.2% 88.2%

848180 Los demas articulos de griferia y organos similares. 1,047 0.2% 88.3%

841780 Los demas hornos industriales o de laboratorio, que no sean electrico, 1,002 0.2% 88.5%

950300 Triciclos, patinetes, coches de pedal y juguetes similares con ruedas; coches y sillas de 974 0.2% 88.6%

392190 Las demas placas, hojas, bandas y laminas de plastico celular, sin ref 932 0.1% 88.8%

843143 Partes de maquinas o aparatos de sondeo o de perforacion d elas subpar 925 0.1% 88.9%

070890 Las demas legumbres, incluso desvainadas, frescas o refrigeradas. 919 0.1% 89.1%

840820 Motores de embolo de encendido por compresion (motores diesel o semidi 901 0.1% 89.2%

220870 Licores 886 0.1% 89.4%

390720 Los demas poliesteres en formas primarias 876 0.1% 89.5%

850213 Grupos electrogeno con motor de embolo de potencia superior a 375 kva 836 0.1% 89.6%

851180 Los demas aparatos y dispositivos electrico de encendido o de arranque 831 0.1% 89.8%

380110 Grafito artificial 798 0.1% 89.9%

870892 Silenciadores y tubos de escape, de vehiculos automoviles. 794 0.1% 90.0%

Principales Subpartidas de la Oferta Exportable Mexicana hacia África


160

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Exp. al Mundo

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Razón

TOTAL Todos los productos 635,907 273,286,513 0.23%271113 Butanos, licuado 3,730.00 3,730.00 100.00%

020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gallo o gallina sin trocear congelados 1,769.00 1,770.67 99.91%

550390 Las demás fibras sinteticas discontinuas, sin cardar, peinar ni transf 2.00 2.33 85.71%

040700 Huevos de ave con cascara, frescos, conservados o cocidos. 1,475.67 1,916.67 76.99%

021099 Carne y despojos comestibles, salados o en salmuera, secos o ahumados, y ha 80.67 115.33 69.94%

100110 Trigo duro 196,600.33 317,246.00 61.97%

843230 Sembradoras, plantadoras y transplantadoras. 5,069.67 8,702.00 58.26%

010619 Mamíferos vivos (exc. primates, ballenas, delfines y marsopas mamíferos del o 352.67 695.67 50.69%

843820 Máquinas y aparatos para confiteria, elaboracion de cacao o fabricacio 1,325.33 2,690.00 49.27%

271312 Coque de petróleo, calcinado 319.33 736.67 43.35%

847432 Máquinas para mezclar materias minerales con asfalto. 504.33 1,196.33 42.16%

071339 Las demás alubias, secas desvainadas 97.33 281.67 34.56%

730419 Tubos y perfiles huecos, sin soldadura (sin costura), de hierro o acero : Tubos d 25,059.67 74,665.00 33.56%

845710 Centros de mecanizado para trabajar metales 1,893.33 6,438.33 29.41%

521039 Los demás tejidos de algodon teñidos mezclados exclusiva o principalme 26.00 102.67 25.32%

300230 Vacunas para la medicina veterinaria 4,983.67 23,626.33 21.09%

841780 Los demás hornos industriales o de laboratorio, que no sean electrico, 1,002.00 5,192.00 19.30%

540259 Los demás hilados sencillos con una torsion superior a 50 vueltas por 260.33 1,374.33 18.94%

840219 Las demás calderas de vapor, incluidas las calderas mixtas 8,431.00 45,909.67 18.36%

730411 Tubos y perfiles huecos, sin soldadura (sin costura), de hierro o acero : Tubos d 2,563.33 14,334.67 17.88%

520932 Tejidos de algodon teñidos, de ligamento sarga o cruzado de curso infe 513.67 2,988.00 17.19%

071320 Garbanzos secos 19,658.00 114,801.00 17.12%

293399 Compuestos heterocíclicos con heteroátomo/s de nitrógeno exclusivamente (e 4,212.00 25,563.67 16.48%

730429 Los demás tubos y perfiles huecos sin soldaduras de hierro o acero 103,740.00 665,353.33 15.59%

870190 Los demás tractores 26,439.67 190,949.67 13.85%

310390 Los demás abonos minerales o quimicos fosfatados 23.67 196.67 12.03%

120810 Harina de habas de soja. 7.00 58.67 11.93%

847030 Las demás calculadoras, excepto electronicas 5.33 48.00 11.11%

848020 Placas de fondo para moldes 23.67 218.33 10.84%

380110 Grafito artificial 798.33 7,368.67 10.83%

190211 Pastas alimenticias sin cocer, rellenar ni preparar de otra forma que 229.33 2,320.00 9.89%

780200 Desperdicios y desechos, de plomo 561.33 5,801.67 9.68%

871140 Motocicletas y ciclos motor embolo o de piston alternativo, de cilindr 11.33 117.67 9.63%

852321 Discos, cintas, dispositivos de almacenamiento permanente de datos a base de 159.67 1,663.33 9.60%

293723 Estrógenos y progestógenos 2,229.33 24,421.00 9.13%

870590 Los demás vehiculos tales como coches barredores, regadores y analogos 1,532.33 18,032.67 8.50%

520942 Tejidos de mezclilla (denim), con hilados de distintos colores con un 4,032.00 48,179.67 8.37%

961400 Pipas (incluidas las cazoletas), boquillas para cigarros (puros) o cigarrillos, y su 0.33 4.00 8.33%

721260 Productos laminados de hierro o acero chapados 34.33 427.33 8.03%

732611 Bolas y articulos similares para molinos 187.33 2,413.00 7.76%

844590 Las demás máquinas para la industria textil. 47.00 612.33 7.68%

730441 Los demás tubos huecos,seccion circular,de acero inoxidable, estirados 64.00 847.67 7.55%

843280 Las demás máquinas, aparatos y artefactos agricolas, horticolas o silv 358.67 4,876.33 7.36%

283311 Sulfatos de disodio 242.67 3,301.33 7.35%

292320 Lecitinas y demas fosfoaminolipidos 8.33 117.00 7.12%

870600 Chasis de vehiculos automoviles de las partidas 8701 a 8705, con el mo 3,075.33 44,250.00 6.95%

020500 Carne de animales de las especies caballar, asnal o mular, fresca, ref 2,348.00 34,387.33 6.83%

290129 Los demás hidrocarburos aciclicos no saturados. 1.67 24.67 6.76%

820830 Cuchillas y hojas cortantes, para aparatos de cocina o para maquinas d 205.00 3,124.33 6.56%

090411 Pimienta sin triturar ni pulverizar 1,083.67 16,708.33 6.49%

210210 Levaduras vivas 4,642.33 72,203.33 6.43%

846900 Máquinas de escribir, excepto las impresoras de la partida 8443; máquinas par 87.67 1,392.67 6.29%

902410 Máquinas y aparatos para ensayos de metales 33.00 541.00 6.10%

410411 Plena flor sin dividir o divididos con la flor, en estado húmedo, incl. el wet blue 1,253.67 20,570.33 6.09%

070890 Las demás legumbres, incluso desvainadas, frescas o refrigeradas. 919.00 15,654.00 5.87%

252922 Espato fluor, con contenido fluoruro calcio, en peso, superior al 97%. 3,623.67 62,325.33 5.81%

310490 Los demás abonos minerales o quimicos potasicos 26.67 473.67 5.63%

310551 los demas abonos minerales o quimicos que contengan nitratos y fosfato 10.33 186.67 5.54%

701911 hilados de vidrio cortados de longitud inferior o igual a 50mm 15.67 290.67 5.39%

761300 recipientes para gases comprimidos o licuados, de aluminio. 5.67 108.33 5.23%

720917 prod. laminados planos en frio, espesor superior o igual 0,5mm, inf.1m 1,396.00 26,725.67 5.22%

854072 klistrones 1.33 25.67 5.19%

280512 Calcio 17.67 340.33 5.19%

550200 cables de filamentos artificiales 3,249.00 67,793.00 4.79%

843830 maquinas y aparatos para la industria azucarera. 4.67 102.67 4.55%

843890 partes de las demas maquinas y aparatos para la preparacion industrial 508.00 11,278.33 4.50%

720299 las demas ferroaleaciones 126.00 2,883.00 4.37%

381590 los demas iniciadores y aceleradores, de reaccion. 649.67 14,876.00 4.37%

730820 Torres y castilletes de fundición de hierro o acero 1,441.33 33,729.67 4.27%

843359 Las demás máquinas y aparatos para la recolección 225.00 5,269.67 4.27%

293499 Ácidos nucleicos y sus sales, incl. de constitución química no definida; compue 1,980.33 47,549.00 4.16%

África como un receptor importante de la Oferta Exportable Mexicana:Subpartidas Relevantes


161

Código del


Exp. hacia África (Miles

de dólares, 2009)



TOTAL Todos los productos 635,411 414,269,069 0.15%020500 Carne de animales de las especies caballar, asnal o mular, fresca, ref 3,089 3,098 99.71%

071320 Garbanzos secos 27,604 80,246 34.40%

252922 Espato fluor, con contenido fluoruro calcio, en peso, superior al 97%. 3,290 9,883 33.29%

293723 Estrógenos y progestógenos 3,723 13,492 27.59%

840219 Las demás calderas de vapor, incluidas las calderas mixtas 25,293 107,596 23.51%

540259 Los demás hilados sencillos con una torsion superior a 50 vueltas por 244 1,545 15.79%

220890 Los demás gin y ginebra 4,779 31,896 14.98%

843230 Sembradoras, plantadoras y transplantadoras 6,931 46,650 14.86%

190211 pastas alimenticias sin cocer, rellenar ni preparar de otra forma que 688 5,181 13.28%

730419 Tubos y perfiles huecos, sin soldadura (sin costura), de hierro o acero : Tubos d 56,902 542,550 10.49%

100110 Trigo duro 159,232 2,010,523 7.92%

843820 Maáuinas y aparatos para confiteria, elaboracion de cacao o fabricacio 3,976 55,403 7.18%

293399 Compuestos heterocíclicos con heteroátomo/s de nitrógeno exclusivamente (e 4,525 85,248 5.31%

730429 Los demás tubos y perfiles huecos sin soldaduras de hierro o acero 124,176 2,368,311 5.24%

841122 Turbopropulsores, de potencia superior a 1.100 kw 1,100 22,905 4.80%

090411 Pimienta sin triturar ni pulverizar 1,292 27,846 4.64%

300230 Vacunas para la medicina veterinaria 5,170 113,576 4.55%

820830 Cuchillas y hojas cortantes, para aparatos de cocina o para maquinas d 300 7,516 3.99%

292421 Ureinas y sus derivados; sales de estos productos 97 2,601 3.73%

291429 Las demás cetonas ciclanicas, ciclenicas o cicloterpenicas sin otras f 104 2,832 3.67%

720917 Prod. laminados planos en frio, espesor superior o igual 0,5mm, inf.1m 4,188 117,542 3.56%

282741 Oxicloruro e hidroxicloruros de cobre 50 1,531 3.27%

021099 Carne y despojos comestibles, salados o en salmuera, secos o ahumados, y ha 114 3,553 3.21%

210210 Levaduras vivas 6,802 214,918 3.16%

090112 Café sin tostar, descafeinado. 63 2,162 2.91%

380110 Grafito artificial 277 9,813 2.82%

870190 Los demás tractores 22,481 944,497 2.38%

340540 Pastas, polvos y demas preparaciones para fregar. 101 4,405 2.29%

843290 Repuestos para máquinaria agricola (incluye discos agricolas para arad 1,241 55,262 2.25%

720299 Las demás ferroaleaciones 277 13,563 2.04%

292019 Ésteres de los demás ácidos inorgánicos de los no‐metales (excepto los ésteres 46 2,275 2.02%

854710 Piezas aislantes de cerámica 91 4,552 2.00%

901832 Agujas tubulares de metal y agujas de sutura 596 31,952 1.87%

030749 Jibias, globitos, calamares y potas, congelados, secos, salados o en s 613 34,520 1.78%

870821 Cinturones de seguridad, de vehiculos automoviles 235 13,266 1.77%

290361 Clorobenceno, o‐diclobenceno y p‐diclorobenceno. 111 6,543 1.70%

843280 Las demás máquinas, aparatos y artefactos agricolas, horticolas o silv 495 31,556 1.57%

380290 Las demás materias minerales naturales 420 27,103 1.55%

320413 Colorantes basicos y preparaciones a base de colorantes organicos sint 127 8,476 1.50%

841869 Los demás materiales, maquinas y aparatos para la produccion de frio 4,534 303,835 1.49%

852352 Discos, cintas, dispositivos de almacenamiento permanente de datos a base de 4,395 297,946 1.48%

291899 Ácidos carboxílicos con funciones oxigenadas suplementarias y sus anhídridos, 235 16,208 1.45%

870600 Chasis de vehiculos automoviles de las partidas 8701 a 8705, con el mo 2,985 207,911 1.44%

260200 Minerales de manganeso y sus concentrados, incluidos los minerales de 139 9,683 1.44%

848120 Válvulas para transmisiones oleohidraulicas o neumaticas 1,902 135,617 1.40%

711590 Las demás manufacturas de metales preciosos o de chapados metales prec 33 2,557 1.29%

293499 Ácidos nucleicos y sus sales, incl. de constitución química no definida; compue 1,885 148,651 1.27%

870829 Las demás partes y accesorios de carroceria, incluidas las cabinas, ex 9,555 760,440 1.26%

851110 Bujias de encendido para motores encendido por chispa o por compresion 597 49,183 1.21%

381590 Los demás iniciadores y aceleradores, de reaccion. 604 50,415 1.20%

830230 Las demás guarniciones, herrajes y articulos similares, para vehiculos 424 36,260 1.17%

230800 Bellotas y castañas de Indias, orujo y demás materias vegetales y desperdicios 25 2,197 1.14%

220870 Licores 528 48,141 1.10%

821210 Navajas y maquinas de afeitar 703 64,334 1.09%

400219 Caucho estireno‐butadieno (sbr); ca 361 34,646 1.04%

841920 Esterilizadores medico‐quirurgicos o de laboratorio. 671 71,802 0.93%

902410 Máquinas y aparatos para ensayos de metales. 99 10,609 0.93%

741122 Tubos de cupro‐niquel o alpaca. 73 8,453 0.86%

330119 Los demás aceites esenciales de agrios 34 3,962 0.86%

020712 Carne y despojos comestibles de gallo o gallina sin trocear congelados 2,259 263,376 0.86%

282550 Óxido e hidroxido de cobre 42 5,101 0.82%

847432 Máquinas para mezclar materias minerales con asfalto. 1,108 135,186 0.82%

848020 Placas de fondo para moldes. 71 8,905 0.80%

382490 Las demás preparaciones aglutinantes para moldes 5,945 769,030 0.77%

040700 Huevos de ave con cascara, frescos, conservados o cocidos. 912 120,357 0.76%

700721 Vidrios de seguridad laminado de dimiensiones y formatos que permitan 447 59,776 0.75%

730441 Los demás tubos huecos,seccion circular,de acero inoxidable, estirados 192 25,798 0.74%

730792 Los demás codos,curvas y manguitos,roscados, de fundicion, hierro o ac 587 80,454 0.73%

851762 Aparatos para la recepción, conversión y transmisión o regeneración de voz, im 15,598 2,154,488 0.72%

841690 Partes y piezas de quemadores para alimentacion de hogares 247 34,182 0.72%

México como un Proveedor Importante para África:Subpartidas Relevantes


162

Código del


Exp. México

hacia África

Exp. México al

Mundo

Imp. de África


270900 Aceites crudos de petroleo o de minerales bituminosos. 0 25,693,512 22,630,869 113.53% 0.00%

870323 Vehiculos automovil transporte personas de cilindrada superior a 1500 58 11,335,637 5,684,025 199.43% 0.00%

851712 Teléfonos, incluidos los teléfonos móviles (celulares) y los de otras redes inalá 11,822 9,655,042 2,424,938 398.16% 0.49%

851762 Aparatos para la recepción, conversión y transmisión o regeneración de voz, im 15,598 2,827,226 2,154,488 131.22% 0.72%

870120 Tractores de carretera para semirremolques 0 2,268,963 1,634,046 138.86% 0.00%

870324 Vehiculos automoviles transporte personas de cilindrada superior a 300 438 1,490,138 1,629,813 91.43% 0.03%

870332 Vehiculos automoviles transporte personas con motor de embolo de cilin 10,565 2,069,847 1,586,403 130.47% 0.67%

851770 Teléfonos, incluidos los teléfonos móviles (celulares) y los de otras redes inalá 4,320 3,294,788 1,205,430 273.33% 0.36%

852872 Monitores y proyectores, que no incorporen aparato receptor de televisión; ap 5 16,199,428 960,714 1686.19% 0.00%

901890 Los demás instrumentos y aparatos de la medicina, cirugia, odontologia 171 1,807,433 889,471 203.20% 0.02%

853710 Cuadros, paneles, consolas y similares para una tension inferior a igu 34 1,690,544 869,203 194.49% 0.00%

870829 Las demás partes y accesorios de carroceria, incluidas las cabinas, ex 9,555 1,967,880 760,440 258.78% 1.26%

392690 Las demás manufacturas, de plástico. 267 692,465 741,224 93.42% 0.04%

853690 Los demás aparatos para el corte, seccionamiento, proteccion de circui 5 837,919 717,906 116.72% 0.00%

847150 Unidades de procesos digitales, excluidas las subpartidas 847141 y 84 0 2,377,558 663,255 358.47% 0.00%

844399 Máquinas y aparatos para imprimir mediante planchas, cilindros y demás elem 20 564,459 606,041 93.14% 0.00%

870431 Los demás vehiculos para el transporte de mercancias con motor de embo 60 4,715,415 583,057 808.74% 0.01%

840734 Motores de embolo alternativo para automoviles, tractores y demas vehi 493 1,097,534 457,670 239.81% 0.11%

220300 Cerveza de malta 292 1,790,500 451,677 396.41% 0.06%

842139 Los demás aparatos para filtrar o depurar gases. 421 601,089 427,109 140.73% 0.10%

847149 Las demás máquinas presentadas en forma de sistemas 0 2,233,414 398,641 560.26% 0.00%

847170 Unidades de memoria 1,739 948,422 394,656 240.32% 0.44%

390760 Politereftalato de etileno 0 466,561 381,429 122.32% 0.00%

841430 Compresores del tipo de los utilizados en los equipos frigorificos. 17 333,879 349,185 95.62% 0.00%

847141 Máquinas automaticas procesamiento de datos incluyan u.c.p. 0 1,408,028 343,695 409.67% 0.00%

903289 Los demás instrumentos y aparatos automaticos p. la regulacion y el co 149 834,553 342,765 243.48% 0.04%

840991 Partes identificables a los motores de embolo de encendido por chispa 4 1,230,102 332,161 370.33% 0.00%

711319 Joyeria de otros metales preciosos, incluso revestidos o chapados de m 0 434,662 318,501 136.47% 0.00%

870830 Partes y accesorios de vehículos automóviles de las partidas 8701 a 8705 : Fre 87 849,254 309,611 274.30% 0.03%

841869 Los demás materiales, maquinas y aparatos para la produccion de frio 4,534 489,692 303,835 161.17% 1.49%

841810 Combinaciones de refrigerador y congelador‐conservador con puertas ext 111 1,865,589 300,337 621.17% 0.04%


701090 Bombonas damajuanas, botellas, frascos, bocales, tarros, envases tubulares y 197 324,709 295,625 109.84% 0.07%

854430 Juegos de cables para bujias de encendido y demas juegos de cables de 18 2,957,539 282,776 1045.89% 0.01%

850710 Acumuladores electricos de plomo, del tipo de los utilizados para el a 0 418,501 280,959 148.95% 0.00%

853650 Los demás interruptores, seccionadores y conmutadores. 0 585,445 275,575 212.44% 0.00%

340220 Preparaciones tensoactivas acondicionadas para la venta al por menor 324 284,833 267,099 106.64% 0.12%

610910 Camisetas de punto de algodon, para mujeres o niñas 0 608,465 266,863 228.01% 0.00%

854129 Los demás transitores, excepto fototransistores 0 236,197 258,007 91.55% 0.00%

190531 Galletas dulces (con adición de edulcorante) 0 248,272 241,216 102.93% 0.00%

854140 Dispositivos semiconductores fotosensibles; incluidas las celulas foto 239 560,097 240,677 232.72% 0.10%

854370 Máquinas y aparatos eléctricos con función propia, no expresados ni compren 31 752,885 230,733 326.30% 0.01%

870850 Ejes con diferencial, incluso con otros organos de transmision, de veh 603 1,400,947 228,321 613.59% 0.26%

870880 Amortiguadores de suspension, de vehiculos automoviles. 643 384,401 225,565 170.42% 0.29%

950300 Triciclos, patinetes, coches de pedal y juguetes similares con ruedas; coches y 797 394,788 224,517 175.84% 0.35%


841821 Refrigeradores de uso domestico de compresion 95 416,161 217,223 191.58% 0.04%

170490 Los demás articulos de confiteria sin cacao 152 428,224 214,026 200.08% 0.07%

853110 Avisadores electricos de proteccion contra robos o incendios o similar 0 229,116 213,118 107.51% 0.00%

841590 Partes de acondicionadores de aire 3 572,077 212,695 268.97% 0.00%

852851 Monitores y proyectores, que no incorporen aparato receptor de televisión; ap 0 236,844 212,295 111.56% 0.00%

392330 Bombonas, botellas, frascos y articulos similares. 42 211,656 208,154 101.68% 0.02%

620342 Pantalones, pantalones con peto y pantalones cortos de algodon. 145 1,165,486 201,071 579.64% 0.07%

854442 Hilos, cables, incluidos los coaxiales y demás conductores aislados para electric 10 914,544 197,057 464.10% 0.01%

841330 Bombas de carburante, de aceite o de refrigerante para motores de ence 321 387,890 193,514 200.45% 0.17%

851220 Los demás aparatos de alumbrado o de señalizacion visual 202 298,260 190,934 156.21% 0.11%

830140 Las demás cerraduras; cerrojos 0 278,877 189,340 147.29% 0.00%

732111 Aparatos de coccion y calientaplato 19 291,844 187,675 155.50% 0.01%

870310 Vehiclos p. desplazarse sobre nieve; para terrenos de golf y similares 0 198,584 186,415 106.53% 0.00%

845011 Máquinas para lavar ropa, totalmente automaticas, con capacidad unitar 0 286,961 186,072 154.22% 0.00%

870840 Cajas de cambio 26 595,090 185,091 321.51% 0.01%

853620 Disyuntores, para una tension inferior o igual a 1000 voltios 0 235,571 184,044 128.00% 0.00%

940190 Sillas y asientos de madera, partes y piezas de 1,000 1,976,123 183,395 1077.52% 0.55%

870870 Ruedas y sus partes y accesorios de vehiculos automoviles. 202 406,527 180,987 224.62% 0.11%

901839 Sonda t‐kehr 0 1,540,095 177,653 866.91% 0.00%

848310 Arboles de transmision (incluidos los de levas y los cigueñales) y man 218 164,724 177,557 92.77% 0.12%

940510 Lámparas y demas aparatos electricos de alumbrado, para colgar o fijar 10 525,050 177,223 296.27% 0.01%

851150 Los demás generadores utilizados con motores de chispa o compresion. 11 376,379 171,169 219.89% 0.01%

841899 Las demás máquinas y aparatos para la produccion de frio, partes y pie 2 202,705 171,159 118.43% 0.00%

853669 Las demás tomas de corriente, para una tension inferior o igual a 1000 6 185,655 167,727 110.69% 0.00%

841850 Los demás armarios, arcas, vitrinas y muebles similares para la produc 0 222,054 161,736 137.29% 0.00%

854231 Circuitos integrados : Circuitos electrónicos integrados : Procesadores y contro 7 657,880 159,164 413.33% 0.00%

220210 Agua, incluida el agua mineral y la gasificada azucarada, edulcorada d 0 147,458 157,478 93.64% 0.00%

180690 Los demás chocolates y demas preparaciones alimenticias que contengan 399 178,792 154,819 115.48% 0.26%

% de Exportaciones(Miles de dólares, 2009)

Oportunidades de Negocios de México al Mercado AfricanoSubpartidas Relevantes


163

Código del


Exp. México

hacia África

Exp. México al

Mundo

Imp. de África


330590 Las demás preparaciones capilares 24 320,869 152,928 209.82% 0.02%

854411 Alambre para bobinar de cobre 0 184,429 152,121 121.24% 0.00%

761699 Las demás telas metalicas, redes y rejas de alambre de aluminio 52 300,738 151,862 198.03% 0.03%

870891 Radiadores de vehiculos automoviles 0 200,089 150,807 132.68% 0.00%

020329 Las demas carnes de porcino, congeladas. 0 183,749 147,731 124.38% 0.00%

392321 Sacos, bolsas y cucuruchos de polimeros de etileno 35 145,399 146,160 99.48% 0.02%

691090 Los demas fregaderos, lavabos, baneras y similares 0 344,079 145,026 237.25% 0.00%

250100 Sal (incluida la de mesa y la desnaturalizada) y cloruro de sodio puro 0 140,567 144,878 97.02% 0.00%

392410 Vajilla y demas articulos para el servicio de mesa 66 136,216 143,004 95.25% 0.05%

851660 Los demas hornos; cocinas, calentadores, parrillas y asadores, electri 0 248,874 142,896 174.16% 0.00%

320611 Pigmentos y preparaciones a base de dioxido de titanio cont sup 80% 634 176,663 142,605 123.88% 0.44%

850140 Los demas motores de corriente alterna monofasicos 0 683,738 138,853 492.42% 0.00%

852691 Aparatos de radionavegacion 0 143,469 132,895 107.96% 0.00%

850152 Motores de corriente alterna, polifasicos, de potencia superior a 750 0 174,828 132,136 132.31% 0.00%

070990 Las demas hortalizas frescas o refrigerdas 0 363,172 131,298 276.60% 0.00%

010290 Los demas bovinos vivos. 0 395,618 130,090 304.11% 0.00%

841191 Partes de turborreactores o de turbopropulsores. 0 125,172 129,093 96.96% 0.00%

830241 Guarniciones, herrajes y articulos similares, de metales comunes, para 10 169,169 127,241 132.95% 0.01%

852871 Monitores y proyectores, que no incorporen aparato receptor de televisión; ap 0 1,355,025 126,002 1075.40% 0.00%

760120 Aleaciones de aluminio, en bruto. 0 169,790 122,911 138.14% 0.00%

030613 Camarones, langostinos, quisquillas 0 360,942 122,135 295.53% 0.00%

330610 Dentifricos 0 218,583 120,383 181.57% 0.00%

190590 Los demas productos de panaderia, pasteleria o galleteria. 0 220,241 119,738 183.94% 0.00%

392310 Cajas, jaulas y articulos similares de plastico 70 238,079 116,006 205.23% 0.06%

330510 Champues 0 366,904 115,556 317.51% 0.00%

610990 Camisetas de punto de las demas materias textiles. 0 137,954 115,185 119.77% 0.00%

841582 Los demas acondicionadores de aire, con equipo de enfriamiento 0 181,337 112,858 160.68% 0.00%

940161 Sillas y asientos de madera, tapizados 0 174,477 111,721 156.17% 0.00%

620462 Pantalones, pantalones con peto y pantalones cortos de algodon para mu 7 427,447 111,425 383.62% 0.01%

902620 Instrumentos y aparatos para la medida o control de la presion 4 268,736 109,176 246.15% 0.00%

741110 Tubos de cobre refinado 0 113,627 108,291 104.93% 0.00%

902830 Contadores de electricidad. 0 368,987 107,836 342.17% 0.00%

840219 Las demas calderas de vapor, incluidas las calderas mixtas 25,293 103,755 107,596 96.43% 23.51%

630790 Los demas, articulos cobfeccionados 2 338,834 106,569 317.95% 0.00%

852859 Monitores y proyectores, que no incorporen aparato receptor de televisión; ap 0 365,221 105,081 347.56% 0.00%

870894 Volantes, columnas y cajas de direccion, de vehiculos automoviles. 297 646,224 104,048 621.08% 0.29%



164 PERU

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)


TOTAL Todos los productos 215,367 100.00% n.a.260300 Minera les de cobre y sus concentrados 93,095 43.23% 43.23%260800 Minera les de cinc y sus concentrados 48,855 22.68% 65.91%260700 Minera les de plomo y sus concentrados 16,057 7.46% 73.37%040291 Las demas l eches s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo 16,022 7.44% 80.81%790500 Chapas , hojas y bandas , de cinc 7,297 3.39% 84.19%030379 Los demas pescados congelados , excluidos fi letes , higados , hue 4,807 2.23% 86.43%780110 Pplomo en bruto, refinado 4,348 2.02% 88.44%030749 Jibias , globitos , ca lamares y potas , congelados , secos , sa lados o 2,167 1.01% 89.45%160415 Cabal la en conserva, entero o en trozos 2,031 0.94% 90.39%160419 Preparaciones y conservas de los demas pescados enteros o en t 1,618 0.75% 91.15%030374 Cabal las congeladas , excluido fi letes higados , huevas y lechas . 1,484 0.69% 91.83%550130 Cables acri l i cos o modacri l i cos 1,048 0.49% 92.32%320300 Materias colorantes de origen vegeta l o animal , aunque sean de 1,042 0.48% 92.80%790120 Aleaciones de cinc en bruto 864 0.40% 93.21%071339 Las demas alubias , secas desva inadas 829 0.38% 93.59%380892 Insecticidas , raticidas y demás anti rroedores , fungicidas , herbici 792 0.37% 93.96%790111 Cinc en bruto s in alear, con un contenido cinc, en peso, superior 618 0.29% 94.25%090111 Cafe s in tostar, s in descafeinar 549 0.25% 94.50%392020 Placas , hojas , pel iculas , bandas y laminas de pol imeros de prop 548 0.25% 94.75%090420 Pimientos secos , tri turados o pulverizados (pimenton) 512 0.24% 94.99%160416 Anchoas en conserva , entero o en trozos 504 0.23% 95.23%320500 Lacas colorantes ; preparaciones a que se refiere la nota 3 de est 479 0.22% 95.45%401194 Neumáticos l lantas neumáticas nuevos de caucho, de los tipos u 399 0.19% 95.63%520524 Hi lados senci l los de fibras peinadas de algodon de ti tulo inferio 393 0.18% 95.82%230120 Harina, polvo y pel lets , de pescado o de crus taceos , moluscos o d 389 0.18% 96.00%282550 Oxido e hidroxido de cobre 372 0.17% 96.17%732510 Piezas de fundicion en acero, no maleable 363 0.17% 96.34%070920 Esparragos frescos o refrigerados 351 0.16% 96.50%140490 Los demas productos vegeta les no expresados ni comprendidos 349 0.16% 96.66%293090 Los demas tiocompuestos organicos 295 0.14% 96.80%200980 Jugo de las demas frutas o de legumbres u horta l i zas 294 0.14% 96.94%520527 Hi lados senci l los de fibras peinadas de ti tulo inferior a 106,38 d 279 0.13% 97.07%847439 Las demas maquinas y aparatos para mezclar o malaxar tierras , p 261 0.12% 97.19%160414 Atunes , l i s tados y boni tos en conserva, enteros o en trozos 251 0.12% 97.30%843143 Partes de maquinas o aparatos de sondeo o de perforacion d ela 245 0.11% 97.42%401120 Neumaticos nuevos de caucho del tipo uti l i zado en autobuses y 232 0.11% 97.53%040221 Leche en polvo, s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo. 220 0.10% 97.63%820719 Los demas uti les de perforacion o sondeo incluidas las partes . 209 0.10% 97.72%281700 Oxide de zinc; peroxido de cinc. 205 0.10% 97.82%550330 Fibras s inteticas discontinuas s in cardar, peinar ni trans formar d 192 0.09% 97.91%200560 Esparragos preparados o conservados ( excepto en vinagre o en a 184 0.09% 97.99%282741 Oxicloruro e hidroxicloruros de cobre 156 0.07% 98.07%030429 Fi letes y demás carne de pescado (incluso picada), frescos , refrig 155 0.07% 98.14%252890 Los demas boratos natura les y sus concentrados 154 0.07% 98.21%030499 Fi letes y demás carne de pescado (incluso picada), frescos , refrig 144 0.07% 98.28%200570 Aceitunas preparadas o conservadas s in vinagre ni acido acético 143 0.07% 98.34%730439 Los demas tubos , de seccion ci rcular, de hierro o acero, s in solda 135 0.06% 98.41%080440 Pal tas (aguacates ) 134 0.06% 98.47%160413 Sardinas , sardinelas y espadines en conserva, entero o en trozos 120 0.06% 98.52%050400 Tripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescado 119 0.06% 98.58%420600 Manufacturas de tripa , vejigas o tendones 113 0.05% 98.63%790310 Polvo de condensacion, de cinc 110 0.05% 98.68%847490 Partes de maquinas y aparatos para cls i ficar, cribar, separar, lava 109 0.05% 98.73%030378 Merluzas congeladas , excluidos fi letes , higados huevas y lechas 84 0.04% 98.77%200899 Las demas frutas preparadas o en conserva, al natura l o en almi 78 0.04% 98.81%320290 Los demas productos y preparaciones 76 0.04% 98.84%071333 Alubia comun, seca desva inada 75 0.03% 98.88%030729 Veneras , volandeiras otros , congelados , secos , sa lados o en sa lm 73 0.03% 98.91%030563 Anchoas sa ladas s in secar ni ahumar o en sa lmuera. 69 0.03% 98.95%283325 Sul fato de cobre 69 0.03% 98.98%190190 Las demas preparaciones al imenticias de harina, semola , almid 68 0.03% 99.01%

Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.Criterio: Principales subpartidas de exportación de Perú hacia Africa, de tal forma que acumulen en 99% del total exportado.

Principales Subpartidas de la Oferta Exportable Peruana hacia África


165

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)

Exp. al Mundo

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2008‐2010)Razón

TOTAL Todos los productos 215,367 30,972,585 0.70%040221 Leche en polvo, s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo. 220 228 96.35%401194 Neumáticos l lantas neumáticas nuevos de caucho, de los tipos u 399 626 63.74%847439 Las demas maquinas y aparatos para mezclar o malaxar tierras , p 261 535 48.85%730439 Los demas tubos, de seccion circular, de hierro o acero, s in solda 135 539 25.06%790310 Polvo de condensacion, de cinc 110 443 24.83%040291 Las demas leches s in azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo 16,022 74,941 21.38%030379 Los demas pescados congelados , excluidos fi letes , higados , hue 4,807 22,894 21.00%160419 Preparaciones y conservas de los demas pescados enteros o en t 1,618 8,068 20.05%050400 Tripas , vejigas y estomagos de animales , excepto los de pescado 119 672 17.77%030374 Cabal las congeladas, excluido fi letes higados , huevas y lechas . 1,484 8,816 16.83%160415 Cabal la en conserva , entero o en trozos 2,031 12,138 16.73%520527 Hi lados senci l los de fibras peinadas de ti tulo inferior a 106,38 d 279 1,976 14.10%790500 Chapas , hojas y bandas , de cinc 7,297 52,232 13.97%420600 Manufacturas de tripa , vejigas o tendones 113 822 13.78%293090 Los demas tiocompuestos organicos . 295 2,608 11.32%732510 Piezas de fundicion en acero, no maleable 363 3,637 9.98%282550 Oxido e hidroxido de cobre 372 4,956 7.50%030378 Merluzas congeladas, excluidos fi letes , higados huevas y lechas . 84 1,149 7.28%790120 Aleaciones de cinc en bruto. 864 13,292 6.50%847480 Las demas maquinas y aparatos para aglomerar, moldear pastas 56 891 6.28%550130 Cables acri l i cos o modacri l icos . 1,048 17,541 5.97%520524 hi lados senci l los de fibras peinadas de algodon de ti tulo inferio 393 6,737 5.83%380892 Insecticidas , raticidas y demás anti rroedores , fungicidas , herbici 792 14,108 5.61%640590 Los demas calzados 58 1,212 4.81%820719 Los demas uti les de perforacion o sondeo incluidas l as partes . 209 4,406 4.75%903180 Los demas ins trumentos, aparatos y maquinas 52 1,137 4.54%284020 Los demas boratos 51 1,161 4.42%780110 Plomo en bruto, refinado 4,348 103,115 4.22%260800 Minerales de cinc y sus concentrados 48,855 1,296,796 3.77%282741 Oxicloruro e hidroxicloruros de cobre 156 4,866 3.20%843143 Partes de maquinas o aparatos de sondeo o de perforacion d ela 245 7,872 3.12%160414 Atunes, l i s tados y bonitos en conserva, enteros o en trozos 251 8,060 3.11%071339 Las demas a lubias , secas desva inadas 829 27,931 2.97%160416 Anchoas en conserva , entero o en trozos 504 19,419 2.60%320290 Los demas productos y preparaciones 76 3,026 2.52%160413 Sardinas , sardinelas y espadines en conserva, entero o en trozos 120 5,369 2.24%252890 Los demas boratos natura les y sus concentrados 154 7,089 2.17%320300 Materias colorantes de origen vegeta l o animal , aunque sean de 1,042 51,315 2.03%260300 Minerales de cobre y sus concentrados . 93,095 4,990,744 1.87%030749 Jibias , globi tos , ca lamares y potas , congelados , secos , sa lados o 2,167 129,294 1.68%260700 Minerales de plomo y sus concentrados 16,057 991,236 1.62%140490 Los demas productos vegetales no expresados ni comprendidos e 349 22,618 1.54%550330 Fibras s inteticas discontinuas s in cardar, peinar ni trans formar d 192 13,861 1.39%200980 Jugo de l as demas frutas o de legumbres u hortal i zas 294 22,381 1.31%

Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de Trademap.Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total exportado mayor de 1% y exportaciones hacia Africa iguales o superiores a 50 mil dólares de EE.UU.

África como un receptor importante de la Oferta Exportable Peruana:Subpartidas Relevantes


166

Código del


Exp. hacia África




TOTAL Todos los productos 139,844 414,269,069 0.03%260800 Minerales de cinc y sus concentrados 41,469 16,827 >100.00%

070920 Esparragos frescos o refrigerados 279 537 51.96%

790500 Chapas, hojas y bandas, de cinc 4,482 10,674 41.99%

200560 Esparragos preparados o conservados ( excepto en vinagre 455 1,696 26.83%

260300 Minerales de cobre y sus concentrados 60,562 443,555 13.65%

420600 Manufacturas de tripa, vejigas o tendones 106 798 13.28%

252890 Los demas boratos naturales y sus concentrados 95 812 11.70%

160415 Caballa en conserva, entero o en trozos 3,275 34,213 9.57%

520527 Hilados sencillos de fibras peinadas de titulo inferior a 10 576 6,147 9.37%

320300 Materias colorantes de origen vegetal o animal, aunque s 793 12,256 6.47%

040291 Las demas leches sin azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo 7,731 143,563 5.39%

030749 Jibias, globitos, calamares y potas, congelados, secos, sala 1,614 34,520 4.68%

790120 Aleaciones de cinc en bruto 486 10,517 4.62%

100890 Los demas cereales 108 2,736 3.95%

510539 Pelo fino, cardado o peinado (exc. lana y pelo de cabra de 50 1,524 3.28%

282550 Oxido e hidroxido de cobre 127 5,101 2.49%

071339 Las demas alubias, secas desvainadas 1,104 44,886 2.46%

732510 Piezas de fundicion en acero, no maleable 965 39,639 2.43%

790310 Polvo de condensacion, de cinc 70 2,962 2.36%

320500 Lacas colorantes; preparaciones a que se refiere la nota 3 172 7,855 2.19%

281000 Acido borico; acidos boricos 77 4,694 1.64%

030378 Merluzas congeladas, excluidos filetes, higados huevas y 186 12,761 1.46%

780110 Plomo en bruto, refinado. 727 50,868 1.43%


Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total importado por Africa mayor de 1% y exportaciones hacia Africa iguales o superiores a 50 mil dólares de EE.UU.

Perú como un Proveedor Importante para África:Subpartidas Relevantes


167

Código del


Exp. Perú hacia

África

Exp. Perú al

Mundo

Imp. de África


TOTAL Todos los productos 139,844 26,738,260 414,269,069 6.45% 0.03%740811 alambres de cobre refinado en el que la mayor dimension 0 147,145 605,452 24.30% 0.00%740311 catodos y secciones de catodos, de cobre refinado 0 1,860,929 547,647 339.80% 0.00%090111 cafe sin tostar, sin descafeinar. 172 583,784 444,395 131.37% 0.04%260300 minerales de cobre y sus concentrados. 60,562 3,920,885 443,555 883.97% 13.65%610910 camisetas de punto de algodon, para mujeres o niñas 5 405,328 266,863 151.89% 0.00%230990 las demas preparaciones del tipo utilizadas para la alimen 0 58,827 259,513 22.67% 0.00%392330 bombonas, botellas, frascos y articulos similares. 0 43,397 208,154 20.85% 0.00%271112 propano, licuado. 0 98,155 176,445 55.63% 0.00%040291 las demas leches sin azucarar ni edulcorar de otro modo 7,731 59,188 143,563 41.23% 5.39%080300 bananas o platanos, frescos o secos. 0 52,361 129,864 40.32% 0.00%030613 camarones, langostinos, quisquillas 0 62,689 122,135 51.33% 0.00%610990 camisetas de punto de las demas materias textiles. 0 27,148 115,185 23.57% 0.00%220710 alcohol etilico sin desnaturalizar con un grado alcoholico v 0 32,456 108,682 29.86% 0.00%070310 cebollas y chalotes, frescos o refrigerados 0 27,986 103,310 27.09% 0.00%600622 Tejidos de punto, de anchura > 30 cm, de algodón, teñidos 0 40,860 100,529 40.64% 0.00%611020 sueteres, jerseis, pullovers, cardigans, chalecos y articulo 3 62,691 97,773 64.12% 0.00%790111 cinc en bruto sin alear, con un contenido cinc, en peso, su 0 109,949 96,140 114.36% 0.00%281512 hidroxido de sodio (sosa caustica), en disolucion acuosa ( 0 18,023 77,010 23.40% 0.00%480300 papel higienico y papel para toallas, servilletas o para pap 0 16,811 74,713 22.50% 0.00%491110 impresos publicitarios, catalogos comerciales y similares. 0 37,156 73,242 50.73% 0.00%200980 jugo de las demas frutas o de legumbres u hortalizas 286 22,126 71,161 31.09% 0.40%280700 acido sulfurico; oleum 0 39,795 67,257 59.17% 0.00%140490 los demas productos vegetales no expresados ni compren 358 14,988 56,207 26.67% 0.64%610510 camisas de punto de algodon, para hombres o niños 4 183,883 54,317 338.54% 0.01%780110 plomo en bruto, refinado. 727 40,851 50,868 80.31% 1.43%740710 barras y perfiles de cobre refinado 0 21,905 47,170 46.44% 0.00%732591 bolas y articulos similares para molinos, moldeadas, de fu 0 15,055 46,658 32.27% 0.00%283525 hidrogenoortofosfato de calcio (fosfato dicalcio). 0 33,486 46,244 72.41% 0.00%030429 Filetes y demás carne de pescado (incluso picada), frescos 38 59,795 45,479 131.48% 0.08%071339 las demas alubias, secas desvainadas 1,104 26,098 44,886 58.14% 2.46%620630 camisas, blusas y blusas camiseras, para mujeres o niñas,d 6 9,044 44,099 20.51% 0.01%481810 papel higienico 0 13,888 42,346 32.80% 0.00%230120 harina, polvo y pellets, de pescado o de crustaceos, molus 323 1,440,431 40,683 3540.62% 0.79%710812 oro en bruto, excepto en polvo, para uso no monetario 0 6,752,038 39,982 16887.69% 0.00%600621 Tejidos de punto, de anchura > 30 cm, de algodón, crudos 0 12,685 38,309 33.11% 0.00%610422 conjuntos, de punto, para mujeres o ninas, de algodon. 0 9,435 37,911 24.89% 0.00%180100 cacao en grano, entero o partido crudo o tostado. 0 20,532 36,674 55.99% 0.00%180400 manteca, grasa y aceite de cacao 0 37,117 35,884 103.44% 0.00%611120 prendas y complementos de vestir, de punto de algodon, 0 27,308 35,643 76.62% 0.00%030749 jibias, globitos, calamares y potas, congelados, secos, sala 1,614 103,170 34,520 298.87% 4.68%610462 pantalones , pantalones con peto y pantalones cortos de p 0 26,941 34,304 78.54% 0.00%160415 caballa en conserva, entero o en trozos 3,275 15,382 34,213 44.96% 9.57%620442 vestidos de algodon, para mujeres o niñas 0 7,109 33,810 21.03% 0.00%960820 rotuladores y marcadores con punta de fieltro u otra punt 0 8,462 30,630 27.63% 0.00%260700 minerales de plomo y sus concentrados. 0 895,127 30,052 2978.59% 0.00%790700 las demas manufacturas de cinc. 17 10,648 28,500 37.36% 0.06%200599 Las demás hortalizas preparadas o conservadas (excepto e 78 154,711 27,707 558.38% 0.28%790112 cinc en bruto sin alear, contenido cinc, en peso, inferior a 0 50,856 27,526 184.76% 0.00%120999 las demas semillas, frutos y espora 0 13,325 27,361 48.70% 0.00%090420 pimientos secos, triturados o pulverizados (pimenton). 245 102,837 27,296 376.75% 0.90%611430 las demas prendas de vestir, de punto, de fibras sinteticas 0 10,535 27,247 38.66% 0.00%800110 estano en bruto, sin alear. 0 260,683 26,740 974.88% 0.00%080610 uvas frescas 0 135,834 25,996 522.52% 0.00%



Oportunidades de Negocios del Perú en el Mercado AfricanoSubpartidas Relevantes



168 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2007‐2009)


TOTAL Todos los productos 143,581 100.00% n.a271019 Destilados de petróleo ligero, no especificado en otra parte 46,293 32.24% 32.24%720310 Productos ferreos obtenidos por reduccion directa de minerales de hie 42,576 29.65% 61.89%270900 Aceites crudos de petroleo o de minerales bituminosos. 17,697 12.33% 74.22%271113 Butanos, licuado. 16,640 11.59% 85.81%721399 Los demas alambron de hierro o acero sin alear. 8,600 5.99% 91.80%720711 Semiproductos de hierro o de acero sin alear, de seccion transversal c 6,510 4.53% 96.33%290511 Alcohol metilico (metanol) 3,075 2.14% 98.47%391190 Polisulfuros, polisulfonas y demas productos previstos en nota 3 del c 533 0.37% 98.85%220890 Los demas gin y ginebra 352 0.24% 99.09%890190 Los demas barcos para el transporte de mercancias y los demas barcos 332 0.23% 99.32%843149 Las demas partes identificables como destinadas a las maquinas (gruas 243 0.17% 99.49%271112 Propano, licuado. 81 0.06% 99.55%390910 Resinas ureicas; resinas de tiourea 77 0.05% 99.60%151319 Los demas acietes de cocos y sus fracciones. 63 0.04% 99.65%999999 Materias no a otra parte especificadas 41 0.03% 99.67%271119 Los demas gas de petroleo y demas hidrocarburos 40 0.03% 99.70%842139 Los demas aparatos para filtrar o depurar gases. 32 0.02% 99.72%470790 Los demas desperdicios y desechos de papel y carton, incluidos los des 25 0.02% 99.74%220290 Las demas bebidas no alcoholicas 23 0.02% 99.76%843143 Partes de maquinas o aparatos de sondeo o de perforacion d elas subp 22 0.02% 99.77%847090 Las demas maquinas de franquear, expedir boletos y similar con dispo 22 0.02% 99.79%730890 Fierro de construccion estructurado 21 0.01% 99.80%392330 Bombonas, botellas, frascos y articulos similares. 20 0.01% 99.82%841381 Las demas bombas para liquidos 17 0.01% 99.83%220210 Agua, incluida el agua mineral y la gasificada azucarada, edulcorada d 16 0.01% 99.84%401699 Las demas manufacturas de caucho vucanizado sin endurecer. 15 0.01% 99.85%903089 Los demas instrumentos y aparatos para la medida o control de magni 13 0.01% 99.86%490900 Tarjetas postales impresas o ilustradas; con felicitaciones o comunica 12 0.01% 99.87%820790 Los demas utiles intercambiables para herramientas de mano. 12 0.01% 99.88%381190 Los demas aditivos preparados para aceites lubricantes 11 0.01% 99.88%151790 Las demas preparaciones alimenticias de grasas o de aceites, animales 11 0.01% 99.89%280200 Azufre sublimado o precitipado; azufre coloidal. 10 0.01% 99.90%281121 Dioxido de carbono. 7 0.00% 99.90%610469 Pantalones, pantalones con peto y pantalones cortos de punto, para m 7 0.00% 99.91%340220 Preparaciones tensoactivas acondicionadas para la venta al por menor 7 0.00% 99.91%610439 Chaquetas (sacos), de punto, para mujeres o ninas, de las demas mate 6 0.00% 99.92%110100 Harina de trigo y de morcajo o tranquillon 6 0.00% 99.92%700490 Los demas vidrios 5 0.00% 99.92%380891 Insecticidas, raticidas y demás antirroedores, fungicidas, herbicidas, in 5 0.00% 99.93%820590 Conjuntos o surtidos de articulos de, por lo menos, dos de las subpart 5 0.00% 99.93%730799 Coplas para mineria 5 0.00% 99.93%290129 Los demas hidrocarburos aciclicos no saturados. 5 0.00% 99.94%851660 Los demas hornos; cocinas, calentadores, parrillas y asadores, electri 4 0.00% 99.94%330491 Polvos, incluidos los compactos, de belleza, maquillaje o el cuidado d 4 0.00% 99.94%870323 Vehiculos automovil transporte personas de cilindrada superior a 1500 4 0.00% 99.95%731420 Enrejados de alambre soldados en puntos de cruce, con alambre 3mm 4 0.00% 99.95%482010 Libros registro,libros de contabilidad, talonarios, agendas,memorando 3 0.00% 99.95%842121 Aparatos para filtrar o depurar liquidos 3 0.00% 99.95%481910 Cajas de papel o carton ondulado 3 0.00% 99.95%280421 Argon 3 0.00% 99.96%482340 Papel diagrama para aparatos registradores, en bobinas, en hojas o en 3 0.00% 99.96%732690 Las demas manufacturas de hierro o acero 3 0.00% 99.96%210690 Las demas preparaciones alimenticias 3 0.00% 99.96%847330 Partes y accesorios de maquinas de la partida 8471 3 0.00% 99.96%


Criterio: Principales subpartidas de exportación de Trinidad y Tobago hacia Africa, de tal forma que acumulen en 99.96% del total exportado.

Principales Subpartidas de la Oferta Exportable de Trinidad y Tobago hacia África


169

Código del


Exp. hacia África

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2007‐2009)

Exp. al Mundo

(Miles de dólares,

prom. 2007‐2009)

Razón

TOTAL Todos los productos 143,580.67 13,724,213.33 1.05%610439 Chaquetas (sacos), de punto, para mujeres o ninas, de las demas mate 6.33 6.33 100.00%

610469 Pantalones, pantalones con peto y pantalones cortos de punto, para m 6.67 8.00 83.33%

390910 Resinas ureicas; resinas de tiourea 77.33 203.67 37.97%

600129 Tejidos con bucles, de punto, de las demas materias textiles. 0.33 1.00 33.33%

842199 Depuradores de liquidos, partes y piezas 2.00 6.33 31.58%

700490 Los demas vidrios 5.00 18.67 26.79%

847090 Las demas maquinas de franquear, expedir boletos y similar con dispo 21.67 90.00 24.07%

720310 Productos ferreos obtenidos por reduccion directa de minerales de hie 42,575.67 234,291.33 18.17%

401699 Las demas manufacturas de caucho vucanizado sin endurecer. 15.00 83.00 18.07%

851660 Los demas hornos; cocinas, calentadores, parrillas y asadores, electri 4.33 27.00 16.05%

720711 Semiproductos de hierro o de acero sin alear, de seccion transversal c 6,510.00 53,957.67 12.07%

391190 Polisulfuros, polisulfonas y demas productos previstos en nota 3 del c 533.33 4,628.67 11.52%

999999 Materias no a otra parte especificadas 41.33 422.00 9.79%

271113 Butanos, licuado. 16,640.00 176,793.33 9.41%

470790 Los demas desperdicios y desechos de papel y carton, incluidos los des 25.00 273.67 9.14%

481013 Papel y cartón de los tipos utilizados para escribir, imprimir u otros fin 2.00 27.00 7.41%

842139 Los demas aparatos para filtrar o depurar gases. 32.33 454.67 7.11%

151790 Las demas preparaciones alimenticias de grasas o de aceites, animales 10.67 163.67 6.52%

850231 Los demas grupos electrogenos de energia eolica. 1.33 24.67 5.41%

721399 Los demas alambron de hierro o acero sin alear. 8,600.33 179,226.00 4.80%

841821 Refrigeradores de uso domestico de compresion 0.67 14.33 4.65%

330410 Preparaciones para el maquillaje de los labios 2.33 56.00 4.17%

220890 Los demas gin y ginebra 351.67 8,516.33 4.13%

903089 Los demas instrumentos y aparatos para la medida o control de magni 12.67 321.33 3.94%

330491 Polvos, incluidos los compactos, de belleza, maquillaje o el cuidado d 4.00 103.00 3.88%

890190 Los demas barcos para el transporte de mercancias y los demas barcos 332.00 8,598.67 3.86%

731816 Tuercas 1.67 44.00 3.79%

151319 Los demas acietes de cocos y sus fracciones. 63.00 1,676.67 3.76%

841830 Congeladores‐conservadores horizontales del tipo arca, de capacidad i 0.33 9.33 3.57%

961210 Cintas para maquinas de escribir y similares, entintadas o preparadas. 1.00 32.67 3.06%

381190 Los demas aditivos preparados para aceites lubricantes 11.33 446.67 2.54%

820590 Conjuntos o surtidos de articulos de, por lo menos, dos de las subpart 4.67 190.33 2.45%

490900 Tarjetas postales impresas o ilustradas; con felicitaciones o comunica 11.67 506.33 2.30%

290129 Los demas hidrocarburos aciclicos no saturados. 4.67 239.00 1.95%

271019 Destilados de petróleo ligero, no especificado en otra parte 46,292.67 2,386,955.00 1.94%

820790 Los demas utiles intercambiables para herramientas de mano. 11.67 637.67 1.83%

841381 Las demas bombas para liquidos 16.67 972.33 1.71%

870323 Vehiculos automovil transporte personas de cilindrada superior a 1500 4.00 264.00 1.52%

847149 Las demas maquinas presentadas en forma de sistemas 2.33 157.33 1.48%

280421 Argon 3.00 206.67 1.45%

843149 Las demas partes identificables como destinadas a las maquinas (gruas 242.67 16,955.33 1.43%

482340 Papel diagrama para aparatos registradores, en bobinas, en hojas o en 3.00 219.00 1.37%

340399 Las demas preparaciones lubricantes 0.33 26.33 1.27%

270900 Aceites crudos de petroleo o de minerales bituminosos. 17,697.00 1,626,995.00 1.09%

470710 Desperdicios y desechos de papel o carton kraft crudo o de papel o car 1.67 154.33 1.08%

490700 Sellos de correos, timbre fiscales y analogos, sin obliterar que tenga 2.33 217.00 1.08%


Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total exportado mayor de 1.05%

África como un receptor importante de la Oferta Exportable de TyT:Subpartidas Relevantes


170

Código del


Exp. hacia África




TOTAL Todos los productos 143,581 414,269,069 0.03%

720310 productos ferreos obtenidos por reduccion directa de minerales de hie 42,576 26,758 >100%

721399 los demas alambron de hierro o acero sin alear. 8,600 21,433 28.65%

220890 los demas gin y ginebra 352 31,896 1.15%

391190 polisulfuros, polisulfonas y demas productos previstos en nota 3 del c 533 39,897 0.81%

720711 semiproductos de hierro o de acero sin alear, de seccion transversal c 6,510 633,779 0.62%

271113 butanos, licuado. 16,640 1,754,434 0.42%

470790 los demas desperdicios y desechos de papel y carton, incluidos los des 25 6,529 0.34%

271119 los demas gas de petroleo y demas hidrocarburos 40 89,440 0.14%

280200 azufre sublimado o precitipado; azufre coloidal. 10 25,309 0.12%

903089 los demas instrumentos y aparatos para la medida o control de magnit 13 40,516 0.09%

700490 los demas vidrios 5 18,198 0.08%

482040 impresos en paquetes o plegados, aunque lleven papel carbon 1 4,112 0.05%

843149 las demas partes identificables como destinadas a las maquinas (gruas 243 1,239,000 0.04%

820590 conjuntos o surtidos de articulos de, por lo menos, dos de las subpart 5 37,368 0.04%

281121 dioxido de carbono. 7 12,392 0.03%

482340 papel diagrama para aparatos registradores, en bobinas, en hojas o en 3 9,492 0.03%


Criterio: Razón de exp. Africa sobre el total importado por Africa mayor de 0.03%

Trinidad y Tobago como un Proveedor Importante para África:Subpartidas Relevantes


171

Código del


Exp. Trinidad y

Tobago hacia África

Exp. Trinidad y

Tobago al Mundo

Imp. de África del

Mundo Potencial Real

TOTAL Todos los productos 117,558 9,125,971 414,269,069 2.20% 0.03%290511 Alcohol metilico (metanol) 0 299,731 11,952 2507.79% 0.00%

271111 Gas natural licuado. 0 3,710,629 258,679 1434.45% 0.00%

281410 Amoniaco anhidro. 0 336,442 210,471 159.85% 0.00%

890520 Plataformas de perforacion o de explotacion, flotantes o sumergibles. 0 129,450 154,013 84.05% 0.00%

220840 Ron y aguardiente de cana o tafia. 0 13,429 26,893 49.93% 0.00%

271119 Los demas gas de petroleo y demas hidrocarburos 121 28,753 89,440 32.15% 0.14%

030269 Los demas pescados frescos o refrigerados, excluye filetes, higados, h 0 3,965 12,582 31.51% 0.00%

220210 Agua, incluida el agua mineral y la gasificada azucarada, edulcorada d 24 47,557 157,478 30.20% 0.02%

271112 Propano, licuado. 0 51,886 176,445 29.41% 0.00%

190490 Los demas productos a base de cereales obtenidos por insuflado o tost 0 6,751 26,970 25.03% 0.00%

260112 Minerales de hierro y sus concentrados aglomerados 0 131,894 555,763 23.73% 0.00%

220890 Los demas gin y ginebra 367 7,338 31,896 23.01% 1.15%

843069 Las demas maquinas y aparatos de explanacion, nivelac., sin propulsion 0 13,710 63,508 21.59% 0.00%

310210 Urea, incluso en disolucion acuosa. 0 152,734 708,919 21.54% 0.00%

843930 Maquinas y aparatos para el acabado de papel o de carton. 0 3,585 16,880 21.24% 0.00%

392510 Depositos, cisternas, cubas y recipientes analogos de capac.sup.a 300l 0 3,343 15,864 21.07% 0.00%

210320 Salsa de tomate 0 5,263 25,941 20.29% 0.00%

970110 Cuadros, pinturas y dibujos hechos totalmente a mano 0 3,387 17,352 19.52% 0.00%

190590 Los demas productos de panaderia, pasteleria o galleteria. 0 21,346 119,738 17.83% 0.00%

481810 Papel higienico 0 7,435 42,346 17.56% 0.00%

200811 Manies y cacahuates preparados o en conserva, incluso azucarados o e 0 5,195 36,446 14.25% 0.00%

481930 Sacos y bolsas de papel, con una anchura en la base superior o igual a 0 7,101 53,876 13.18% 0.00%

200990 Mezclas de jugos, sin fermentar y sin alcohol, incluso azucarados. 0 9,884 79,451 12.44% 0.00%

220710 Alcohol etilico sin desnaturalizar con un grado alcoholico volumetrico 0 13,391 108,682 12.32% 0.00%

481830 Manteles y servilletas 0 1,764 14,655 12.04% 0.00%

940421 Colchones de caucho o plastico celulares,recubiertos o no 0 1,467 12,197 12.03% 0.00%

903090 Osciloscopios, analizadores de espectro, y aparatos para la deteccion 0 1,996 18,195 10.97% 0.00%

391190 Polisulfuros, polisulfonas y demas productos previstos en nota 3 del c 323 4,331 39,897 10.86% 0.81%

900630 Aparatos especiales para fotografia submarina o aerea, para examen m 0 1,265 12,164 10.40% 0.00%

281121 Dioxido de carbono. 4 1,268 12,392 10.23% 0.03%

271019 Destilados de petróleo ligero, no especificado en otra parte 2,679 1,483,878 14,605,664 10.16% 0.02%

200819 Los demas, incluidas las mezclas preparadas o conservados 0 2,126 21,230 10.01% 0.00%

720711 Semiproductos de hierro o de acero sin alear, de seccion transversal c 3,910 63,224 633,779 9.98% 0.62%

180631 Los demas chocolates, en bloques, en tabletas o en barras, rellenos. 0 6,652 68,883 9.66% 0.00%

852799 Aparatos receptores de radiodifusión, incluso combinados en la misma 0 2,664 29,009 9.18% 0.00%

340220 Preparaciones tensoactivas acondicionadas para la venta al por menor 0 23,051 267,099 8.63% 0.00%

200919 Otros jugos de naranja 0 2,799 32,997 8.48% 0.00%

200899 Las demas frutas preparadas o en conserva, al natural o en almibar . 0 1,302 16,797 7.75% 0.00%

480300 Papel higienico y papel para toallas, servilletas o para papeles simil 0 5,666 74,713 7.58% 0.00%

210500 Helados y productos similares, incluso con cacao 0 2,359 31,934 7.39% 0.00%

271490 Los demas betunes y asfaltos naturales; asfaltitas y rocas asfalticas 0 18,078 248,753 7.27% 0.00%

930599 Partes y accesorios de armas y artefactos similares de las partidas 9303 0 1,533 22,032 6.96% 0.00%

040110 Leche y nata, sin concentrar ni edulcorar, con un contenido materia gr 0 1,281 19,238 6.66% 0.00%

240220 Cigarrillos que contengan tabaco. 0 42,294 682,689 6.20% 0.00%

190410 Productos a base de cereales, obtenidos por insuflado o tostado. 0 3,511 57,074 6.15% 0.00%

481710 Sobres 1 1,168 19,018 6.14% 0.01%

271011 Alcohol de aviación 0 501,889 8,225,424 6.10% 0.00%

180100 Cacao en grano, entero o partido crudo o tostado. 0 1,973 36,674 5.38% 0.00%

120810 Harina de habas de soja. 0 1,941 37,350 5.20% 0.00%

731420 Enrejados de alambre soldados en puntos de cruce, con alambre 3mm. 0 1,648 32,502 5.07% 0.00%

200520 Patatas, preparadas o conservadas (excepto en vinagre o ac. acet,),sin 0 2,104 41,905 5.02% 0.00%



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relations of latin america and the caribbean with africa - sela

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