reivew on the general embryologymedicine.jlu.edu.cn/__local/d/7d/ac/6a563069a778526bb389314d4… ·...
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Reivew on the general embryology
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fertilizationConcept of fertilization:Fertilization is the process of male and female gamates fusing.The normal site of fertilization:It is ampullary of uterine tube.
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The process of fertilization
Sperm CapacitatedAcrosome reactionFusing of sperm and egg’s membraneZona pellucida reactionFusion of maternal and paternal genetic material forms the zygote
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cleavage
Mitotic division of zygote is called cleavage.Zygote undergo cleavage to form morula. The cells of morula rearrange to form blastula.
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The structure of blastulaIt consists of inner cell mass, trophoblastand blustular cavity.
blastocele
trophoblast
inner cell mass/ embryoblast
Polar trophoblast
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Implantation
Concept of implantation:It is a process that blastula is embedded in the endometrium.The normal site of implantation:In the fundus or body of the uterus.
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The formation of bilaminar germ disc
Body stalk
Splanchnopleuric mesoderm
somatopleuricmesoderm
Extraembryonic
coelom
syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
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Relationship between the embryo and the endometrium
Decidua capsularis
embryo
vagina
cervix
Uterine cavity
Decidua parietalis
Decidua basalis
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Formation of trilaminar germ disc
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somatic cavity
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The formation of neural tubeAnterior neuropore Posterior neuropore
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Derivatives of neural tube
Brain Spinal cord
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Unclosing of cranial neuropore causes anencephalicchild or meningocele.
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Unclosing of posterior neuropore results in rachischisisor meningomyelocele.
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Formation of neural crest
The neural crest form peripheral nervous system, melanocytes in skin, endocrine cells in adrenal gland medulla.
Cross section
Dorsal view
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Derivatives of the ectodermEpidermis Special structure of skin
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Derivatives of paraxial mesoderm
Inner and ventral sclerotome form axial skeleton including vertebral column, ribs and some skull in head. Lateral dermatome form dermis and subcutaneous tissue of skin.Medially myotome contributes to all skeletal muscles of body, head and limbs.
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Derivatives of intermediate mesoderm
Urinary systemReproductive system
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The parietal mesoderm will form: most connective tissue and smooth muscle of body walltissues of limbs including cartilage, bones and girdlesparietal layer of pleural membrane, cardiac pericardium and peritonium.
The visceral mesoderm layer will form:smooth muscle and connective tissue of endoderm-linked organs,cardiovascular systemvisceral layer of pleural membrane, cardiac pericardium and peritonium.
The intraembryonic cavity will form:peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
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Fetal membranes and placenta
Fetal membrane include amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois and umbilical cord.They originate from the trophoblast.
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Amnion Structure of amnion:amnion includes the amnion and extraembryonic mesoderm.amniotic liquid:
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Hydramnios /polyhydramnios:>2000 ml, abnormal CNS or digestive
system
Dead end of esophagus
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oligohydramnios: <500 ml, abnormal urinary system
sagittal section polycystic kidney normal kidney Superficial view
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Yolk sacThe yolk sac outside of embryo body will degenerate.The vitelline duct will close and degenerate.
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Meckel’s or ileal diverticulum. vitelline cyst.umbilical fistula or vitelline fistula
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The mesoderm covering yolk sac forms blood island
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A 3-week-old embryo showing primordial germ cells in endoderm lining inner wall of yolk sac close to attached allantois.
inner wall
Cross section
sagittal section
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Umbilical cordUmbilical cord consists of connecting stalk, amnion, vitelline duct and allantois during early stage of embryonic development.The villine duct and allantois will degenerate before birth.The surface of umbilical cord is covered by amnion cells.
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Distal portion of allantois is obliterated to form urachus. If the urachus remains open over, urachal fistula is formed. A urinary discharge may then be found at the umbilicus. urachal diverticulum ; urachal cyst.
urachus
bladder
urachal fistula
The development of allantois
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Chorion: villous and smooth chorionVillus
primary villussecondary villustertiary villus
stem villusfree villus
chorionic platetrophoblastextraembryonicmesoderm Amniondeciduaparietalis
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Villous chorion or chorionfrondosum.Smooth chorion or chorion laeve.
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Placenta The placenta has two components: fetal portion and maternal portion.The fetal portion is villous chorionThe maternal portion is decidua basalis.
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placental barrier:Between fetal and maternal bloodComponents: Early period
Endothelium & basement membrane of fetal capillariesthin layer of connective tissue in the villus corecytotrophoblast and basement membrane.syncytiotrophoblast.
Later periodEndothelium & basement membrane of fetal capillariesSyncytiotrophoblast
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Function of the placentaExchange materialProduction of hormones syncytiotrophoblast
human chorionic gonadotropin, HCG:maintains the corpus luteum. Appear in early stage of gestation & maternal urine, an indicator of early pregnancy
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human placental progesterone, HPP maintains pregnancy
human placental estrogen, HPEstimulates uterine growth and development of the
mammary glands.
Somatomammotropin/ human placental lactogen, HPLpromotes breast development for milk production
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Monozygotic twins **Forming two blastocystrespective placenta, amnion, and chorion.
Forming two inner cell mass in one blastocystcommon placenta and chorion, separate amnionForming two primitive streaks and two notochords on one germinal disccommon placenta, amnion, and chorion
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Conjoined (Siamese) twins
Partial splitting of the primitive node and streak
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■high sensitivity to teratogenic agent ■ low sensitivity to teratogenic agentsensitive period to teratogenic agent in human fetus: from 3rd to 9th week.
EXTERNAL GENITALIAEXTERNAL GENITALIAURANISCUSURANISCUS
TOOTHTOOTHLIPLIPLOWER LIMBLOWER LIMB
EAREAREYEEYE
HEARTHEARTCNSCNS
The period of embryonic development(week,fertilization age)8765 3820121094321
UPPER LIMBUPPER LIMB