relation between iranian architectural principles and...

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Spectrum: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

Vol. 4 Issue 2, February 2015, ISSN 2278-0637, pp. 300-312 (Special Issue on Basic and Applied Sciences)

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Relation between Iranian Architectural Principles and Critical Regionalism

Shahram Sattarifard

Department of Architecture, Khalkhal branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal , Iran.

Abstract

This paper studies regionalism in architecture. First it presents theoretical concepts of

the research literature and then states scholars opinions regarding critical

regionalism in architecture based on evolutionary trend of this theory. In the

following, regionalism branches including modernism, cubism approach, rationalism,

local, environmental, and critical development, retrospection, and future interaction.

One of the most essential issues raised in the challenge among regionalism

approaches is its relation with modernistic approach. In the following, regionalism

theories are divided into six groups. This paper tests the relation between independent

variables and critical regionalism. Also it is aimed at ranking independent variables

considered for Iranian architectural principles. This paper has used Kolmogrove-

Smirnov, correlation coefficient, and partial least squares structural equations

method. The main result of this paper indicates that there is a significant relation

between (introversion, structural considerations, self- sufficiency, humanism, and

abstinence from inanity) as the Iranian architectural principles and critical

regionalism in a field study considering selected building of Shiraz (Khald-e Barin

Park, Haft Khan Restaurants, Commercial Chamber, Sina Shopping Center, No

(Shohada) Mosque). Also these principles are ranked as introversion, abstinence from

inanity, structural considerations, self- sufficiency, and humanism, respectively.

Keywords: Architecture, regionalism, criticism of architecture

_________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

Parallel with the end of Second World War and beginning of 1950s, two major inclinations

emerged in geopolitics and geo-economic literature. These newly emerged inclinations have an

organic relation with each other despite different impact scopes. One of the inclinations is

focused on deep changes in the development thought and the other pursues transition to the ultra-

colonial world. These paradigms have adopted an approach in the below frameworks when

encountering the concept of region.

- Classical growth theory (1940-1950),

- Capital core development paradigm or modernization theory (1950-1960),

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- Structuralism paradigm (1950-1960),

- Neo – Marxism paradigm (1950 to early 1970),

- Dependency theory (from late 1960 to early 1980),

- Neo – liberalism paradigm (1980 and 90)

- Ultra – development theory (from late 1980 to present).

Some of them particularly development paradigms before 1970 have considered a neutral role

for inherent potentials of the region by focusing on a vertical hierarchy process and underscoring

exogenous development. Parallel with transition from last years of 1960s and extension of

critical theory in different layers and areas of thought, the perception of region took a critical

dimension. This situation is concurrent with extension of endogenous understanding from

development and focus on inter-regional human potential to achieve development. Writing the

paper "critical regionalism" in 1983by the famous architecture critic, Kenneth Frampton, is

practically the embodiment of combination of all these layers with each other and their transition

from planning area to architecture. This paper is a response to the uniformity of modernity

encountering climatic and social diversity, common spirit in the works of architectures close to

this inclination, response to the local conditions based on local traditions with a glance at

modernity (Keneth, F., 1983).

The term "critical regionalism" was used for the first time by the architecture theorists,

Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and with a little different meaning, by the historian-theorist

Kenneth Frampton. According to Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre, critical regionalism is

directly derived from the concept "instead of prevalent elements, one can use simple frameworks

but in unfamiliar ways". So, critical regionalism kept both modern and post modern architectural

attitudes as a rooted problem. Also critical regionalism is an approach in the architecture that

seeks to reject prevalent individualism and post modern architectural decorations. Critical

regionalism seeks to present a type of architecture that is rooted in modern tradition and is

dependent upon geographical and cultural contexts. Critical regionalism in meaning is not as

simple as regionalism in local architecture. This modern approach in design seeks to establish a

relation between local and global languages of architecture.

Among the most famous thinkers of critical regionalism in architecture that have used the

theoretical framework of Kenneth Frampton, below persons can be mentioned.

Mazharul Islam, Eduardo Souto, Mario Botta, Studio Granda,

Jorge Ferreira Chaves, Alvaro Siza, Charles Correa, B. V. Doshi,

Neelkanth Chhaya, Raj Rewal, Geoffrey Bawa, Rafael Moneo,

Ken Yeang, Glenn Murcutt, Mack Scogin, Tadao Ando,

Juhani Pallasmaa, Tay Kheng Soon, William S.W. Lim, Philippe Madec,

Carlo Scarpa, Peter Zumthor, Juha Leiviskä, Wang Shu,

This paper is aimed at revealing some concepts and functions of this attitude and presenting a

proper model in the form of a constructive suggestion by studying and analyzing critical

regionalism in the architecture.

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1. Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical Bases

Regionalism: it refers to the region internal interactions process or social convergence

growth in a region which leads to the formation of a regional identity (Hettne, B. et al.,

2001).

Spiritualism: it refers to the focus on cognitive and attitudinal ideas resulted from

socialization process of region constructors and social construction (Berger, P. et al.,

1996).

Regions: they are identity and cognitive phenomena in which people in general and the

elites in particular have a sense of belonging to each other and having common values

and interests (Neumann, I.B., 2003).

Cognitive regionalism: spiritual theories underscore self-knowledge and regional identity,

and sense of belonging to a regional community (Hurrell, A., 1995).

Ultra – functionalism: it refers to highlighting the role of people in the regionalism

process (Hooghe, L., et al., 2006).

2.2 Research Background

Here, research and theories of local and foreign thinkers based on historical trend of

critical regionalism formation and growth are studied.

(Palmer, N.D., 1991) in the classical theories of regionalism, region is a geographical

concept and is defined based on territorial and natural geographical factors. Geography or

ecosystem is the only common denominator that binds subordinate regions or countries

together. (Hurrell, A., 1995) regionalization has been identified as a social convergence

growth in a region that contributes to the formation of a region identity. Spiritualist

theories emphasized self-knowledge and regional identity, common sense of belonging to

a regional community and what is called cognitive regionalism. (Faust, L., 1995) the

main problem of today societies in the architecture area is the simultaneous attention to

the living in the global society and local specific features (Berger, P., et al., 1996). With

respect to the modern definition of geographical borderless land, the emphasis on non-

material factors in the regionalism theories was increased and developed. So spiritualism

theories emerged in the regionalism and regional studies. These theories focus on

cognitive and attitudinal ideas resulted from socialization process of region- constructors

and social construction of the region instead of objective criteria, geography, and material

mutual dependency. (Gerogol, G., et al., 1999) due to developments of international

system and international political economy, new forms of regionalization emerged

gradually in the developed world. At this time, reformation of the extant theories and

presentation of new theories that can explain and analyze regionalism experiences at the

level of developed world got necessary. (Miller, D., 2002) theorists of metropolitan

government argue that there must be an adaptation between Institutional and governance

systems of a city – region and organic totality and its functional territory. Lack of

adaptation of institutional governance territory with the functional territory of a city –

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region can be regarded as the main challenge in governing these regions. (Haten, B.,

2003) regionalism study has been confined to theoretical discussion of institutional forms

of political and economic cooperation between industrial and developed countries.

Regionalism theories reflect and explain institutional political and economic cooperation

in the developed world. (Tzonis, A., 2003) regionalism task is revision of architecture

considering the concept of region. This stance pertains to the human relations and links,

ecosystem balance and environmental matters. (Newman, E.B., 2003) the formation

process of political society through principles and norms, transformation of identities and

role of ideas, language and debate lead finally to the region construction. These theories

focus on social entities like subjective meanings, symbolic policy and national security

cultures. (Larense, R.Z., 2003) regionalism is a bridge between nationalism and

universalism rather than being the pre-requisite of globalization. It is an independent

strategy and situation that is distinct from both of them. (Tavaris, R., 2004) the scope of

new regionalism has been expanded so that regionalism and regional convergence have

been converted into a general global phenomenon. (Katzen Schtain, P., 2004) land plays

a less important role in the regionalism concept. So constructivism and post modernism

theories argue that natural regions are not inherent or substantial. (Nesbit, K., 2007)

regionalism seeks to destruct global modernism and criticizes post modernism. (Powel,

D., 2007) architecture is here taken into account as a part of culture. Daglas Powel has

studied critical regionalism issue in politics and referred to the importance of attention to

the cultural context in the politics area. (Batler, J., et al., 2007) national borders are no

longer applicable and regionalism must be substituted for the national system comprising

heterogeneous regions and cultures. (Norberg Schultz, K., 2007) from long ago,

regionalism has been identified as atmosphere and historical buildings, though belonged

to a general style, had specific local atmosphere. So architecture helps human to identify

himself with the place spirit and feels a sense of belonging and safety. (Shayan, 2008)

regionalism is one of the architectural approaches that is in contact with culture and

cultural context and underscores the necessity of attention to cultural, geographical, and

climatic features of a specific region. (Ebel, K., 2008) regionalism is an endeavor to

return what modernism has removed from architecture. (Hosseini, 2010) region originally

means line, direction, and area. The characteristic of the region is a feature based on

location and essentially a word implying geography.

3 Regionalism Branches and Inclinations

- Modernism

One of the main issues raised in the challenge among regionalism approaches is its

relation with modernistic approach. Modernism and regionalism that were apparently

considered far from each other have found a new link. Some theorists of developing

countries believe that dualities of regionalism and internationalism, tradition and

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modernity, past and future are false dualities and the era of concurrent realities has

commenced (Udin Khan, 2006).

- Cubism approach

Cubistic inclinations of early 20th

century were mainly seeking abstraction of issues in the

art and architecture area. Such thinkers as Malvich, Theo van Doesburg, etc. used

cubistic approach in the structure of architecture. Translation of such an interpretation of

architecture in the Arab countries is reduction of past architectural forms and using them

in the contemporary buildings (Noureddin, H., 2005).

- Modern approach (rationalism)

Rationalism (in the modern period) that has usually been considered identical to the

strictly deductive approach is applied in the architecture when designer has converted the

assumed undeniable facts into the results readable by symbolism. As far as it is argued

so, we have identical outputs from such principles and it seems that rationalist mystery is

oriented towards generating geographical neutral forms or forms without specific cultural

background. On the contrary, romantic designer refrains from using abstract and global

forms with functional purity and prefers design for the real world with its all local

diversities, real features and contradictions (Ebel, K., 2008).

- Ascending method (local development)

New approach of regionalism (bottom-up) in design specifies the value of physical,

social, and cultural situation identity instead of top-down formula. This approach

underlines such issues as internal dependencies versus external dependency and life

quality versus net domestic product (Ebel, K., 2008).

- Environmental and Sustainability

The necessity of continuing regionalism issue in the framework of attention to utilizing

prior technologies in the form of modern technology was raised in 1990s. Attention to

sustainable architecture and the interaction between building and artificial environment

(including nature), using clean energies and other environmental issues were converted

into axes of regionalism approach in different countries (Hosseini, A., 2010).

- Critical

It is a branch of architecture that is aimed at removing location and meaning and counters

them in the modern architecture. This approach is in fact regarded as a reaction of post

modern attitude in the developing countries. The primary vision of regionalism sought to

link building design with cultural and sociological bases. In the contemporary

architecture, critical regionalism has been raised as the theory of modern architecture

components review in the developing countries (Wikipedia, 2013)

- Retrospection and future interaction

Retrospection and future interaction approach raised the main question of identification

with retrospection and in interaction with future; the matter that has not already raised in

the form of regionalism (Hosseini, A., 2010).

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4- Research findings

The research methodology in this paper is applied in terms of objective and among the

descriptive and Delphi survey according to the data collection method; moreover, it aims at

achieving the consensus among the experts familiar with the subject of paper. This research

seeks to study and investigate the relationship between the critical regionalism and the Iranian

architecture principles in some of the architectural structures of Shiraz city as the case study. The

common principles in the Iranian architecture are as follows,

Introversion (preserving the human dignity)

Stability (construction technology)

Self-efficacy (Local materials)

Public-orientation (adherence to the human needs)

Avoidance of uselessness

The inquiry of famous structures in Shiraz is applied for conducting the study and target models

as follows.

Kholdebarin Park

Haft-Khan Restaurants

Chamber of Commerce

Sina Mall

Now Mosque (Shuhada)

The contemporary architecture is generally divided into five time periods as follows,

From 1921 to 1941

From 1941 to 1961

From 1961 to 1978

From 1978 until the Iran-Iraq war

Since the end of Iran-Iraq war

The contemporary architecture in the field study of this research is related to the fourth period

and afterwards (since 1978).

4-1 Research hypotheses

- There is a significant correlation between the introversion (preserving the human dignity)

and the critical regionalism.

- There is a significant correlation between the stability (construction technology) and the

critical regionalism.

- There is a significant correlation between the self-efficacy (local materials) and the

critical regionalism.

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- There is a significant correlation between the public-orientation (adherence to the human

needs) and the critical regionalism.

- There is a significant correlation between the avoidance of uselessness and the critical

regionalism.

4-2 Population, statistical sample and sampling method

The statistical population of this research covers the selected students, teachers and

experts in the architecture field of study in Shiraz in 2013. The sampling method is not

applicable in this study. All applied data for calculations are based on the responses of statistical

population. The numbers of samples are determined equal to 460 based on the approximate

estimation of statistical population and 210 questionnaires are required according to Morgan

Table.

4-3 Data Analysis Methods

Kolomogrov-Smirnov test was applied in order to investigate the normality of data

distribution and Pearson correlation coefficient test was used for determining the existence or

lack of significant relationship between the research hypotheses. The PLS structural equation

modeling is applied for determining the correlation between the hypotheses (Introversion,

stability, self-efficacy, public-orientation, and avoidance of uselessness) as the independent

variables and the critical regionalism as the dependent variable. Finally, Friedman test is applied

in this study in order to rank the variables correlated with the critical regionalism.

4-4 Sample distribution normality test

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used in order to test the normality of research variables

(introversion, stability, self-efficacy, public-orientation, avoidance of uselessness). The results of

test are presented in Table 1.

Table (1) Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test

Introversion Stability Self-

efficacy

Public-

orientation

Avoidance

of

uselessness

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 1.566 1.175 1.205 1.844 1.521

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.072 0.063 0.058 0.090 0.061

Given the significance level more than 5% for each of the research variables, the

hypothesis of normal data distribution was not rejected.

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4-5 Pearson Correlation Coefficient

Pearson Correlation Coefficient test is utilized in order to determine the existence or lack

of significant relationship between the research independent variables with the critical

regionalism. The results of Pearson Correlation Coefficient indicate the significant direct

correlation between all variables with the meta-cognitive strategies at confirmed confidence level

of 99%. The experimental results are presented in Table 2.

Table (2) Pearson correlation coefficients of independent and dependent hypotheses

Correlation

coefficient

Sig Test results

Introversion 0.158695 0.001 Significant direct correlation

Stability 0.03755 0.003 Significant direct correlation

Self-efficacy 0.173447 0.000 Significant direct correlation

Public-orientation 0.105498 0.001 Significant direct correlation

Avoidance of uselessness 0.084488 0.002 Significant direct correlation

4-6 Factor analysis for research variables

In this section, the factor analysis based on the new and advanced method of VPLS

structural equation (Visual Partial Least Square) is utilized in order to investigate and analyze the

coefficients and correlation between the research variables, estimate the coefficients of research

variables and determine the effect of variables on each other. The following graph, which is the

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output of VPLS software containing the coefficients of variables and their significance (t-

statistics), is presented in Figure 1.

Figure (1) The structural equation of VPLS software output

The coefficient of determination is equal to R = 0.892 indicating that the changes of

dependent variable (critical regionalism) with independent variables (Introversion, Stability,

Self-efficacy, Public-orientation, Avoidance of uselessness) are explained and described in this

study with the estimation of 89%. Table 3 represents the impact factor of each independent

variable on the dependent variable as well as the t-statistics in order to investigate the

significance of variables.

Table (3) Estimated coefficients of model

Estimated

coefficients

of model

Student's

t

Result

Introversion →Critical Regionalism 0.468 1.998 Significant direct correlation

Stability → Critical Regionalism 0.366 2.375 Significant direct correlation

Self-efficacy → Critical Regionalism 0.481 1.970 Significant direct correlation

Public-orientation → Critical Regionalism 0.249 2.057 Significant direct correlation

Avoidance of uselessness → Critical

Regionalism

0.399 2.268 Significant direct correlation

Uselessness

avoidance

Public-

orientation Self-efficacy

Stability

Introversion

Critical

Regionalism

0.468

(1.998)

0.366

(2.375)

0.481

(1.970)

0.399

(2.268)

0.249

(2.057)

R2= 0.892

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The student's t of estimated coefficients of model is higher than 1.96, thus it can be

concluded that the research hypotheses are confirmed at the confidence level of 95% as follows.

- With one unit increase in the Introversion, the critical regionalism is increased 0.468

units.

- With one unit increase in the Stability, the critical regionalism is increased 0.366 units.

- With one unit increase in the Self-efficacy, the critical regionalism is increased 0.481

units

- With one unit increase in the Public-orientation, the critical regionalism is increased

0.249 units

- With one unit increase in the Avoidance of uselessness, the critical regionalism is

increased 0.399 units

4-7 Prioritizing the barriers to the critical regionalism through Friedman test

Friedman non-parametric ANOVA test is applied in order to rank each barrier to the

sustainable development. The ranking results are shown in Table 4.

Table (4) Friedman ranking test results

Average ranking Rank

Introversion 4.70 1

Stability 4.28 3

Self-efficacy 3.23 4

Public-orientation 3.18 5

Avoidance of uselessness 4.65 2

According to the table above, the final-t-first order of barriers to the critical regionalism

are Introversion, Avoidance of uselessness, Stability, Self-efficacy, and Public-orientation,

respectively.

5- Conclusion

The critical regionalism is common as an approach in linking the modern and postmodern

achievements of architecture with the local characteristics. According to this article, it is

interpreted that the aim of regionalism is to pay attention to the features of site context and its

local environment. In the current era, the critical regionalism attitude can reveal the self-flexible

aspects based on the structural designing approach to the social and regional principles. This

vision creates the strong link between the modern life and ecosystemic and ecological features in

order to increase the users' satisfaction with the structure. The culture of each region is a part of

its nature and the respect for the cultures in a balanced tolerance and exchange space can

contributed to the sustainability of development, economy and architecture. The identity of

architectural structures reflects the national values and history of region. As building the new

structures can revitalize the ancient architectural monuments, the construction of modern and

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postmodern structure in the societies with the ancient history and cultural background can be

considered as the pre-construction of future centuries. Hence, the architecture with the critical

regionalism style can be seen as a bridge between the tradition and modernity in the architecture.

This paper seeks to test the dependence or independence of critical regionalism through

investigating and examining the existence or lack of significant correlation between the

independent variables of the Iranian architecture principles (Introversion, avoidance of

uselessness, Stability, Self-efficacy, Public-orientation) with the critical regionalism. Another

objective of this study is to rank the variables of Iranian architecture principles according to the

available data. In both cases, this paper achieved its goal.

- Suggestions

Investigating the other factors influencing the urbanites satisfaction with the modern

architecture according to the principles of Iranian architecture.

Investigating the comparison of modern architecture and local architecture and

determining the independence of variables on the critical regionalism.

Investigating and extracting the variables affecting the architecture with the critical

regionalism style and determining the Iranian architects' tendencies towards these

variables.

Determining other indexes of Iranian architecture and testing them based on Durbin-

Watson statistics in the field of their dependence on the critical regionalism.

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