reinforced c vol_i

Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No.65, ANAND 388 001 IndiaTelephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: [email protected], Website:www.cphbooks.com Back

About the book CoNteNt

Charotar

REINFORCED CONCRETEVOL. I

ByDr. H. J. Shah

Edition : 9th Edition: 2012ISBN : 978-93-80358-47-5Size : 170 mm × 240 mmBinding : Paperback with 4 color Jacket CoverPages : 928 + 16 ` 300.00

This Volume I elucidates the basic principles involved in the analysis and design of Elementary Reinforced Concrete Structures. The book begins with an introduction to concrete technology and continues with chapters on design of beams, slabs, columns, foundations, retaining walls, etc. These chapters are based on the Limit State Method following IS : 456-2000. A few computer programmes to design a section for flexure are introduced. It also includes chapters on formwork and detailing of reinforcements.The salient features of the book are: * Simple, lucid and easy language * Step-by-step treatment * Exposition to practical problemsThis book in its 24 chapters now contains: * 500 Self explanatory and neat diagrams with excellent detailing * 228 Fully-solved examples * 257 Unsolved examples with answers and questions at the end of chapters * 150 Useful tables * 9 Computer programmes * 235 Short questions with answers is given in Appendix A.It is hoped that the book should be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering and Architecture students preparing for Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses, as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E. and other similar competitive and professional Examinations.

1 : INTRODUCTION 2 : PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 3 : STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 4 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE : FUNDAMENTALS 5 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE : WORKING STRESS METHOD 6 : LIMIT STATE METHOD 7 : SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH 8 : DEFLECTION AND CRACKING 9 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER BEAMS 10 : SIMPLE SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER SLABS 11 : CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS 12 : TORSION 13 : STAIRS 14 : LOAD CALCULATIONS - 1 15 : SIMPLE DESIGNS 16 : FRAMED BEAMS 17 : COLUMNS 18 : DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS : FUNDAMENTALS 19 : ISOLATED FOOTINGS 20 : COMBINED FOOTINSS 21 : PILE FOUNDATIONS 22 : RETAINING WALLS 23 : FORM WORK 24 : DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT APPENDICIES APPENDIX A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS APPENDIX B USEFUL TABLES

[ELEMENTRY REINFORCED CONCRETE ]

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Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION1-1 Structural design — Role of a structural engineer1-2 Reinforced concrete1-3 Structural elements (1) Slabs (3) Columns (2) Beaams (4) Foundations1-4 Loads on structure (1) Dead loads (4) Wind loads (2) Live loads (5) Earthquake loads (3) Impact loads (6) Longitudinal loads1-5 Ductility versus brittleness1-6 Strength and serviceability1-7 Methods of design (1) Working stress method (2) Limit state method1-8 Codes of practice1-9 Adaptation of SI units QuestionsChapter 2 : PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS2-1 Constituents of concrete Cement2-2 General2-3 Manufacture of Portland cement2-4 Basic chemistry of cement2-5 Chemical properties of cement:BIS requirements2-6 Hydration of cement2-7 Types of cement2-8 Selection of cement for production of concrete2-9 Tests for cement2-10 Fineness test2-11 Consistency of standard cement paste Procedure2-12 Test for setting times, Procedure, False set2-13 Soundness test, Procedure2-14 Autoclave expansion, Procedure2-15 Density test, Apparatus, Materials, Procedure, Calculation2-16 Test for compressive strength2-17 Heat of hydration test2-18 Storing of cement, Aggretages2-19 Introductory2-20 Aggregate size2-21 Fine and coarse aggregate2-22 Particle shape2-23 Surface texture2-24 Strength of aggregate2-25 Specific gravity2-26 Bulk density2-27 Water absorption and surface moisture2-28 Bulking of sand2-29 Deleterious substances in aggregates2-30 Soundness of aggregate2-31 Alkali-aggregate reaction2-32 Sieve analysis, Fineness modulus2-33 Standard grading2-34 Use of grading curves2-35 Water for mixing concrete, chemical Admixtures2-36 Admixtures2-37 Steel as reinforcement2-38 Types of reinforcement2-39 Mild steel bars2-40 Cold Twisted Deformed (CTD) bars2-41 Thermo - mechanically treated (TMT) bars2-42 Corrosion–resistant steel2-43 Hard-drawn steel wire fabric2-44 Bending and fixing of bars2-45 Requirements for reinforcing bars2-46 Welding of reinforcement2-47 General notes for site engineers Questions Examples

Chapter 3 : STRUCTURAL CONCRETE General3-1 Proportioning of ingredients (1) Design mix concrete (2) Nominal mix concrete3-2 Measurement of materials (1) Mass-batching (2) Volume-batching3-3 Mixing and placing of concrete3-4 Compaction3-5 Curing (1) Moist curing (3) Steam curing (2) Membrane curing3-6 Formwork for R.C.C. members3-7 Workability (1) Slump test (3) Vee-Bee test (2) Compacting factor test3-8 Factors influencing workability3-9 Strength of concrete and water-cement ratio (1) Compaction (4) Fatigue and impact (2) Curing (5) Age (3) Fineness of aggregate3-10 Compressive strength of concrete (1) Object (4) Capping (2) Equipments (5) Testing (3) Preparation (6) Results3-11 Tensile strength of concrete (1) Split cylinder test (2) Standard beam test-modulus of rupture test3-12 Non-destructive tests (1) Rebound hardness test (2) Ultrasonic pulse velocity test3-13 Stress-strain behaviour of concrete under short term loads3-14 Short term static modulus of elasticity3-15 Shrinkage3-16 Creep3-17 Durability of concrete3-18 Temperature change3-19 Concrete quality control3-20 Sampling and strength tests of concrete, Sampling Strength tests3-21 Statistical analysis of test results (1) Density function (3) Mean (2) Normal distribution (4) Standard deviation3-22 Standard deviation (1) Standard deviation based on test strength of sample (2) Assumed standard deviation3-23 Acceptance criteria questions ExamplesChapter 4 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE FUNDAMENTALS4-1 Introductory4-2 Review of theory of simple bending4-3 Practical requirements of an R.C.C. beam4-4 Size of the beam4-5 Cover to the reinforcement Cover, Effective depth4-6 Spacing of bars4-7 Design requirements of a beam4-8 Classification of beams (1) Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced beam (2) Rectangular and flanged beams4-9 Effective width of a flanged beam4-10 Balanced, Under-reinforced and Over-reinforced design (1) Balanced design (3) Over-reinforced design (2) Under-reinforced design4-11 Cracking moment4-12 Bending of an R.C.C. beam (1) Uncracked concrete stage (3) Ultimate strength stage (2) Concrete cracked-elastic stresses stage4-13 Design methods

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Chapter 5 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE : WORKING STRESS METHOD5-1 Permissible stresses, Increase in permissible stresses5-2 Modular ratio5-3 Design for flexure–assumptions, Singly Reinforced beams5-4 Derivation of formulae for balanced design, To find neutral axis To find lever arm, To find total forces, To find moment of resistence of section To design balanced section5-5 Transformed area method5-6 Types of problems5-7 Analysis of the section Type 1 To find out the depth of neutral axis for a given section and specifying the type of beam Type 2 To find the moment of resistance for a given section Type 3 For the given moment and section of beam, to check the stresses5-8 Design of the section (1) Dimensions not given (2) Dimensions are given5-9 Use of design aids, Doubly Reinforced Beams5-10 Introductory5-11 Derivation of formulae for balanced design5-12 Transformed area method5-13 Types of problems Type 1 To find out the depth of neutral axis for a given section and specifying the type of beam Type 2 For the given moment and section of beam, to check the stresses Type 3 To find out the moment of resistance of the given section Type 4 To design the section5-14 Use of design aids, Flanged beams5-15 Moment of resistance of a singly reinforced flanged beam (1) Neutral axis lies in flange (2) Neutral axis lies in web5-16 Types of problems Type 1 To find out the neutral axis Type 2 To find out the moment of resistance of given section Type 3 For the given moment and section of beam, to check the stresses Type 4 To design singly reinforced T/L beam for a given moment5-17 Doubly reinforced flanged beams Type 1 To determine the depth of N.A. and decide type of the beam Type 2 To determine the M.R. of the section Type 3 To determine the stresses in the materials Type 4 To design the beam5-18 Slabs ExamplesChapter 6 : LIMIT STATE METHOD6-1 Inelastic behaviour of materials6-2 Ultimate load theory (1) By fixing maximum stress in extreme compression fibre in concrete (2) By fixing maximum strain in extreme compression fibre in concrete6-3 Limit state method6-4 Limit state of collapse6-5 Limit state of serviceability, Deflection, Cracking6-6 Characteristic and design values and partial safety factors (1) Characterstic strength of materials (2) Characterstic loads (3) Partial safety factors (4) Design values6-7 Limit state of collapse: Flexure, Assumptions SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS6-8 Derivation of formulae6-9 General values

6-10 Types of problems Type 1 To find out the depth of neutral axis and specifying the type of beam Type 2 To find out moment of resistance for a given section Type 3 To design a singly reinforced rectangular section for given width and applied factored moment Type 4 To find the steel area for a given factore moment6-11 Failure of R.C.C. beam in flexure Case 1 Over-reinforced beam: compression failure Case 2 Under-reinforced beam: tension failure Case 3 Beam with very small amount of steel6-12 Code provisions to prevent the brittle failure6-13 Computer programmes, Doubly Reinforced beams6-14 Derivation of formulae6-15 Types of problems Type 1 To find out the moment of resistance of a given section Type 2 To find out reinforcement for a given section and factored moment6-16 Use of design aids6-17 Computer programmes for doubly reinforced rectangula sections FLANGED BEAMS6-18 Introductory6-19 Position of neutral axis6-20 Derivation of formulae Case 1 Neutral axis lies in flange Case 2 Neutral axis lies in web (xu > Df) : the section bal anced (limitingvalue of the moment of resistance) Case 3 Neutral axis lies in the web,section is under-reinforced Case 4 Neutral axis lies in the web and the section is over-reinforced6-21 Use of design aids6-22 Doubly reinforced flanged beams6-23 Sections subjected to reversal of moments6-24 Computer programmes for flanged sections ExamplesChapter 7 : SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH7-1 Shear in structural members7-2 Flexure and shear in homogeneous beam7-3 Shear in reinforced concrete beams – Elastic theory7-4 Diagonal tension and diagonal compression7-5 Limit state theory7-6 Design shear strength of concrete7-7 Design for shear7-8 Shear reinforcement in beams (1) Vertical stirrups (2) Inclined stirrups7-9 Practical considerations (1) Distance of first bent bar from support (2) Maximum spacing (3) Minimum shear reinforcement7-10 Critical sections for shear (1) Tension in end region of a member (2) Compression on end region of a member7-11 Design of a complete beam for shearSupplementary notes7-12 Use of design aids7-13 Shear design of beams with variable depth, Development Length7-14 Introductory7-15 Development length : Pull out test7-16 Code provision7-17 Use of bundled bars7-18 Anchoring reinforcements7-19 Bearing stresses at bends7-20 Reinforcement splicing Examples

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Chapter 8 : DEFLECTION AND CRACKING DEFLECTION8-1 Introductory8-2 Span/effective depth ratio8-3 Control of deflection on site (1) Cambering (3) Removal of forms (2) Controlling concrete work (4) Controlling temporary loads8-4 Deflection calculations8-5 Short term deflections8-6 Long term deflections (1) Deflection due to shrinkage (2) Deflection due of creep cracking8-7 Introductory (1) Bar spacing controls (2) Crack width calculations8-8 Bar spacing controls (1) Beams (2) Slabs8-9 Calculation of crack width Calculation of average strain Em (1) Assumption (2) Approximate method ExamplesChapter 9 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER BEAMS9-1 Design procedure (1) Estimation of loads (2) Analysis (3) Design9-2 Anchorage of bars: Check for development length9-3 Reinforcement requirements (1) Tension reinforcement (2) Compression reinforcement (3) Cover to the reinforcement9-4 Slenderness limits for beams to ensure lateral stability SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS9-5 Introductory9-6 Design S.F. diagram9-7 Curtailment of bars, Comment9-8 Design of a template9-9 Design of a lintel, Loads, Size, Cover, Cantilever Beams9-10 Design considerations Effective span ExamplesChapter 10 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER SLABS10-1 Introductory (1) One-way spanning slabs (4) Grid slabs (2) Two-way spanning slabs (5) Circular slabs (3) Flat slabs (6) Ribbed and waffle slabs10-2 Analysis (1) Elastic analysis (3) Yield line method (2) Using coefficients10-3 One-way spanning slabs (1) Effective span (5) Deflection (2) General (6) Cracking (3) Reinforcement requirements (7) Cover (4) Shear stress (8) Development length10-4 Simply supported one-way slab10-5 Detailing of slabs10-6 Inclined slabs (1) Slabs spanning perpendicular to the slope (2) Slabs spanning parallel to the slope10-7 Straight slabs having a small length inclined along the span10-8 Cantilever slab10-9 Concentrated load on slabs10-10 Two-way slabs10-11 Simply supported two-way slabs Examples

Chapter 11 : CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS CONTINIOUS BEAMS11-1 Introductory11-2 Analysis parameters (1) Effective span (2) Stiffness11-3 Live load arrangements11-4 Redistribution of moment, Plastic hinge, Fixed beam Code requirements11-5 Reinforcement requirements11-6 Typical continuous beam details11-7 Flexure design considerations11-8 Simplified analysis for uniform loads11-9 Moment and shear coefficients for continuous beams CONTINUOUS SLABS11-10 Continuous one-way slab11-11 Restrained two-way slabs ExamplesChapter 12 : TORSION12-1 General12-2 Effect of torsion : Provision of reinforcement12-3 Code provisions General Design rules (1) Shear and torsion-equivalent shear (2) Longitudinal reinforcement (3) Transverse reinforcement12-4 General cases of torsion (1) Cantilever slab inducing torsion in supporting beam (2) Cantilever beam inducing torsion in supporting beam ExamplesChapter 13 : STAIRS13-1 Stair slabs13-2 Classification of stairs (1) Straight stair (2) Dog-legged stair (3) Open well stair13-3 Design requirements for stair (1) Live loads on stair (2) Effective span of stair (3) Distribution of loading on stairs (4) Depth of section13-4 Reducing the span13-5 Tread-riser staircase13-6 Closure ExamplesChapter 14 : LOAD CALCULATIONS - 114-1 Introductory14-2 Loads on slabs (1) Self weight of the slab (2) Floor finish (3) Live loads (4) Any other loads14-3 Loading on beams from one-way slabs (1) Beam B3 (2) Beam B114-4 Wall loads and self weight of beams14-5 Loading on beams from two-way slabs14-6 Unit loads ExamplesChapter 15 : SIMPLE DESIGN15-1 Introductory15-2 Design S.F. diagram15-3 Loads from two-way slabs Examples

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Chapter 16 : FRAMED BEAMS16-1 Structural joints16-2 Fixed, cantilever and framed beams (1) Fixed beams (3) Framed beams (2) Cantilever beam16-3 Analysis and design of the framed beams16-4 Single span portal frame16-5 Substitute frame, Moment of inertia of a framed beam ExamplesChapter 17 : COLUMNS17-1 Introductory17-2 Braced and Unbraced columns (1) Braced column (2) Unbraced columns17-3 No – Sway and Sway columns17-4 Tied, Spiral and Composite columns (1) Tied columns (3) Composite columns (2) Spiral columns17-5 Short and Long columns17-6 Reinforcement requirements17-7 Minimum eccentricity17-8 Assumptions made for design short colums17-9 Axially loaded tied columns17-10 Axially loaded spiral columns17-11 Short eccentrically loaded columns — uniaxial bending Uniaxial bending17-12 Modes of failure in combined axial load and uniaxial bending17-13 Types of problems17-14 The interaction diagram17-15 Stress block parameters when N.A. liesutside the section17-16 Construction of interaction diagrams17-17 Pure axial load17-18 Axial load with uniaxial moment17-19 Neutral axis (N.A.) lies outside the section17-20 Neutral axis (N.A.) lies inside the section17-21 Charts for compression with bending17-22 Tension with bending Case I Pure axial load Case II Compression with bending : N.A. lies outside the section Case III Neutral axis lies inside the section : compression with bending (1) f st = 0 (4) f st = f yd (balanced failure) (2) f st = 0.2 f yd (5) Steel beam (3) f st = 0.8 f yd Case IV Tension with bending: N.A. lies inside the section17-23 Use of interaction diagram17-24 Unsymmetrically reinforced columns with uniaxial eccentricity (1) General method (2) Approximate method17-25 Short eccentrically loaded columns : Biaxial bending SLENDER COLUMNS17-26 Slender columns (1) Unsupported length (4) Slenderness ratio (S.R.) (2) Effective length (5) Short and long columns (3) Radius of gyration (6) Slenderness limits for columns17-27 Effective length calculations Method 1 Method 217-28 Lengths of column (1) Floor height (H) (2) Length of column (L) (3) Unsupported length of column (I) (4) Effective length of column (I ef)17-29 Design of slender columns17-30 Design and detailing of a practical column Examples

Chapter 18 : DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS : FUNDAMENTALS18-1 Introductory18-2 Classification of foundations (1) Flexible and rigid foundations (2) Shallow and deep foundations18-3 Types of footings (1) Continuous wall footing (5) Strip footing (2) Isolated footing (6) Raft foundation (3) Combined footing (7) Pile foundation (4) Strap footing18-4 R.C.C. footings18-5 Aspects of soil design (1) Depth of foundation (6) Plan dimensions (2) Modes of soil failure (7) Upward soil pressure (3) Safe bearing capacity (S.B.C) of soil (4) Safe bearing pressure (S.B.P.) on soil (5) Allowable bearing pressure (A.B.P.) on soil18-6 General soil design considerations (1) Uniform settlement (3) Non-uniform pressure (2) Uniform pressure18-7 Footing for eccentrically loaded columns (1) Concentric footing (2) Eccentric footing, Soil design18-8 General structural design considerations18-9 Concrete pedestal18-10 Transfer of load at the base of column ExamplesChapter 19 : ISOLATED FOOTINGS19-1 Introductory19-2 Wall footings19-3 Axially loaded pad footing (1) Proportioning the size (7) Cover (2) Bending moment (8) Reinforcement requirements (3) Nominal reinforcement Shear force Development (4) Shear length (5) Development length (9) Weight of the footing (6) Deflection19-4 Axially loaded sloped footing19-5 Eccentrically loaded footings (1) Uniaxial moment (2) Biaxial moment19-6 Fixing up footing dimensions19-7 Isolated slab and beam type footing19-8 Resistance to horizontal loads19-9 Footing for multi-storeyed building columns ExamplesChapter 20 : COMBINED FOOTINGS20-1 Combined footings20-2 Combined footing for two axially loaded columns20-3 Strap footings20-4 Strip footing20-5 Raft foundation20-6 Closure ExamplesChapter 21 : PILE FOUNDATIONS21-1 Introductory21-2 Loads on pile groups (1) Axial loads on a group of vertical piles (2) Moment on a group of vertical piles (3) Horizontal load (4) Design of a pile21-3 Soil design of a pile21-4 Structural design of a pile (1) General (4) Ties (2) Handling stresses (5) spreaders (forks) (3) Main reinforcement21-5 Design of a pile cap General Examples

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Chapter 22 : RETAINING WALLS22-1 Introductory22-2 Types of retaining walls (1) Gravity wall (4) Buttress wall (2) Cantilever wall (5) Bridge abutment (3) Counterfort wall (6) Box culvert22-3 Earth pressure on walls22-4 Calculation of earth pressure (1) Cohesionless soil (2) Cohesive soil22-5 Earth pressure of submerged soil22-6 Earth pressure due to surcharge22-7 Drainage of retaining walls22-8 Stability requirements (1) The restoring moment (stabilizing moment) should be more than the overturning moment so as to get a factor of safety not less than 1.55 (2) The vertical pressure on the soil under the base should not exceed the permissible bearing pressure of soil (3) The restoring force against sliding should be more than the sliding force so as to get a factor of safety not less than 1.55 CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL22-9 Preliminary proportioning of cantilever retaining wall (1) Height of wall (2) Base width and position of stem on the base of footing (3) Thickness of base slab (4) Thickness of stem22-10 Design of a cantilever retaining wall (1) Design of stem (2) Design of heel (3) Design of toe (4) Base key COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL22-11 Counterfort wall22-12 Stability and design procedure (1) Stability (2) Stem (3) Base (4) Counterforts Examples

Chapter 23 : FORMWORK23-1 Introductory23-2 Requirements for good formwork23-3 Materials for forms (1) Timber (2) Steel23-4 Choice of formwork23-5 Loads on formwork23-6 Permissible stresses for timber23-7 Design of formwork23-8 Shuttering for columns23-9 Shuttering for beam and slab floor23-10 Practical considerations23-11 Erection of forms23-12 Action prior to and during concreting23-13 Striking of forms ExamplesChapter 24 : DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT24-1 Introduction24-2 General informations for drawing24-3 Drafting24-4 Columns framing plan and foundation details General notes24-5 Columns details24-6 Slabs and beams details24-7 ClosureAPPENDIX A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERSAPPENDIX B USEFUL TABLES Table B-1 Areas of bars in slabs (in mm2) Table B-2 Moment and shear coefficients Table B-3 Reinforcement percentage, pt for singly reinforced sections Table B-4 Reinforcement percentages for doubly reinforced sections Table B-5 Limiting moment of resistance factor, Mu, lim, T/ (fckbwd2) for singly rein forced T-beams, N/mm2 Table B-6 Properties of round bars used as reinforcement Table B-7 Design shear strength of concrete tc, N/mm2 Table B-8 Maximum shear stress tc,max N/mm2 Table B-9 Minimum shear reinforcement (two-leggedstirrups) Table B-10 Values of for two-legged stirrups in N/mm

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reinforced c vol_i

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