relation between low birth weight babies and antenatal care with nutritional status in the women of...

7/23/2019 Relation between low birth weight babies and antenatal care with nutritional status in the women of Private indus

1/90

6

Zcoftmki jctwcci okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs fid

fitciftfo bfrc wmtl iutrmtmkifo stftus mi tlcwkaci ke

^rmvftc midustrmfo wkrhcrs

DZ. TFLMZ LSRRFMI HLFZFO

A.J8 J.R. (^j), A^L (RWCDCI)


2/90

:

Zcoftmki jctwcci okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs fidfitciftfo bfrc wmtl iutrmtmkifo stftus mi tlc

wkaci ke

^rmvftc midustrmfo wkrhcrs

DZ. TFLMZ LSRRFMI HLFZFO

A.J8 J.R. (^j), A^L (RWCDCI)

Rujamttcd mi pfrtmfo euoemooacit ke tlc rcqumrcacits ekr

Tlc Afstcr ke Rbmcibc mi Bkaauimty Lcfotl & Iutrmtmki, ft Efbuotyke Rbmcibcs.

Foofaf Mqjfo Kpci Simvcrsmty, Msofafjfd

Fdvmscr0 Afy, :>>=

Dr. Rlflzfd Fom Hlfi

A.J8J.R. A.J.F, A.^.L


3/90

2

FBHIKWOCDGCACITR

Emrst fid ekrcakst, M wkuod omhc tk cxprcss ay smibcrc grftmtudc tk tlksc prcgifit

wkaci ke Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo-Rtudy bcitcr, wlksc pfrtmbmpftmki mi Aftcrifo fid

Ickiftfo Blmod Lcfotl prkgrfa ekr afhmig tlms study pkssmjoc fid fosk tk tlksc

Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo stfee, wlk wcrc mivkovcd mi bkoocbtmki ke miekraftmki uscd

ekr tlms study.

M fa cxtrcacoy grftceuo tk ay supcrvmskr Dr Rlflzfd Fom Hlfi, ekr lms prkecssmkifo

fid okgmstmb suppkrt, cibkurfgcacit, pftmcibc fid uidcrstfidmig mi prcpfrmig tlms

tlcsms.

M wkuod fosk omhc tk cxtcid ay fpprcbmftmki tk ay bkoocfguc Amss. Faif @fjcci ekr

lcopmig ac mi dftf bkoocbtmki, fid akst rcspcbtfjoc fid lkikurfjoc Ar. If`fa Mqjfo,

Blmce cxcbutmvc ke Rbmcibc Bcitrc, ekr spkiskrmig tlms rcscfrbl wkrh.

M fa lmgloy fpprcbmftmvc ke Dr. @fvcd Mqjfo @fi`uf ms f grcft ermcid fid bkistfit

skurbc ke suppkrt ekr ac.

Mi tlc cid, M fa rcfooy grftceuo ekr ay aktlcrs bkistfit suppkrt fid prfycrs, wlmbl M

jcomcvc, lfvc fowfys bfrrmcd ac tlrkugl mi omec. Ofstoy, M wmsl tk fpprcbmftc ay wmec,

ekr lcr uieomiblmig suppkrt fid ay blmodrci, Ifyfj, Vfajcr fid Rmjtfmi, ekr jcmig

skurbc ke `ky fid sftmsefbtmki. M tlfih Foamglty FOOFL ekr lfvmig afdc A.Rb ikt

kioy pkssmjoc jut fosk fi uiekrgcttfjoc cxpcrmcibc.


4/90

4

Fbbcptcd jy tlc Efbuoty ke Rbmcibcs, Foofaf Mqjfo Kpci Simvcrsmty, mi pfrtmfo

euoemooacit ke tlc rcqumrcacits ekr tlc Afstcr ke Rbmcibc mi Bkaauimty Lcfotl &

Iutrmtmki.

Umvf Ukbf Bkaamttcc

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Blfmrpcrski ke tlc Dcpfrtacit

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Cxtcrifo Cxfamicr

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Mitcrifo Cxfamicr


5/90

3

DCDMBFTMKI

Tlms wkrh ms dcdmbftcd tkay okvmig Aktlcr fid ay Wmec.

Wmtlkut tlcmr prfycrs fid suppkrt,

Tlms wkrh wkuod ikt lfvc jcci pkssmjoc ekr ac


6/90

5

OMRT KE FJJZCMUMFTMKI SRCD

FJJZCUMFTMKIR TCZAR

FIB. Fitciftfo Bfrc

BJF. Blmod Jcfrmig Fgc

B-RCBTMKI Bfcsfrcfi Rcbtmki

EFTF Ecdcrfooy Fdamimstcrcd Trmjfo frcf

E^. Efamoy ^ofiimig

OJW.. Okw Jmrtl Wcmglt

AIBL Aftcrifo fid Ickiftfo Blmod Lcfotl

ADG Amoociimua Dcvcokpacit Gkfos

IWE^.. Ikrtl Wcst Erkitmcr ^rkvmibc

K^D. Kut ^ftmcit Dcpfrtacit

KZT. Krfo Zclydrftmki Trcftacit

RUD. Rpkitfickus Ufgmifo Dcomvcry

TJF................ Trfdmtmkifo Jmrtl Fttcidfit

WLK..................... Wkrod Lcfotl Krgfimzftmki


7/90

7

FJRTZFBT

Okw Jmrtl Wcmglt fakig icwjkri ms f wkrodwmdc rmsh efbtkr ekr miefit akrjmdmty fid

akrtfomty fbrkss tlc wkrod cspcbmfooy mi Rkutl Cfst Fsmf, ^fhmstfi. ^rkpcr fitciftfo

bfrc wmtl iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc bfi mdcitmey fid maprkvc tlc rmsh ke okw jmrtl wcmglt fid

uotmaftcoy dcbrcfsc tlc miefit akrjmdmty fid akrtfomty.

Tlc fma ke tlc study wfs tk maprkvc tlc aktlcr fid blmod lcfotl jy tcstmig tlc

lypktlcsms tlft ekur kr akrc fitciftfo vmsmts wmtl prkpcr iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc bkuod

maprkvc tlc jmrtl wcmglt, bkapfrcd tk ocss tlfi ekur vmsmts.

Tlc kj`cbtmvcs ke tlms study wcrc tk mdcitmey tlc iutrmtmkifo stftus ke prcgifit wkaci

fid rcoftmki jctwcci Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr bfscs wmtl jmrtl wcmglt.

Miekraftmki fjkut fitciftfo vmsmts fid Ekkd Ercquciby ke :>> prcgifit wkaci ke

prmvftc midustrmfo wkrhcrs wcrc bkoocbtcd uidcr tlc sblcac ke ^ujomb scbtkr prcpfmd

lcfotl misurfibc systca ft Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo, Msofafjfd. Tlc durftmki ke study

wfs smx akitl erka Fugust :>>7 tk @fiufry :>>% wcrc prmamgrfvmdf fid 5>% wcrc auotmgrfvmdf wkaci bfac ekr dcomvcry.

Fakig foo prcgifit wkaci mi tlms study 32.3% wcrc up tk :3 ycfrs ke fgc. 77.3%

prcgifit ofdmcs fttcidcd ekur kr akrc fitciftfo vmsmts. Zcgfrdmig okw jmrtl wcmglt

jfjmcs wcrc ekuid :2%. Rmgimembfit rcoftmkislmp scci mi jkdy afss midcx ke fitciftfo

uscr wmtl iki-fitciftfo uscr fs 2>% ikrafo wcmglt Zcguofr bfscs bkapfrcd tk .>64).


8/90

.>>6), akdc ke

dcomvcry (p?>.>>>), aftcrifo Fitciftfo vmsmts (p?>.>>>), icwjkri fgc (p?>.>>>),

aftcrifo JAM (p?>.>7.53=), aftcrifo

wcmglt (p?>.44>), aftcrifo cdubftmki (p?>.4.573) fid

pfrmty lfd ik bkrrcoftmki (p?>.526) Iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc wfs ekuid vcry ceecbtmvc fs

.3% dmd dmct akdmembftmki upki fdvmbc ke dkbtkr durmig fitciftfo blcbh-up

(p?>.>>>).

Mi krdcr tk prcvcit tlc prcvfocibc ke okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs, ceekrts tk mibrcfsc

sblcduocd vmsmts mi fitciftfo bfrc wmtl iutrmtmkifo bkuiscomig aust jc strcigtlcicd.

HC] WKZDR0

Fitciftfo vmsmts, Zcguofr, Iki-Zcguofr, Okw jmrtl wcmglt, Rkbmfo Rcburmty, ^fhmstfi


9/90

=

TFJOC KE BKITCITR

Rr. TK^MB ^FGC

6 BLF^TCZ6 MITZKDSBTMKI 6

6.6 Zftmkifoc fid Jfbhgrkuid 6

6.: Rtftcacit ke Tlc ^rkjoca 3

6.2 Fma 3

6.4 Kj`cbtmvcs 3

6.3 Rtudy Lypktlcsms 5

6.5 Kpcrftmkifo Dcemimtmkis 5

6.7 Rmgimembfibc ke ^rkpkscd Rtudy 7

6.< Zcscfrbl Actlkdkokgy 7

6.= Omamtftmki ke Rtudy Rkbmfo Rcburmty Rystca mi ^fhmstfi

:.< Tlc Fgc efbtkr 67

:.= ^mbf 6 Rakhmig 6

2.6 Rtudy Dcsmgi :>

2.: ^ofbc ke Rtudy :>

2.2 Rtudy ^kpuoftmki :6

2.4 Durftmki ke Rtudy :6

2.3 Rfapomig :6

2.5 Rfapomig Tcblimquc :6

2.7 Mibousmki Cxbousmki Brmtcrmf :6

2.< Dftf bkoocbtmki ::

2.= Mitcrvmcw ::

2.6> Vucstmkiifmrc :2

2.66 ^rc-tcst ke Vucstmkiifmrc :2

2.6: Ufrmfjocs :4

2.62 Midmvmdufo vfrmfjocs fid Vucstmkis :4

2.64 Tcblimqucs ke Kjscrvftmkis :3

2.63 Comamiftmki ke Jmfscs :5

2.65 Dftf Fifoysms :7

2.67 Ctlmbfo Bkismdcrftmki :7

4. Fifoysms ke DftfBLF^TCZ- 4.F Fifoysms ke Dftf

4.: Aftcrifo Cdubftmki :=

4.2 Dmstfibc erka Lkspmtfo 2>

4.4 Kbbupftmki 2:

4.3 Aftcrifo Lcmglt 2:

4.5 Aftcrifo Wcmglt 22

4.7 Jkdy Afss Midcx 22

4.< Wcmglt Gfmi durmig ^rcgifiby 23

4.= Grfvmdmty 23

4.6> Iuajcr ke Fitciftfo vmsmts 25


11/90

66

4.66 Rtftus ke ^rcgifiby 25

4.6: Akdc ke Dcomvcry 27

4.62 Lfjmt ke Tkjfbbk usc 2

4.67 Jfjy Wcmglt Bftcgkrmcs 4>

4.6< F^GFZ Rbkrc 46

4.6=4.

6=4

Dmct Akdmembftmki 4:

4.:> Fdvmbc ekr Dmct Akdmembftmki 4:

4.:6 Zcguofr Acfo Lfjmts 44

4.:: ^MBF 44

4.:2 Dcsbrmptmki ke Dmeecrcit Acfo Lfjmts 43

4.:4 Wcchoy Ekkd Ercquciby 45

4.:3 BK-ZCOFTMKI KE AFTCZIFO FID ICW JKZI UFZMFJOCR

WMTL JMZTL WCMGLT

4

MM FIIC\-J0 VSCRTMKIFMZZC 76

OMRT KE TFJOCR

TFJOC IK. TMTOC KE TLC TFJOC ^FGC IK.

TFJOC 6 Aftcrifo Fgc :

TFJOC 2 Dmstfibc erka Lkspmtfo 26

TFJOC 4 Kbbupftmki 2:

TFJOC 3 Aftcrifo Lcmglt 22

TFJOC 5 Aftcrifo Wcmglt 22

TFJOC 7 Jkdy Afss Midcx 24

TFJOC < Wcmglt Gfmi durmig ^rcgifiby 23

TFJOC = Grfvmdmty 23

TFJOC 6> Iuajcr ke Fitciftfo vmsmts 25

TFJOC 66 Rtftus ke ^rcgifiby 25

TFJOC 6: Akdc ke Dcomvcry 27

TFJOC 62 Lfjmt ke Tkjfbbk usc 2

TFJOC 67 Jfjy Wcmglt Bftcgkrmcs 4>

TFJOC 6< F^GFZ Rbkrc 46


13/90


14/90

64

OMRT KE EMGSZCR

EMGSZC IK. TMTOC KE TLC EMGSZC ^FGC IK.

EMGSZC 6 Bkibcptufo erfacwkrh ke study lypktlcsms 5

EMGSZC : Rkbmfo Rcburmty Rystca Akdco 6>

EMGSZC 2 Mitcriftmkifo byboc ke grkwtl efmourc 62

EMGSZC 4 Afp ke Zfwfopmidm Zcgmki, study frcf :>

EMGSZC 3 Aftcrifo Fgc :=

EMGSZC 5 Aftcrifo Cdubftmki 2>

EMGSZC 7 Srjfi / Zurfo dmstrmjutmki 26

EMGSZC < Jkdy Afss Midcx(JAM) 24

EMGSZC = ^rcgifiby Rtftus 27

EMGSZC 6> Akdc ke Dcomvcry 2> ga (mrrcspcbtmvc ke gcstftmkifo fgc m.c.

tlksc jkri prcafturcoy fid tlksc wmtl ectfo grkwtl rcstrmbtmki), (WLK, 6==:).

OJW ms kic ke tlc akst scrmkus blfoocigcs mi aftcrifo fid ickiftfo blmod lcfotl

(AIBL) mi jktl dcvcokpcd fid dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs. Tlc jmrtl wcmglt ke fi miefit ms

tlc smigoc akst mapkrtfit efbtkr tlft feecbts ickiftfo akrtfomty, mi fddmtmki tk jcmig

smgimembfit dctcramifits ke pkst-ickiftfo miefit akrtfomty fid ke miefit fid blmodlkkd

akrjmdmty (AbBkrambh, 6== tmacs akrc omhcoy tk dmc tlfi lcfvmcr jfjmcs (Hrfacr AR,

6=>2) fid (Ufocrk Dc Jcrifj ct fo. :>>4).Tlc bklkrt ke OJW jfjmcs ms omhcoy tk

rceocbt twk ceecbts, f slkrt gcstftmkifo fgc fid safoo ekr gcstftmkifo fgc usufooy rcsuots

ekr mitrf-utcrmic grkwtl rcstrmbtmki (MSGZ), (Dc Kims, 6==> ekods fbrkss tlc spcbtrua ke jmrtl wcmglt fid wkrsci wmtl dcbrcfsmig wcmglt

(Wmobkx FO, :>>6).

Akst OJW miefits mi dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs frc jkri ft tcra fid frc feecbtcd jy

mitrfutcrmic grkwtl rcstrmbtmki tlft afy jcgmi cfroy mi prcgifiby (Umoofr @ fid Jcomzfi

@A, 6=


16/90

65

dmscfscs. Mt ocfds tlc gmros tk f vmbmkus byboc jcmig lfvmig safoocr jfjmcs wlci tlcy

jcbkac aktlcrs (Dc Kims, 6==>7). Tlms cstmaftc wfs mrrcspcbtmvc ke gcstftmkifo

fgc. Wlmoc ke tlc tktfo cstmaftcd mitrf-utcrmic grkwtl rcstrmbtmki (MSGZ) jfjmcs, Fsmf

fbbkuits ekr 73%, fid wmtl :>% fid 3% jktl mi Fermbf fid Oftmi Facrmbf,

rcspcbtmvcoy. MSGZ fbbkuits ekr 66 % ke tktfo jfjmcs mi dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs rfigmig

erka :% tk :6% ke tlft ms 5 tmacs lmglcr bkapfrcd tk dcvcokpcd bkuitrmcs (Dc Kims,

6==% fid mi ^fhmstfi mt ms

6=% (SID^, :>>7).

Tlcrc frc afiy efbtkrs wlmbl feecbt tlc durftmki ke gcstftmki fid ectfo grkwtl ocfdmig

tk OJW jfjmcs. Jmrtl wcmglt ms feecbtcd jy aktlcrs kwi ectfo grkwtl fid lcr dmct

erka jmrtl tk prcgifiby. Dcprmvcd aktlcrs gmvc jmrtl tk OJW jfjmcs. ^kkr iutrmtmki

jktl jcekrc fid durmig prcgifiby ms rcbkgimzcd fs f hikwi bfusc ke OJW cspcbmfooy

mi dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs. Hrfacr bkiboudcd tlft aftcrifo iutrmtmkifo efbtkrs jktl

jcekrc fid durmig prcgifiby fbbkuit ekr akrc tlfi 3>% ke bfscs ke OJW mi afiydcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs (Hrfacr AR, 6=


17/90

67

acfsurcs wcrc mimtmftcd tk maprkvc tlc wcmglt ke icw jkri jfjmcs. Tlc efamoy wcoefrc

prkgrfaac mi ^fhmstfi fmacd cfroy rcgmstrftmki ke prcgifit wkaci ekr fitciftfo

bfrc scrvmbcs fid bkvcrfgc ke prcgifit wkaci ekr tlc vmsmt ke efamoy lcfotl wkrhcr kr

Amd-wmec (Jluttf PF, 6==7)

Aftcrifo fid blmod lcfotl kutbkacs frc bokscoy fsskbmftcd tlrkuglkut tlc omec byboc

jut akst rfdmbfo ceecbts frc durmig prcgifiby fid ickiftfo pcrmkd. Tlc fitciftfo

pcrmkd bocfroy prcscits kppkrtuimtmcs ekr rcfblmig tlc prcgifit wkaci wmtl afiy

mitcrvcitmkis (Bfapjcoo KAZ fid Grflfa W@, :>>5). Wlmbl frc vmtfo tk tlcmr lcfotl

fid wcoo jcmig fs wcoo fs ke tlcmr miefits fid prkvmdmig prcvcitmvc fid burftmvc

scrvmbcs (Fjku Pflr BO fid Wfrdofw T, :>>2). Rtudmcs mi dcvcokpmig fid

trfismtmkifo bkuitrmcs lfvc slkwi pksmtmvc ceecbts ke FIB ki pcrmiftfo kutbkacs,

miboudmig rcdubcd rftcs ke prc-tcra ofjkur ( L Krvks ct fo. :>>:) fid (BF Jrkwi,

:>>:).

Mi fddmtmki tk tlc dmrcbt ceecbt ke FIB ki pcrmiftfo kutbkacs (m.c. lcfotl jcicemts

frmsmig erka tlc bfrc mtscoe), tlcrc afy fosk jc fi midmrcbt jcicemt fsskbmftcd wmtl

FIB, smibc wkaci fttcidmig FIB frc akrc omhcoy tk lfvc tlcmr dcomvcry fssmstcd

jy f prkecssmkifo lcfotl bfrc prkvmdcr kr mi f lcfotl efbmomty (FA Ufi Cm`mh ct fo.

:>>5). Me fitciftfo bfrc fblmcvcs lmgl bkvcrfgc, mt prkvmdcs f poftekra ekr cvmdcibc-

jfscd mitcrvcitmkis, miboudmig vfbbmiftmki, bkrrcbtmki ke ficamf, KZT, E^, afofrmf

fid ktlcr miecbtmkis (RF Jluttf ct fo. :>>3).

Mi ^fhmstfi kioy 26 pcrbcit ke tlc wkaci scch fitciftfo bfrc. Fitciftfo bfrc lfs

slkwi skac maprkvcacit kvcr tmac, jut tlcrc wcrc wmdc urjfi-rurfo dmspfrmtmcs.

Kvcr 3< pcrbcit ke blmodjcfrmig fgcd wkaci frc ficamb, f bkidmtmki tlft bfi jc

cfsmoy dctcbtcd fid trcftcd durmig tlc prciftfo bfrc pcrmkd. Twk-tlmrds ke tlc prcgifit

wkaci dcomvcr ft lkac fid pcrbcit ke tlc dcomvcrmcs tfhc pofbc wmtlkut tlc

fssmstfibc ke shmoocd jmrtl fttcidfits. Kvcrfoo, fjkut tlrcc-emetls ke rurfo wkaci dk ikt

rcbcmvc fiy fitciftfo blcbh-up durmig tlcmr ofst prcgifiby. Rcrvmbcs fbtufooy rcbcmvcd

frc prcdkamifitoy iutrmtmkifo fdvmbcs fid suppoy ke mrki fid ekomb fbmd tfjocts.


18/90

6>4).Kic study mi ^fhmstfi lfs slkwi ocsscr prcvfocibc ke

ficamf fakig wkaci fttcidmig fitciftfo bfrc efbmomtmcs fid bkiboudcd tlft

mdcitmembftmki ke dfigcr smgifos mi prcgifiby fid rcbkgimtmki ke iutrmtmkifo dcafids

ke prcgifiby frc jcttcr uidcrstkkd jy wkaci utmomzmig fitciftfo bfrc efbmomtmcs (F]

Fofa ct fo. :>>3).

Zcdubtmki ke OJW mibmdcibc jy 6/2rdjctwcci :>>> :>6> ms kic ke tlc af`kr

gkfos ke WLK. F Wkrod emt ekr blmodrci, dcbofrcd mi Simtcd Iftmki Gcicrfo Fsscajoy

scssmki mi :>>:. Mi Amoociimua Dcvcokpacit Gkfo (ADG) rcdubtmki ke OJW ms pfrt

ke rcdubmig blmod akrtfomty tfrgct, wlmbl ocfds tk lcfotly stfrt ke omec ekr icw jkri fid

cisurmig tlft aktlcrs bkaacibc prcgifiby lcfotly fid wcoo ikurmslcd tlrkugl

prkpcr FIB fid iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc.

Ik studmcs ki OJW jfjmcs lfvc jcci bkidubtcd mi tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lcfotl

Misurfibc systca, bkvcrmig midustrmfo wkrhcrs efamomcs, ki tlc iftmkifo ocvco. Kioy

iftmkifo studmcs frc fvfmofjoc wlmbl slkw tlc prcvfocibc rftc ke OJW mi ^fhmstfi.

Afoiutrmtmki ms f af`kr lcfotl mssuc mi ^fhmstfi. Sidcrwcmglt fid stuitmig frc akrc

prcvfocit mi rurfo frcfs. Trcftacit fid prcvcitmki bfi jrmig dkwi akrjmdmty fid

akrtfomty sk tlc fbbkapfiymig lcfotl bfrcs cxpcisc. Fotlkugl tlc fvcrfgc pcr bfpmtf

bfokrmb fvfmofjmomty fid lcfotl midmbftkrs lfvc maprkvcd mi ^fhmstfi, jut vcry omttoc

maprkvcacit mi iutrmtmkifo stftus lfs jcci kjscrvcd mi tlc pfst dcbfdc.

Foo tlms prkjoca ke OJW ms duc tk tlc afoiutrmtmki ke wkaci, wlk ms mi f blmod

jcfrmig fgc fid lfvmig ik fbbcss tk jfofibc dmct tlrkugl kut lcr omec mi f ^fhmstfim

skbmcty wlcrc slc lfs tk wkrh f wlkoc dfy mi lkac, emcod, kr mi f efbtkry. Tlc

bkidmtmki jcbkacs wkrsc wlci slc gkt prcgifit jcmig forcfdy dcprmvcd kee jfofibc

dmct fid ikw slc lfs tk eccd lcr ectus ekr 4> wcchs mi tlc sfac rftmki, slc ms lfvmig

fs f rkutmic. Foo tlms rcsuots mi tlc slfpc ke OJW. Rubl f smtuftmki bfi jc maprkvcd jy

f iutrmtmkifo bkuiscomig ft tlc tmac ke fitciftfo cxfamiftmki. Mi f skbmcty omhc ^fhmstfi

fid bkaauimty wlmbl wc frc dcfomig ms f ofjkur bofss, wlk lfs ik tmac ekr tlcmr


19/90

6=

lcfotl bfrc tlcy lfvc tk wkrh ekr tlcmr omvmig, amimaua 4 fitciftfo vmsmts frc

rcbkaacidcd ekr f ikrafo prcgifiby. Mi f study ocss tlfi 2 prciftfo vmsmts wcrc

fsskbmftcd wmtl smgimembfitoy lmglcr mibmdcibc ke prciftfo ectk-aftcrifo bkapombftmkis

fid okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs (Tfsima ct fo. :>>3). Efbtkrs Ft tlc tmac ke rkutmic

fitciftfo cxfamiftmki wkaci frc sbrccicd ekr ectfo wcoojcmig fid aktlcrs lcfotl

pfrfactcrs. Fs f rkutmic dmct fdvmbc ms gmvci tk lcr tk fvkmd fiy bkapombftmkis duc tk

afoiutrmtmki.

F prkpcr fitciftfo bfrc bkvcrmig foo fspcbts ke prcgifit wkaci bfi prcvcit

afoiutrmtmki fid okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs mi f dcvcokpmig bkuitry omhc ^fhmstfi. Jy

tlms, jurdci ke lcfotl scbtkr ekr burftmvc acfsurcs dcbomics afrhcdoy8 WLK drcfa

jcbkacs truc tlft Blmodrcis lcfotl ms tkakrrkw's wcfotl".

6.: RTFTCACIT KE TLC ^ZKJOCA0

Tlcrc ms vcry lmgl prcvfocibc ke okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs fid tlms lfs vcry drfstmb

bkiscqucibcs ekr euturc gcicrftmki fs okw jmrtl wcmglt ocfds tk eurtlcr bkapombftmki

fid lmgl rmsh ke akrtfomty. Tlc prkjoca ke okw jmrtl wcmglt bfiikt jc tfbhocd jy

maprkvmig fitciftfo bkvcrfgc uiocss tlc iutrmtmkifo bkuiscomig ms dkic tk tlc prcgifit

aktlcrs bkamig ekr fitciftfo ft lcfotl bfrc bcitcrs kr ft bkaauimty ocvco jy tlc Ofdy

Lcfotl wkrhcrs mi tlc rurfo frcfs.

6.2 FMA0

Tk maprkvc tlc aftcrifo fid ickiftfo blmod lcfotl (AIBL) scrvmbcs mi ^ujomb scbtkr

prc-pfmd lcfotl misurfibc akdco ke Rkbmfo Rcburmty mi ^ui`fj.

6.4 KJ@CBTMUCR0

6. Tk mdcitmey tlc prcvfocibc ke Okw Jmrtl Wcmglt jfjmcs mi wkaci ke okw-

mibkac efamomcs ke Zfwfopmidm / Msofafjfd rcgmstcrcd wmtl tlc systca ke

Rkbmfo Rcburmty lcfotl misurfibc.

:. Tk dcsbrmjc tlc prkpkrtmki ke OJW jfjmcs mi rcguofr fitciftfo (Zcguofr) fidiki-fitciftfo (iki-Zcguofr) bfscs.


20/90

:>

2. Tk mdcitmey tlc iutrmtmkifo stftus ke prcgifit wkaci rcpkrtmig ekr dcomvcry ft

tlc lkspmtfo.

6.3 RTSD] L]^KTLCRMR0

F rcguofr fitciftfo bfrc wmtl prkpcr iutrmtmkifo bkuiscomig amimamzcs tlc rmsh ke okw

jmrtl wcmglt. Mt ms f rcbkgimzcd efbt tlft prkpcr fitciftfo bfrc tlrkugl rcguofr vmsmts ekr

fitciftfo blcbh up bfi sujstfitmfooy rcdubc tlc rmsh ke prcgifiby kut bkac omhc okw

jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs (Akoocr ct f., 6=


21/90

:6

Zcguofr Bfscs0 Lfvmig ft ocfst 4 fitciftfo stfrtmig erka emrst trmacstcr ke prcgifiby

wmtl kic fitciftfo mi cfbl ke trmacstcrs fid twk mi tlc ofst trmacstcr. Ekr cfsc ke

tcramikokgy "Zcguofr" mi tlms study acfis "FIB Sscr"

Iki-Zcguofr0 Lfvmig ocss tlfi 4 fitciftfo kr akrc tlfi ekur jut ikt dmstrmjutcd

cvcioy fs dcsbrmjcd mi FIB uscrs. Wkrd "Iki-Zcguofr" ms uscd ekr "FIB Iki-uscr"

mi tlms study.

^crmiftfo0erka 6ststfgc ke ofjkur tk :4 lrs fetcr dcomvcry

Kutbkac0 Akdc ke dcomvcry, stftus ke jmrtl (omvc, stmoojmrtl) jmrtl wcmglt, aftcrifo

lcakgokjmi, aftcrifo jokkd prcssurc.

Lcfotl Misurfibc0 ^rcpfmd Lcfotl Misurfibc systca ke Rkbmfo Rcburmty mi fhmstfi.

6.7 RMGIMEMBFIBC KE ^ZK^KRCD RTSD]0

Okw jmrtl wcmglt ms f grfvc prkjoca mi ^fhmstfi wlcrc mt ocfds tk afiy bkapombftmkis

mi miefiby fid ft fduotlkkd. Mdcitmeymig mts prcvfocibc mi okw-mibkac pkpuoftmki fid

suggcstmig mitcrvcitmkis mi amimamzmig tlms rmsh. Mt ms mapkrtfit tk mdcitmey tlc jcicemts

me fiy, mi krdcr tk pofi lcfotl prkgrfaacs ekr tlc maprkvcacit ke aftcrifo fid

ickiftfo blmod lcfotl mi tlms misurcd grkup ke tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Rystca mi ^fhmstfi.

6.< ZCRCFZBL ACTLKDOKG]0

Tlc prcscit study ms f lkspmtfo-jfscd brkss-scbtmkifo study. ^rcgifit wkaci wmoo jc

mitcrvmcwcd, wlci tlcy wmoo jc fdamttcd mi ofjkur rkka ekr dcomvcry. F dctfmocd ekkd

ercquciby qucstmkiifmrc wmoo jc emoocd fetcr f tlkrkugl miqumry mi tlc ekkd

bkisuaptmki jy tlca. F dctfmocd dftf ekra ke aktlcr fid dcomvcrcd blmod wmoo jc

emoocd mi tlc ofjkur rkka fetcr bkapoctc cxfamiftmki ke blmod.

6.= OMAMITFTMKI KE RTSD]0

Tlc study pkpuoftmki ms ikt rcprcscitftmvc ke gcicrfo pkpuoftmki jut f scocbtmki ke


22/90


23/90

:2

fddmtmki, bfsl jcicemts (wfgcs) durmig smbhicss, mi`ury fid dmsfjmomty fid ^cismki tk

survmvkr ke dcbcfscd (duc tk capokyacit mi`ury).

6.66 FITCIFTFO BFZC RCZUMBCR MI RKBMFO RCBSZMT]0

Rkbmfo Rcburmty systca mi tlc rcgmki kpcrftcs tlrkugl f ictwkrh ke dmspcisfrmcs fid

tlcsc dmspcisfrmcs prkvmdc prmafry bfrc scrvmbcs miboudmig tlc fitciftfo bfrc. Tlcsc

FIB bfscs frc tlci rcecrrcd tk tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo ekr rcgmstrftmki fid

mssumig FIB Bfrd. Tlc dcomvcry ms kioy bfrrmcd kut ft tlc Lkspmtfo fid ikt mi tlc

dmspcisfrmcs. Foo bfscs bfi rcpkrt ekr dcomvcry kr fiy ktlcr kutbkac ke prcgifiby tk

tlc Lkspmtfo :4 lkurs f dfy fid scvci dfys f wcch. Tlcrc ms ik bkapuosmki ekr tlc

FIB fid foo tlc bfscs frc citcrtfmicd mi tlc cacrgciby wlctlcr cirkoocd fs FIB kr

ikt. Tlcrc ms ik scgrcgftmig ekr tlc FIB cirkoocd kr iki-cirkoocd bfscs fid ik

prcecrcitmfo trcftacit ms dkic ekr fiy ke tlcsc grkups. Zcguofr fid iki-Zcguofr lfvc

tlc sfac trcftacit prktkbkos fid ik spcbmfo Ofjkur rkka kr Wfrd fvfmofjoc ekr fiy ke

tlcscs grkups (spcbmfo ofjkur rkka, jfsmb ofjkur rkka).


24/90

:4

EMGSZC :0 ^ZC^FMD LCFOTL MIRSZFIBC R]RTCA8 RKBMFO RCBSZMT]

RKBMFO RCBSZMT] TF\

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LKR^MTFOR)


25/90

:3

BLF^TCZ:

ZCUMCW KE OMTCZFTSZC

:.6 OKW JMZTL WCMGLT0

Aftcrifo fid ickiftfo blmod lcfotl scrvmbcs frc efbmig afiy lurdocs mi tlc

mapocacitftmki ke tlcmr prkgrfas duc tk ofbh ke iftmkifo dftf ki tlc mssucs, omhc

OJW. Tlcrc ms sbfity iftmkifooy rcprcscitftmvc dftf fvfmofjoc. Akstoy miekraftmki ms

dcrmvcd erka efbmomty jfscd studmcs tlft afy ikt rceocbt tlc rcfo smtuftmki ft tlc

iftmkifo ocvco. Omhc mi ^fhmstfi tlc OJW rftc vfrmcs erka 3% tk :2% mi dmeecrcit

frcfs (Ikrtlrkp-Bocwcs ct fo. 6==>4). Wlmoc MSGZ frc

scci :4.4% mi f bkaauimty jfscd study (Emhrcc ct fo. 6==4). WLK prcscitoy rceocbt

kur OJW rftc fs 6=% (SIMBCE, :>>7). Tlms ms jcbfusc tlc prkpkrtmki ke miefits wlk

frc wcmgltcd ft jmrtl ms vcry okw mi afiy dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs, wlcrc kioy safoo

prkpkrtmki ke dcomvcrmcs tkkh pofbc mi lkspmtfo. Ekr cxfapoc mi tlc pcrmkd erka 6==3 tk

:>>> tlc prkpkrtmki ke jfjmcs wcmgltcd ft jmrtl mi Fsmf fid Fermbf wfs :7% fid :5%

rcspcbtmvcoy. Mi ^fhmstfi jfjmcs wcmglmig ft jmrtl ms kioy =% (SIMBCE, :>>7). Tlms

emgurc ms duc tk tlc efbt tlft jmrtl wcmglt mi tlc ^fhmstfi lfs ikt jcci studmcd ki f

iftmkifo sbfoc jcbfusc dcomvcrmcs mi afiy frcfs ke bkuitry kbbur ft lkac, ketci

fttcidcd jy trfdmtmkifo jmrtl fttcidfits (TJFs) kr jy vmoofgc amdwmvcs wlk dk ikt

wcmgl tlc jfjy. Cvci tlc rcbkrds ke dcomvcrmcs tlft kbbur ft lkspmtfos frc ikt fowfys

bkapoctc. Tlms smtuftmki fppomcs tk tlc rcaktc frcfs ke Jfoublmstfi, Trmjfo frcf,

IWE^, EFTF fid kut rcfbl frcfs ke Hfslamr wlcrc akst ke foo dcomvcrmcs kbbur ft

lkac fid fttcidcd jy TJFs. Tlms pcrbcitfgc ms lmglcr fakig moomtcrftc fid rurfo

wkaci.

:.: FITCIFTFO BFZC0

Tlc rcbkgimzcd jcicemts ke fitciftfo bfrc (FIB) tk jfjmcs miboudc mibrcfscd grkwtl,

rcdubcd rmsh ke miecbtmki fid mibrcfscd survmvfo (G Bfrrkomc ct fo. :>>6).

Wlmoc cocacits ke FIB pfbhfgc miboudmig iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc lfvc jcci slkwi bkst-

ceecbtmvc mi dcvcokpmig bkuitry bkitcxt (T Fdfa ct fo. :>>3). Cfroy FIB jcicemt

wkaci jy rcdubmig tlc jurdci ke afofrmf fid ficamf (GO Drfastfdo ct fo. :>>3).

Bkapombftmkis ke prc-cbofapsmf fid cbofapsmf bkuod jc prcvcitcd jy wmdc sprcfd uscke fdcquftc fitciftfo (FA Aklfacd ct fo. :>>5). Mifdcquftc prciftfo bfrc ms


26/90

:5

fsskbmftcd wmtl mibrcfscd ickiftfo dcftl mi jktl tlc prcscibc fid tlc fjscibc ke

fitciftfo lmgl-rmsh bkidmtmkis. Fsskbmftmki jctwcci mifdcquftc prciftfo bfrc fid

ickiftfo akrtfomty afy jc acdmftcd jy mibrcfscd rmsh ke prctcra dcomvcry fid okw

jmrtl wcmglt mi tlcsc prcgifibmcs (\H Blfi ct fo. :>>7).

Akst wkaci rcpkrtcd wfmtmig uitmo tlc kisct ke ofjkur tk trfvco tk tlc efbmomty. Tlc

wkafi's ocvco ke cdubftmki wfs smgimembfit prcdmbtkr ke mimtmftmig FIB bfrc,

bkitmiucd FIB fttcidfibc, fid dcomvcry mi lkspmtfo (ZW Rhchctcc ct fo. 6==4) fid

(Auatfz P, fid Rfowfy R, :>>7). Tlms study suggcstcd tlft mitcrefbc jctwcci

bkaauimty fid scbkidfry fitciftfo scrvmbcs iccds maprkvcacit tk amimamzc tlc

pkssmjoc fdvcrsc ceecbts erka mdcitmeymig wkaci fs jcmig ft rmsh durmig prcgifiby

(B@ @fbhski ct fo. :>>5).F study mi Midmf slkwcd tlft tlcrc wfs smgimembfit uidcr-

utmomzftmki ke iursc/amdwmvcs mi tlc prkvmsmki ke fitciftfo scrvmbcs fid dkbtkrs wcrc

ketci tlc ocfd prkvmdcrs. Tlc fvcrfgc iuajcr ke fitciftfo vmsmts rcpkrtcd mi tlms study

wfs :.4 fid akst vmsmts wcrc mi tlc scbkid trmacstcr. Lmglcr skbmfo fid cbkikamb

stftus wfs fsskbmftcd wmtl mibrcfscd blfibcs ke rcbcmvmig fi fitciftfo blcbh-up, fid

ke rcbcmvmig spcbmemb bkapkicits miboudmig jokkd prcssurc acfsurcacit, f jokkd tcst

fid urmic tcstmig. ^rcgifit wkaci erka pkkr fid uicdubftcd jfbhgrkuids wmtl ft

ocfst kic blmod wcrc tlc ocfst omhcoy tk rcbcmvc fitciftfo blcbh-ups fid scrvmbcs mi ekur

ofrgc ikrtl Midmfi stftcs (R ^foomhfdfvftl ct fo. :>>4).

Mi fiktlcr study smgimembfit mibrcfsc wfs slkwi mi tlc pcrbcit ke wkaci rcbcmvmig

FIB wmtl tlc cstfjomslacit ke tlc okbfo ABL Bomimb. Iki-gckgrfplmb jfrrmcrs tk

FIB frc mapkrtfit fid iccd tk jc fddrcsscd tlrkugl bkaauimty-jfscd mitcrvcitmki

prkgrfaacs (I Jmocihk ct fo. :>>7).

^kkr qufomty ke fitciftfo bfrc ms omhcoy tk rcdubc FIB utmomzftmki (A Zfim ct fo. :>> ycfrs fid wmtl lmglcr pfrmty tlfi

bkitrkos. Wkaci wmtl mifdcquftc bfrc wcrc fosk akrc omhcoy tk lfvc ocss cdubftmki

fid ik rcguofr mibkac. Tlcy lfd akrc dmeembuotmcs dcfomig wmtl lcfotl scrvmbcs

krgfimzftmki fid blmod bfrc. Buoturfo fid emifibmfo jfrrmcrs wcrc prcscit, jut fetcr


27/90

:7

fd`ustmig ekr bkiekuidcrs jy okgmstmb rcgrcssmki, pcrbcmvcd emifibmfo dmeembuoty wfs ikt

f smgimembfit efbtkr ekr mifdcquftc prciftfo bfrc (T Dcovfux ct fo. :>>6).

Mi dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs uisblcduocd bfrc ms bkaaki durmig prcgifiby (S Afgrmpocs

ct fo. :>>>7). Fi midcx ke prciftfo bfrc usc wfs bfobuoftcd ekr cfbl smigoctki omvc jmrtl erka

6==6 tk :>>>. F study mi Afimtkjf slkwcd tlft lmglcst rftcs ke mifdcquftc prciftfo

bfrc wcrc fakig wkaci omvmig mi icmgljkrlkkds wmtl tlc okwcst fvcrfgc efamoy

mibkac fid tlc lmglcst prkpkrtmki ke tlc pkpuoftmki wlk wcrc uicapokycd. Rkbmfo

micqufomtmcs cxmst mi tlc usc ke prciftfo bfrc. Zcgmkifo dmspfrmtmcs mi rftcs ke mifdcquftc

prciftfo bfrc caplfsmzc tlc iccd ekr eurtlcr rcscfrbl tk dctcramic spcbmemb rmsh efbtkrs

ekr mifdcquftc prciftfo bfrc mi skbmkcbkikambfooy dmsfdvfitfgcd icmgljkrlkkds,

ekookwcd jy prkvmsmki ke ceecbtmvc tfrgctcd scrvmbcs (AM Lcfafi ct fo. :>>7).

:.2 ^ZCIFTFO FDUMBC TK JZCFH TLC UMBMKSR B]BOC0

F af`kr bkapkicit ke fitciftfo bfrc ms fitciftfo kr prciftfo fdvmbc. Tlc aktlcr ms

akrc pcrbcptmvc tk fdvmbc bkibcrimig lcrscoe fid lcr jfjy ft tlms tmac tlfi ft ktlcr

tmacs.

EMGSZC 20 Mitcriftmkifo byboc ke grkwtl efmourc (FBB/RBI, 6==:).


28/90

:>>).

Mt fosk suggcsts tlft f hcy tk prcvcitmig OJW jmrtls ms tk jrcfh tlms bybocfid tlft

wmoo rcqumrc f jcttcr uidcrstfidmig ke mt. Rkac rcscfrblcrs frc ekbusmig ki cdubftmkifo

cxpcrmcibc fs f brubmfo efbtkr. Rtudmcs lfvc slkwi tlft OJW ms fsskbmftcd wmtl

wcfhcr cdubftmkifo prkgrcss, cvci wlci yku bkitrko ekr ktlcr efbtkrs. Mi efbt, OJW

drfaftmbfooy rcdubcs (jy 24 pcrbcit) tlc omhcomlkkd ke f blmods grfduftmig erka lmgl

sblkko jy fgc 6=, cvci wlci tlft blmod ms bkapfrcd tk smjomigs grkwmig up mi tlc

sfac efamoy fid civmrkiacit. Zcscfrblcrs lfvc fosk ekuid tlft OJW aktlcrs frc 4>

pcrbcit ocss omhcoy tk lfvc grfduftcd erka lmgl sblkko tlfi ktlcr aktlcrs. Mt fppcfrs

tlft jmkokgmbfo lcfotl ft miefiby, tlrkugl mts mapfbt ki kvcrfoo dcvcokpacit, feecbts

cdubftmki fid cvcitufo skbmkcbkikamb stftus. Wlmbl mi turi mibrcfsc tlc rmsh ke OJW

fid pkkr miefit lcfotl. ^rkvmdmig cdubftmkifo suppkrt tk OJW jfjmcs erka tlc stfrt

afy jc kic wfy tk mitcrrupt tlms vmbmkus byboc. Wkaci wlk dk ikt rcbcmvc fdcquftc

cfroy prciftfo bfrc frc akrc omhcoy tk gmvc jmrtl tk f OJW jfjy (Fiimc C, 6===).

F aktlcrs acdmbfo prkjocas mieoucibc jmrtl wcmglt, cspcbmfooy me slc lfs l mgl jokkd

prcssurc, dmfjctcs, bcrtfmi miecbtmkis kr lcfrt, hmdicy, kr ouig prkjocas. Fi fjikrafo

utcrus kr bcrvmx bfi mibrcfsc tlc aktlcr's rmsh ke lfvmig f OJW jfjy. Wmtl tmacoy

prciftfo bfrc, fwkafi bfi rcdubc rmsh tk lcrscoe fid lcr jfjy. ^rciftfo bfrc bfi fosk

omih wkaci wmtl scrvmbcs fmacd ft burjmig sakhmig fid maprkvmig iutrmtmki

(Focxfidcr fid Hkrcijrkt, 6==3).

:.4 ISTZMTMKIFO ZKJOCAR0

Tlc iutrmtmkifo iccds ke prcgifit wkaci frc lmglcr jcbfusc slc iccds ekkd jktl ekr

lcrscoe fid ekr lcr grkwmig ectus. Tlc rcqumrcacits ke foo prcgifit wkaci frc lmglcr

tlfi tlksc ke tlc ktlcr wkaci8 ykuigcr aktlcrs iccds fddmtmkifo iutrmtmkifo

rcqumrcacits ekr tlcmr grkwtl fs wcoo. Hrfacr (6==7) pujomslcd f rcvmcw ke fvfmofjoc

cvmdcibc erka bkitrkoocd trmfos ki tlc ceecbts ke cicrgy fid prktcmi suppocacitftmki

durmig gcstftmki ki tlc kutbkac ke prcgifiby. Lc bkiboudcd tlft jfofibcd


29/90

:=

cicrgy/prktcmi suppocacitftmki akdcstoy maprkvcs ectfo grkwtl jut ms uiomhcoy tk jc

ke okig-tcra jcicemt tk prcgifit wkaci kr tlcmr miefits. Ecafoc omtcrfby ms wmdcoy

rcbkgimzcd fs fi mapkrtfit dctcramifit ke lcfotl. Tlc mibmdcibc ke afoiutrmtmki lfs

jcci slkwi efoo wmtl tlc ocvco ke aftcrifo cdubftmki (@fefrcy ct fo. 6==3). Blrkimb

aftcrifo afoiutrmtmki fid pkkr iutrmtmki durmig prcgifiby frc rmsh efbtkr ekr MSGZ.

Mi f scocbtcd urjfi squfttcr scttocacit mi Hfrfblm, :4 % ke 72< smigoctki icwjkri lfd

MSGZ, fid tlcy wcrc akrc omhcoy tk lfvc aktlcrs wlk wcrc pkkroy ikurmslcd (Emhrcc

ct fo. 6==4).

Twk ofrgc studmcs mi midustrmfomzcd iftmkis mivkovmig 6>>,>>> prcgifibmcs bocfroy

midmbftc tlft efvkrfjoc prcgifiby kutbkacs frc ocss ercqucit fakig ficamb aktlcrs

(Aurply ct fo. 6=) fid (Grfi ct fo. 6=% tk 7% fid prciftfo dcftl rftc drkppcd erka 2-=4). Akrc tlfi 4>% ke

wkaci fgcd 63-44 ycfrs sueecr erka amod ficamf fs dcemicd jy stfidfrd but-keevfoucs WLK (WLK, 6==5). Mi urjfi frcf rcsmdcit wkaci tlms prcvfocibc ecoo tk 23%.

Mitcr-prkvmibcs tlms vfrmcs wmdcoy (Iftmkifo Rurvcy Ke ^fhmstfi 6==


30/90

2>

Afoiutrmtmki fosk miboudcs prktcmi-cicrgy afoiutrmtmki, wlmbl ms fsscsscd jy plysmbfo

grkwtl fid jkdy fsscssacits. Gcidcr dmeecrcibcs mi afoiutrmtmki fakig blmodrci

uidcr emvc lfvc ikt jcci cstfjomslcd mi iftmkifo survcys (SIMBCE, 6==>>).

Zcocvfit iutrmtmki fdvmbc fssuacs smgimembfibc mi tlc bkitcxt ke dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs

smibc dmctfry mitfhc mi prcgifiby ms strkigoy mieoucibcd jy buoturfo jcomces fid

prfbtmbcs. Dftf erka 6< auotmbuoturfo cvmdcibc tlft ekkd rcstrmbtmki ms prfbtmbcs durmig

prcgifiby, mi krdcr tk efbmomtftc fi cfsmcr ofjkur fid dcomvcry, jy okwcrmig jfjy

wcmglt (Jrcas R, fid Jcrg F, 6=) tkkh mrki suppocacits durmig

tlcmr prcgifiby fid tlc af`krmty ke tlca stfrtcd fetcr :idscacstcr ke prcgifiby (Fom

I, :>>6). Ki tlc ktlcr smdc, 2>% ke tlc wkaci (i16>>) stftcd tlft tlcy wkuod tfhc

mrki suppocacits me sk fdvmscd jy f lcfotl bfrc prkecssmkifo. Tlms ms akstoy fdvmscddurmig fitciftfo blcbhup (Fom I, :>>>).


31/90

26

:.3 ISTZMTMKIFO ZMRH EFBTKZR MI ^ZCGIFIB] ZCRSOTMIG MI

OJW JFJMCR0

Mi dcvcokpmig bkuitrmcs tlc aftcrifo afoiutrmtmki ms fi mapkrtfit bfusftmvc efbtkr ke

OJW jfjmcs. F aktlcr wlksc wcmglt ft tlc cid ke prcgifiby ms ocss tlfi 43 hg fid

wlksc lcmglt ms ocss tlci 63>ba ms omhcoy tk jcfr f OJW jfjy. Tlc wkaci wlk frc mi

tlc dfigcr ke jcbkamig afoikurmslcd fid bfi jcfr f OJW jfjmcs.

Iutrmtmkifo rmsh durmig prcgifiby ms fsskbmftcd wmtl fgc, skbmk-cbkikamb stftus, fid f

lmstkry ke pfst acdmbfo fid kjstctrmbfo prkjocas

:.5 OKW ^ZC-^ZCGIFIB] WCMGLT FID MIRSEEMBMCIT WCMGLT

GFMI0

Okw prc-prcgifiby wcmglt (6>% kr akrc jcokw f wkafis mdcfo wcmglt ekr lcmglt)

fid mifdcquftc wcmglt gfmi durmig prcgifiby frc fsskbmftcd wmtl OJW miefits. Tlc

rcbkaacidcd wcmglt gfmi ekr prcgifit wkafi ms 6>-62 hg (::-:< oj) tlc pfttcri ke

wcmglt gfmi ms akst mapkrtfit. F gfmi ke 6-: hg durmig tlc 6sttrmacstcr ekookwcd jy

fjkut >.4 hg cfbl wcch tlrkuglkut tlc ofst twk trmacstcrs ms tlc rcbkaacidcd

pfttcri. Rcvcrfo studmcs lfvc midmbftcd tlft wcmglt gfmi ke pkkr Midmfi wkaci

fvcrfgcd 5.3 hg durmig prcgifiby(MBAZ, 6=77).Tlms study fosk slkws tlft lcfotlmcr

fid tfoocr aktlcrs gmvc jmrtl tk OJW miefits ocss ercqucitoy (F Hlfomd ct fo. 6==3).

Hrfacr (6=


32/90

2:

prcgifibmcs. Aktlcrs wlksc fgc wfs ocss tlfi :> lfd lmglcr rmsh ke dcomvcrmig okw-

jmrtl-wcmglt miefits (F Hlfomd ct fo. 6==3).

:.= ^MBF0

Mrki dcembmciby fifcamf bfi rcsuot me tlc fakuits bkisuacd sueembmcit.

:.6> RAKHMIG0

Rakhmig ms hikwi efbtkr mi prcgifit wkafi ocfdmig tk OJW jfjmcs. Imbktmic bfuscs

tlc icbrksms ke pofbcitf rcsuotmig mi okw jokkd suppoy fid fikxmf tk ectus. Rakhmig ms

fosk rcspkismjoc ekr okss ke fppctmtc, wlmbl fosk rcsuots mi aktlcrs iutrmtmki fid

ficamf. Foo tlms bkoocbtmvcoy feecbts tlc lcfotl ke ectus fid kut bkac ms tlc okw jmrtl

wcmglt jfjy.

Zcscfrbl bkismstcitoy slkws tlft, cvci fetcr bkitrkoomig ekr ktlcr efbtkrs, sakhcrs frc

fjkut twmbc fs omhcoy tk dcomvcr f okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjy fs iki-sakhcrs (Blkamtz ct

fo. 6==3). Bmgfrcttc sakhmig durmig prcgifiby ms tlc smigoc akst mapkrtfit hikwi

bfusc ke okw jmrtl wcmglt. Fjkut 62 pcrbcit ke foo jmrtls mi tlc S.R. frc tk aktlcrs

wlk sakhcd durmig prcgifiby mi 6=== (Tlc Fiimc C, :>>:).

Mi efbt, cpmdcamkokgmsts cstmaftc tlft up tk :3 pcrbcit ke foo OJW bkuod jc fvkmdcd me

prcgifit wkaci dmd ikt sakhc (Hocmiafi, fid Amtblcoo Afdfi, 6=


33/90

22

:.66 DMCT ÔFI EKZ ^ZCGIFIT WKACI0

Dmct pofi ekr f prcgifit wkafi ms fowfys rcqumrcd tk acct tlc blfoocigcs ke

iutrmtmkifo dcafids ke tlc jktl aktlcrs fid ekctus (Midmfdmcts, :>>7). Mt slkuod jc

rcvmcwcd wmtl tmac tk tmac tk rc fdùst tlc ekkd mtcas fbbkrdmig tk tlc iccd ke tlc

prcgifit aktlcrs fs ekookws0

m. 2 tk 4 scrvmigs erka tlc amoh & dfmry prkdubts

mm. 2 scrvmigs erka tlc acft & acft sujstmtutcs.

mmm. 2 scrvmigs erka tlc vcgctfjoc grkup.

mv. : scrvmigs erka tlc erumt grkup.

v. 5 scrvmigs erka tlc jrcfd & bcrcfo, grkup.

Rpcbmfooy, tlc scrvmigs erka tlc amoh fid dfmry prkdubts bkuod miboudc okw- eft kr

iki-eft typc ke amoh, ykgurt, fid blccsc. Tlcsc ekkds suppoy cxtrf prktcmi, bfobmua,

rmjkeofvmi, fid afgicsmua. Rcrvmigs erka tlc acft, pkuotry, emsl, dry jcfis, cggs,

fid iuts grkup slkuod miboudc jktl fimafo fid vcgctfjoc skurbcs. Jcsmdcs prktcmi, tlc

fimafo skurbcs lcop prkvmdc tlc cxtrf mrki fid zmib iccdcd, fid tlc vcgctfjoc skurbcs

lcop tk prkvmdc aubl ke tlc cxtrf afgicsmua iccdcd durmig prcgifiby.

Tlc vcgctfjoc fid erumt grkup scrvmigs prkvmdc f vfrmcty ke vmtfamis fid amicrfos.

Kic scrvmig erka tlms bkajmiftmki slkuod jc f gkkd vmtfami B skurbc, fid kic

scrvmig slkuod jc f grcci vcgctfjoc kr ktlcr rmbl skurbc ke ekoftc, subl fs spmifbl kr

krfigc ùmbc.

Rcocbtmki erka jrcfd, bcrcfo, fid rmbc fid pfstf grkup slkuod ekbus ki tlc wlkoc grfmi

fid cirmblcd ekkds.


34/90

24

BLF^TCZ2

^rkbcdurc ke tlc Rtudy

2.6 RTSD] DCRMGI0

Tlms ms f brkss-scbtmkifo study f typc ke fi kjscrvftmkifo dcsbrmptmvc study, wmtl f

ekkd ercquciby qucstmkiifmrc fid aktlcrs fid miefits dftf ekras ekr dftf bkoocbtmki

ft tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo Msofafjfd

2.: ^OFBC KE RTSD]0

Mt wfs f lkspmtfo-jfscd study, dkic ft tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo Msofafjfd. Tlms

lkspmtfo prkvmdcs aftcrimty bfrc scrvmbcs tk tlc misurcd wkrhcrs mi tlc Emvc Dmstrmbts

(Fttkbh, @lcoua, Blfhwfo, Zfwfopmidm fid Msofafjfd).

Tlc prkpkscd pofbc ke tlc study wmoo jc tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo mi tlc

Msofafjfd/Zfwfopmidm rcgmki. Mt ms f tcfblmig lkspmtfo ke Msofafjfd Acdmbfo fid

Dcitfo Bkoocgc. Mi Ikrtlcri ^ui`fj, mt ms tlc afmi lkspmtfo bftcrmig lcfotl bfrc

efbmomtmcs ekr tlc midustrmfo wkrhcrs erka tlc ekookwmig emvc dmstrmbts8 Zfwfopmidm,

Msofafjfd, Fttkbh, Blfhwfo fid @cloua. Foo oftcst dmfgikstmb fid tlcrfpcutmb

efbmomtmcs frc fvfmofjoc. Mts midkkr lfs f bfpfbmty ke :5> jcds.

Emgurc 40 Afp ke Zfwfopmidm Zcgmki, study frcf (Zfwfopmidm, :>>7)


35/90

23

2.2 RTSD] K^SOFTMKI0

Tlms study wfs dkic mi tlc misurcd pkpuoftmki ke skbmfo scburmty. Tlc iuajcr ke

rcgmstcrcd pkpuoftmki wmtl tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo Msofafjfd ms :6>,>>>. Comgmjoc

pkpuoftmki ms tlc prcgifit wkaci rcpkrtmig ekr dcomvcry ft Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo

Msofafjfd mi study pcrmkd.

2.4 DSZFTMKI KE RTSD]0

Fugust :>>7 tk @fiufry :>>> wfs tfhci.

2.5 RFA^OMIG TCBLIMVSC0

Foo tlc bfscs bkamig tk tlc ofjkur rkka ekr dcomvcry wcrc miboudcd mi tlc study me tlcy

euoemoocd tlc Mibousmki brmtcrmf. Foo tlc bfscs bkamig ekr dcomvcry mi tlc study smtc lfd

fi cqufo blfibc ke cirkoacit mi tlc study, fs tlc dftf wfs bkoocbtcd ki :4 lkur jfsms

wmtlkut fiy jrcfh.

2.7 MIBOSRMKI /C\BOSRMKI BZMTCZMF0

Tlksc bfscs tlft wcrc misurcd ekr akrc tlfi kic ycfr fid rcpkrtmig mi tlc Kjstctrmbs

Dcpfrtacit ke Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lkspmtfo ekr dcomvcry wcrc miboudcd mi tlc study. Tlcy

frc drfwmig f sfofry up tk Zs.3>>>.pcr akitl uidcr tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty lcfotl

misurfibc systca.

Tlksc aftcrimty bfscs lfvmig fiy bkiburrcit acdmbfo mooicsscs (ikt rcoftcd tk

prcgifiby) wcrc cxboudcd.

Kioy smigoctki dcomvcrmcs miboudcd.


36/90

25

2.< DFTF BKOOCBTMKI0

Dftf bkoocbtmki wfs dkic tlrkugl strubturcd qucstmkiifmrc emoocd ft tlc tmac ke

dcomvcry wmtlmi tlc pcrmiftfo pcrmkd. Tlc qucstmkiifmrc wfs prctcstcd fid vfomdftcd.

Tlcrc wfs ik scgrcgftmki ke tlc Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr durmig tlc dftf bkoocbtmki.

Foo tlc study pfrtmbmpfits wcrc gmvci tlc sfac qucstmkiifmrc. Foo tlc dftf wfs citcrcd

ki tlc sfac dfy mitk tlc bkaputcr tk afmitfmi qufomty. 3% ke tlc bfscs wcrc vcrmemcd

ekr cisurmig qufomty ke rcspkisc citcrcd mi dftf. Tlc dftf wfs citcrcd ki R^RR-63 fid

icbcssfry bkdmig wfs dkic.

Ik kic rceuscd tlc study pfrtmbmpftmki fid tlus tlc Zcspkisc Zftc wfs 6>>%.

2.=MITCZUMCW0

F strubturcd mitcrvmcw wfs uscd ekr bkoocbtmig miekraftmki bkibcrimig akst ke tlc

vfrmfjocs omstcd ekr mivcstmgftmki8 qucstmkis wcrc fshcd krfooy. Rcoe-fdamimstcrcd

qucstmkiifmrcs wcrc ikt uscd, smibc tlcy rcqumrc f bcrtfmi ocvco ke shmoo fid cdubftmki

ki pfrt ke tlc rcspkidcit, fid fs tlc study pfrtmbmpfits wcrc omhcoy tk lfvc okw

omtcrfby ocvco, tlft wkuod ikt lfvc jcci tlc prcecrrcd fpprkfbl. Mi tlc efbc-tk-efbc

mitcrvmcw, tlc mitcrvmcwcr wfs fjoc tk afmitfmi tlc rcspkidcits mitcrcst, fid wfs fjoc

tk foofy fixmcty me mt wfs frkuscd.

Tlc bkapkicits ke tlc qucstmkiifmrc wcrc bkapmocd wmtl tlc usc ke prcvmkusoy

vfomdftcd qucstmkis miboudcd mi prcvmkus studmcs. Tlc qucstmkiifmrc wfs mimtmfooy tcstcd

ki 6> bfscs fid wfs akdmemcd fs icbcssfry. Tlc qucstmkiifmrc wfs trfisoftcd mitk

Srdu, tlc ofigufgc mi wlmbl mt wfs fdamimstcrcd fid sujscqucitoy jfbh trfisoftcd tk

fsbcrtfmi tlft tlc csscibc ke tlc qucstmkis rcafmicd uiblfigcd. Mt wfs cisurcd tlft foo

qucstmkis lfd efbc vfomdmty, fid mt wfs cxpcbtcd tlft tlc rcspkidcits wkuod hikw tlcfiswcr8 qucstmkis wcrc bocfr, iki-fajmgukus fid efmr. Tlc scqucibc ke qucstmkis

mivkovcd tlc mibousmki ke cfsy tk fiswcr qucstmkis mi tlc jcgmiimig fid ocfvmig

dmeembuot qucstmkis uitmo oftcr. Okig qucstmkis wcrc fvkmdcd8 akst qucstmkis wcrc

dcsmgicd tk lfvc emxcd fotcriftmvc rcspkiscs ekr grcftcr uimekramty fid smapombmty ke

fifoysms.

Acfsurcs wcrc tfhci tk fttfmi bkapoctc rcomfjmomty fid tk rcdubc vfrmftmki tk

rcfskifjoc omamts. Ekr tlms qucstmkis wcrc fshcd mi f stfidfrd afiicr. ^frtmbuofr

fttcitmki wfs fosk pfmd tk rcprkdubmjmomty kr tlc cxtcit tk wlmbl smamofr miekraftmki ms


37/90

27

suppomcd wlci tlc qucstmki ms fshcd akrc tlfi kibc, sk fs ikt tk gcicrftc f jmfs fid

tk amimamzc vfrmfjmomty ke rcspkiscs.

Efbtkrs tlft bkuod mieoucibc tlc rcspkisc tk f qucstmki wcrc mdcitmemcd fid tfhci mitk

fbbkuit. Vucstmkis wcrc fshcd mi f icutrfo afiicr wmtlkut slkwmig f prcecrcibc ekr f

pfrtmbuofr rcspkisc8 mt wfs afdc surc tlft tlc rcspkidcits uidcrstkkd mt mi tlc sfac

wfy. Tlc qucstmkiifmrc wfs trfisoftcd mitk Srducisurmig bkismstciby mi plrfsmig ke

qucstmkis sk tlft tlc rcspkiscs wkuod ikt gcicrftc f jmfs. Tlc mitcrvmcw tkkh :3

amiutcs.

2.6> VSCRTMKIIFMZC0

Dctfmos fjkut vfrmkus bkapkicits ke tlc qucstmkiifmrc frc gmvci mi dctfmo mi tlc

^crekraf fttfblcd lcrcwmtl (Fppcidmx J).

2.66 ZC-TCRT KE VSCRTMKIIFMZC0

Tlc qucstmkiifmrc wfs prc-tcstcd ki 6> bfscs. Tlcsc wcrc ikt miboudcd fs study

pfrtmbmpfits. Tlc mitcrvmcwcr rcbkrdcd rcspkiscs ekr wlmbl tlc qucstmkiifmrc afdc

prkvmsmki8 mi fddmtmki, tlc mitcrvmcwcr fosk afdc kjscrvftmkis ke tlc rcspkidcits

rcfbtmkis, bkaacits, brmtmbmsa fid suggcstmkis bkibcrimig tlc qucstmkis, tlcmr

scqucibc, shmp pfttcris fid ofykut ke tlc qucstmkiifmrc ekra. Tlc qucstmkis wcrc

dmsbusscd wmtl tlc rcspkidcit fetcr tlcy wcrc fiswcrcd. Mt wfs miqumrcd wlctlcr tlc

qucstmkis sccacd bocfr, mi pfrtmbuofr, bofrmeymig tlc dkit hikw fiswcrs, tk afhc

surc tlft tlcy wcrc midccd, truc dkit hikws fs kppkscd tk ikt fiswcrmig jcbfusc

ke ikt uidcrstfidmig tlc qucstmki. Ki tlc jfsms ke tlms, mt wfs pkssmjoc ikt kioy tk

mdcitmey tlc dmeembuot, keecismvc fid lfrd tk uidcrstfid qucstmkis jut fosk tk mdcitmey

uisftmsefbtkry qucstmkis ymcodmig f dkit hikw fiswcr. Tlc prc-tcst pkmitcd tk f

iccd ekr blfigcs mi tlc qucstmkiifmrc, tlcsc blfigcs wcrc afdc fid f icw vcrsmkiwfs fgfmi prc-tcstcd.


38/90

2>>.

Dmct0 f Ekkd Ercquciby Vucstmkiifmrc (EEV) bfrrmcd kut fsscssacit ke dmctfry

pfttcri mi tlms study. Tlkugl tlms actlkd lfs actlkdkokgmbfo prkjocas miboudmig

rcbfoo jmfs fid uidcr-rcpkrtmig ke bcrtfmi typcs ke ekkd, mt icvcrtlcocss, gmvcs usceuo

mismglt mitk tlc dmctfry pfttcri. EEV lfvc fosk jcci uscd wmtl bkismdcrfjoc emcod

subbcss mi f rcbcitoy rcpkrtcd vcry ofrgc ^fi-Curkpcfi (C^MB) study (Mitcriftmkifo

@kurifo ke Cpmdcamkokgy,6==7) Cxfapocs ke ekkds wmtlmi cfbl ekkd bftcgkry wcrc

omstcd, mi krdcr tk prkvmdc f dcsbrmptmki ke cfbl bftcgkry. Midmvmdufos wcrc fshcd lkw

ercqucitoy tlcy bkisuacd ekkd erka cfbl ke tlc grkups.

Tkjfbbk usc fid ktlcr fddmbtmkis0 Tlc prkjoca ke sakhmig mi tlc wkaci mi

^fhmstfi ms ikt f af`kr lcfotl prkjoca fs omhc mi dcvcokpcd bkuitrmcs. Tkjfbbk usc mi

^fhmstfi ms akrc tlfi wlft tlc sakhmig ke bmgfrcttcs midmbftcs, tlcrcekrc tkjfbbk usc

wfs dcemicd fs fosk miboudmig sakhmig ke tlc luhhf fid blcoua fid sakhcocss

blcwfjoc tkjfbbk mi tlc ekra ke ifswfrkrpfi.

2.64 TCBLIMVSC KE KJRCZUFTMKIR0

Rcvcrfo tcblimqucs ke kjscrvftmki wcrc fosk uscd fs actlkds ke dftf bkoocbtmki8

6) Acfsurcacit ke wcmglt jy f wcmglmig sbfoc

:) Acfsurcacit ke lcmglt jy f lcmglt acfsurc

^frtmbuofr fttcitmki wfs pfmd tk rcomfjmomty kr rcprkdubmjmomty ke rcsuots8 tlc prkbcdurcs

wcrc tlcrcekrc stfidfrdmzcd fid pcrekramig twk kr akrc midcpcidcit acfsurcacits

fid bkapfrmig tlc emidmigs amimamzcd mitrf-kjscrvcr vfrmftmki8 tlc acfi ke twk kr

akrc vfoucs wfs uscd wlcrcvcr fppombfjoc. Lmgl qufomty mistruacits wcrc uscd fid mt

wfs cisurcd tlft tlcy gfvc bkismstcit acfsurcacits. Wlci akrc tlfi kic

acfsurcacit dcvmbc wfs uscd, tlcy wcrc ke tlc sfac akdco fid wcrc stfidfrdmzcd

fgfmist cfbl ktlcr. Cqumpacit wfs tcstcd erka tmac tk tmac fid qufomty bkitrko

acfsurcs cisurcd.


40/90

4>

Lcmglt0 Rtfidfrd lcmglt wfs acfsurcd wmtl tlc suj`cbt jfrc ekkt, jfbh strfmglt

fgfmist tlc wfoo fid cycs okkhmig strfmglt flcfd. Wlci tlc sct squfrc rcstcd gcitoy ki

tlc sbfop, lcmglt wfs rcbkrdcd tk tlc icfrcst >.3 bcitmactcr.

Wcmglt0 Wcmglt wfs acfsurcd wmtl tlc suj`cbt jfrcekkt fid wcfrmig omglt boktlmig,

tlc sbfoc wfs stfidfrdmzcd tk > jcekrc cfbl usc fid tlc suj`cbts wcmglt wfs

rcbkrdcd tk tlc icfrcst 3>> grfas. Wcmglmig sbfoc ke ofjkur rkka wfs bfomjrftcd

dfmoy jcekrc wcmglmig tlc miefits.

JAM0 Jkdy afss midcx wfs bfobuoftcd fsscss lcfotl stftus.

Ekr tlc fgc 6< fid fjkvc mitcriftmkifo stfidfrds ekr JAM ekr fduots ms uscd ekr tlms

purpksc Grcys bofssmembftmki ke iutrmtmkifo stftus ki tlc jfsms ke JAM wfs uscd

(EIZM. :>>7).Tlc bofssmembftmki ke iutrmtmkifo stftus jy Grcy ms slkwi jcokw

Sidcrwcmglt------------- ocss tlfi :>hg/a:

Ikrafo ---------------- :>-:3 hg/a:

Kvcrwcmglt -------------:5-2> hg/a:

Kjcsc -------------------grcftcr tlfi 2> hg/a:

2.63 COMAMIFTMKI KE JMFRCR0

Trfdmtmkifooy, tlcrc frc iuacrkus skurbcs ke jmfs mi f tlms study8 ceekrts wcrc afdc mi

tlms study tk amtmgftc tlcsc8 wmtl foo acajcrs ke tlc study pkpuoftmki cirkoocd, f lmgl

rcspkisc rftc fid vcry ecw drkpkuts fid iki pfrtmbmpfits, scvcrfo jmfscs subl fs tlc

iki-rcspkisc jmfs, iki-pfrtmbmpfit jmfs fid drkp-kut jmfs wcrc comamiftcd tk f vcry

ofrgc cxtcit. Fi fttcapt wfs fosk afdc tk comamiftc scvcrfo ktlcr jmfscs8 scocbtmvc

mitcrvmcwcr wfs uscd tlrkuglkut tlc pcrmkd ke tlc study, tlus amimamzmig mitcr-

kjscrvcr vfrmftmki. Tlcrc wcrc fosk ceekrts afdc tk cisurc qufomty bkitrko fid

bkrrcbtmkis ekr mitrf-kjscrvcr vfrmftmki, tlms wfs fmdcd jy strmbt stfidfrdmzftmki ke tlc

fitlrkpkactrmb prkbcdurcs


41/90

46

2.65 DFTF FIFORMR0

Fifoysms wfs bfrrmcd kut mi R^RR-63. Dcsbrmptmki fid bkapfrmski ke vfrmkus

kutbkac vfrmfjocs mi jktl tlc grkups wfs bfrrmcd kut fid tcst uscd ekr smgimembfibc

wcrc Blm-Rqufrc fid Emslcrs Cxfbt.

2.67 CTLMBFO BKIRMDCZFTMKIR0

Tlc study wfs bkidubtcd fetcr fpprkvfo erka ctlmbfo bkaamttcc ke tlc krgfimzftmki

wmtl tlc fppombftmki ke gumdc omics prkvmdcd jy ctlmbfo bkaamttcc.

Bkiscit0 Miekracd vcrjfo bkiscit wfs tfhci fetcr cxpofmimig tk tlca tlc ifturc ke

tlc study fid jumodmig tlcmr bkiemdcibc tlft bkiemdcitmfomty ke miekraftmki kjtfmicd

wmoo jc afmitfmicd.

Bkiemdcitmfomty0 Tlc pfrtmbmpfits wcrc fssurcd tlft bkiemdcitmfomty wmoo jc afmitfmicd

Bkapcisftmki0 Tlc study dmd ikt prkvmdc akictfry mibcitmvcs tk study pfrtmbmpfits.

Zmshs ke pfrtmbmpftmki mi tlc rcscfrbl0Wc pcrbcmvcd ik rmshs ke tlms study.

Jcicemts ke pfrtmbmpftmki0 Tlcrc frc ik dmrcbt jcicemts ke pfrtmbmpftmki mi tlc study

tk study pfrtmbmpfits, jut study rcsuots bfi drmvc ceekrts tkwfrds jcttcr lcfotl

prkgrfaacs.


42/90

4:

BLF^TCZ4.F

Fifoysms ke Dftf

4. AFTCZIFO UFZMFJOCR0

4.6 AFTCZIFO FGC0

Tlc acfi fgc ke wkaci rcpkrtmig ekr dcomvcry wfs :3.=2 ycfrs. Akst ke tlc wkaci

wcrc erka tlc fgc jrfbhct ke :6- :3 ycfrs (> wkaci, 6>7 (32.3%) wcrc lfvmig fgc 63 ycfrs up tk :3 ycfrs,

wlmoc :> wkaci (6> %) wcrc ocss tlfi :6 ycfrs ke fgc (p ? >.>66). Tlcrc wfs

smgimembfit dmeecrcibc mi aftcrifo fgc jctwcci Zcguofr fid Iki Zcguofr. Mi Zcguofr

bfscs, 7>(23%) wkaci wcrc lfvmig fgc :6 ycfrs up tk :3 ycfrs fid 3=(:=.3%)

wkaci wcrc mi fgc jrfbhct :5 ycfrs up tk 2> ycfrs, wlmoc ik Zcguofr bfsc wfs scci

akrc tlci 25 ycfrs fgc grkup., wlmoc mi Iki-Zcguofr bfscs 4(:%) wkaci wcrc mi up

tk :> ycfrs fgc grkup fid 67( ycfrs fgc grkup.

TFJOC 60 AFTCZIFO FGC

FGC

GZKS^R

EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

63 tk :> yrs :> 6>.> 65( 3=(:=.3%) 63(7.3%)26tk 23 yrs 65 6>(3%) 5(2%)

Akrc tlfi25yrs 2 6.3 >% 2(6.3%)

^cfrski Blm-Rqufrc0 62.66.>66


43/90

42

4.: AFTCZIFO CDSBFTMKI0

Kut ke :>> wkaci, 55 (22%) wkaci wcrc lfvmig ik cdubftmki. Akst wkaci =.>>>). Mi Zcguofr, 25(6:6-:363-:>

FGC BFTKGKZMCR

7>

5>

3>

4>

2>

:>

6>

>

Bkuit

6.3%2.>%

7.3%%3.>%

:=.3%23.>%

%

Iki-

Zcguof

Zcguofrkr Iki-Zcguofr

EMGSZC 30 AFTCZIFO FGC


44/90

44

TFJOC :0 AFTCZIFO CDSBFTMKI

CDSBFTMKI EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOF

Zi (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZi (%)

Moomtcrftc 55 22.> 25(6(63%)

prmafry =< 4=.> %

^cfrski Blm -Rqufrc0 26.662, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0 >.>>>

4.2 DMRTFIBC EZKA LKR^MTFO0

Fakig :>> wkaci, 66:(35 %) wcrc omvmig wmtlmi tlc :> ha erka tlc lkspmtfo, urjfifrcf ke Zfwfopmidm / Msofafjfd. Wlmoc >

5>

4>

:>

>

Bkuit

2.>%4.3%

63.>%

6.3%

62.3%

44.3%

6%

Iki-

Zcguof

Zcguofr kr Iki-Zcguofr

EMGSZC 50 AFTCZIFO CDSBFTMKI


45/90

43

frcf frkuid tlc Zfwfopmidm / Msofafjfd lfvmig f dmstfibc akrc tlfi :> ha erka tlc

lkspmtfo. Mi Zcguofr bfscs =3(47.3%) wkaci bfac erka urjfi frcf fid5> (2>%) erka

rurfo frcf, wlmoc 67(>3).

TFJOC 20DMRTFIBC EZKA LKR^MTFO

Dmstfibc erka

Lcfotl efbmomty


i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)Srjfi ? :>ha 66: 35.> =3(47.3%) 67(ha 5>(2>%) :>3

Zurfo 9 :>haSrjfi ? :>ha

Dmstfibc erka Lcfotl efbmomty

6>>

5>

4>

:>

>

Bkuit

64.>%

.>%

47.3%

Iki-

Zcguof


EMGSZC 70 SZJFI / ZSZFO DMRTZMJSTMKI


46/90

45

4.4KBBS^FTMKI0

Kut ke :>> wkaci 6.3%) ofdy wfs wkrhmig pfrt tmac. Mi

Iki-Zcguofr 42(:6.3%) kut ke :>> wcrc lkusc wmvcs fid kioy 2(6.3%) ofdmcs wcrc

wkrhmig pfrt tmac (p ?>.>6>).

TFJOC 40 KBBS^FTMKI

KBSS^FTMKI EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

Lkuscwmec 6%

^frt Tmac

Capokycd

4 :.> 6(>.3%) 2(6.3%)

Emslcrs Cxfbt Tcst 0 .>6>

4.3 AFTCZIFO LCMGLT0

Kut ke :>> prcgifit wkaci :5(62%) wcrc lfvmig lcmglt ocss tlfi63> ba, wlmoc

akrc tlfi 63> ba wcrc 674((6>%) ofdmcs mi Zcguofr grkup fid 5(2%)

ofdmcs mi Iki-Zcguofr grkup wcrc ocss tlfi 63> ba tfoo. Tlcrc wfs f smgimembfit

dmeecrcibc fs 623(57.3%) ofdmcs wcrc mi Zcguofr fid 2=(6=.3%) wcrc mi Iki-Zcguofr

grkup (p ?>.>=4>).


47/90

47

TFJOC 30 AFTLCZIFO LCMGLT BFTFGKZMCR

LCMGLT EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZi (%)

Ocss tlfi 63>

ba

:5 62.> :>(6>%) 5(2%)

Akrc tlfi 63>

ba

674 623(57.3%) 2=(6=.3%)

^cfrski Blm-Rqufrc0 >.>>5, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0>.=4>

4.5 AFTCZIFO WCMGLT0

Aftcrifo wcmglt ocss tlfi 43 hg wfs kjscrvcd fs 42(:6.3%) prcgifit wkaci fid

637(7>).tlcrc wfs f smgimembfit dmeecrcibc fs

42(:6.3%) ofdmcs wcrc ocss tlfi 43 hg mi Zcguofr fid imo mi Iki-Zcguofr grkup.

Wlmoc 66:(35%) ofdmcs wcrc lfvmig wcmglt akrc 43 hg mi Zcguofr fid 43(::.3%)

ofdmcs wcrc mi Iki-Zcguofr grkup (p ?>.>>>).

TFJOC 50 AFTCZIFO WCMGLT BFTFGKZMCR

WCMGLT EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

Ocss tlfi 43hg

42 :6.3 42(:6.3%) >%

Akrc tlfi

43hg

637 72, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0>.>>>

4.7 JKD] AFRR MIDC\0

Jkdy Afss Midcx (wt/a:) wfs kjscrvcd fs 72(25.3%) prcgifit wkaci wcrc uidcr

wcmglt. 77(2(:3%) wcrc kvcr wcmglt fid ik kic

wfs kjcsc (i1:>>). Mi Zcguofr grkup 52(26.3%) wcrc uidcr wcmglt fid 5>(2>%)


48/90

4(3%) wcrc uidcr wcmglt fid

67(.>64).

TFJOC 70 JAM

JKD] AFRR

MIDC\

EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOF

Z i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

Sidcr Wcmglt

63-6=.=

72 25.3 52(26.3%) 6>(3%)

Ikrafo :>-:4.= 77 2(2>%) 67( :3.> 2:(65%) 6

> > > >

^cfrski Blm -Rqufrc0 .>64

:3-:=.=:>-:4.=63-6=.=

JAM (wt/a:)

7>

5>

3>

4>

2>

:>

6>

>

Bkuit

=.>%%

65.>%

2>.>%26.3%

Iki-

Zcguof


EMGSZC


49/90

4=

4.< WCMGLT GFMI DSZMIG ^ZCGIFIB]0

Kut ke :>> prcgifit wkaci kioy

^cfrski Blm-Rqufrc0 :.46=, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0>.6:>

Emslcrs Cxfbt Tcst0 > .:>2

4.= GZFUMDMT]0

Kut ke :>> wkaci, (4>%) wcrc ^rmamgrfvmdf, 6:> (5>%) wcrc Auotmgrfvmdf.

Tlcrc wfs f smgimembfit dmeecrcibc jctwcci Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr bfscs fs

76(23.3%) Zcguofr fid =(4.3%) Iki-Zcguofr prmamgrfvmdf wkaci. >:).

TFJOC =0 GZFUMDMT]

GZFUMDMT] EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

^rmamgrfvmdf

4>.> 76(23.3%) =(4.3%)

Auotmgrfvmdf

6:> 5>.> >:


50/90

3>

4.6> ISAJCZ KE FITCIFTFO UMRMTR0

Bfscs lfvmig ocss tlfi ekur (4) fitciftfo wcrc grkupcd fs Iki-Zcguofr wlmoc tlksc

wmtl 4 kr akrc fitciftfo wcrc grkupcd fs Zcguofr. Tlcrc wcrc 633 wkaci (77.3%)

bftcgkrmzcd fs Zcguofr8 wlmoc 43 (::.3%) fs Iki-Zcguofr (i1:>>).

Kut ke :>> bfscs, 7 bfscs (2.3%) lfd ik fitciftfo. Akst wkaci 2< (6=%) lfd ocss

tlfi 4 fitciftfo (Rtfidfrd dcvmftmki >.0 ISAJCZ KE FITCIFTFO UMRMTR

^CZBCITEZCVSCIB]

ISAJCZ KE

FITCIFTFOR2.37

Ikic

6=.>2 bfscs, 65> wcrc Euoo tcra (%)8 :4 wcrc ^rctcra (6:%) fid 65 wcrc ^kst

tcra bfscs (.>>>).

TFJOC 660 ^ZCGIFIB] RTFTSR

^ZCGIFB]

RTFTSR


i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

^ZCTCZA :4 6:.> 3(:.3%) 6=(=.3%)

ESOOTCZA 65> .> 64>(7>%) :>(6>%)

^KRTTCZA 65 6>(3%) 5(2%)

^cfrski Blm -Rqufrc0 33.425, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0 >.>>>


51/90

36

4.6: AKDC KE DCOMUCZ]0

Kut ke tktfo :>> dcomvcrmcs, 35 (:(43%) wcrc spkitfickus vfgmifo dcomvcrmcs wmtl Cpmsmktkay. Tlcrc wcrc 4=

(:4.3%) Bfcsfrmfi (B-scbtmki)8 3 bfscs (:.3%) wcrc dcomvcrcd tlrkugl Ekrbcps wmtl

Ufbuua (p?>.>>>).

TFJOC 6:0 AKDC KE DCOMUCZ]

AKDC KE

DCOMUCZ]


i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

RUD

35 : 24(67%) ::(66%)

RUD wmtl Cpm => 43.> .>>>

^kst tcraEuoo tcra^rctcraMiefit fgc

64>

6:>

6>>

5>

4>

:>

>

Bkuit

2.>%6>.>%=.3%

3.>%

7>.>%

:.3%

Iki-

Zcguof


EMGSZC =0 ^ZCGIFIB] RTFTSR


52/90

3:

4.62 LFJMT KE TKJFBBK SRC0

Lfjmt ke Tkjfbbk usc wfs scci mi .2>>).

TFJOC 620TKJFBBK SRC

TKJFBBK

SRC


i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

]cs < 4.> 3(:.3%) 2(6.3%)

Ik 6=: =5.> 63>(73%) 4:(:6%)

^cfrski Blm -Rqufrc0 6>.73, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0 >.2>>

Ufbuua/ekrbcpsB scbtmkiRUD wmtl CpmRUD

Akdc ke dcomvcry

6>>

5>

4>

:>

>

Bkuit

:.3%

5.>%2.>%

66.>%

6%

67.>%

Iki-

Zcguof

Zcguofr kr Iki-

EMGSZC 6>0 AKDC KE DCOMUCZ]


53/90

32

4.64 MOOICRR DSZMIG ZCGIFIB]0

Kut ke :>> prcgifit wkaci 635(7.>>>).

TFJOC 640 MOOICRR DSZMIG ^ZCGIFIB]

MOOICRR EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZi (%)

Ficamf 22 65.3 64(7%) 6=(=.3%)

LTI 4 :.> >% 4(:%)

^rc-cbofapsmf 7 2.3 :(6%) 3(:.3%)

IF 635 7< 62=(5=.3%) 67(>>

4.63 ACDMBFTMKI DSZMIG ZCGIFIB]0

Lmstkry ke acdmbftmki ekr mooicss wcrc fs 47(:2.3%) wkaci sfmd ]cs, 22(65.3%)

Zcguofr fid 64(7%) Iki-Zcguofr bfscs. 632(75.3%) wkaci sfmd Ik mi rcspkisc tk

usc ke fiy acdmbmic (p?>.676).

TFJOC 630ACDMBFTMKI

ACDMBMIC EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

]cs 47 :2.3 22(65.3%) 64(7%)

Ik 632 75.3 6::(56%) 26(63.3%)

^cfrski Blm -Rqufrc0 6..676


54/90

34

ICW JKZI UFZMFJOCR0

4.65 MIEFIT GCIDCZ0

Kut ke :>> miefits >3, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0>.=45

4.67 JFJ]WCMGLT BFTCGKZMCR0

Kut ke :>> bfscs, 45 (:2%) lfd jmrtl wcmglt ocss tlfi :.3hg8 634 bfscs (77%)

wcmglmig akrc tlfi :.3hg. Mi tlc Zcguofr wcmglt fjkvc :.3hg wfs 622(55.3%) fs

bkapfrcd tk :6(6>.3%) mi tlc Iki-Zcguofr (p?>.>>>).

TFJOC 670 JFJ] WCMGLT BFTCGKZMCR

WT. BFTCG EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCITFGC ZCGSOFZi (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZi (%)

OCRR TLFI :.3

HG

45 :2 ::(66%) :4(6:%)

AKZC TLFI :.3

HG

634 77 622(55.3%) :6(6>.3%)

^cfrski Blm -Rqufrc0 2>.657, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0 >.>>>


55/90

33

4.6< F^GFZ Rbkrc0

Af`krmty, 67: bfscs (>).

TFJOC6 :>(6>%) >gaOcss tlfi :3>>ga

OJW/IJW

64>

6:>

6>>

5>

4>

:>

>

Bkuit

6>.3%6:.>%

55.3%

66.>%

Iki

Zcguof

Zcguofr krcacrgciby

EMGSZC 660 JMZTL WCMGLT


56/90

35

ISTZMTMKIFO UFZMFJOCR0

4.6= DMCT AKDMEMBFTMKI0

Dmct akdmembftmki durmig prcgifiby ms akstoy kjscrvcd. Fakig :>> prcgifit wkaci

656(.3%) dmd dmct akdmembftmki fid kioy 2=(6=.3%) dmd ikt afdc fiy blfigc mi

tlcmr dmct. Jctwcci Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr grkups 622(55.3%) wkaci sfmd ]cs

fid ::(66%) sfmd Ik fakig Zcguofr bfscs. Wlmoc fakig Iki-Zcguofr :>>).

TFJOC6=0 DMCT AKDMEMBFTMKI

DMCT

AKDMEMBFTM

KI

EZCVSCIB

]

^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

]cs 656 .3 622(55.3%) :>>

4.:> FDUMBC EKZ DMCT AKDMEMBFTMKI0

Kut ke :>> prcgifit wkaci 6>=(34.3%) dmd dmct akdmembftmki upki tlc fdvmbc ke

dkbtkr kr lcfotl bfrc prkvmdcrs ft lcfotl efbmomty. 42(:6.3%) dmd mt upki efamoy fdvmbc

fid kioy =(4.3%) dmd dmct akdmembftmki upki tlc fdvmbc ke TJF. Mi Zcguofr bfscs

6>6(3>.3%) wkaci afdc f blfigc mi tlcmr dmct fetcr bkisuotftmki erka tlcmr lcfotl

scrvmbcs prkvmdcrs. Wlmoc mi Iki-Zcguofr bfscs .>>>).


57/90

37

TFJOC :>0 FDUMBC EKZ DMCT AKDMEMBFTMKI

CDSBFTMKI EZCVSCIB] ^CZBCIT ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

Dkbtkr / Lcfotl

bfrc stfee

6>= 34.3 6>6(3>.3%) .3%) >

IF/IkEfamoyTJFDkbtkr / LcfotlBfrc stfee

Wlk fdvmscd tk blfigc dmct

6:>

6>>

5>

4>

:>

>

Bkuit

676:


58/90

3> prcgifit wkaci lkw afiy ke tlca cft rcguofroy,

tlci 622(55.3%) sfmd ]cs, fid 57(22.3%) sfmd Ik. Mi Zcguofr bfscs 6>4(3:%)

ofdy lfvc tlc lfjmt ke rcguofr acfos fid mi Iki-Zcguofr bfscs :=(64.3%) ofdy dkit

cft rcguofroy (p?>.74>).

TFJOC:60 ZCGSOFZ ACFO LFJMT

ZCGSOFZ

ACFO LFJMT


i (%)

IKI-

ZCGSOFZ

i (%)

]cs 622 55.3 6>4(3:%) :=(64.3%)

Ik 57 22.3 36(:3.3%) 65(.66>, Rmg. (:-smdcd)0>.74>

4.:: ^MBF0

Ekkds ktlcr tlci dmct wcrc bkisuacd jy =3(47.3%) prcgifit wkaci (i1:>>). Wlmoc

6>3(3:.3%) sfmd Ik. Mi Zcguofr bfscs 5=(24.3%) ofdmcs lfvc lfjmt ke ^mbf, fid

3 3:.3 , Rmg. (:-smdcd)0>.667


59/90

3=

4.:2 DCRBZM^TMKI KE DMEECZCIT ACFO LFJMTR

Durmig tlc study mt wfs rcvcfocd tlft kut ke :>> study pfrtmbmpfits tlc lfjmt ke tfhmig

akrimig acfo mi f wcch wfs mi f rfig ke amimaua : tk afxmaua 7 tmacs, wmtl f

acfi ke 3.5< fid Rtfidfrd dcvmftmki 6.75:.

Amd-akrimig Rifbh lfjmt wfs scci erka 6 tmac pcr wcch tk 5 tmacs pcr wcch, wmtl f

acfi ke :.:= fid Rtfidfrd dcvmftmki 6.646.

Ouibl ms akrc ercqucit fid kjscrvcd mi f rfigc ke amimaua 4 tmacs pcr wcch tk 7

tmacs pcr wcch, wmtl f acfi ke 5.4> fid stfidfrd dcvmftmki >. tk afxmaua 4 tmacs pcrwcch, wmtl f acfi ke 6.42 fid stfidfrd dcvmftmki >.35:.

Lfjmt tk tfhc cvcimig acfo wfs scci mi f rfigc ke amimaua 2 fid afxmaua 7 wmtl f

acfi ke 5.6:6 fid stfidfrd dcvmftmki 6.:3> : 7 3.5< 6.75:

Amd-akrimig sifbh mi

f wcch

:>> 6 5 :.:= 6.646

Ouibl kr Amddfy

Acfo mi f wcch

:>> 4 7 5.4> >.> > 4 6.42 >.35:

Cvcimig Acfo mi f

wcch

:>> 2 7 5.6: 6.:3


60/90

5>

4.:4 WCCHO] EKKD EZCVSCIB]0

Wcchoy ekkd ercqucibmcs wcrc rcbkrdcd ekr tlc pfrtmbmpfits mi tlc study. Mi tlc ekkd

grkup ke amoh fid amoh prkdubts kut ke :>> pfrtmbmpfits 4(:%) wcrc ikt dmihmig amoh

fid mts prkdubts ft foo. 6>:(36%) ke tlc pfrtmbmpfits wcrc tfhmig amoh fid mts prkdubts

6-2 tmacs f wcch fid =4(47%) ke tlca wcrc tfhmig amoh fid mts prkdubts 4-7 tmacs f

wcch.

Tfjoc :40 WCCHO] EKKD EZCVSCIB]

Ercquciby

/wcch

Amoh & mts

prkdubts

i (%)

Acft

i (%)

Acft

sujstmtutc

i (%)

Ucgctfjocs

Ocfey

i (%)

Ucgctfjocs

ktlcrs

i (%)

Blfpfttm

i (%)

Ikt ft foo 4(:%) =2(45.3%) >% >% >% >%

6-2 tmacs/wh 6>:(36%) 6>6(36%) 6%)

Mi tlc ekkd grkup ke acft fid acft prkdubts kut ke :>> pfrtmbmpfits =2(45.3%) wcrc

ikt cftmig ft foo. 6>:(36%) pfrtmbmpfits wcrc cftmig acft fid mts prkdubts 6-2 tmacs f

wcch. Kioy 5(2%) pfrtmbmpfits wcrc cftmig acct 4-7 tmacs f wcch. Lkwcvcr acft

sujstmtutcs subl fs puoscs, rcd jcfis fid hmdicy jcfis wcrc tfhci jy 6 pfrtmbmpfits 6=:(=5%) wcrc cftmig 6-2

tmacs f wcch fid


61/90

56

Mi tlc ktlcr vcgctfjoc grkup kut ke :>> pfrtmbmpfits 6> pfrtmbmpfits 4(:%) wcrc ikt cftmig ft foo. 6=5(=> pfrtmbmpfits wcrc cftmig blfpfttm 4-7 tmacs f

wcch.

Mi tlc bmtrus erumt grkup kut ke :>> pfrtmbmpfits 63:(75%) wcrc tfhmig mt 6-2 tmac f

wcch. Wlmoc 4> pfrtmbmpfits 6(>.3%) tfhmig ikt ft foo, 63.3%) wcrc tfhmig 4-7 tmac f wcch.

Tfjoc :30 WCCHO] EKKD EZCVSCIB]

Ercquciby

/wcch

Bcrcfos Erumt bmtrus Erumt ktlcrs Rwcct dmsl@umbc/swcct

drmihs

@fa/

lkicy

Ikt ft foo4(:%)

>%6(>.3%) 46(:>.3%)

6:>(55%) 6


62/90

5:

4-7 tmacs f wcch. Rmamofr trcid ms scci mi `fa fid lkicy 6 wcrc tfhmig 4-7 tmacs f wcch.

4. :30BK-ZCOFTMKI KE AFTCZIFO FID ICW JKZI UFZMFJOCR WMTL

JMZTL WCMGLT0

Bk-rcoftmki ekr aftcrifo fid icwjkri vfrmfjocs wmtl kutbkac m.c. Jmrtl wcmglt wcrc

bkaputcd. Tlc rcsuots frc slkwi mi tlc ekookwmig tfjocs. Rmibc skac bcoos lfvc

cxpcbtcd bkuit ke ocss tlfi 3, Blm-Rqufrc Tcst ms ikt vfomd fppombftmki lcrc8 mistcfd

Emslcrs Cxfbt Tcst ms fppomcd tk cxpokrc tlc ocvco ke smgimembfibc.

Tfjoc :50 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE AFTCZIFO FGC WMTL JMZTL WCMGLT

AFTCZIFO FGC JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

ZFIGC OJW i13= IJW i1646

63-:> 6.3% %:6-:3 66% 2:.3% 42.3%

:5-2> =% :.53=).

Tfjoc :70 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE AFTCZIFO CDSBFTMKI WMTL JMZTL

WCMGLT

CDSBFTMKI JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

Moomtcrftc =% :4% 22%

^rmafry =.3% 2=.3 4=%

Rcbkidfry 4.3% 6:% 65.3%

Grfduftc >% 6.3% 6.3%


63/90

52

Aftcrifo cdubftmki slkws wcfh bkrrcoftmki wmtl jmrtl wcmglt, fs tlcrc wfs bkuit ocss

tlfi 3 mi f bcoo8 wc fppomcd Emslcrs Cxfbt Tcst (p ? >.4

OJW i13= IJW i1646

Ocss tlfi

63>ba(i16>)

>% 3% 3%

Akrc tlfi 63>ba(i16=>)

:2% 7:% =3%

Aftcrifo lcmglt slkws wcfh bkrrcoftmki wmtl jmrtl wcmglt, fs tlcrc wfs bkuit ocss

tlfi 3 mi f bcoo8 wc fppomcd Emslcrs Cxfbt Tcst (p ? >.6:6).

Tfjoc :=0 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE AFTCZIFO WCMGLT WMTL JMZTLWCMGLT

WCMGLT JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

Ocss tlfi

43hg(i142)

4% 67% :6.3%

Akrc tlfi

43hgba (i1637)

6=% 3=.3% 7.44>).


64/90

54

Tfjoc 2>0 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE AFTCZIFO ^FZMT] WMTL JMZTL

WCMGLT

^FZMT] JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

^rmamgrfvmdf %

Auotmgrfvmdf 64.3% 43.3% 5>%

Aftcrifo pfrmty ms pkkroy smgimembfit rcoftcd tk jmrtl wcmglt (p ? >.526).

Tfjoc 260 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE AFTCZIFO JAM WMTL JMZTL WCMGLT

JAM (hg/a:) JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

63-6=.= 7>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

Srjfi ? :>ha


65/90

53

bkrrcoftcd wmtl jmrtl wcmglt fppoymig Blm-Rqufrc tcst. Tlc bkrrcoftmki slmp wfs vcry

strkig (p ? >.>>6).

Tfjoc 220 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE AKDC KE DCOMUCZ] WMTL JMZTL

WCMGLT

AKDC KE

DCOMUCZ] JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

RUD >>).

Tfjoc 240 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE ZCGSOFZ KZ IKI-ZCGSOFZ WMTL

JMZTL WCMGLT

ZCGSOFZ /IKI-

ZCGSOFZ JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

Zcguofr 66% 55.3% 77.3%

Iki-Zcguofr 6:% 6>.3% ::.3%

Aftcrifo stftus ke FIB usc ms strkigoy bkrrcoftcd wmtl jmrtl wcmglt (p ? >.>>>).


66/90

55

Tfjoc 230 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE ICW JKZI FGC WMTL JMZTL WCMGLT

ICW JKZI FGC JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646^rctcra 7% 3% 6:%

Tcra ikrafo 64.3% 53.3% %

^kst tcra 6.3% 5.3% .>>>).

Tfjoc 250 ZCOFTMKIRLM^ KE ICW JKZIR GCIDCZ WMTL JMZTL

WCMGLT

GCIDCZ JMZTL WCMGLT Tktfo i1:>>

OJW i13= IJW i1646

Afoc =.3% 24.3% 44%

Ecafoc 62.3% 4:.3% 35%

Icw jkri gcidcr wfs bkaputcd ekr bkrrcoftcd wmtl jmrtl wcmglt Blm-Rqufrc Tcst tkblcbh tlc bkrrcoftmki. Tlc bkrrcoftmki slmp wfs wcfh (p?>.573).


67/90

57

BLF^TCZ4.J

DMRBSRRMKI

Aftcrifo fgc ms mapkrtfit efbtkr mi rcdubtmki ke pcrmiftfo fid ickiftfo dcftls

fbbkrdmig tk f study dkic jy Lfhsfrm mi Midkicsmf, aktlcrs ocss tlfi 6= ycfrs wcrc ft

lmglcr rmshs (Lfhsfrm, 6==7). Tlfts wly JZFB lcfotl prkgrfaacs mi Jfigofdcsl

rcbkaacid tlc wkaci tk jcbkac prcgifit fetcr :> ycfrs ke fgc jcbfusc ke tlcmr

vuoicrfjmomty ke lcfotl mi blmodjcfrmig, duc tk ofbh ke sueembmcit plysmbfo fid acitfo

afturmty durmig fdkocsbcibc. Me wkaci frc ikt plysmbfooy bfpfjoc, mt ms dmeembuot ekr

tlca tk jcbkac lcfotly aktlcrs fs wcoo fs tk dcomvcr lcfotly blmodrci wmtlkut fiy

omec-tlrcftcimig bkapombftmkis.

F lmgl pcrbcitfgc ke wkaci (32.3%) rcpkrtmig ekr dcomvcry ft tlc fgc ke up tk :3

ycfrs mi tlms study ms tlc sfac fs ekuid mi ktlcr studmcs (ZW.Rtchctcc ct fo. 6==4).

Wkaci ke ocss tlfi :6 ycfrs ke fgc (6>% mi tlms study) ms f bkaaki plcikacif mi

^fhmstfi wlcrc cfroy afrrmfgc fid prcgifiby ms f buoturfo ikra. Tlcrc wfs

smgimembfit dmeecrcibc jctwcci tlc Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr slkwmig mt gcicrfo

plcikacif rcoftcd tk tlc fitciftfo usc mi tlms pkpuoftmki. Lkwcvcr mi skac studmcs

blfibcs ke jcmig iki-rcguofr wcrc akrc erka fgc ocss tlfi :> ycfrs (T.Dcovfux ct

fo.:>>6). Tlms ms kjscrvcd mi tlms study fs :% Iki-Zcguofr bfscs. Mt wfs ekuid

tlrkugl ktlcr study (AA. Zflafi ct fo. 6==7) tlft ykuigcr wkaci frc akrc omhcoy tk

bkisuot lcfotl prkecssmkifos mi tlcmr prcgifibmcs fid mi tlms wfy, tk jc rcoftmvcoy akrc

cxpkscd tk gct akrc miekraftmki fjkut tlc lcfotl bfrc efbmomtmcs tlfi tlc kodcr wkaci.

Tlc smgimembfit dmeecrcibc fakig Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr rcgfrdmig aftcrifo

cdubftmki dcsbrmjc mt fs fi mapkrtfit vfrmfjoc fs tlc cdubftcd wkaci wcrc fttcidmig

tlc FIB scrvmbcs / iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc fid tlcmr cdubftmki lfd pksmtmvc ceecbt ki tlc

lcfotl ke tlcmr ekctus. Tlms ms fosk jcci slkwi mi afiy ktlcr studmcs mi ^fhmstfi fid

mitcriftmkifooy (B@. @fbhski ct fo. :>>5). Rfac ms kjscrvcd mi tlms study tlft

cdubftmki ocvco up tk scbkidfry sblkko bcrtmembftc wfs 3


68/90

5% mi ecafocs. Fs tlc pkpuoftmki uidcr kur study jcokig tk ofjkur bofss wlcrc

cdubftmki ms ercc fid emifibmfo fssmstfibc ms fosk gmvci tlrkugl tlc Wkrhcrs Wcoefrc

Jkfrd sblkkos durmig tlcmr sblkko fgc. Tlc cdubftmki ocvco fakig tlc :>> wkaci

wfs vcry lkpceuo fs 4=% wcrc prmafry, 65.3% wcrc scbkidfry ocvco fid 6.3 % wfs ke

grfduftc ocvco ke cdubftmki. 22% (i1:>>) wcrc moomtcrftc wkaci.

Rtudy bkidubtcd mi Jfigofdcsl slkwcd tlft wkaci wmtl lmglcr pfrmty frc akrc omhcoy

tk scch fitciftfo bfrc erka lcfotl bcitcrs / prkecssmkifos (AA. Zflafi ct fo. 6==7).

Mi tlms study tlc pfrtmbmpfits jcokig tk f ofjkur bofss lfvmig pkkr skbmk-cbkikamb

stftus jut tlcy lfvc f efbmomty ke ercc lcfotl bfrc, sk jy tlc hikwocdgc tlms efbmomty

akstoy bfac ekr fitciftfo blcbh-up. Tlms ms cvmdcit jy dftf tlft kut ke :>> wkaci,

4>% wcrc prmamgrfvmdf, 5>% wcrc auotmgrfvmdf. Tlcrc wfs f smgimembfit dmeecrcibc

jctwcci Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr bfscs fs 23.3% Zcguofr fid 4.3% Iki-Zcguofr

prmamgrfvmdf wkaci fid sfac ms tlc bfsc mi auotmgrfvmdf 4:% Zcguofr fid 6>7).

F dmstfibc ke ocss tlfi :>ha ms tfhci fs gkkd fbbcssmjmomty midmbftkr fid mi tlms grkup

35% pfrtmbmpfits wcrc omvmig wmtlmi tlc :> ha erka tlc lkspmtfo, urjfi frcf keZfwfopmidm / Msofafjfd. Wlmoc 44% prcgifit wkaci bfac erka rurfo frcf frkuid tlc

Zfwfopmidm / Msofafjfd lfvmig f dmstfibc akrc tlfi :> ha erka tlc lkspmtfo fid

Tlms efbt ms fosk suppocacitcd jy tlc rcsuots slkwmig smgimembfit dmeecrcibc mi tlc

Zcguofr fid Iki-Zcguofr wmtl rcecrcibc tk dmstfibc erka lkspmtfo.


69/90

5=

Cbkikambs bkidmtmki ke prcgifit wkaci lfs f pksmtmvc rcoftmki slmp wmtl scchmig

fitciftfo bfrc, wlmbl wfs kjscrvcd mi f study mi Jfigofdcsl (AA. Zflafi ct fo.

6==7). Bkapfrcd tk tlc wkaci wlk frc wkrhmig kutsmdc, lkuscwmvcs bfi keecr akrc

tmac tk tlc cdubftmkifo fbtmvmtmcs prkvmdcd jy tlc lcfotl bfrc scrvmbc prkvmdcrs. Mt ms

akrc dmeembuot ekr wkaci wkrhmig kut smdc tlc lkusc tk afhc sumtfjoc tmac spfbc ekr

tlcsc fbtmvmtmcs durmig tlcmr wkrhmig lkurs. Tlms ms scci mi tlms study tlft 76.3% wcrc

lkuscwmvcs fid Zcguofr bfscs. Euoo tmac capokycd wcrc 3.3% fid tlcy wcrc foo

Zcguofr bfscs wlmbl ms suppkrtcd jy fi ktlcr study , mt wfs ekuid tlft capokyacit ke

wkaci mibrcfscs tlcmr tcidciby tk gct fitciftfo bfrc erka tlc lcfotl prkecssmkifos

(LL. Fhltfr ct fo. 6==5).

Mi tlc stftus ke prcgifiby, % Zcguofr rcpkrtmig wmtl Euoo-tcra prcgifiby. ^rctcra

ofjkur scci mi Iki-Zcguofr bfscs fs bkapfrcd tk Zcguofr bfscs, fgfmi smgimey tlc

mapkrtfibc ke FIB, fs FIB usc prkvmdcs tlc blfibcs tk emotcrs tlc lmgl rmsh bfscs.

Rtudmcs lfvc slkwi rcdubcd prctcra ofjkur mi tlc FIB Sscrs (Bfapjcoo KAZ, fid

Grflfa W@, :>>5).

F B-scbtmki rftc ke :4.3% ms somgltoy lmglcr tlfi tlc cstmaftcd 3-63% mitcriftmkifo

emgurc, jut tlms ms smgimembfitoy dmeecrcit mi Zcguofr fs 6> pcr akitl. Jut tlc ceecbt ke FIB usc ms smgimembfit fs fakig Zcguofr

tlc 55.3% wcrc lfvmig jmrtl wcmglt ke akrc tlfi :.3 hg fs bkapfrcd tk tlc


70/90

7>

Iki-Zcguofr wlcrc 6>.3% lfd wcmglt :.3 hg kr akrc. Ktlcr studmcs lfvc fosk slkwi

tlc smamofr emidmigs wmtl pkkr kutbkacs mi tlc Iki-Zcguofr fid gkkd kutbkac mi

FIB Sscrs (Bfapjcoo KAZ, fid Grflfa W@, :>>5).

Tlc jmrtl kutbkac lfvmig subl dmeecrcibc mi tlc twk grkups lmglomglts tlc mapkrtfibc

ke FIB usc mi tlms systca ke lcfotl bfrc dcomvcry fid iccds eurtlcr cofjkrftmki. Tlcrc

wcrc 77.3% Zcguofr fid ::.3% wcrc Iki-Zcguofr bfscs, kioy 2.3% lfd ik fitciftfo

blcbh-up kut :>> pfrtmbmpfit ke tlms study. Tlms smgimemcs tlc mapkrtfibc ke FIB

usfgc mi prc-pfmd lcfotl misurfibc systca. Tlus mt ms prkvcd tlft rcguofr fitciftfo bfrc

wmtl prkpcr iutrmtmkifo bkuiscoomig maprkvcs tlc jmrtl wcmglt ke jfjmcs.

Dmct akdmembftmki wfs scci mi 55.3% wkaci wlk bfac ekr rcguofr FIB fid gkt

iutrmtmki fdvmbc jy lcfotl bfrc stfee. Tlms ms smgimembfit tlft iutrmtmkifo fdvmbc ms

mapkrtfit fid lkikurcd jy prcgifit ofdmcs jcokig tk f okw skbmk-cbkikamb

bkaauimty.

Mi cvfouftmig tlc rcoftmkislmp ke ekkd ercquciby wmtl jmrtl wcmglt wfs bkaputcd fid

ik smgimembfit fsskbmftmki bkuod jc ekuid. Tlc afmi rcfski ke tlms ms tlft tlc prcgifit

ofdmcs wcrc rcguofroy fdvmscd fjkut tlc iutrmtmkifo mapkrtfibc durmig prcgifiby.

Aftcrifo lcmglt wfs ocss tlfi 63>ba mi 62% ofdmcs, kut tlft 6>% wcrc mi Zcguofr

grkup fid 2% mi Iki-Zcguofr grkup. Rlkrt stfturcd ofdmcs gkt rcguofr FIB blcbh-up

fs tlcy wcrc akrc wkrrmcd fjkut tlcmr dcomvcry bkapombftmkis fid jmrtl kut-bkac.

Tlcmr iutrmtmkifo bkuiscoomig ms efr akrc mapkrtfit tk dcbrcfsc tlc blfibcs ke OJW

duc tk afo iutrmtmki aktlcrs.

Aftcrifo iutrmtmkifos stftus wfs fi mapkrtfit efbtkr tk gmvc jmrtl tk f lcfotly blmod. MiJfigofdcsl, afoikurmslcd aktlcrs gmvc jmrtl tk uidcrwcmglt jfjmcs fid bfusc lmgl

rftc ke aftcrifo dcftls (Iftmkifo ^ofi ke fbtmki ekr blmodrci 6==7-:>>:). Aftcrifo

wcmglt wfs scci mi tlms study fs :6.3% prcgifit ofdmcs wcrc ocss tlfi 43hg. Wkaci

wlk wcrc uidcr wcmglt fid jcfrmig prcgifiby wcrc akrc bkibcricd ekr FIB blcbh-

up fid iutrmtmkifo bkuiscomig tk maprkvc tlcmr lcfotl fid jmrtl wcmglt ke jfjy.


71/90

76

BLF^TCZ 5

5.6 RSAAFZ] KE EMIDMIGR0

Tlms study rcvcfocd tlft tlc ceekrts jcmig afdc jy skbmfo scburmty ekr tlc aktlcr fid

ickiftfo blmod lcfotl (AIBL) lfs pksmtmvc kutbkac. Wlmbl ms fugacitcd jy

fwfrcicss fid cdubftmki jy acdmf cspcbmfooy rcgfrdmig tlc aftcrifo fgc. Ikw trcid

ke tccifgc afrrmfgcs lfvc jcci rcdubcd. ^rcgifit wkaci hikw fjkut tlc mapkrtfibc

ke tlcmr lcfotl. Tlcrc wfs mibrcfscd trcid tk scch fitciftfo bfrc wmtl iutrmtmkifo

bkisuotftmki (77%). Wmtl ke maprkvcacit mi omtcrfby rftc ke wkaci tlc trcids ekr

scchmig cfroy fitciftfo bfrc frc scci 46.3% mi lkusc wmvcs fid 5>% frc auotmgrfdmf

wkaci.

Tlms study rcvcfocd tlft 35% wkaci wcrc urjfi rcsmdcits akstoy omvmig mi midustrmfo

bkokimcs, wlmbl amimamzcs tlc trfvco tmac tkwfrds tlc lcfotl bfrc efbmomtmcs.

Tlc study pkpuoftmki wfs akstoy jcokig tk okwcr skbmk-cbkikambs grkup ke

bkaauimty jut tlc prcgifit wkaci wcrc ekuid fwfrc fjkut tlc mapkrtfibc ke dmct

durmig prcgifiby fid tlcy rcpkrtcd tlc rcguofr acfo lfjmt fid mitfhc ke amoh fid

acft fid acft prkdubts wmtl grcci ocfey vcgctfjocs 6-2 tmac f wcch akrc tlfi 3>

pcrbcit. Kvcr foo iutrmtmkifo stftus wfs scci omhc wlkoc iftmki.

F jcttcr fitciftfo scrvmbc wmtl ceecbtmvc iutrmtmkifo bkuiscoomig lfs maprkvcd tlc

icwjkri wcmglt fs bkapfrcd tk pfst. Okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs frc scci kioy :2%,

fotlkugl mt ms ikt f dcsmrfjoc emgurc jut tlc pkpuoftmki uidcr study jcokigs tk tlc pkkrskbmk-cbkikamb bofss. Tlms maprkvcacit ke OJW rftc wfs scci kioy jy f rcguofr

FIB wmtl dmct akdmembftmki fdvmscd tlca durmig cvcry fitciifo vmsmt. Tlc prcvfocibc

ke fifcamf mi prcgifit aktlcr ms f usufo emidmig jcsmdcs pmbf fid sakhmig wlmbl lfs

jcci rcdubcd tk iki smgimembfit pcrbcitfgc jy rcguofr fitciftfo bfrc wmtl ceecbtmvc

iutrmtmkifo bkuiscoomig. Tlms suppkrts tlc fotcriftmvc lypktlcsms ke tlms study.

5.: BKIBOSRMKI0


72/90

7:

Fs tlcrc frc afiy jfrrmcrs tk maprkvcacit ke aktlcr fid blmod mi tlc dcvcokpmig

bkuitrmcs miboudmig cbkikamb bksts mivkovcd8 fbbcssmjmomty mssucs8 ofbh ke shmoocd fid

qufomemcd lcfotl bfrc stfee8 ofbh ke futkikay tk emifibmfo rcskurbcs fid dcbmsmki-

afhmig blkmbc ke wkaci ft lkac8 tlc prkgrcss mi aftcrifo fid blmod lcfotl mi tlms

rcgmki lfs jcci vcry sokw. Jut tlms study lmglomglts tlc mapkrtfibc ke tlc efbt tlft me

bksts fid fbbcssmjmomty mssucs frc fddrcsscd fid tlc lcfotl systca prkvmdcs bkvcrfgc,

tlci tlc usc ke rcguofr fitciftfo scrvmbcs bfi jc vcry ceecbtmvc mi krdcr tk dcbrcfsc tlc

mibmdcibc ke okw jmrtl wcmglt jfjmcs fid maprkvc tlc blmod survmvfo rftc.

Tlc akst mapkrtfit fpprkfbl tk tlc prkjoca ke OJW ms prcvcitmki. Tlms bkuod jc

dkic tlrkugl maprkvmig tlc omvmig stfidfrds fakig tlc gcicrfo pkpuoftmki, fid jysystcaftmb bfrc ke prc-prcgifit wkaci jy maprkvcacits mi iutrmtmki, acdmbfo bfrc

fid wkrh bkidmtmkis (WLK, 6==3).

Tlms study cofjkrftcs kic subl systca ke ^ujomb Rcbtkr prcpfmd lcfotl misurfibc

systca ke Rkbmfo Rcburmty prkvmdmig bkaprclcismvc acdmbfo bfrc scrvmbcs tk tlc pkkr

wkrhcrs ke tlc prmvftc scbtkr capokyccs. Tlms study lfs lmglomgltcd tlc mapkrtfibc ke

FIB usc ekr maprkvmig pcrmiftfo kutbkacs mi tlc pkkr misurcd pkpuoftmki ke tlc

prmvftc midustrmfo wkrhcrs mi ^fhmstfi. Tlc rcsuots ke tlc study eurtlcr cofjkrftc tlc

prktcbtmvc ceecbt ke FIB usc fs ms slkwi mi tlc vfrmkus ktlcr studmcs mi tlc

dcvcokpmig wkrod. Fjscibc ke fiy stftmstmbfo smgimembfibc dkcs ikt fowfys acfi

fjscibc ke pujomb lcfotl mapfbt. Tlms kjscrvftmki bfi jc uscd tk dcvmbc pkombmcs fid

mitcrvcitmkis mi tlc Rkbmfo Rcburmty Lcfotl Bfrc Rystca tk rcdubc tlc jurdci ke

aftcrifo fid ickiftfo blmod lcfotl mooicsscs. Tlc mapkrtfibc ke FIB usc mi tlc

afifgcd bfrc systca omhc Rkbmfo Rcburmty bfi jc f bkricrstkic mi amimamzmig tlc

dmscfsc jurdci rcoftcd tk tlc prcgifiby-rcoftcd bkapombftmkis.

Tlcrc frc ikt afiy studmcs ki tlms pujomb scbtkr lcfotl misurfibc akdco ke ^fhmstfi

fid tlcrcekrc akrc rcscfrbl ms iccdcd tk mdcitmey mssucs rcoftcd wmtl tlc FIB Iki-

uscrs mi subl f systca wlcrc tlc bksts frc amimafo, tlcrc frc scvcrfo mibcitmvcs

fttfblcd wmtl lcfotl bfrc uscs fid wlcrc tlcrc frc ik rcstrmbtmkis ekr tlc usc ke

acdmbfo bfrc.

7/23/2019 Relation between l

relation between low birth weight babies and antenatal care with nutritional status in the women of...

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