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Name: _________________________________________________ Date: ___________________________

Regents Review Packet

Scientific Method: Control Group - ______________________________________________________________________________

Experimental Group - _________________________________________________________________________

Dependent Variable - _________________________________________________________________________

Independent Variable - ________________________________________________________________________

Constants - __________________________________________________________________________________

In the reading below identify each of the vocabulary terms that you defined above.

A scientist conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis that maple seeds exposed to acid rain will take longer to germinate than seeds exposed to normal rain, which has a pH of 5.6. The scientist set up four groups, each containing 200 maple seeds. The water used for each group had a different pH value: 5.6, 4.0, 3.0, and 2.0. All other conditions were kept the same. After ten days, the number of seeds that had germinated in each group was counted.

Control Group - _______________________________________________________________________

Experimental Group - __________________________________________________________________

Dependent Variable - __________________________________________________________________

Independent Variable - _________________________________________________________________

Constants - __________________________________________________________________________

________ 1. A student conducted an original, well-designed experiment, carefully following proper scientific procedure. In order for the conclusions to become generally accepted, the experiment must . . . A) contain several experimental variables B) support the original hypothesis C) be repeated to verify the data D) be conducted by a scientist ________ 2. A student tossed a coin five times and observed results of four tails and one head. He concluded there is an 80% chance of getting tails and a 20% chance of getting heads. The conclusion would be more valid if . . . A) only two tosses had been done B) the weight of the coin was measured C) a greater number of tosses had been done D) the surface the coin landed on was flat ________ 3. In an early trial of the Salk vaccine for polio, 1,830,000 school children participated. This original trial was an attempt to determine whether the Salk vaccine was effective in preventing polio. Of the 1,830,000 children involved only 440,000 received the vaccine. The remainder were not given the vaccine because they. . . A) had a natural immunity B) already had polio C) served as the control D) were allergic to the vaccine ________ 4. In the polio experiment which factor would be the independent variable? A) whether or not the children were given the vaccine B) the number of children that did not get polio C) the number of children in the experiment D) the food they children were fed ________ 5. If the children receive the vaccine then they will not contract polio. This is an example of a(n) A) constant B) control group C) variable D) hypothesis

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Cells: List the function of each organelle listed below

Nucleus - ____________________________________________________________________________

Cell Membrane - ______________________________________________________________________

Ribosome - __________________________________________________________________________

Mitochondria - _______________________________________________________________________

Golgi Body - __________________________________________________________________________

Cytoplasm - __________________________________________________________________________

Endoplasmic Reticulum - _______________________________________________________________

Chloroplast - _________________________________________________________________________

Cell Wall - ___________________________________________________________________________

Centriole - ___________________________________________________________________________

Vacuole - ____________________________________________________________________________

Label the Cells below:

Fill in the chart below about the different processes that occur in cells:

Cell Process Description Formula Organelle Picture

Diffusion / Active Transport

Respiration

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Photosynthesis

Protein Synthesis

What process occurs to make energy in cells when there is not enough oxygen? _________________________________ ________ 1. Some early heterotrophs evolved into autotrophs because of their ability to synthesize organic compounds from water and

A) Hydrochloric acid B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Hydrogen

________ 2. What happens to certain nutrient molecules after they pass into muscle cells? A) They are replicated in the nucleus. B) They are changed into tissues and organs in the cytoplasm. C) They enter chloroplasts, where they can absorb light energy. D) They are acted on by enzymes and release the energy they contain.

________ 3. Which statement regarding the functioning of the cell membrane of all organisms is not correct? A) The cell membrane forms a boundary that separates the cellular contents from the outside environment. B) The cell membrane is capable of receiving and recognizing chemical signals. C) The cell membrane forms a barrier that keeps all substances that might harm the cell from entering the cell. D) The cell membrane controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell.

________ 4. Which diagram represents an organelle that contains the enzymes needed to synthesize ATP in the presence of oxygen? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 ________ 5. Which structure includes all of the others?

A) nucleolus B) nucleus C) chromosomes D) genes

________ 6. Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in the

A) concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell B) concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane C) rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane D) rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell

________ 7. Sodium ions are "pumped" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration in the nerve cells of humans. This process is an example of

A) diffusion B) passive transport C) osmosis D) active transport

________ 8. Which letter in the diagram below indicates an organelle that functions primarily in the synthesis of proteins? ________ 9. Which organelle would perform cellular respiration? ________ 10. Which organelle stores the hereditary information?

A

B C

D

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Mitosis & Meiosis Draw a simplified diagram of each:

Mitosis: Meiosis: Fill in the chart below:

# Chromosomes Processes it’s

involved in

Genetic Make-up

of Cells Recombination

Cells

Started

with

Cells

ended

with

Mitosis

Meiosis

________ 1. Which diagram most accurately represents mitosis? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 ________ 2. What would most likely result if mitosis was not accompanied by cytoplasmic division? A) two cells, each with one nucleus B) two cells, each without a nucleus

C) one cell with two identical nuclei D) one cell without a nucleus

________ 3. The process of meiotic cell division in a human male usually forms . . . A) one diploid cell, only B) four diploid cells C) one haploid cell, only D) four haploid cells ________ 4. A normal body cell of a fruit fly contains eight chromosomes. Each normal gamete of this organism contains A) four chromosomes as a result of meiosis B) four chromosomes as a result of mitosis C) eight chromosomes as a result of meiosis D) eight chromosomes as a result of mitosis ________ 5. Organisms that reproduce asexually usually do so by a form of cell division involving A) meiosis B) fertilization C) mitosis D) gamete formation ________ 6. Which is one of the early steps in the formation of both egg and sperm cells?

A) chromosome pairing B) polar body formation C) unequal division of cytoplasm D) yolk accumulation ________ 7. If a lobster loses its claw, it is capable of growing a new one. What process makes this possible? A) meiosis B) fertilization C) sexual reproduction D) mitosis ________ 8. Which statement best describes the sperm cells of an animal that are produced from primary sex cells? A) They are diploid as a result of mitotic division. B) They are genetically identical to the primary sex cells.

C) They are larger than egg cells. D) They contain the haploid number of chromosomes.

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Reproduction Fill in the chart: What is the point of the menstrual cycle? ________________________________________________________________

What events have to occur for a woman to become pregnant? _______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

What occurs after the zygote is formed? _________________________________________________________________

Why are the cells from an embryo so special? _____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does a placenta do? ____________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the chart below:

Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System

Organ Function Letter in Diagram

Organ Function Letter in Diagram

Ovary Testes

Oviduct Vas Deferns

Uterus Penis

Vagina Urethra

Cervix Glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, & cowper’s)

Asexual Sexual

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________ 1. Chromosomes normally occur as homologous pairs in A) a sperm cell B) an egg cell C) a zygote D) a gamete

________ 2. In humans, the fusion of the nuclei of two functional gametes results in the formation of a A) monoploid cell B) zygote

C) cotyledon D) polyploid cell ________ 3. As a fertilized frog egg develops into an embryo, it undergoes A) one meiotic cell division, only B) many meiotic cell divisions C) one mitotic cell division, only D) many mitotic cell divisions ________ 4. What substances are involved in controlling the production of sperm and eggs in humans? A) vitamins B) starches C) hormones D) minerals ________ 5. Use the diagram above. Gametes are produced in A) A, only B) both A and J B) J, only D) A, J, and C ________ 6. Estrogen and progesterone are produced in A) the ovaries B) the placenta C) the uterus D) the oviduct ________ 7. Which substance is a waste that would normally diffuse across the placenta from embryo to mother? A) glucose B) amino acids C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide ________ 8. Use the diagram above. Fertilization usually occurs in which structure? A) A B) B C) C D) D ________ 9. The number of autosomes and type of sex chromosome normally present in a human egg cell is A) 44 + XY B) 44 + XX C) 22 + Y D) 22 + X ________ 10. An embryo that developed from in vitro fertilization would be implanted in the mother’s A) ovary B) uterus C) stomach D) placenta ________ 11. What is the function of the amniotic fluid? A) nourishment B) protection C) excretion D) respiration ________ 12. Use the Diagram above. If structure H were cut and tied off, which change would occur immediately? A) hormones would no longer be produced B) sperm would no longer be produced C) sperm would be produced but no longer released 4) urine would be produced, but no longer released ________ 13. Children born to same parents can be very different from one another. These differences are due to A) mitosis B) meiosis C) asexual reproduction D) cloning ________ 14. Which hormones are produced by the ovaries? A) progesterone and estrogen B) LH and FSH C) FSH and progesterone D) LH and estrogen

E F

G

H

J

I I

I

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Body Systems Put the following in order from smallest to largest: organ system, tissues, cells, organs

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

System Function Major Organs

Digestive

Circulatory

Respiratory

Excretory

Endocrine

Immune

Nervous

Skeletal / Muscular

Define the following:

Vaccine: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Antibody: ___________________________________________________________________________________

Antigen: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Pathogen: ___________________________________________________________________________________

Homeostasis: ________________________________________________________________________________

Metabolism: _________________________________________________________________________________

Why would a donated organ be rejected? ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do we avoid organ rejection? ______________________________________________________________________

If we used stem cells would the organ be rejected? Explain. _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

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________ 1. The main function of the human digestive system is to A) Rid the body of cellular waste materials B) Process organic molecules C) Break down glucose in order to release energy D) Change amino acids into proteins and carbohydrates

________ 2. A drastic change in the metabolic rate of a human would most likely result from the A) oversecretion of the salivary glands B) overproduction of auxins C) deterioration of the skeletal system D) malfunction of the endocrine glands ________ 3. In animals, enzymes and hormones are similar in that both substances A) do not contain the element nitrogen B) function only within cells C) are products of cell synthesis D) must be ingested ________ 4. During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring, which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of A) maintenance of homeostasis B) an antigen-antibody reaction C) an acquired characteristic D) environmental factors affecting phenotype ________ 5. A pulse can be detected most easily in A) an artery B) a vein C) a capillary D) a lacteal ________ 6. Many bacteria that enter the circulatory system are engulfed and destroyed by A) phagocytic white blood cells B) pinocytic red blood cells C) plasma D) platelets ________ 7. A student accidentally places her hand on a tack and quickly pulls her hand away. The tack represents A) a stimulus B) an impulse C) a response D) an effector ________ 8. In humans, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the plasma A) causes increased production of hydrochloric acid B) regulates gastric acid production C) regulates breathing rate by its effect on the medulla D) causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes ________ 9. Homeostasis is illustrated in the human body by the effects of insulin on the amount of A) proteins digested B) amnino acids absorbed into the blood C) oxygen transport to the lungs D) glucose in the blood ________ 10. Maintenance of the pH of human blood within a certain range is an example of A) metabolism B) synthesis C) respiration D) homeostasis

Genetics Label the DNA below: Write the matching nitrogen base on the lines below:

DNA: A T C G

DNA: _____ ______ ______ ______

DNA: A T C G

RNA: _____ ______ ______ ______

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Replication Transcription Translation

Define:

Where it

happens:

Molecules

involved and

their role:

Why it

happens:

Transcribe and then translate the following DNA sequence. Use the chart below.

DNA: A A T G C G T C A C A A

RNA: _______________________________________________________________________________

Amino Acids : ______________________________________________________________________________

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What is a mutation? _________________________________________________________________________________

What would happen to this sequence if a point mutation occurred in the DNA changing the second G to an A?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

What if that G was simply deleted? _____________________________________________________________________

What type of mutation would the deletion be considered? __________________________________________________

Which mutation would be more detrimental? WHY? _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is this picture of? __________________________________________________

What was used to pair them? _____________________________________________

Is this individual a male or female? _________________________________________

How do you know? ______________________________________________________

Does (he/she) have any disorder? __________________________________________

What technique was used to make the picture to the right?

_________________________________________________

What could it be used for? ___________________________

_________________________________________________

How is the DNA separated? __________________________

Could ‘D’ be the child of ‘B’ and ‘C’? Explain. _____________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Draw a banding pattern, to the right of the gel, that could occur if ‘B’ and ‘C’ had a child.

Define:

Cloning: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Selective Breeding: ___________________________________________________________________________

Recombinant DNA: ___________________________________________________________________________

A B C D

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Which term above would be considered genetic engineering? ________________________________________________

Why would we want to perform the

procedure depicted in the diagram to

the right? _______________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

What is used to cut the DNA? ____________________________________________________

Why will the offspring of these bacteria also be able to produce human insulin? _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do all cells in one organism have the same genetic code? If no, why not; If yes how do the cells differentiate then? _____

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

________ 1. Breeders have developed a variety of chicken that has no feathers. Which methods were most likely used to produce this variety? A) artificial selection and inbreeding B) grafting and hybridization C) regeneration and incubation D) vegetative propagation and binary fission ________ 2. Which statement best describes the outcome of the procedure below?

A) Bacterial cells will destroy defective human genetic material B) Bacterial cells may form a Multicellular embryo C) The inserted human DNA will change the harmful bacteria to harmless ones D) The inserted human DNA may direct the synthesis of human proteins

________ 3. One disadvantage of a genetic mutation in a human skin cell is that it A) may result in the production of a defective protein B) may alter the sequence of simple insulin molecules C) can lead to a lower mutation rate in the offspring D) can alter the rate of all the metabolic processes

________ 4. The DNA segments from the human and bacteria are joined by the action of A) starch molecules B) simple sugars C) enzymes B) hormones ________ 5. Cytochrome c is an enzyme located in the mitochondria of many types of cells. The number of differences in the amino acid sequences of Cytochrome c from different species are compared to human Cytochrome c in the data table below. Which organism below has a DNA code for Cytochrome c that is closest to a humans? A) tuna B) chicken C) moth D) dog

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________ 6. The transfer of genes from parents to their offspring is known as A) differentiation B) immunity

C) heredity D) evolution ________ 7. Individual cells can be isolated from a mature plant and grown with special mixtures of growth hormones to produce a number of genetically identical plants. This process is known as . . .

A) cloning B) meiotic division C) recombinant DNA technology D) selective breeding

________ 8. In an experiment, DNA from dead pathogenic bacteria was transferred into living bacteria that do not cause disease. These altered bacteria were then injected into healthy mice. These mice died of the same disease caused by the original pathogens. Based on this information, which statement would be a valid conclusion?

A) DNA is present only in living organisms B) DNA functions only in the original organism of which it was a part of C) DNA changes the organism receiving the injection into the original organism D) DNA from a dead organism can become active in another organism

________ 9. The headline “Improved Soybeans Produce Healthier Vegetable Oils” accompanies an article describing how a biotechnology company controls the types of lipids present in soybeans. The improved soybeans are most likely being developed by the process of A) natural selection B) asexual reproduction C) genetic engineering D) habitat modification ________ 10. The sequence of events occurring in the life cycle of a bacterium is listed below:

(A) the bacterium copies its single chromosome (B) the copies of the chromosome attach to the cell membrane of the bacterium (C) as the cell grows, the two copies of the chromosome separate (D) the cell is separated by a wall into equal halves (E) each new cell has one copy of the chromosome

This sequence most closely resembles the process of . . . A) recombination B) zygote formation C) mitotic cell division D) meiotic cell division

________ 11. Which statement best describes human insulin that is produced by genetically engineered bacteria? A) this insulin will not function normally in humans because it is produced by bacteria B) This insulin is produced as a result of human insulin being inserted into bacteria cells C) This insulin is produced as a result of exposing bacteria cells to radiation, which produces a mutuation D) This insulin may have fewer side effects than insulin previously extracted from the pancreas of other animals ________ 12. Structures in a human female are represented in the diagram to the right. A heavy dose of radiation would have the greatest impact on genetic information in future offspring if it reached gametes developing in structure

A) A B) B C) C D) D

________ 13. The diagram below shows a process that can occur during meiosis. This process will most likely result in

A) a new combination of inheritable traits that can appear in the offspring

B) an inability to pass either of these chromosomes on to offspring

C) a loss of genetic information that will produce a genetic disorder in the offspring D) an increase in the chromosome number of the organism in which this process occurs ________ 14. When DNA separates into two strands, the DNA would most likely be directly involved in A) replication B) translation C) fertilization D) mutation

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________ 15. Scientific studies show that identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different homes may vary in height, weight, and intelligence. The most probable explanation for these differences is that A) original genes of each twin increased in number as they developed B) one twin received genes only from the mother with the other twin received genes only from the father C) environments in which they were raised were different enough to affect the expression of the genes D) environments in which they were raised were different enough to change the genetic makeup of both

individuals

Evolution Theory of Natural Selection:

Overproduction - _____________________________________________________________________________

Competition - ________________________________________________________________________________

Survival of the Fittest - _________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Reproduction - _______________________________________________________________________________

Speciation - _________________________________________________________________________________

Sources of evidence for evolution: ______________________________________________________________________

Which two organisms in the diagram are most

closely related? ___________________________

________________________________________

Which ancestor is a common ancestor to all of the

organisms on the tree? _____________________

What is this tree depicting? __________________

_________________________________________

When organisms evolve they go from _________________________ to ______________________________

Why does extinction occur? ___________________________________________________________________________

Evolution will occur more quickly if . . . __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why is variation important? ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

What information do we use to classify organisms? ________________________________________________________

D

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Seven Level of Classification: ___________________________ ____________________________ _________________

______________________ __________________________ __________________________ _____________________

Which group has the most in common? ____________________________ Least? _______________________________

________ 1. The diagram below represents the genetic contents of a cell before and after a specific reproductive process. This process is considered a mechanism of evolution because it

A) decreases the chance for new combinations of inheritable traits in a species B) decreases the probability that genes can be passed on to other body cells

C) increases the change for variations on offspring D) increases the number of offspring an organism can produce Use the reading, chart, and picture below to answer questions 2 and 3. ________ 2. The number of waggle runs in 15 seconds for each type of species is most likely due to . . .

A) behavioral adaptation as a result of natural selection B) alterations in gene structure as a result of diet C) replacement of one species by another as a result of succession D) learned behaviors inherited as a result of asexual reproduction

________ 3. As the distance to food increases, what happens to the number of waggles? A) they increase B) they decrease C) they increase the decrease D) they remain the same ________ 4. Which statement best describes a population of organisms if cloning is the only method used to reproduce?

A) The population would be more likely to adapt to a changing environment B) There would be little change for variation within the population C) The population would evolve rapidly D) The mutation rate in the population would be rapid

________ 5. Relationships between plant species may most accurately be determined by comparing the A) habitats in which they live B) structure of guard cells C) base sequences of DNA D) shape of their leaves

________ 6. Researchers discovered four different species of finches on one of the Galapagos Islands. DNA analysis showed that these four species, shown in the illustration below, are closely related even though the varying beak shape and size. It is thought that they share a common ancestor. What factor most likely influences these differences in beak shape and size?

A) Birds with poorly adapted beaks changed their beaks to get food B) Birds with yellow beaks were able to hide from predators C) Birds with successful beak adaptations obtained food and survived to have offspring D) Birds with large, sharp beaks become dominant

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________ 7. The diagram below illustrates possible evolutionary pathways of some species. Which statement is a valid inference based on the information in the diagram? A) Species A is the common ancestor of all life on

Earth B) Species D is more closely related to species E than

to species F C) Species B is the ancestor of species F D) Species C is the ancestor of a species that exists at

the present time

________ 8. In the diagram above letters A through J represent different species. The vertical distances between the dotted lines represent long periods of time in which major environmental changes occurred. Which species appears to have been most successful surviving changes in the environment over time? A) A B) B C) C D) H ________ 9. Use the diagram above. Which species was the first to become extinct? A) E B) J C) C D) D ________ 10. Which statement is not a part of the concept of natural selection? A) Individuals that possess the most favorable variations will have the best chance of reproducing B) Variation occurs among individuals in a population C) More individuals are produces than will survive D) Genes of an individual adapt to a changing environment ________ 11. Organism X appeared on Earth much earlier than organism Y. Many scientists believe organism X appeared between 3 and 4 billion years ago, and organism Y appeared approximately 1 billion years ago. Which row in the chart to the right most likely describes organism X and Y? ________ 12. In order for a new species to develop, there must be a change in the A) temperature of the environment B) migration patterns within a population B) genetic makeup of a population D) rate of succession in the environment ________ 13. According to most scientists, which sequence best represents the order of biological events on Earth?

A) A B C B) B A C C) B C A D) C A B

A

B

C

D

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Ecology Write the appropriate vocabulary term on the line below the picture depicting it.

1. _____________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. ________________________

4. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________________ 6. ________________________

What are the differences in the levels of ecology?

Population:

Community:

Ecosystem:

Biosphere:

Define:

Autotroph - _________________________________________________________________________________

Heterotroph - _______________________________________________________________________________

Mutualism - ________________________________________________________________________________

Commensalism - _____________________________________________________________________________

Parasitism - _________________________________________________________________________________

Decomposer - _______________________________________________________________________________

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Write the formula:

Photosynthesis: Cellular Respiration:

What does this picture show? ______________________

_______________________________________________

Label the trophic levels . . .

What can we determine from this picture? ____________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

What is lost from each trophic level to the next?

______________________________________________

Where do we get the energy to sustain life on Earth?

_______________________________________

Human Impact on the Environment:

Negative Impacts Positive Impacts

Term: Definition: Affects on Environment: Term: Definition: Affects on Environment:

Global

Warming

Alternative

Energy

Deforestation

Renewable

Resources

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Agriculture

Laws and

Regulations

Direct

Harvesting

Nature

Preserves

Invasive

Species

Endangered

Species List

Pollution

Reduce,

Reuse,

Recycle

Ozone

Depletion

Reducing

Emissions

What is a trade-off? _________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give me an example: ________________________________________________________________________

________ 1. A rocky island appears as oceanic waters recede. Which of the following forms of vegetation would probably appear first on the bare rocks? A) lichens B) weeds C) shrubs D) pioneer trees

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________ 2. The map to the right shows the movement of some air pollution across part of the Unite States. Which statement is a correct inference that can be drawn from this information?

A) Illinois produces more air pollution than the other states shown B) The air pollution problem in Baltimore in increased by the addition of pollution from other areas C) There are no air pollution problems in the southern states D) The air pollution in Virginia clears up as the air moves toward the sea

________ 3. Communities have attempted to control the size of mosquito populations to prevent the spread of certain diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. Which control method is most likely to cause the least ecological damage?

A) draining the swamps where mosquitos live B) spraying swamps with chemical pesticides to kill mosquitoes C) spraying oil over swamps to suffocate mosquito larvae D) increasing population of native fish that feed on mosquito larvae in the swamps

________ 4. Which animal has modified ecosystems more than any other animal and has had the greatest negative impact on world ecosystems?

A) gypsy moth B) human C) zebra mussel D) shark

________ 5. Which life process is classified as autotrophic in some organisms and heterotrophic in other organisms? A) hormonal regulation B) nutrition C) anaerobic respiration C) transport ________ 6. An ecosystem, such as an aquarium, is self-sustaining if it involves the interaction between organisms, a flow of energy, and the presence of A) equal numbers of plants and animals B) more animals than plants C) materials cycles D) pioneer organisms ________ 7. All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere within which life exists is known as A) a population B) a community C) a biome D) the biosphere ________ 8. Which organisms are dependent upon other animals for food? A) producers B) herbivores C) scavengers D) primary consumers ________ 9. The timber wolves, rabbits, and vegetation in a particular region of northern New York together constitute part of a

A) population B) community C) genus D) species ________ 10. Which factor is a major cause of global warming?

A) increased burning of fossil fuels B) increased number of green plants C) decreased mineral availability D) decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

________ 11. Which situation has had the most negative effect on the ecosystems of Earth? A) use of air pollution controls B) use of natural predators to control insect pests C) recycling glass, plastic, and metals D) increasing the human population

________ 12. Some farmers currently grow genetically engineered crops. An argument against the use of this technology is that

A) it increases crop production B) it produces insect-resistant plants C) it always results in crops that do not taste good D) its long-term effects on humans are still being investigated

________ 13. In order to reduce consumption of nonrenewable resources, human could A) burn coal to heat houses instead of using oil B) heat household water with solar radiation C) increase industrialization D) use a natural-gas grill to barbeque instead of charcoal

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Biochemistry What is an enzyme? _________________________________________________________________________________ Why do we need them? ______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________ Name two things that would affect the rate at which an enzyme works. _____________________ and _______________ Why do these affect how an enzyme works? ______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________ Explain the differences: Photosynthesis: Cell Respiration: Fermentation: Subunits:

Proteins DNA Polysaccharides Lipids

Subunits

Number of possible subunits

Example

________ 1. What does the process of photosynthesis produce? A) starch, which is metabolized into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis B) protein, which is metabolized into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis C) glycerol, which is metabolized into more complex carbohydrates by dehydration synthesis D) glucose, which is metabolized into more complex carbohydrates by dehydration synthesis ________ 2. A compound that is synthesized by both humans and geranium plants is A) cellulose B) ATP C) ethyl alcohol D) chlorophyll ________ 3. Most end-products of complete chemical digestion are described as A) high-energy inorganic compounds B) small, soluble organic molecules C) large, insoluble organic molecules D) complex inorganic compounds ________ 4. In humans, which substance is produced anaerobically during strenuous activity?

A) lactic acid B) glycogen C) carbon dioxide D) alcohol ________ 5. Proteins are composed of . . . A) nucleic acids B) monosaccharide C) amino acids D) fatty acids and glycerol ________ 6. What are the subunits that make up DNA? A) nucleic acids B) monosaccharide C) amino acids D) fatty acids and glycerol

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________ 7. Which process provides most of the oxygen found in Earth's atmosphere? A) photosynthesis B) aerobic respiration C) dehydration synthesis D) fermentation ________ 8. Which type of organism is essential to the nitrogen cycle? A) cows B) bacteria C) insects D) deer 9. What do you think would be an appropriate label for Z in the graph? _____________________________________________________________

Part D - NYS Lab Questions: Making Connections Diffusion through a

Membrane

Relationships and

Biodiversity

Beaks of Finches

Purpose

Procedure

What We

Learned

22

The diagram below shows the results of a test that was done using DNA samples from three bears of different species. Each DNA sample was cut into fragments using a specific enzyme and placed in the wells as indicated below. The DNA fragments were the separated using gel electrophoresis. 1. Identify one procedure that could be used to separate different

types of molecules in a liquid mixture. __________________________

__________________________________________________________

2. Which two bears are most closely related? Support your answer with

data from the gel. ________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Identify one additional way to determine the evolutionary relationship of these bears. __________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments? __________________________________________________

__________ 5. An investigation was set up to study the movement of water through a membrane. The results are shown in the diagram below. Based on these results, which statement correctly predicts what will happen to red blood cells when they are placed in a beaker containing a water solution in which the salt concentration is much higher than the salt concentration in the red blood cell. A) The red blood cells will absorb water and increase

in size B) The red blood cells will lose water and decrease in size C) The red blood cells will first absorb water, then lose water and maintain their normal size D) The red blood cells will first lose water, then absorb water, and finally double in size

6. Why does the starch no diffuse across the membrane?

___________________________________________________

7. A student measures his pulse rate while he is watching television and records it. Next, he walks to a friend’s house nearby, and when he arrives measures and records his pulse rate again. He and his friend decide to run to the mall a few blocks away. On arriving at the mall, the student measures and record his pulse rate once again. Finally, after sitting and talking for a half hour, the student measures and records his pulse rate for the last time. Which graph below best illustrates the expected changes in his pulse rate according to the activities described above?

A) B)

C) D)

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8. A model of a cell is prepared and placed in a beaker of fluids as shown in the diagram below. The letters A, B, and C represent substances in the initial experimental setup. The table below summarizes the content and appearance of the cell model and beaker after 20 minutes.

Complete the table below to summarize the change in location of substance C in the experimental setup.

9. Identify substance B and explain why it did not move out of the cell. ________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. An investigation was carried out over a five-year period to measure effect of color on the survival of trout in a stream. The stream contained many brightly colored stones and food was plentiful. At the start of the investigation (year 0), 100 bright-colored trout and 100 drab-colored trout were placed into a section of the stream that had been blocked with netting. Investigators monitored the trout population and recorded the water condition each time a count was done. The data collected are shown in the table below.

Mark an appropriate scale on each axis, plot the bright colored trout on the grid and surround each point with a circle and connect the points, plot the drab colored trout on the grid and surround each point with a triangle and connect the points.