regional economic cooperation - pakistan vs india
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
1/64
Regional EconomicCooperation Pakistan
vs. IndiaBy WaqasAnees
http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&site=siyasipakistan.wordpress.com&url=http://pakistanledger.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/economic_cooperation_organization-green-eco-globe.png&sref=http://siyasipakistan.wordpress.com/2010/04/09/kyrgyzstan-turmoil-only-the-eco-can-save-central-asia/http://www.ecosecretariat.org/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation.png -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
2/64
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
3/64
Pakistanvs.
India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistani_Rupee.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Money.jpg -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
4/64
Economic overview
Indian economy is the 11th largest in the world by nominal GDPand the 4th largest by purchasing power parity (PPP),
128th by GDP per capita income ($ 2941), India is the 2nd fastest major economy in terms of GDP growth
rate, Monetary Policy: Multiple indicator approach
Pakistan is 27
th
largest by PPP
Pakistan is 132nd by GDP per capita income ($2661) Pakistan is the 67th fastest in the world.
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
5/64
Indian Economic Policies1947-91
India was under social democratic-based policies from1947 to 1991.
Followed the premise of Fabian socialism The economy was characterized by:
extensive regulation, protectionism, public ownership,pervasive corruption and slow growth
Industries were nationalized in mid 1950s Elaborate licenses, regulations and the accompanying red
tape, commonly referred to as License Raj, wererequired to set up business in India between 1947 and
1990 India abolished feudalism through land redistribution by
1950 India saw the green revolution after 1965, achieving self-
sufficiency in food grains, through improved irrigation,
fertilizers, and high yielding variety of seeds
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
6/64
The Hindu Rate ofGrowth*
The rate from 194780 was derisively referred to as theHindu rate of growth, GDP growth was around 3.5%from 1950s to 1980s, while per capita income averaged1.3%
India's growth rate was low by standards of developing
countries. At the same time, Pakistan grew by 5%,Indonesia by 6%, Thailand by 7%, Taiwan by 8% andSouth Korea by 9%.
The comparison with South Korea was stark: In 1947, South Korean per capita income was less than 2
times bigger than India's. By 1960, South Korean per capita income was 4 timesbigger than India's
By 1990, South Korean per capita income was 20 timeslarger.
* . .h e t e r m w a s c o i n e d b y I n d i a n e c o n o m i s t K N R a j
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
7/64
Average Annual Income
Country 1947 1999India $439 $1,818
Pakistan $412 $1,760
China $619 $3,259
South Korea $770 $13,317
Taiwan $936 $15,720
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
8/64
GDP Per CapitaComparisonAs a percentage of US GDP Per Capita
: :// . . / / .ource http www eldis org static DOC12473 htm
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_&_SKorea_(1950-1995).png -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
9/64
1990: India faces a major balance-of-payments crisis, due to: The collapse of the Soviet Union, (India's major trading partner)
The first Gulf War, which caused a spike in oil prices
India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from IMF, which in return
demanded reforms 1991: Manmohan Singhs response Economic Liberalization of
India End of license raj
End of public monopolies
automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors
Since 1990s India has emerged as one of the fastest-growingeconomies in the developing world (2nd behind China in 2009,with a GDP growth of 9%)
As of 2009, about 300 million peopleequivalent to the entirepopulation of the United Stateshave escaped extreme
poverty
Indian Economic Policies 1991onwards
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
10/64
Indian Monetary Policythru ages
1. Pre-monetary targeting (India independence to1984-85):
Till 1970s, inflation was mainly caused byagricultural failures. Therefore RBIs main effort
was towards selective bank credit managementand ensuring flow of credit to increase agriculturalproduction.
In 1970s inflation increased because of increase inmoney supply which rose to finance rise in
government expenditure. Inflation also rose because of the oil shocks in 1974
and 1979 which increased prices of oil in worldmarkets.
: . , o u r c e M r D e e p a k M o h a n t y R B I sE D
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
11/64
2. Monetary targeting (MT, 1985-86 to 1997-98):
By early 1980s, there was some consensus in RBI thatinflation was rising because of a surge in moneysupply. Agriculture and oil shocks could not raise
inflation permanently. It was a sustained rise in money supply that led to rise
in inflation.
This led to RBIs monetary targeting framework inwhich RBI started targeting money supply. Under
this RBI made a projection for money supply for agiven year and tried to keep money supply aroundthe projected levels.
In 1993, the floating exchange rate system came intothe limelight.
From 1975 to 1992, the rupee exchange rate wasofficiall determined b the Reserve Bank of India
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
12/64
3. Multiple Indicators approach (MI, 1998-99 onwards):
After reforms in 1991, it became difficult to look at therelationship between money supply and inflation.Financial liberalization led to more innovative
financial products. Earlier RBI could monitor money supply as banks were
the only financial intermediaries.
As non-banking sources of finance grew, monitoringmoney supply and thus inflation became difficult.
Hence, RBI adopted the multiple indicators approachwhich looked at variety of economic indicators totrack impact on inflation and economic growth.
RBI has kept the interest rates in check (currently at3.5%) in face of the continuing inflation of over
10%.
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
13/64
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
14/64
GDP Comparison
:o u r c e: / / . . / / / / / / .t tp w ww a db o r g D o cu m en ts B oo ks K ey _I nd i ca to rs 2 00 9 p d f H i gh li g ht s p df
(
)
I
n
millions
$
PPP
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
15/64
GDP Per CapitaComparison (USD)
: : / / . . / / / / / / .o u rc e h tt p w ww a d b o r g D o c u m en ts B oo k s K e y _ I nd i c at o r s 2 0 0 9 p d f H ig h li gh t s p d f
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
16/64
GDP Growth ComparisonPercentage change on previous year
: : / / . . / / / / / / .o u rc e h tt p w ww a d b o r g D o c u m en ts B oo k s K e y _ I nd i c at o r s 2 0 0 9 p d f H ig h li gh t s p d f
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
17/64
Population GrowthPercentage change on previous year
: : / / . . / / / / / / .o u rc e h tt p w ww a d b o r g D o c u m en ts B oo k s K e y _ I nd i c at o r s 2 0 0 9 p d f H ig h li gh t s p d f
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
18/64
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
19/64
Economic Indicators
DP Breakup India PakistanServices . %62 50 . %53 30
Industry %20 %24
Agriculture . %17 50 %23
Indicators India PakistanGDP Growth . %7 40 . %4 10
Inflation . %10 16 . %11 70
Food Inflation . %16 87 . %14 50
Forex Reserves $280 Billion $14 Billion
Population belowpoverty line
. % ( )37 2 2010 %39
( )410 million 2010 ( )64 million 2010
Unemployment . %9 50 . %15 20
Gross external debt .$232 5 billion $50 billion
: - ,o u r c e E c o n o m i c S u r v e y r e p o r t 2 0 0 9 1 0 M O F
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
20/64
India today
The Indian economy has been propelled by the liberalizationpolicies that have been instrumental in boosting demand aswell as trade volume.
The growth rate has averaged around 7% since 1997 and Indiawas able to keep its economy growing at a healthy rate evenduring the 2007-2009 recession, managing a 5.355% rate in2009 (India GDP Growth).
The biggest boom to the economy has come in the shape ofoutsourcing. Its English speaking population has beeninstrumental in making India a preferred destination forinformation technology products as well as business processoutsourcing.
In 2009 India purchased 200 Tons of Gold for $6.7 billion from IMFas a total role reversal from 1991China.
During fiscal year 2009-10, foreign exchange reserves increased
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
21/64
Budget and Debt
Budget: revenues: $122.7 billion
expenditures: $223 billion (2009 est.) revenues: $153.5 billion
expenditures: $205.3 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
60.1% of GDP (2009 est.) 56.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
78% of GDP (2007 est.)
revenues: $23.21 billion
: / / . . / / .t t p w ww i n de xm u nd i c om p ak is t an p u bl ic _d e bt h tm l
India Pakistan
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
22/64
Indian Sectors
Industry & Services India has excelled in IT industry due to increased
specialization, large pool of low cost /high skilled
English speaking resources In 2009, seven Indian firms were listed among the top15 technology outsourcing companies in the world.
In March 2009, annual revenues from outsourcingoperations in India amounted to US$60 billion and
this is expected to increase to US$225 billion by2020
It is considered to be an outsourcing heaven due to itshigh labor intensive market
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
23/64
Agriculture India ranks second worldwide in farm output
Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since1950, due to:
special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of
modern agricultural practices
provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since Greenrevolution in India
India is the largest producer in the world of milk, fruit,
cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric andblack pepper
Second largest producer and the largest consumer ofsilk in the world
second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, cotton,
silk, peanuts and inland fish
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
24/64
Balance Of Payments Since independence, India's balance of payments on
its current account has been negative
Exports have been consistently rising, covering 80.3%
of its imports in 200203, up from 66.2% in 199091.
India's growing oil import bill is seen as the maindriver behind the large current account deficitFDI India Pakistan
-2005 06 .$7 8bn .$ 3 5bn
-2006 07 .$19 5 billion .$ 5 1bn
-2007 08 $24 billion .$ 5 4bn
-2008 09 $35 billion .$ 3 7bn
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
25/64
Trade Trade deficit of India fell by 28.2 per cent to US$ 76.2
billion in 2009-10 (AprilDecember)
From US$ 106 billion in the corresponding period of
the previous year. There have been significant changes in the
composition and direction of both exports andimports in this period.
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
26/64
Trade
Trade India PakistanExports ( .)$155 billion 2009 est . ( .)$17 87 billion 2009 est
xport goods , ,software petroleum products,textile goods gems and
, ,jewelry engineering goods,chemicals leather
manufactures
( , ,textile goods garments bed linen, ), ,cotton cloths and yarn rice, ,leather goods sports goods
,chemicals manufactures carpets andrugs
ain export partners . %, . %,US 12 3 UAE 9 4 China. % ( )9 3 2008
. %, . %,United States 22 4 UAE 8 3 UK%, . %, . % (6 China 15 4 Germany 4 7 2006.)estImports .232 3 ( .)billion 2009 est .28 31 ( .)billion 2009 est
mport goods , , ,crude oil machinery gems,fertilizer chemicals
, ,Petroleum Petroleum products, ,Machinery Plastics Transportation, ,equipment Edible oils Paper and
, ,paperboard Iron and steel Tea
ain import partners . %,China 11 1 Saudi Arabia. %, . %, . %,7 5 US 6 6 UAE 5 1 Iran. %, . %,4 2 Singapore 4 2
. % ( )Germany 4 2 2008
. %, . %,China 14 7 Saudi Arabia 10 1 UAE. %, . %, . %,8 7 Japan 6 5 United States 5 3
%, . % ( .)Germany 5 Kuwait 4 9 2006 est
DI stock . ($156 30 billion 31 December.)2009 est
.$4 6 billion
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
27/64
Trade
: & . & .o u r c e D G C I S M i n i s t r y o f C o m m e r c e I n d u s t r y G o I
l
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
28/64
MutualTrade
ndia s trade withPakistan
: & . & .o u r c e D G C I S M i n i s t r y o f C o m m e r c e I n d u s t r y G o I
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
29/64
FDI Inflows
: / / . . / / / / / / .t t p w ww a db o rg D o c um e nt s B oo k s K ey _I nd i ca to r s 2 0 09 p df H ig h l ig ht s p df
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
30/64
Inward Remittances
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kochi_India_slums.jpg -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
31/64
Issues
Poverty line Population size Corruption
Water allocation Governance Illiteracy Complex labor laws Economic Disparity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kochi_India_slums.jpg -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
32/64
Povertyline
: / / . . / / / / / / .t t p w w w a db o rg D o c um en t s B o ok s K ey _I nd i ca to r s 2 0 09 p df H ig h li gh t s p df
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
33/64
Indian economic outlook
In 2003, Goldman Sachs predicted that India's GDP in currentprices will overtake France and Italy by 2020, Germany, UK andRussia by 2025 and Japan by 2035.
By 2035, it was projected to be the third largest economy of the
world (by nominal GDP), behind US and China.
the Indian GDP can be expected to grow around 8.5 +/- 0.25 percent, with a full recovery, breaching the 9 percent mark in2011-12.
The big question is Can the economy continue to deliver?Stable political conditions, healthier future prospects as well asa strong desire for growth makes this the ideal scenario for thepolicymakers to introduce a structured plan for drawing up aroadmap for Indias long term progress.
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
34/64
Constraints to Pakistaneconomy
,Beyond statistics of human casualties the cumulativeeffects of the campaign of terror unleashed in Pakistan and
, .the country s fight against militancy have been enormous, ,Lives homes and incomes have been uprooted while
educational attainment for virtually a whole generation ofschoolgoing age in the affected areas of Pukhtoonkhwah
, .and FATA has been jeopardized or severely undermined
: -t a t e o f t h e e c o n o m y E c o n o m i c s u r v e y 2 0 0 9 1 0
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
35/64
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
36/64
War onTerror
The additional expenditure incurred on security related andcivil relief operations since July 2007 has amounted to an
( . ).estimated US$ 4 billion 2 4 percent of average GDP
,In addition the cost of the humanitarian crisis spawned bythis conflict has been the displacement of over 3 million
, ,people at its peak resulting in a budgetary outlay of US$ 600million for the current fiscal year alone for relief and
.rehabilitation of the IDP population
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
37/64
Energy Crisis
The effect of lower energy availability is estimated at theequivalent of . .02 5 .percent of GDP during 200910
:t a t e o f t h e e c o n o m y E c o n o m i c-
R ili f
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
38/64
Resilience ofPakistan
Indicator 1999 2007 2008 2009GDP $ 75 billion $ 160 billion $ 170 billion $ 185 billion
GDP Purchasing( )Power Parity PPP
$ 270 billion .$ 475 5 billion $ 504 billion .$ 545 6 billion
GDP per CapitaIncome
$450 $925 ,$1 085 ,$1 250
Revenue collection .Rs 305 billion .Rs 708 billion .Rs 990 billion . .Rs 1 05 trillion
Foreign reserves .$ 1 96 billion .16 4 billion .$ 8 89 billion $ 14 billionExports .$ 7 5 billion .$ 18 5 billion .19 22 billion .$ 18 45 billion
Textile Exports .$ 5 5 billion .11 2 billion - -KHI stock exchange
( - )100 Index$ 5 billion at 700
points75 billion at,4 000 points $ 46 billion at,9 300 points .$ 26 5 billion at,9 000 points
Foreign DirectInvestment
$ 1 billion .$ 8 4 billion .$ 5 19 billion .$ 4 6 billion
&External DebtLiabilities
$ 39 billion .$ 40 17 billion .$ 45 9 billion .$ 50 1 billion
Poverty level %39 %2 %37 %39Literacy rate %45 %53 %53 %53
Developmentprograms
.Rs 80 billion .Rs 520 billion . .Rs 549 7 billion .Rs 621 billion
, / ,s i a n D e v e l o p m e n t B a n k E c o n o m i c S u r v e y o f P a k i s t a n I n d i a C I A w o r l d F a c t b o o k
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
39/64
Pakistan challanges
A number of interlinked actions are needed in the comingyear:
Checking inflationthis involves limiting borrowing by the
government and the public sector.
Improve internal security situation
Resolve energy crisis
Adequate targeting of subsidies Check the import bill
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
40/64
SAAR
C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation.png -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
41/64
Introduction
The South Asian Association for RegionalCooperation (SAARC) is an economic and politicalorganization of eight countries in Southern Asia.
It was established on December 8, 1985
Member countries are: Bangladesh Bhutan
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan India
Sri Lanka
Afghanistan (since 2007)
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
42/64
Objectives
The objectives of the Association as defined in the Charter are:
to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality
of life;
to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in
the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity
and to realize their full potential;
to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of
South Asia;
to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's
problems;
to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social,
cultural, technical and scientific fields;
to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries;
to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on
matters of common interest; and
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
43/64
SAFTA
SAFTA signed in Jan 2004, effective from 2006 Currently, the Sensitive Lists of products, Rules of Origin,
Technical Assistance as well as a Mechanism for Compensationof Revenue Loss for Least Developed Member States are undernegotiation.
Under the Trade Liberalization Program scheduled for completionin ten years by 2016, the customs duties on products from theregion will be progressively reduced.
The Least Developed Member States are expected to benefit fromadditional measures under the special and differentialtreatment accorded to them under the Agreement.
In the final five year phase ending 2012, the 20 percent duty willbe reduced to zero in a series of annual cuts.
China has shown intent of joining SAARC. Is it a good idea for theexisting members?
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
44/64
Criticism
Not enough is being done to for rapid economic integrationof the region.
Apart from the fact that the recently approved South
Asian University and the creation of new rail lineslinking the region, people to people contacts andconnectivity of region needs to be strengthened.
Intra-Regional and World Trade of
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
45/64
Intra-Regional and World Trade ofSAARC,1991 - 2006
:o u r c eM F D O T SD a t a b a s e
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
46/64
Share of intra-regional trade tototal trade
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
47/64
Indias hold on trade
istrib u tio n o fExports
istrib u tio n o fIm p o rts
SAARC
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
48/64
SAARCTrade
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
49/64
SAFTA Average Tariffs (%)
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
50/64
Tariff rate comparison
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
51/64
Trade Facilitation Comparison
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
52/64
ECO
http://www.ecosecretariat.org/index.htm -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
53/64
Introduction
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), is anintergovernmental regional organization established in1985 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey for the purpose ofpromoting economic, technical and cultural cooperationamong the Member States
ECO is the successor organization of Regional Cooperation forDevelopment (RCD) which remained in existence since1964 up to 1979
In 1992, the Organization was expanded to include seven new
members, namely:
Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
54/64
The common objective is to establish a singlemarket for goods and services, much like the
European Union. ECO's secretariat and culturaldepartment are located in Tehran, its economicbureau is in Turkey and its scientific bureau issituated in Pakistan.
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
55/64
Sustainable economic development of Member States; Progressive removal of trade barriers and promotion of
intra- regional trade; Greater role of ECO region in thegrowth of world trade; Gradual integration of theeconomies of the Member States with the world
economy; Development of transport & communications infrastructurelinking the Member States with each other and with theoutside world;
Economic liberalization and privatization; Mobilization and utilization of ECO region's material
resources;
Effective utilization of the agricultural and industrialpotentials of ECO region; Regional cooperation for drug abuse control, ecological and
environmental protection and strengthening of historicaland cultural ties among the peoples of the ECO region;and
Mutually beneficial cooperation with regional and
international organizations.
Objectives
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
56/64
Structure
Directorates and
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
57/64
Directorates andActivities
Trade and InvestmentTransport and Telecommunications Energy, Minerals and Environment Agriculture, Industry and Tourism Human Resources & Sustainable Development Project & Economic Research and Statistics International Relations
Directorate of Trade and
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
58/64
Directorate of Trade andInvestment
While striving for the liberalization and promotion of trade andinvestment, the following strategy is being followed:
i) Removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers in the region,
providing a regulatory and enabling environment for trade ii) Develop a favorable regulatory investment framework for
optimum utilization of economic resources
iii) Increasing the interaction of private sector
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
59/64
Major initiatives
ECO Trade Agreement (ECOTA)
ECOTA is the main vehicle for removal of tradebarriers and establishment of Free Trade Area in theregion by 2015.
ECO Agreement on Promotion and Protection of
Investment (APPI)
Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey signedAgreement on Promotion and Protection of
Investment (APPI) The APPI envisages for common policy and common
action for attracting investment in the ECO region
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
60/64
Projects of T&I
ECO-PIDE Study on the Trading Patterns in the ECO Region(Pakistan Institute of Development Economics)
ECO-UNIDO Project on Trade Capacity Building of ECO
Member States (United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization)
ECO Trade and Investment; Network Web Portal:www.tradeeco.org.
http://www.tradeeco.org/http://www.tradeeco.org/ -
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
61/64
Trade dependence is a measure of the importance of
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
62/64
trade in the overall economy. It is measured by dividing thevalue of total trade (exports plus imports) by GDP andexpressing the ratio as a percentage.
. . / /i t s w o r l d b a n k o r g w it s w e b
ECO / SAARC
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
63/64
ECO / SAARCeffectiveness
ECO/ SAARC effectiveness in economicstability of the region?
Case: Greece vs. Kyrgyzstan/ Pakistan Whats the difference?
-
8/9/2019 Regional Economic Cooperation - Pakistan vs India
64/64
ThankYou