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    APPROVAL SHEET

    Complete report of animals development with title Regeneration who is

    made by:

    Name : Nur Rezki Octavia

    Reg. No : 081404174

    Group : V (fifth)

    Class : Biology ICP

    Department : Biology

    After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

    Makassar, January 2010

    Assistant Coordinator Assistant

    ASO KILEKSO MUTMAINNA EKAWATIReg. No: 061404001 Reg. No: 071404189

    Lecturer

    Ir. Halifah Pagarra, Msi

    Reg. No: 1955 0915 1983 032 001

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    CHAPTER I

    INTRODUCTION

    A. BackgroundAnimal development or embryonic development is one of branch from

    biology science that study from zygote forming process then birth and after birth.

    Beside that, at animal development is also studied about some of development

    concepts at adult animal and regeneration process.

    Generally, development is divided into two parts; they are prenatal

    development and post natal development. Post natal development I s divided into

    direct development and indirect development. At animal development lesson, one

    of subject matter is regeneration. As we know that regeneration is animal ability

    to regenerate their body that have lost at almost animals.

    Regeneration ability is looked clearly at spon (porifera), coelenterate,

    vermes, and there are among them that can make a new individual from their

    body fragments. At vertebrate regeneration ability their main body structures is

    limited at Urodella that can change their body, eye, and lost gill. At some ofLacertilia that can regenerate their tail that lost, like some of tadpole. At

    vertebrate animal that have highest class dont have regenerate ability their body.

    Regeneration just is happened as physiologies, like blood cells, skin, and

    integument derivates that happened during their life.

    Limb regeneration in newts occurs in two major steps, first de-

    differentiation of adult cells into a stem cell state similar to embryonic cells and

    second, development of these cells into new tissue more or less the same way it

    developed the first time. Simpler animals like planarian have an enhanced

    capacity to regenerate because the adults retain clusters of stem cells within their

    bodies that migrate to the parts of the body that need healing then divide and

    differentiate to provide the required missing tissue.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation
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    Based on the above statement, to find out more about regeneration in this

    observation we would use some of small fish that is cut their tail with several of

    models. So, we can prove or compare directly between theory and observations

    directly that we observe at the time of this observation. In addition, in this

    observation we learned more lessons about regeneration.

    B. PurposeIn this Regeneration experiment has purpose the student can get a good

    understanding about development concepts at adult animal, regeneration, and

    regeneration process.

    C. BenefitAt this observation there some of benefits are:

    1. The student can know and understand about development concepts at adultanimal, regeneration, and regeneration process.

    2. The student can compare with theory and observation result about pituitarygland hormone and artificial fertilization process.

    3. The student can use this paper as reference.

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    CHAPTER II

    PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

    Development is a process progressive change that is occurred in cell, tissue,

    organ, or organism during the alive distance. Development is transformation process

    from one situation, structure or situation function, other structure and function that is

    occurred as progressive and permanent relative, for example egg frog development

    become adult frog, seed germination, regenerate organ that is amputated at

    Salamander, or development of larva become butterfly (Adnan, 2008).

    In biology, an organism is said to regenerate a lost or damaged part if the part

    regrows so that the original function is restored. Regenerative capacity is inversely

    related to complexity: in general, the more complex an animal is the less regeneration

    it is capable of. Where as newts, for example, can regenerate severed limbs, mammals

    can not do it. Limb regeneration in newts occurs in two major steps, first de-

    differentiation of adult cells into a stem cell state similar to embryonic cells and

    second, development of these cells into new tissue more or less the same way it

    developed the first time. Simpler animals like planarian have an enhanced capacity toregenerate because the adults retain clusters of stem cells within their bodies that

    migrate to the parts of the body that need healing then divide and differentiate to

    provide the required missing tissue (Anonyma, 2010).

    Regeneration ability is looked clearly at spon (porifera), coelenterate, vermes,

    and there are among them that can make a new individual from their body fragments.

    At vertebrate regeneration ability their main body structures is limited at Urodella

    that can change their body, eye, and lost gill. At some of Lacertilia that can

    regenerate their tail that lost, like some of tadpole. At vertebrate animal that have

    highest class dont have regenerate ability their body. Regeneration just is happened

    as physiologies, like blood cells, skin, and integument derivates that happened during

    their life (Adnan, Asmawati, and Halifah, 2009).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology
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    Many vertebrate and invertebrate taxa have the ability to autotomizeand later

    regenerate appendages and with this process come bothcosts and benefits. For

    example, an animal might lose a legto avoid a predator but as a result become a less

    effective predator itself. These impacts of autotomy and regeneration on foraging

    might differ based on habitat complexity as well. Autotomy (self-amputation) of

    appendages and subsequent regeneration of the lost parts are common across many

    taxonomic groups including vertebrates, echinoderms, crustaceans and arachnids.

    Both these processes are presumed ancestralacross the animal kingdom (Anonym

    b,

    2010).

    Along their life of organism, some of their body will destroyed or lost. Most

    of organism until certain grade has ability to change that lost part. That change

    process is called regeneration. Animal ability to regenerate lost part is very various

    from one species to other species. Spons can regenerate their body just with

    conglomeration their cells. This is can be occurred too at Hydra. Planaria can

    regenerate all of organism become a new organism. Aves and mammalian can not

    regenerate their all of organ but they can regenerate their tissue, repair the destroyed

    tissue (Kimball, 1991).

    According to Bresnick in Adnan book (2008), regeneration is process that is

    occurred in some of step, they are:

    a. Wound convalescenceb. Repairing tissuec. Forming blastodemad. Morphology and redefferentiation

    Regeneration have process in stream blood that cover a hurt surface under

    epithelial cells that move as muboid and need 3 days so skin can close that hurt.

    Redefferentiation tissue cells around hurt so become have characteristic young again

    and pluriponent to make a new tissue (Yatim,1993).

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    According to Yatim (1993), regeneration process are:

    a. Blood stream cover the hurt, then freeze and make scab that has protectioncharacter.

    b. Skin epithelial spread to hurt surface, under scab so become young character againand pluripoteni to make various kinds of new tissue.

    c. Blastodema forming, is bud regenerate at free surface of hurt.d. Redefferentiation cells that is differentiated, together with ploriferation blastoedma

    cells stopped.

    In Salamanders, the regeneration process begins immediately after

    amputation. Limb regeneration in the axolotl and newt have been extensively studied.

    After amputation, the epidermis migrates to cover the stump in less than 12 hours,

    forming a structure called the apical epidermal cap (AEC). Over the next several days

    there are changes in the underlying stump tissues that result in the formation of a

    blastema (a mass of dedifferentiated proliferating cells). As the blastema forms,

    pattern formation genessuch as HoxA and HoxDare activated as they were when

    the limb was formed in the embryo. The distal tip of the limb (the autopod, which is

    the hand or foot) is formed first in the blastema (Anonyma, 2010).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolotlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolotlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander
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    CHAPTER III

    EXPERIMENT METHODE

    A. Time and PlaceDay/Date : Saturday/December 26

    th, 2009

    Time : At 03.00 pm until 04.30 pm

    Place of experiment : The 3rd

    floor of Biology laboratory, the east part

    Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State

    University.

    B. Tool and Material1. Tools:

    a. 3 Plastic topplesb. Rulerc. Scissorsd. Camera

    2. Materials:a.

    3 Small fish

    b. Hydrilla vaerticillatac. Fresh waterd. Label

    C. Work Procedure1. Prepared the tool and material that is used.2. Filled topples with fresh water andHydrilla vaerticillata.3. Gave label at each topples suitable the treatment are sloping, vertical, and

    triangle.

    4. Measured the three early size of tail fish that is begun from basic tail until tiptail.

    5. Took the early three fish picture.

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    6. Cut their tail with treatment sloping, vertical, and triangle.7. Took the fish picture after got treatment.8. Took the small fish into each topples.9. Observed the regeneration process or length increase fro the three small fish

    during two weeks.

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    CHAPTER IV

    RESULT OF OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION

    A. Result of Observation1. Table of Tail Measuring Observation

    No Treatment WeekLong Tail

    Before After

    1. Vertical 0 0.8 0.3

    1 0.8 0.5

    2. Triangle 0 1.0 0.4

    1 1.0 0.5

    3. Sloping 0 1.0 0.2

    1 1.0 0.4

    2. Analyze Dataa)Tail adding

    -VerticaladdingTail

    1

    addingTail

    cm/ week.20

    1

    2.00

    -TriangleaddingTail 1

    addingTail

    cm/ week.10

    1

    1.00

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    -SlopingaddingTail 1

    addingTail

    cm/ week.20

    1

    2.00

    b)Regeneration speed-Vertical

    -Triangle-

    -Sloping-

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    B. DiscussionAt this observation, we use three small fish. The three small fish would get

    different treatment. They would be cut their tail with three treatment, they are the

    first fish cut vertical, the second cut triangle, and the third fish cut sloping.

    Purpose of this cutting to see or observe directly process or regeneration step.

    At the first observation the early size at first fish is 0.8 cm, the second is

    1.0 cm, and the third is 1.0 cm. After we cut their tail each tail has size as

    succeeding 0.3 cm, 0.4cm, and 0.2 cm. Observation is done during two weeks but

    there are short time so observation become just one week. Every two days is

    done observation to measure their adding tail. After one week, the final size of

    fish are the first fish is 0.5 cm, the second fish is 0.5 cm, and the third fish is 0.4

    cm.At the first fish has tail adding is 0.2 cm/week and regeneration speed is 0.1

    cm/days. The second fish has tail adding is 0.1 cm/week, and regeneration speed

    is 0.05 cm/days. The third fish has tail adding 0.2 cm/week and regeneration

    speed is 0.1 cm/days.

    Regeneration step from cutting tail fish isnt occurred lengthening tail

    directly but there are process recuperation of hurt where that hurt is closed by

    blood stream then it froze, then form scab that has characteristic as protection.

    After hurt has closed, then there are differentiation tissue cells around hurt, so it

    become young characteristic again and pluripotent to make some of new tissue

    until redifferentiation.

    We can see that there is different size between fish that cut vertical their

    tail with fish that cut triangle tail. With different is 0.1 cm. There are that

    difference of regeneration ability between both of fish can be cause by nerve

    system that is disturbed at change water and measuring that can influence

    physiologies factor of fish. This is can be seen from hard holding way so fish is

    stress, so it influence in the regeneration process. This is suitable with Kimball

    theory (1991) said that nerve system that is disturbed would obstruct regeneration

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    process because there isnt ability of nerve system to give response toward

    regeneration cause substance.

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    CHAPTER V

    CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

    A.ConclussionBased on observation that is done by us, we can conclude that regeneration

    step is begun from hurt recuperation, hystolation, blastodema forming, and

    redifferentiation cells dedifferentiation.

    B.Suggestion1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do

    observation well.

    2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.3. Practicants must do observation well.

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    BIBLIOGRAPH

    Adnan. 2008. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UniversitasNegeri Makassar.

    Adnan, Asmawati, and Halifah. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan Hewan.Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.

    Anonyma. 2010. Regeneration (Biology). http://www.wikipedia.com. Accessed on

    January 3rd

    2010 in Makassar.

    Anonymb. 2010. Autotomy and Regeneration. http://www.uium.com. Accessed on

    January 3rd 2010 in Makassar.

    Kimball, J.W. 1991. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

    Yatim, Wildan. 1993. Reproduksi dan Embriologi. Bandung: Tarsito.

    http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.uium.com/http://www.uium.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/
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    Anonyma

    Regeneration (biology)

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    In biology, an organism is said to regenerate a lost or damaged part if the part

    regrows so that the original function is restored. Regenerative capacity is inversely

    related to complexity: in general, the more complex an animal is the less regeneration

    it is capable of. Where asnewts, for example, can regenerate severed limbs,mammalscannot. Limb regeneration in newts occurs in two major steps, first de-differentiation

    of adult cells into a stem cell state similar to embryonic cells and second,

    developmentof these cells into new tissue more or less the same way it developed the

    first time.[1]Simpler animals likeplanarianhave an enhanced capacity to regeneratebecause the adults retain clusters of stem cells within their bodies which migrate to

    the parts of the body that need healing then divide and differentiate to provide therequired missing tissue.

    Regeneration in amphibians

    Insalamanders, the regeneration process begins immediately after amputation. Limbregeneration in theaxolotlandnewthave been extensively studied. After amputation,

    the epidermis migrates to cover the stump in less than 12 hours, forming a structure

    called the apical epidermal cap (AEC). Over the next several days there are changes

    in the underlying stump tissues that result in the formation of ablastema(a mass ofdedifferentiated proliferating cells). As the blastema forms, pattern formation genes

    such asHoxA and HoxDare activated as they were when the limb was formed in

    theembryo.[2][3]

    Thedistaltip of the limb (the autopod, which is the hand or foot) isformed first in the blastema. The intermediate portions of the pattern are filled in

    during growth of the blastema by the process of intercalation.[1][2]

    Motor neurons,

    muscle, and blood vessels grow with the regenerated limb, and reestablish theconnections that were present prior to amputation. The time that this entire process

    takes varies according to the age of the animal, ranging from about a month to around

    three months in the adult and then the limb becomes fully functional.

    In spite of the historically small size of the number of researchers studying limbregeneration, remarkable progress has been made recently in establishing the axolotl

    (Ambystoma mexicanum) as a model genetic organism. This progress has beenfacilitated by advances ingenomics,bioinformatics, andsomatic celltransgenesisin

    other fields, that have created the opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of

    important biological properties, such as limb regeneration, in the axolotl.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolotlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolotlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolotlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-bryant-1http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-bryant-1http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-bryant-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distalhttp://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuronhttp://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distalhttp://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-bryant-1http://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-bryant-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolotlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarianhttp://d/DATA%20NET/REGENEARTION/Regeneration_(biology)2.htm%23cite_note-odelberg-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology
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    Anonymb

    Autotomy and Regeneration

    Many vertebrate and invertebrate taxa have the ability to autotomizeand later

    regenerate appendages and with this process come bothcosts and benefits. For

    example, an animal might lose a legto avoid a predator but as a result become a less

    effective predator itself. These impacts of autotomy and regeneration on foraging

    might differ based on habitat complexity as well.We used spiders as a model system

    to address this. We testedthe effects of autotomy and regeneration on prey capture in

    juvenile Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders in both artificial and seminatural settings.

    We tested spiders for prey captureefficiency in a laboratory arena with cricket prey.

    We alsoinvestigated sensory detection of prey through vibration by

    placing spiders in

    the same type of arena but visually isolating

    them from their prey. Subsequentanalyses showed no effects of autotomy or regeneration on any measures of prey

    capture

    efficiency. Similarly, spiders vibratory sensory abilities

    were not

    significantly affected by autotomy or regeneration.However, we found that when

    spiders were tested in a seminaturalhabitat (a leaf litterfilled mesocosm), individuals

    witha missing or regenerating leg had reduced prey capture rates.

    This suggests that

    the negative effects of autotomy and regenerationon foraging might be higher for

    predators in more complex environments.

    Autotomy (self-amputation) of appendages and subsequent regenerationof the lost

    parts are common across many taxonomic groups includingvertebrates (Dial and

    Fitzpatrick 1984 ), echinoderms (Ramseyet al. 2001 ), crustaceans (Juanes and

    Smith 1995 ), and arachnids

    (Formanowicz 1990 ). Both these processes arepresumed ancestral

    across the animal kingdom (Goss 1969 ); however, there must be

    a balance between the costs and benefits of autotomy and regenerationin order for

    them to be maintained within a taxon over evolutionarytime. For example, the ability

    to autotomize an appendage whengrasped by a predator might allow the animal to

    escape, providinga direct survival benefit (Formanowicz 1990 ; Klawinski and

    Formanowitz 1994 ; Punzo 1997 ; Wasson et al. 2002 ). However, loss of an

    appendage can impair foraging abilities (Vollrath 1990 ; Brock and Smith 1998 ;

    Ramsey et al. 2001 ), locomotion (Amaya et al. 2001 ), competitiveabilities

    (Dodson and Beck 1993 ; Mariappan et al. 2000 ; Taylorand Jackson 2003 ), and

    mating (Bateman and Fleming 2005 ). Although regeneration of lost appendages

    might allow animals to negate

    some of the costs of autotomy, it can hinder growthand development

    (Goss 1969 ; Vitt et al. 1977 ; Juanes and Smith 1995 ; Wrinn

    andUetz 2007 ). Additionally, a regenerated appendage can have reduced

    function,

    affecting competition (Brock and Smith 1998 ), mating(Uetz et al. 1996 , Taylor et

    al. 2006 ), locomotion, and foraging(Brock and Smith 1998 ).

    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