Regional and Local Level Regional and Local Level Environmental Assessment Environmental Assessment for Siting of Industries and for Siting of Industries and

Industrial ParksIndustrial Parks- Dr. K.V.Ramani

JCES, APPCB

Industrial development of any state significantly contributes towards economic growth.

How ever, industrial progress brings along with it a host of environmental problems.

Many of these problems could be avoided if industries are located on the basis of environmental considerations.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) used the tool of environmental planning for the protection of the environment.

CPCB and the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/ Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) have taken up preparation of Zoning Atlas for siting of industries, based on environmental considerations, district-wise, throughout the country, in collaboration with the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ).

APPCB with the aid of World Bank in Industrial Pollution Prevention Project (IPPP-II) and Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance (EMCBTA), had undertaken creation and updation of resource database for all districts of Andhra Pradesh using Remote Sensing & GIS during 2002-2005 at 1:50,000 scale.

NEED FOR ZONING ATLAS

• Classifies the environment

• Presents the pollution receiving potential of various site /zones

• Helps in identifying possible sites for locating industries

through easy to read maps

• Identification of sensitive zones that are unsuitable owing to legal

restrictions.

• Assessment of pollution receiving potential in terms ofAir PollutionSurface Water PollutionGroundwater Pollution

• Identification of possible sites for locating industries.

DATA USED IN THE PROJECT

• Survey of India Topo sheets.

• Satellite Imageries (IRS 1C/1D) Panchromatic & Liss(Multispectral)

• Baseline Environmental Data such as Air quality, Ground Water Quality, Surface water quality, Soil etc.,

• Data from other departments viz., Industries, Health, Irrigation, Census, Soil, Ground Water, Mines and Geology, Agriculture etc.,

• Data collected from field surveys.

• Data collected by GPS regarding location of sensitive points, places of importance, monuments, sampling points, industries etc.

IRRI GA TI ON MAP

WA TER SHE DS MAP

DRAI NAGE MAP

WASTE LANDS MAP

PHYSI OGR AP HY MAP

LA NDUSE/ LA NDC OVE R MAP

VI LLA GE RE FERE NCE MAP

BASE MAP

AIR P OLLU TI ON SE NSI TI VI TY MAP

AERI AL SE NSI TI VI TY MAP

DI SPER SI ON SE NSI TI VI TY MAP

AIR QUA LI TY MAP

SURFA CE WA TERP OL LU TI ON SE NSI TI VI TY MAP

SURFA CE WA TE R FL OW MAP

SURFA CE WA TE R QUALI TY MAP

SURFA CE WA TE R USE MAP

GR OU NDWA TERP OL LU TI ON SE NSI TIV I TY MAP

I NFIL TRA TI ON RA TE MAP

GR OU NDWA TE R TABLE MAP

GR OU NDWA TE R P OTE NTI AL MAP

GR OU ND WA TER QUAL I TY MAP

GR OU NDWA TE R USE MAP

SE NSI TI VE Z ONE MAP

RI SKS DUE T OSI TI NG OF AI R

P OL LU TI NG I NDU STRIE S MAP

RI SKSDUE T OSI TI NG OF SURFA CE WA TE R

POL LU TI NG I NDUSTRI E S MAP

RISKS DUE T OSI TI NG OF GR OU NDWA TER

POL LU TI NG A C TI VI TIE S MAP

SUITA BI LIT Y MA P

WASTE LA NDS MAP

EXI STI NG I NDU STRI E S MAP

FORES T, HILLS

PRI ME AGRIC ULTURE L ANDS

FLOOD PRONE ARE AS

HEALTH I NDICATORS LI KE GAS TROE NTERI TIS,

I MR, M MR, DALY, LE Be tc,

MONU ME NTS

TRI B ALSE TTLE ME NTS

RE LIGI OUS CE NTRES, TOURIS TSPOTS etc.

NATIONAL P AR KS, S ANC TUARIES,

WE TL ANDS, BI OS PHERE RESERVES

SEARCH AREAS FOR DISPOSA LOFHAZARDOUS WASTE AND LAND

DISPOSA LOFEFFLUEN TS

SITES FORINDUSTRIAL ESTATES

DEMARCA TING THEPLOTS FORLOCA TING THE INDIVIDUAL

INDUSTRIES

DEMARCA TING THEPLOTS FORLOCA TING THE INDIVIDU AL

INDUSTRIES

LOCA TING THE CETP FACILI TYAND SEA OU TFALL TO DISCHARGETRE ATED EFFLUEN TIN TO THE SEA

AIR POLLUT IONRE LATED MAPS

SURFACE WATERPOLLUTIONRELATED MAPS

GROUND WATERPOLLUT IONRELATED MAPSREFERENCE MAPS

.

METHODOLOGY USED FOR MAPPING……………

AIR POLLUTION SENSITIVITY………

Air quality mapSensitive zone

map

Air pollution sensitivity map

Aerial sensitivity map

Dispersion sensitivity map

Risk area map for air polluting

activities

CRITERIA FOR AIR POLLUTION SENSITIVITY………

areas having very low quality (exceeding standards)2 km buffer from sensitive zones other than national parks, sanctuaries 25km buffer from major settlements / urban areasareas up to 4.5times ht. around isolated hillsbuffer of 5km in case of hill ranges

HIGH RISK

MEDIUM RISK

areas which are falling within a distance of 2-5km from sensitive zonesareas where the level of pollutants is between50 - 100 %of the permissible standardsbuffer of 5-15km from hill ranges

LOW RISK

the ambient air quality is well within the permissible standards5km buffer from sensitive zones & beyond 25km to sensitive zones - national parks buffer of > 15Km to Hills

SURFACE WATER POLLUTION SENSITIVITY………

Surface Water pollution sensitivity map

Surface water use map

Surface water quality map

Surface water flow map Sensitive zone map

Risk area map for surface water polluting activities

CRITERIA FOR SURFACE WATER POLLUTION SENSITIVITY….

HIGH RISK

MEDIUM RISK

LOW RISK

High Surface water use areas

Low surface water quality areas

Buffer of 5km to perennial flow rivers

Medium Surface water use areas

Medium surface water quality areas

Buffer of 5km to seasonal flowing rivers

Surface water low use areas

High surface water quality areas

GROUND WATER POLLUTION SENSITIVITY………

Sensitive zones

Risk area map for ground water polluting activities

Groundwater use

Groundwater quality

Groundwater table

Infiltration rate

Groundwater potential

Groundwater protection needs

Groundwater contamination risk

Groundwater pollution sensitivity

CRITERIA FOR GROUND WATER POLLUTION SENSITIVITY……

HIGH RISK

MEDIUM RISK

LOW RISK

High groundwater use areas

Areas with groundwater quality exceeding the limits

High infiltration rate areas

Shallow groundwater table areas

Medium groundwater use areasAreas where the groundwater quality is between 50 - 100 % of the permissible standards.

Medium infiltration rate areas

Medium groundwater table areas

Low groundwater use areasAreas of groundwater quality well within the permissible standards

Low infiltration rate areas

Deep ground water table areas

SENSITIVE ZONES……Reserved ForestsProtected ForestsNational parksSanctuariesAreas with endangered speciesCRZ (500m from HTL)Protected mangroves, Corals, Breeding groundsMonuments of National/State/Local significanceProtected Tribal settlementsBiosphere reservesWetlands/water bodiesFlood prone areasHills (high physiography areas), Hill resorts, scenic areasAgriculture research stationsMilitary areas, organized bathing places, Areas with established skills (handicrafts, weaving etc)Prime agriculture landsBuffer for National Highway & Railway line (2Km)

The following criteria has been adopted for selection of suitable sites:

– Transport– Major Settlement– Water availability– Industrial Estates– Sensitive area– Land availability– Drainage – Electricity

Based on the above criteria approximately 300 sq.km. of area was identified for siting of industries in each district.

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA ………

SETTLEMENT LOCATION

• MANDAL HEAD QUARTER

Few Maps Generated - Ranga Reddy District

LAND USE LAND COVER MAPEXISTING INDUSTRIES MAP

BASE MAP VILLAGE REFERENCE MAP

Few Maps Generated - Ranga Reddy District

RISK AREA MAP FOR GROUND WATER POLLUTING ACTIVITIESRISK AREA MAP FOR SURFACE WATER POLLUTING ACTIVITIES

RISK AREA MAP FOR AIR POLLUTING ACTIVITIESSENSITIVE ZONE MAP

31 layers overlaid Final Site Suitability MapRanga Reddy Dist., Andhra Pradesh

Further during the year 2006 CPCB has come out with new criteria for preparation of zoning atlas for siting of industries for proper implementation and utilization of the data at micro level study in 1:12500 scale.

Maps generated at 1:12500 help to infer detailed land use regulations; Plot size and location; industrial estate includingtheir basic infrastructure.

Feature CPCB Old Guidelines (followed for IPPP-II

Project)

Revised draft Criteria

Buffers for National Parks, Sanctuaries

25 Km from the sensitive zone are categorized as High Sensitive

Upto 2 Km is High sensitive area, 2-5 Km under Medium Sensitive 5-7 km under low sensitive above 7 km is free zone (allows all type of industries)

Major Cities 25 Km for Major Cities Such as Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam where the more industrial activities are going on

Buffer to the certain important features such as botanical gardens, zoological gardens, religious places, tourist places where the visitors are more than 5Lakh per year. The buffering is also as mentioned above for identifying High, medium, low sensitive areas.

Monuments With in 2 km area is under High sensitive area. Above 2km are low sensitive

Further it is classified as medium ( within 2-5 km area), low (5-7km area) and free zone (>7km area) for monuments

Mangrove area Only the mangrove area is under Sensitive.

Further classified as 4 zones i.e. zone-1 (<2Km), zone-2 (2-5km), zone-3 (5-7km) and zone-4 (>7km)

Modifications in the Criteria for Land use Sensitivity Analysis

Feature CPCB Old Guidelines (followed for IPPP-II Project)

Revised draft Criteria

Air Quality Based on results and type of Industries

Impact potential to be considered where the industries without pollution control equipment in operation

World Heritage sites

Not Considered Sites to be identified and buffers to be created.

Air ports Considered as Sensitive zone

Further buffering to be done

Critical / High Air polluted areas

Only the area is considered as High Sensitive

Further buffering to be done for more high sensitive, medium, Low sensitive areas and free zone.

Game Reserves

Forest

Not considered

Buffers are created for High, Medium and Low sensitive areas.

Sites to be identified and buffers to be created. Only the forest area is kept under Sensitive zone and no further buffers to be created. In case of the forest fall under a National Park or a Sanctuary further buffers to be generated.

Modifications in the Criteria for Land use Sensitivity Analysis

LLand Use Sensitivity – Ranga Reddy District (Including Hyderabad)

S.No Feature / Zone Area as per IPPP-II Database (In Sq. Km)

Area as per Revised draft Criteria (In Sq. Km)

Difference in the area

1 High Sensitive areas (< 2km from sensitive

zones)

5453.18 2272.22 -3180.96

2 Medium Sensitive area (Up to 5km from the

sensitive zone)

1314.84 2276.77 +961.93

3 Low Sensitive areas (Up to 7km from the

sensitive zone)

952.98 1087.43 +134.45

4 Free Zone (> 7km from Sensitive

zones)

- 2073.58 +2073.58

Total Area (Ranga Reddy +

Hyderabad)

7710.00 7710.00

Area considering for Air Polluting Industries without eliminating the areas of Sensitive zones)

Modifications in the Criteria for Surface Water Use SensitivityFeature CPCB Old Guidelines

(followed for IPPP-II Project)Revised draft Criteria

Buffers for National Parks, Sanctuaries

Watersheds up to 25 Km from the Sanctuaries, National Parks

Watersheds up to 10 Km from the Sanctuaries, National Parks as High Sensitive zones, Up to 10 to 15 Km. as Medium Sensitive zones and areas covered above 15 km under low sensitive zones

Wild life Sanctuaries Watersheds up to 15 Km as High Sensitive zones, from 15 km to 25 km under Medium Sensitive zones and above 25km is under Low sensitive zones

Watersheds up to 10 Km from the Sanctuaries, as High Sensitive zones, Up to 10 to 15 Km. as Medium Sensitive zones and areas covered above 15 km under low sensitive zones

Mangrove area Watersheds of mangrove area is under High Sensitive and the adjacent watersheds are under low sensitive

Watersheds up to 10 Km from peripheral of mangrove area as High Sensitive zones, Up to 10 to 15 Km. as Medium Sensitive zones and areas covered above 15 km under low sensitive zones

Catchment areas of irrigation projects (Dams / Reservoir)

Not Considered Watersheds up to 5km periphery as High sensitive zones, from 5 to 7km as under medium sensitive zone and above 7km as under Low sensitive zone

Modifications in the Criteria for Surface Water Use SensitivityFeature CPCB Old Guidelines (followed

for IPPP-II Project)Revised draft Criteria

Agriculture Research Station

Not Considered Watersheds up to 5km periphery as High sensitive zones, from 5 to 7km as under medium sensitive zone and above 7km as under Low sensitive zone

Protected Tribal Settlement

Considered as Sensitive zone Further buffering to be done

Ground Water Recharge areas

Considered in Ground water Usage

Further buffering to be done for more high sensitive, medium, Low sensitive areas and free zone.

Game Reserves Not considered Sites to be identified and buffers to be created.

Forest Buffers are created for High, Medium and Low sensitive areas.

No buffering is required. Only the forest area is kept under Sensitive zone and no further buffers to be created. In case of the forest fall under a National Park or a Sanctuary further buffers to be generated.

Analysis Results on Surface Water Use Sensitivity

S.No Feature / Zone Area as per IPPP-II Database (In

Sq.Km)

Area as per Revised draft

Criteria (In Sq.Km)

Difference in the area

1 High Sensitive areas (High Usage areas)

2920 3060 -140

2 Medium Sensitive area (Medium Usage areas)

4790 1906 +2844

3 Low Sensitive areas (Low usage areas)

- 2744 -2744

Total Area (Ranga Reddy +

Hyderabad)

7710.00 7710.00

Comparison of suitable sites, R.R.Dist.

Zone Area in Sq. Km

Zones Area in Sq. Km

Allowed low air and low water (A3W3)

3263 Allowed low air and low water (A3W3)

1449

Allowed low air and medium water (A3W2)

109 Allowed low air and medium water (A3W2)

51.56

Allowed medium air and low water (A2W3)

850 Allowed medium air and low water (A2W3)

1437

Allowed medium air and medium water (A2W2)

84 Allowed medium air and medium water (A2W2)

149

Allowed all air and Low water (A1W3)

542 Allowed all air and Low water (A1W3)

630

Allowed all air and medium water (A1W2)

169 Allowed all air and medium water (A1W2)

119

-- -- Allowed all air industries only (A1) 1347

Total Area 5017 5182.56

Suitable zones as per old criteria of CPCB

Suitable zones as per new criteria CPCB

Development of Residential areas around existing industrial Estates/ Industries- There is no buffer zone around I.E.s/Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Industrial estates are established primarily in remote areas away from habitations.Townships develop around these IEs/IAs in due course of time.Complaints from the residents of these townships lead to court cases on pollution.

Views of APPCBIEs to develop adequate greenbelt of width 25 to 50 m as peripheral buffer zone.The IEs with common infrastructure facilities such as CETPs, TSDF etc. to be developed for homogenous type of industries rather than heterogeneous.

• As per G.O.Ms.No.111, Dated 8th March, 1996 – Govt. of Andhra Pradesh issued order prohibiting various developments within 10 km radius of Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar Lakes.

• As per G.O.Ms.No.62, Dated 28th April, 1999 – Govt. of Andhra Pradesh issued order permanently banning the establishment and expansion of polluting industries in Medak, Ranga Reddy, Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda Districts.

• As per G.O.Ms.No.148, Dated 18th December, 2000 – Govt. of Andhra Pradesh issued order prohibiting / expansion of air polluting industries within a distance of 25 km from revenue village limits of Turkapally village where Bio-Tech Park is located.

CERTAIN BAN AREAS ………

Siting Criteria of IndustriesThe APPCB formulated guidelines for establishment of the following industries:

1.Cement Grinding units.2.Stone Crushing units3.Dairy units4.LPG Bottling5.Cashew Processing units6.Pulverizing units7.Para boiled Rice mill8.Pesticide formulation units9.Sponge Iron Units10.Siting guidelines for Transportation/Communication system

1. Cement Grinding units(up to 50 TPD)

The distance between the boundary of the site and boundary of the i) National Highway shall be -100 mii) State High way shall be - 50 miii) M.D.R./Village roads shall be - 25 m

The minimum distance between the boundary of the site and human habitation (boundary of Town, Village etc.) shall be 500 m as the pollution is anticipated from fugitive emissions only.Green belt of 20 m width shall be developed along the boundary.Total area of land acquired – Ac. 1.5 Minimum capacity of the unit shall be 20 TPD.Bag filter for grinding as well as cement silo either combindly or separately to be provided for units with capacity more than 50 TPD.

2. Stone Crushing unitsThe distance between the boundary of the site and boundary of the

i) National Highway shall be - 500 mii) State High way, MDR and other roads shall be -100 m

The distance between the boundary of the site and human habitation (boundary of Town, Village etc.) shall not be less than 800 m Preferably located near the quarries There shall be a 5 m width of green belt along the boundary of the site in the 50 m width buffer zone of the stone crushing unit. This green belt shall be developed on outer side of the buffer zone so as to act as a barrier.Total area of land acquired – Ac. 3 to 5.5 depending up on surroundings

3. Dairy unitsThe distance between the boundary of the site and boundary of the

i) National Highway shall be -100 mii) State High way shall be - 50 miii) M.D.R./Village roads shall be - 25 m

The distance between the boundary of the site and human habitation (boundary of Town, Village etc.) shall be at least 500 m Total area of land acquired – Ac. 3.0 Minimum capacity of the plant shall not be less than 5 KLD

4. LPG Bottling (up to 100 Tonnes Storage)

The distance between the boundary of the site and boundary of any road shall be at least 100 m The minimum distance between the boundary of the site and human habitation (boundary of Town, Village etc.) shall be 1 km Total area of land acquired – Ac. 5.0 On site emergency plan to be prepared before the activity is commenced i.e. before the trial production.

5. Cashew Processing unitsDrum Process:-

a) To be located 1 km away from habitationb) No new units to be allowed in Palasa, Kasibugga & Mogilipadu.c) Distance between 2 units shall be 500 m.d) A distance of 500 m shall be maintained between the boundary of site

and the Edge of National & State Highway.e) A distance of 100 m shall be maintained from boundary of site and Edge

of B.T. Roads in the Districts.

Boiling Process:-

a. To be located 300 m away from habitation.

b. No new units to be allowed in Palasa, Kasibugga, Mogilipadu in the districts of Srikakulam & Vizinagaram and Vetapalem in the District of Prakasham.

6. Pulverizing units (up to 50 TPD)

The distance between the boundary of the site and boundary of the

i) National Highway shall be -100 mii) State High way shall be - 50 miii) M.D.R./Village roads shall be - 25 m

The minimum distance between the boundary of the site and human habitation (boundary of Town, Village etc.) shall be 500 mGreen belt of 20 m width shall be developed along the boundary.Total area of land acquired – Ac. 1.5 Bag filter has to be provided for the pulverizer.

7. Para boiled Rice millCategory-I: Plat form (Solar) drying systemCategory-II: Elevator type (forced drying)systemBoiling will be done in one shift in case of Cat-I and two shifts in case of Cat-II.Husk is to be stored in a closed shed only.The air pollution control equipment shall be installed to meet the standards prescribed (SPM- 115.mg/Nm3)The wastewater shall be treated to meet the standards prescribedby the MoE&F, GOI to dispose on land within the premises of the industry.Boiler ash shall be stored in a separate closed shed in one of the corners of the site away from habitation and roads until its final disposal to brick manufacturers.ETP Sludge disposed into secured landfill.

7. Para boiled Rice mill

Area of Land: i. Plant : Ac. 0.5 and ETP : Ac. 0.5ii. To utilise 10 KLD of wastewater Ac. 1.0 of land is requirediii. 10 m wide green belt shall be developed along the boundary. The

total area of land required to set up the plant is as follows:-

Note: For the units who have adopted forced drying system Ac. 0.5 land may be deducted from the total area of land mentioned above.

Capacity TPD Effluent discharge m3/day

Area of land required for land application acres

Total acres

20 25 2.5 3.5

25 30 3.0 4.0

7. Para boiled Rice mill

General:-The new units shall be located at least 0.5 km away from human habitation I.e. boundary of the village/town etc.

The new units shall not be located in the catchment area of drinking water source.

8. Pesticide formulation unitsNo clusters of pesticide formulation units shall be permitted.

The quality of product (after mixing) shall be ensured and certified by agricultural department before going into commercial production. The certificate shall be produced before the APPCB while applying for CFO or when the unit goes for expansion.

The proponent has to substantiate the break-up the capital cost so that a proportionate amount is justified for pollution control measures for odour or dust causing products /processes.

The solid, liquid and gaseous formulation units shall have extraction and scrubbing systems for mitigation of smell or to avoid any accidental leakages of poisonous gases.

Bag filters shall be installed to trap particulate matter at all dust emission points in the process.

Dry mopping vacuum cleaning of floor shall be adopted instead of wet floor washing and vessel cleaning as it prevents water contamination.

Solid waste/drums shall be detoxified and they only disposed off by incineration or to the scrap dealers.

The unit shall be located at least a raidal distance of 1 km away from any human habitation excluding APIIC IEs/IDAs.

All odour causing chemicals in the formulation units shall be stored in a separate place within the premises.

The units shall have at least 50-80% open area other than the factory built up area.

9. Sponge Iron Units

No Population shall exist within 1 km from the periphery of the unit.

In case of recreational areas the distance shall be 2 km from the periphery.

No other Sponge iron plants shall be located within 1km.

The distance between the boundary of the site and the boundary of thea. National Highway and State Highway shall be - 500 mb. Major District roads - 100 m, other roads - 25 m.

The distance between the boundary of the site and the boundary of the gardens / horticulture / orchards / agricultural lands - 1 km.

The built-up area of the plant shall not be more than 50% of total area.

Greenbelt of 10 m width all around the plant premises shall be developed. In the case of sensitive areas the greenbelt shall be 25 mts width in the prevailing wind direction. The greenbelt development shall be done with “Locally Suitable EVERGREEN plants”.

9. Sponge Iron Units (Contd.,)

The SPM emission concentration in stack shall not be more than 100 mg/NM3. The control equipments ESP or bag filters will have 25% addition stand by stages for ESP or bag cells for bag filter.

The height of the stack attached to the Rotary Kiln shall be minimum 75 m from the ground level for 100 T/day and 100 m for 200 T/day capacities.

All sources of fugitive emissions i.e., loading and unloading operations, stock yard, transfer points of conveyors and retreat points shall be controlled fully i.e., with total enclosures and all transfer emissions shall be connected with Extractor inlet point and shall pass through a high efficiency Bag filter before discharging into the atmosphere.

The collected dust from air pollution control equipments shall be disposed in a well designed land fill. Until capping of land fill, top surface shall be kept in wet condition with water sprinklers to avoid re-entrainment into surroundings.

9. Sponge Iron Units (Contd.,)

All internal roads shall be paved with Bitumen or Concrete.

Separate energy meter for air pollution control equipment shall be provided

Iron ore and coal stocks shall be with totally covered shed.

The proponent shall submit an EMP.

10. Siting guidelines from Transportation / Communication system

The distance between the boundary of the site and boundary of the

i) National Highway shall be -100 mii) State High way shall be - 50 miii) M.D.R./Village roads shall be - 25 m

It is applicable to industries other than 9 categories of industries mentioned above, for which specific guidelines are formulated byAPPCB/MOE&F, GOI.

These guidelines are not applicable to the plots located withinindustrial estate.

Studies On Carrying Capacity

• Industries are coming up rapidly, especially in polluted zones/IEs.

• It is necessary to conduct studies on carrying capacity of the area before issuing consents.

• The pollution loads in terms of effluents and emissions to be assessed for the area and area based standards to be developed.

Criteria for siting of Industries and implementation aspect of Zoning Atlas in consent mechanism.

At present there is no legal backing to the Zoning Atlas guidelines given by CPCB.

The MoE&F, GOI vide notification dt.21.06.1999 published Draft Rules for Siting Industrial Projects under the provisions of E(P) Act, 1986.

The MoE&F, GOI are yet to notify the guidelines issued to provide legal status.

Thank ‘Q’