regional development theory/models 1.descriptive models: answering “what?” variety. 2.positive...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
•Regional Development Theory/models
1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety.2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety.3.Normative models: answering “what ought” Variety.4.Control model: answering “ How to “ Variety.
![Page 2: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Descriptive Models
1. Stages of Regional Development Models. (Williamson 1965)
2. Central place theory and Rank-size rule. ( Christaller 1935, Berry 1915)
3. The concentrated spatial dispersion model.
4. The core-periphery model.
![Page 3: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Positive Models
1. Factor price equalization theorem.2. Classical Location Theory.3. Neoclassical Regional Growth Model.4. Cumulative Causation Model.5. Linkage Effect Theories and Industrial linkage
model.6. Post-keynesian Model.7. Uneven Regional Development Theory8. Multisectoral Models.
![Page 4: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Normative Models
Optimization models (L.P.,NLP)
![Page 5: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Control Models
Optimal control models.
![Page 6: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• efficiency VS. equity
• spatial inequality1.Disparities among regions
2.Disparities among urban areas
-A prevailing phenomenon, its most serious in developing countries.
-primate cities. ●Regional Dualism
●North-south problem.
![Page 7: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Questions:1.What spatial differences?
2.Why spatial differences?
3.How spatial differences?
4.How to control the growth differences?
(What policy instrument available)
![Page 8: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What spatial Difference?
Personal income Living expense Labor productivities (wage rates) Social services (cultural & educational
facilities, medical care amecif) Public utilities( public investment) water
supply, gas and electricity supply, telephone service.
![Page 9: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What spatial Difference?( 續 )
Job opportunities Population growth Level of education
![Page 10: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Problem caused by serious spatial inequalities
1.Primate city (unmanageable urban center) primacy index=p1∕(p1+p2+p3+p4)
(Rondenelli) non-primacy=1∕(1+1/2+1/3+1/4)=0.48 (standard city rank size)
High primacy:0.65~1.00 primacy:0.54~0.65 (Gilbert 1984)Non primacy:0.41~0.54 Low primacy:0~0.41
![Page 11: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Problem caused by serious spatial inequalities( 續 )
Case of Taiwan:
1966 0.482
1971 0.502
1976 0.497
1981 0.483
1986 0.489
![Page 12: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Problem caused by serious spatial inequalities( 續 )
2.High urban unemployment and crowded slums.
3.Premature migration (urban squatters)
4.Housing shortage; insufficient supply of public facilities.
5.Environmental deterioration
6.Social cohesion and political tension
![Page 13: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Problem caused by serious spatial inequalities( 續 )
7.Unbanlanced city system
8. 地方政治參與及自治力弱9.Human needs (human right, social wellbeing)
overall national developmentoverall national development
integration of spatial economyintegration of spatial economy
urban/regional diffusion cannot smoothly proceededurban/regional diffusion cannot smoothly proceeded
![Page 14: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Why spatial growth differences
1.Natural resources endowment▪uneven distributed over space
2.Agricultural productivity difference among regions
▪fertility ▪labor productivity ▪locational difference in production function
![Page 15: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why spatial growth differences( 續 )
3.Regional economic structure
4.Transport advantage for interregional trade
![Page 16: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
5. Agglomeration economies
+_
![Page 17: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Factor of economies
(growing inequality)
. selective migration
. capital in-flow
. public policy enhance
eco. growth
. Lake of interregional
linkage
. strong differentiation
in infras.
. Different pop. structure (dependency ratio)
Factor of diseconomies
(growing equality)
. Skilled labor disperse
. Capital being brought back
. Compensatory public policy
. Forging of linkage
. Homogenization in infras.
. more homogenous
pop. structure
![Page 19: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
6. Policies bias- preferring capital city- urban elite- implicit economic policy
![Page 20: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Model 2 South Asia Model 1 Eastern South Asia
![Page 21: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Model 3 China mainland
![Page 22: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Model 4 East Asia
![Page 23: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How to mesure spatial growth difference?
Coefficient of variance
Vuw =
Vw =
Z(Yi-Y)²/N
Y
Z(Yi-Y)²Pi/P
Y
![Page 24: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How to mesure spatial growth difference?( 續 )
Mean square deviationMSD=1/n ∑(Yi-Y)²
Mean DeviationMD=1/n ∑ Yi-Y
Coefficient of FlorenceF=1-1/2 ∑ Xi-Xj Xi=Xi/∑Xi
GINI CoefficientG=1/2 ∑∑Xi Xj yi/xi - yj/xj
i j
![Page 25: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
How to mesure spatial growth difference?( 續 )
Theil coefficientT=1/n ∑ ( xi/μ )㏒( xi/μ ) = ( 1/n∑xi ㏒ xi-μ ㏒ μ ) /μ
Log coefficient of variation
∑( ㏑ xi- ㏑ x)²
x
![Page 26: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
區域差距衡量指標1.Williamson coefficient
V= Vw=
2.Mean Deviation( or weighted M.D.)M=(∑ Yi-Y /N) Mw=(∑ Yi-Y Pi/P)
∑(Yi-Y)²/N
Y
∑(Yi-Y)² Pi/P
Y
Y Y
![Page 27: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
N
2
3.GINI coefficient of concentration
GY= ΣXi - Yi N
N+1o G≦ Y 1≦
4.Arkinson Index ( 由 SWF)
I = 1 - 〔 Σ( ) ㏒ 〕Y
Yi1 - i
Yi
1 - i1
o G≦ Y 1≦
![Page 28: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
5.Kutznst Index
TDM = Σ | fi - Yi | TDM 不均度
6.Pareto Distribution coefficient
Pk = Pi K - a
a > 1 不均 ; a < 1 不均
7.Primacy Index
Po - Io =P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
P(or )
P1
P
![Page 29: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8.Theil Index
T = 1 - ㏒ N + Σ Yi ㏒ Yi = Σ yi ㏒ N Yi
10%
8.Osbima Index
OI = Y
Y70%
![Page 30: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Job opportunity index
1976 1986
Taiwan Area 1.00 1.00
Northern Region 1.37 1.21
Central Region 0.81 0.83
Southern Region 0.79 0.89
Eastern Region 0.49 0.74
Northern / Eastern 2.80 1.64
Year
Regions
Index = (Emp)﹝ i / (pmp)i / (Emp)﹞ ﹝ t / (pmp)t ﹞
![Page 31: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
15 1
0 5 0
-5
-10
-15
-201976 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
Time
Northern R.
Southern R.
Central R.
Eastern R.
![Page 32: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Regional Income Index
1976 1986 2000
Taiwan Area 100 100 100
Northern Region 141 127 111
Central Region 72 75 89
Southern Region 81 90 99
Eastern Region 61 68 84
Northern / Eastern
2.3 1.9 1.3
Year
Regions
![Page 33: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Time
Northern R.
Southern R.
Central R.
Eastern R.
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
Taiwan Area
Index
Williamson coeffiecients (1965)
![Page 34: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How to control (public policy instruments)
Regulation Incentive VS. punishment Institution infrastructure
![Page 35: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Regional Development Theory/models 1.Descriptive models: answering “what?” Variety. 2.Positive models: answering ”why ? ”Variety. 3.Normative models: answering](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020922/56649ea05503460f94ba2f78/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)