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APPCB GIS

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING - OPTIMIUM RESOURCE UTILISATION ANDIDENTIFICATION OF SITES FOR MULTI-SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT

Consultants APPCB

Dr. Subba Rao Pavuluri Sri T. Chatterjee, Member Secretary, APPCB

Managing Director, (IN-RIMT) Sri B. Murali Krishna, Addl. Sec., APPCB

Mr. A. Lakshmi Kumar Dr. K.V. Ramani, JCES, APPCB

Environmental Engineer (IN-RIMT) Sri A.Ramchand Sr.EE, APPCB

1. INTRODUCTION

The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) initiated the development of

districts based on environmental information system and action plans as part of the A.P.

Vision 2020 exercise. The principal objective of the proposed GIS project is to provide

support to the APPCB and the stake holders of A.P. Government in designing a strategy

and implementation mechanism to reduce overall burden of pollution associated with the

exposure to water, Air and soil pollution. The proposed work will contribute to develop

baseline data and existing environmental conditions to the GIS database being developed

by the APPCB for each district. This will help the APPCB and other stake holder

departments in the formulation of its action plans as well as long term strategies to

address the environmental priorities. The other objectives are to put the burden of

pollution due to industries, automobile and Indoor combustion in a broader context of

overall damage to quality of human life caused by water, air and soil pollution.

Such an analysis will assist the government to identify the strategy and priority that

should be given to different kinds of pollution from industrial, agriculture, vehicular, and

domestic pollution with an ultimate goal of devising an overall strategy for environmental

management for each district.

In order to achieve these objectives this study will broadly assess the links

between the pollution indicators and the indicators of other stake holders. The established

relations will then the used to demarcate the geographical area of each of the district into

developmental zones based on sensitivity. The district shall be demarcated into

environmental zones for strategic planning for formalising their implementation

programmes of the stake holder departments. IN-RIMT, Hyderabad/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/156242928.doc


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CLEAN, GREEN ANDHRA PRADESH: A VISION FOR 2020

From To

Polluted, unhealthy environment in

cities and villages

Clean and green cities, villages and

industrial areas

Unplanned/Unsystematic utilisation of

natural resources

Conservation of natural resources

made an integral part of planning,implementation and monitoring

Rigid, unrealistic standards set in

isolation

Area-based standards set in

consultation with stakeholders

Weak, centralised monitoring, and

enforcement

Decentralised monitoring and

enforcement, with active participationof stakeholders

Degraded environment handicap to

development

Enhanced environment attracts

investments, provides economicadvantage

While encouraging investment in all sectors, APPCB will ensure that development

takes place in a planned and environmentally sustainable way. The state will need to

adopt a system of environmental management that incorporates the following elements:

Conducting an environmental resources planning study to create an integrated plan

for conserving and utilising the environmental resources of the entire state.

Internalising environmental considerations in planning and policy making.

Creating local standards for each zone based on its carrying capacity.

Creating market based enforcement mechanisms

Decentralising the monitoring of environmental compliance through the empowerment

of local committees and participation of people.

1.1. Environmental resource planning

A major cause of environmental degradation in Andhra Pradesh today is the lack

of integrated planning in the utilisation of environmental resources. Often, departments,

municipalities, local authorities and industries use environmental resources according to

IN-RIMT, Hyderabad/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/156242928.doc


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the priorities of their individual sectors, without much regard to the overall needs of the

state or the sustainable use of its resources. To proactively manage environmental

resources, environmental resource planning will have to be made a core component of

policy making in the state.

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT: A NEW PARADIGM

From To

Lack of integrated

environmental planning (e.g.policies do not alwaysinternalise environmental

considerations)

Integrated environmental resources planning:

State creates an integrated plan for conservingand utilising environmental resources anddetermines the carrying capacity of each

individual region. Policy makers use theresources plan and internalise it in theirpolicies/projects

Development in a region takes

place with scant regard to thecarrying capacity of the region

Area-based standards based on carrying

capacity of each zone

No stakeholder involvement in

setting environmental standards

All primary stakeholders involved in setting

standards

Compliance monitoring is

centralised and enforcementmechanism is not market-basedi.e., not based on incentives

Local committees/community empowered to

monitor compliance with standards. Market-based regulation is used as enforcementmechanism.

Environmental resource planning involves the framing of an integrated blueprint for

the planned use of the states natural resources. Two components of this approach are

land use zoning and carrying capacity studies. Land use zoning will help to locate

industries according to the existing pollution load and carrying capacity of an area.

Carrying capacity studies, on the other hand, are used to determine the supporting or

assimilative capacity of a zone, i.e. the level of air, water, and/or soil pollution it can bear.

This must be done for each individual developmental zone (eg. a watershed or an

airshed).

1.2. Environmental considerations as a part of policy making

To truly benefit from environmental resource planning, the resource planning

needs to be explicitly considered and internalised by all agencies, primarily government

bodies and departments, whose functioning involves the use of environmental resources.



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To ensure effective planning, environment units will be set up in each department.

The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) will train personnel in these cells to

assess the environmental impact of the works and plans of their departments. This

ensures that environmental management is internalised in all areas and that department

policies are in line with overall policy of integrated development of natural resources.

A co-ordinating body will ensure that the plans, policies, projects and programmes

of the concerned departments are based on environmental ground realities.

1.3. Decentralised monitoring of compliance

Decision making will be decentralized by empowering local stakeholder

committees comprising local non-governmental organisations, agriculturists, industrialists,

local government and APPCB officials to monitor and enforce environmental guidelines

and local standards. Where national and state level guidelines conflict with local

environmental compulsions, these bodies can recommend amendments for consideration

at higher policy making levels. Such amendments, if approved, can be made applicable to

the concerned micro-watersheds or local zone. The execution and monitoring of

environmental policy will also be entrusted to local bodies. Decentralising the monitoring

process will make control more effective, less expensive and more participatory. It will

also improve the interface between polluters and affected parties.

Wherever projects that have an impact on the environment (eg. irrigation,

agriculture, industry, urban development etc.) are proposed, the early involvement of local

communities and NGOs will be necessary to resolve potential conflict. NGOs and private

environmental consultants can also be brought in to conduct regular environmental audits

of industries and award environmental audit certificates to reduce the monitoring burden

of APPCB.

1.4. GIS project on environmental zoning

The objective of this GIS project is to comprehend the total environmental and

non-environmental resource utilisation in the district and develop a database of the state

of environmental quality of the natural resources according to their resources boundaries

(airshed, watershed) and develop a categorisation of the quality according to their

stresses and degradation. Based on the established database of the districts



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environmental quality, local environmental standards shall be setup in consultation with

the local non-governmental organizations, agriculturists, industrialists, consultants and

leading environmentalists.

1.5. GIS platform and web based GIS

GIS platform and web based GIS giving the information about the environmental

resources becomes the tool for disseminating the information about environmental quality

to all the stake holder departments and their environmental action groups to elucidate

data from this database and asses the environmental impacts of works and plans of their

departments. This will help all government agencies, bodies and departments, whose

functioning involves the use of environmental resources to ensure that environmental

management is internalized in all areas and that department policies are inline with overall

policy. The web based GIS would also help all the local groups, industrialists and

environmental associations to have a ready access to the environmental information for

their day to day involvement and participation in local environmental compliance.

Such an integrated environmental planning to pro-actively manage environmental

resources, would arrest further degradation of quality of environmental resources. It

would ensure development in a planned and environmentally sustainable way.

Such a planned development would aim at achieving the objective of a clean and

green Andhra Pradesh.

In order to achieve the above objectives, APPCB with the help of World Bank have

proposed this project as a mission programme of their vision. This project is named as

IPPP-II (Industrial Pollution Prevention Project II). The present World Bank funded

Industrial Pollution Prevention Project-II (IPPP-II) aims at using GIS techniques for

creation and updation of thematic database in 19 districts of A.P

The implementation of Geographical Information System (GIS) will bring positive

benefits through generation of on-line information and creation of district-wise databases

for all the districts along the identified growth corridors with information on air and water

quality, health and hygiene as envisioned in the document Vision-2020.



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In addition to streamlining the decision-making process, the project will result in

several benefits listed below:

Provides the required information for selection of best suitable sites for

development by sectorial departments.

Provides a basis for co-ordinated and environmentally compatible land use

planning and resource use management by the stake holder departments and

others in all developmental activities.

Helps an entrepreneur to readily identify the best suited location for an industry

thereby saving time, effort, investment and risk. This also helps in conducting

environmental impact assessment and obtaining clearance by the regulatory

authorities.

Helps develop infrastructure facilities, such as roads, water supply, electricity

etc. and provide common waste treatment and disposal facilities.

Helps check additional pollution in the areas already over-stressed with

pollution.

Ensures that pollution potential of an industry is made compatible with the local

conditions of the site.

Helps in increasing awareness of the public on type of industries and nature of

pollution anticipated in their neighborhood well in advance; and

Helps achieve sustainable development.

The Indian Resources Information and Management Technologies Ltd.

(IN-RIMT) is proud to have been associated with this challenging project IN-RIMT has

undertaken the project work for the sample district (Visakhapatnam district) and the

responsibility as a consultant for the other 18 districts along the identified growth corridors

in Andhra Pradesh.



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The activities involved in the assignment are as follows:

To prepare thematic resource database on 1:50,000 scale using Remote

Sensing and GIS techniques for Visakhapatnam district and present integrated

maps in accordance with CPCB guidelines.

To use existing MIS and GIS sources to develop integrated map to support

coordinated and environmentally compatible land use planning and resource

use management activities of stake holder departments.

To demarcate environment and pubic health based sensitive zones for

notification of specific standards, specific land and water use procedures and

in future, for using Market Based Instruments (MBIs) for environmental

management.

To place the integrated resource maps on-line for all APSWAN centres and

Zonal and Regional Offices of Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board.

To impart training to the seven sectorial representatives from Industry,

Agriculture, Irrigation, Public Health, Forest, Municipal / Urban development

and Environment sectors at State and District level committees.

To build a GIS internet site for citizens in the industry and other citizens for

interfacing with concerned authorities on land use complaints throughout the

state.

Methodology for the preparation of thematic maps

Building up of primary resource database and generation of Air, Surface water and

Ground water pollution sensitivity maps for IPPP-II proceeds through preparation of a

number of thematic maps and their integration based on CPCB zoning atlas methodology.

Temporal satellite imagery for kharif, rabi and summer seasons are made use of for the

extraction of thematic content of cropping patterns of different seasons and other dynamic

and cyclic changes. Recent IRS-1C/1D PAN + LISS-III merged geocoded data of

1:50,000 scale is made use of to derive the benefits of spatial and spectral resolutions and



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scale corresponding to the Survey of India toposheets. The series of thematic / integrated

maps prepared are listed and the methodology of preparation and integration of thematic

maps is briefly described below.

List of thematic/integrated maps prepared

Base map

Village reference map

Land use / Land cover map

Physiography map

Wasteland map

Drainage map

Irrigation map

Agricultural use and capability map

Existing industries and mines map

Sensitive zone map

Air quality map

Dispersion sensitivity map

Aerial sensitivity map

Air pollution sensitivity map

Risk area map for air polluting activities

Watershed map

Surface water use map

Surface water quality map

Surface water flow map

Surface water pollution sensitivity map

Risk area map for surface water polluting activities

Ground water use map

Ground water quality map

Ground water potential map

Ground water table map



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Infiltration rate map

Ground water pollution sensitivity map

Risk area map for ground water polluting activities

Health map

Suitability map

The methodology of sensitive zone map preparation, integration and generation of

air, surface water and groundwater pollution sensitivity maps is given below.



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SENSITIVE ZONES

The Central/State Government have prescribed certain regulations by virtue of

various existing laws/acts, which restrict industrial siting in some specific zones such as

reserved forests, protected forests, coastal regulatory zone, monuments etc. In certain

zones no industrial siting is possible due to physical restrictions such as hills, water bodies

etc. and environmentally fragile/sensitive eco-system. Industrial siting also cannot be done

in certain areas due to social restrictions. In certain zones no industrial siting is possible

due to the presence of sensitive areas like, airport, salt pans, aquaculture area,

contaminated sites, mud flats etc.

The sensitive zones of different categories in the study area include the following:

1. Legal Restrictions

Deciduous forest

Degraded/scrub forest

Forest plantations

Coastal regulatory zone Monuments near Totlakonda, Sankaram, Bavikonda and Bhimunipatnam

2. Environmentally fragile/sensitive eco-system

Water logged land

Marshy/Swampy land near Haripalem, Mahasahebpeta, Dibbavanipalem and

Wadachipurupalle

Natural lake near Kondakarla village

3. Physical constraints

Water bodies

High physiography areas



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4. Social constraints

Hill resorts near Rishikonda and Kailashgiri

Scenic areas

Agricultural research stations

Handi crafts

Double crop

Agricultural plantations

Command areas

Religious / historic places at Simhachalam, Baligattam, Padmanabham,

Panchadarla, Upmaka and Appikonda.

5. Others

Airport

Contaminated site

Salt pans at Revupolavaram

Aqua culture areas

Mud flat

These areas have to be avoided while selecting areas for development zones. The

double crop areas and plantations have to be protected from landuse conversion.



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REPLIES TO THE COMMENTS BY SRI NARASIMHA REDDY VIDE HIS

LETTER DTD. 05-05-2002

1. One unit (1cm x 1cm) on the map represents about 500 m x 500 m area on the

ground. The generation of data at every km x km area would need data

generation at 30,000 sampling locations which is cost prohibitive.

2. The data generated within the budget and time constraints was used for preparing the

GIS database. This project is a dynamic project and APPCB is building up capacity to

update GIS database is an integral part of the GIS project. Mapping and colouring

exercises were done for a pilot project only. APPCB with this experience can expand

the monitoring network depending on the funds and time availability.

3. The data presented and used for the pilot project of Vizag was generated by EPTRI.

The data is being generated for other seasons also. Hence any errors or mis-

approximations during one season will not have any significant effect on the GIS

database after stabilising the GIS database by repeating the monitoring in every

season for atleast 3 years, which can be considered as a reasonable period for

seasonal and temporal validation checks.

4. The risk area map has been prepared meticulously as per the guidelines given in the

CPCB manual. This is a procedural ordeal to be completed as a ritual. The procedure

adopted was presented to TC-GIS members and a copy of the CPCB guidelines was

also given to them in the meeting held on 06-04-2002.

5. The map overlaying implications on different parameters across different maps is

given in brief report submitted to TC / GIS members which is as per CPCB

methodology. There is no contributions of IN-RIMT in overlaying principles; except

procedurally following the steps as per CPCB guidelines. The overlaying principles

exhaustively given from clause 7.4 to 9.7 of CPCB guidelines, are adopted for this

project.

6. Refer points 1, 2 and 3 above

7. The comments touches on two issues

(i) Imbalance between fresh water and saline water interface and

(ii) need of extracting such information for promoting conjunctive use of water



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Regarding imbalance of fresh water, salt water interface, which can take place in

the coastal aquifers, there are no reports or data to indicate that such an

imbalance has taken place in the salt water fresh water interface in the coastal

region of the study area. For such imbalance to take place a large scale extraction

of groundwater leading to overexploitation or over development conditions over a

long period has to take place to disturb the delicate balance and create conditions

amenable for sea water ingression.

The State Ground Water Department has already drawn up a 5 year programme to

monitor quality changes in the study area between Bhimunipatnam and

Payakaraopeta, a distance of 125 km. and upto 10 km. inland for studying

changes in salt water - fresh water interface.

A recommendation to this effect has already been made (Page No. 164) in the

draft final report IPPP-II submitted by IN-RIMT

Regarding conjunctive use of water, the groundwater department has already

drawn up a plan for watershed development (Page 144, draft final report of IN-

RIMT) for evaluation of surface and groundwater resources for their conservation

and conjunctive use. Data on this has not been collected as the Study is on on

the basis Watershed approach as envisaged in Vision 2020 document.

8. The pilot project for VIZAG Dt. was taken up to experience the issues of a GIS project

in database collection, generation and representation. After the pilot project was

completed, a manual has been prepared indicating the database required to be

generated and represented for the remaining eighteen districts.

9. The ARCIMS package used for web enabling is a user friendly package. One need not

know ARCVIEW / ARCINFO for data interpretation.

10. Capacity building in APPCB for updating data base and regenerating thematic maps is

a part of this project under the GIS training for APPCB and sectorial depts.

11. The scope of work under 1:12,500 will determine the baselines and methodology to be

considered for modelling and assessment. This work will be taken up in the next

phase of the study.

12. The land use classification has been done as per the CPCB listed land use categories.

Mud flats and sandy areas have been given in the hydrogeomorphology layer.

Estuaries have been covered in the drainage map.

13. The GIS information developed by APFD can be integrated in IPPP-II project.



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14. The health data has not been given in the draft presentation to TC (GIS). It has been

submitted separately in May 2002 covering the aspects of health and location of

PHCs. Morbidity analysis is not an indicator of air or water pollution.

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