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S.Rengasamy. Madurai Institute of Social Sciences

Regional Planning & Development.Part I -Concept & Meaning of

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representative range of commercial and culture service and µnature¶, or extensive

recreational open spaces´.

On the whole, the quality of life concept includes a set of material, economic,social andecological conditions of life, which is considered to be indispensable,

proceeding fromthe ideas common for the given society and region about whatis needed for a full andhappy life. These ideals are quite different in socialists,

advance capitalist, and formercolonial and dependent countries. The greatestcontrasts in the ideas about the necessary thingsand still more important, in the real needs are found between t he rich and the

poor, between those

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living in advanced capitalist an in developing countries.

4. Emergence of the new concepts like µdevelopment from below¶/

³agripolitandevelopment¶ as an antidote for polarized development. this

was the outcome of thegrowing recognition of the growing discontent on

the part of sub-national socialgroups (including local and regional ones) i.e.

mass living in periphery, feelingpowerlessness and defenseless to shapetheir own destiny against the µomnipotent¶ core

Since the mid 1970s development from above is more and more oftencharacterized as

dogmatic, alienating, anti -human, irrational, senseless, destructive etc. Tocounter

balance it, a concept of µdevelopment frombelow¶ is put forwarded in EricTrist¶s book µNewDirections of Hope: Recent Innovations,InterconnectingOrganizational,

Industrial,

Community and Personal development¶Grassroot Experience

Eric Trist presents the experience of four local³societies of innovation´ found in

economicallydeprived regions of advanced c apitalist countriesand striving onthe basis of local initiative tobreak away from the closed circle of a

depressivestate. These are (1) The Jamestown Area Labour-Management

Committee in the West of the NewYork State of the USA functioning since1972;(2) The Greater Philadelphia Partnershipfunctioningsince

1978

(SoutheastofPennsylvania, USA); (3). The

Society of Sudbury2001 (Northern Ontario, Canada); (4). TheCraigmillar

FestivalSociety(Edinburgh,

Scotland, Great Britain), functioning since 1963.With all the difference, these organizations have

the following characteristics in common:(a). They are set up in a critical situation when itbecomes evident that ³the crisis is

chronic andrequires long-range remedies´;(b). The problem to be met is not merely local butis rather a microcosm of major societal problem, so, locally taken actions, if

they areeffective, ³soon begin resonate widely through the social fabric´ of the country.


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(c) At the same time this ³meta-problem´ is strictly local and to be solved,requiresprofound and diverse knowledge and work both under currentconditions and fromthe point of view of a long-term perspective etc.Many things become clearer if concrete examples are taken. Let us consider in

greaterdetail on of the four examples given by the author - the Craigmillar Festival Society,which is one of the oldest (functions since 1963) original and

most effective societies ofthis kind.Craigmillar is a small town (25,000 residents) near Edinburgh, which failed to

make useof the successes of development in the 1950s and 1960s but whichacutely felt the crisisof the 1970s. The level of unemployment among thegrown-up population is between 22and 30% there, while it is still higher among

the females. The gap between the level ofdevelopment of this town and that of

the growing centers increasingly deepens. Theactivity of the local society beganwith the organization of local arts festivals, whichbegan to be held as an

antipode to international festivals in Edinburgh. The success ofthe localfestivals inspired the town residents, according to the author, it allowed

toovercome the inferiority complex, which they had developed. In the processof theorganization of these festivals the Society itself became ³an all -round

communitydevelopment organization´. In 1978 they brought forward ³TheCraigmillarComprehensive Plan for Action´ which covers all aspects of community life and mustnow be negotiated with the various authorities

concerned´.

Besides the organization of festivals, the society secured the foundation of ahigh schooland a community centre. An important side to the activity of the

Society is organisationof social self-service by local forces. Hospitalization of elders in this town became lessexpensive than in other similar centers, more

children began to attend schools. Theauthor pays special atten tion to the activityof the Employment Working Party organizedhere, and also expressed hope that

the society will be able ³ to create more industry inCraigmillar and fill theIndustrial Park the Society has acquired´. They also makeattempts at providingsuch conditions that unemployed would be able to be trainedprofessionally and

to find the application of their skill in the ³Market economy´. Theactivities to

the Society in Craigmillar culminated in the securing of a grant from theregionaldevelopment fund of the common market. One can hardly build the concept of acardinal renovation ³from below´as in Craigmillar.

The experience of local societies is raised up to the highest level of generalization and is

announced to be a panacea against many troubles.

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Trist compares the main features of the modern social systems of western

society withthose, which in his opinion emerge in the process of the localinnovation societies,believing that they will ³become one force which will help push Western society towards a new paradigm .́



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The above said is summed up in a table:

Basic featuresPresent

Emerging

Policies

Centrally formed

Statutory bodies allocate Resources

Party politics

Passive electorate

Organizations

Technocratic bureaucracies

External controlslow q. oflife for the many

Domains

Discreet problem solving

Independent objectives

Competing interests

Individuals

Privatized

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dissociated

Powerless though autonomous

An innovative periphery

Power is share with Non-statutory bodies

Community politics

Active participationDemocratized organization forms

Internal controls

High quality of life for the many

Meta-problem appreciation

Interdependent objectives

Collaborating interests

Shared values

Network conceitedness

Empowered, socially responsible

Kundrakudi Experiment in Micro RegionalPlannin

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