Refrigerant Regulations Update and Industry Trends

E360 Webinar • March 31, 2020Jennifer ButschRegulatory Affairs ManagerEmerson

Rajan RajendranVice President, Systems Innovation Center and SustainabilityEmerson

This presentation is intended to highlight changing developments in the law and industry topics. The law is frequently evolving and information and publications in this presentation may not reflect the latest changes in the law or legal interpretations. The statements and information provided in this presentation should not be construed as legal advice or legal opinion regarding any specific facts or circumstances, but is intended for general informational purposes only. The views and statements expressed during this presentation are the personal opinions of the presenter and do not represent those of Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. or its affiliated companies. You should consult an attorney about your situation and specific facts and you should not act on any of the information in this presentation as the information may not be applicable to your situation. Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without warranty of any kind. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. This presentation may not be copied or redistributed without the express written consent of Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.

Disclaimer

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Speakers

Dr. Rajan Rajendran is the vice president, systems innovation center and sustainability at Emerson. He has worked at Emerson since 1990 in various capacities. Rajan is also the director of The Helix, Emerson’s research and innovation center located on the University of Dayton’s campus. He represents Emerson in its communications with various policy and industry organizations, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy, among others. Rajan earned a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Madras. He earned his master’s and doctorate degrees in mechanical engineering from Iowa State University and has an M.B.A. from Wright State University.

Dr. Rajan RajendranVice President, Systems Innovation Center and Sustainability — The Helix Innovation Center, Emerson

Jennifer has been involved in regulatory affairs across multiple industries for more than 16 years. In her current role, she is responsible for managing activities related to policies, regulations, codes and standards as they apply to the air conditioning and heat pump market. She is involved in several industry organizations, including AHRI and ASHRAE. Jennifer earned her bachelor’s degree in biomedical engineering from Wright State University and has an M.B.A. from the University of Phoenix.

Jennifer ButschRegulatory Affairs Manager, Emerson

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1. Energy Efficiency

2. Refrigerants

3. Food Safety and Waste

4. Decarbonization

5. Connectivity and Cognition

6. Health and Wellness

4

Six Trends Will Drive Our HVACR Industry

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1. Energy Efficiency

2. Refrigerants

3. Food Safety and Waste

4. Decarbonization

5. Connectivity and Cognition

6. Health and Wellness

Six Trends Will Drive Our HVACR Industry

Our focus:

Key Topics

Policy Drivers for Low-GWP Refrigerants

U.S. Refrigerant Actions

Refrigerant Properties of Lower-GWP Alternatives

Codes and Standards

Impact on System Architectures — Refrigeration Example

6

Policy Drivers for Low-GWP Refrigerants

Ozone Hole: Reason for R-12 and R-22 Phase-out(Exposure to UV Radiation Leads to Skin Cancer)

Montreal Protocol, signed Sept. 16, 1987, bans CFCs and HCFCs.8

Montreal Protocol Agreement for Reducing ODP Refrigerants: R-22 Phase-out Timeline

All nations are in the process of phasing down the use of HCFC 22.

1999

100

50

0

%1996CAP

100%

65%

25%

10%

U.S.E.U. A5 Nations

Today

32.5%: 20252.5%: 20300%: 2040

2004No New

Equipment (E.U.)

2010No New

Equipment (U.S.) 2013“Freeze”

(A5 Nations)

20202015

90%

65%

9

Montreal Protocol’s Positive Impact on the Ozone Hole

Ozone hole was smallest on record in 2019, but the story does not end there.

Ozone hole is still large, but healing; full recovery is expected ~2070.

Source: NASA. Image from Nov. 2, 2014.https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145747/2019-ozone-hole-is-the-smallest-on-record

False-color view of total ozone over the Antarctic pole. The purple and blue colors are where there is the least ozone, and the yellows and reds are where there is more ozone.

10

A New Concern: Climate Change, the Driver for HFC Actions

11

Montreal Protocol’s Positive Impact on Climate Change

Many nations started taking independent actions — potential for a patchwork of global regulations

Montreal Protocol has the biggestimpact on climate change!*

… But developing nations’ growth coulddwarf gains, per predictions**.

* Economist, January 2014 * *Velders et al, OEWG35, Bangkok, April 22, 2015

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Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol — October 15, 2016

13

• Global agreement on HFC phase-down1

• Ratified by 93+ countries, including E.U. countries, Canada and Mexico2

• Still under consideration by the U.S. government

– Ratification in the U.S. could lead up to 33,000 additional manufacturing jobs and increased global market share3

Entered into effect January 1, 20191 http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/meeting/mop/mop-28/final-report/English/Kigali_Amendment-English.pdf2 https://kigali-amendment.openclimatedata.net3 http://www.alliancepolicy.org/site/usermedia/application/6/Kigali_Economic_Report.pdf

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

GW

P W

eigh

ted

CAP

(% o

f Bas

elin

e)

A2 Countries(U.S., Canada, etc.)

A5 CountriesGroup 1

A5 Countries, Group 2

(India, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq,

GCC)

A2 Countries(Belarus, Russian Federation,

Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)

2024 Freeze

2028 Freeze

Refrigerant Regulations Are Coming (Not IF, but WHEN and HOW)

14

The global trend to require the use of lower-GWP refrigerants is well underway.

A2 Countries

(US, Canada)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

GW

P W

eigh

ted

CAP

(% o

f Bas

elin

e)1

2024 Freeze

2028 Freeze

A5 CountriesGroup 1

A2 Countries(Belarus, Russian Federation,

Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)EU F-Gas

A5 Countries, Group 2(India, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, GCC)

Domestic refrigeration

1 https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-2-f&chapter=27&clang=_en2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0517&from=EN3 http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2017/2017-10-18/html/sor-dors216-eng.html

2

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U.S. Refrigerant Actions

U.S. EPA Actions on HFCs

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• Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) evaluates and lists acceptable substitutes for ozone-depleting substances.

• SNAP Rules 20/21 were vacated at the federal level due to a court challenge.– Original ruling banned the use of certain high-GWP HFCs in several

commercial refrigeration applications among others.– The EPA is currently not enforcing HFC delistings.1

• Clean Air Act Section 608 was also affected; we now have guidance on that.

1 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-04-27/pdf/2018-08310.pdf2 https://www.epa.gov/section608/revised-section-608-refrigerant-management-regulations

U.S. EPA Publishes Revisions to Section 608 Regulation

– Appliances with 50 or more pounds of substitute refrigerant will no longer be subject to leak repair and inspection requirements (including record keeping).• Only modifies requirements for substitutes (HFC and HFO), not

ozone-depleting substances– Subpart F requirements still apply to all refrigerants, including

substitutes.• Limits servicing of appliances and the sale of refrigerant to certified

technicians, including requirements for equipment and appliances – Effective April 10

https://www.epa.gov/section608/revised-section-608-refrigerant-management-regulations

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Does not impact state level Refrigerant Management Programs (Ex. California)

California Air Resources Board (CARB) Proposals for California

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Reference: CARB presentation to stakeholders, Jan. 30, 2020

U.S. Lacks Federal HFC Regulations; States Take Lead

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The U.S. Climate Alliance states are committed to lead national climate change initiatives, including the reduction of HFCs.

• 25 members and growing– 8 states have joined this year– Now make up more than 55 percent of the population

and an $11.7 trillion economy

• Four states have adopted U.S. EPA SNAP 20/21– California, Washington, Vermont and New Jersey– Allow for addition and removal of substitutes or use

conditions based on risk to human health and environment

It is desired that states be consistent in their approach when adopting SNAP rules.

Currently No Action

SNAP 20/21 Plus GWP

LimitsAdoptedSNAP 20/21

in Process

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EPA SNAP Rule 20 Implementation Dates by State EPA SNAP Rule 21 Implementation Dates by State

Supermarket Central Systems Remote Condensing Unit Stand-Alone C: California; W: Washington; V: Vermont, N: New Jersey

Refrigerant GWP (AR4) New Retrofit New Retrofit

MT <2,200 BTU/hr and Not Contain

Flooded Evap (New)

MT <2,200 BTU/hr

With Flooded

Evap (New)

MT >2,200 BTU/hr With or Without Flooded

Evap (New)

LT (New)

LT and MT

(Retrofit)

Refrigerated Food

Processing and

Dispensing Equipment

Cold-StorageWarehouses

(New)

Ice Machines

(New)

Very Low-Temp

Refrigeration (New)

Positive Displacement

Chillers

R-404A/R-507A

3,922/3,985

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-20W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-20W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-20W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

1-Jan-21 1-Jan-23 OK OK —

R-452A 2,141 — — OK OK — — — — — — — — — —

R-410A 2,088 OK — OK —

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

— 1-Jan-21 1-Jan-23 OK OK 1-Jan-24

R-407A R-407CR-407F

2,107 1,774 1,825

OK OK OK OK

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

OK 1-Jan-211-Jan-23(R-407A)R-407C/F

OK R-407C Only —

R-407H 1,500 — — OK OK — — — — — OK — — — —

HFC134a 1,430 OK OK OK OK

C:1-Jan-19W:1-Jan-20N:1-Jul-20V: 1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

C, W:1-Jan-20

N:1-Jul-20V:1-Jan-21

OK OK OK OK OK — 1-Jan-24

R-448A R-449A

1,3871,397 OK OK OK OK

Neither SNAP

approved nor banned

Neither SNAP

approved nor banned

Neither SNAP

approved nor banned

OK OK OK — OK — —

R-513A R-450A

631604 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK — OK R-513A

R-290 3 — — — — OK OK OK OK — — — OK OK —

R-744 1 OK — OK — OK OK OK — — OK — — OK —

R-717 0OK (in

primary loop or secondary

system)—

OK (in primary loop or secondary

system)—

OK (in primary loop or

secondary system)

OK (in primary loop or secondary

system)

OK (in primary loop or secondary

system)

OK (in primary loop or secondary

system)

OK (in primary loop or

secondary system)

OK (in primary loop or

secondary system)

— OK — —

https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2018/casnap/frocasnap.pdf?_ga=2.218430745.1470580036.1550670229-1794744721.1490616412

State by State Adoption of EPA SNAP 20/21

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Added complexity of managing implementation dates

California Proposes Additional Rulemaking — Chillers and AC

https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/2020-01-28%20CA%20SNAP%20Amendments%20-%20Reg%20Text-TP-KT.pdf

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CARB Proposal — Refrigeration and Ice Rink End Uses

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A board meeting is scheduled for July 23 and 24.

CARB Proposal — Refrigeration and Ice Rink End Uses

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A board meeting is scheduled for July 23 and 24.

CARB Worked Closely With Stakeholders to Revise Proposals for Refrigeration in Retail Stores

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CARB – Options for Existing Retail Stores – Commercial Refrigeration

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CARB – Options for Existing Retail Stores – Commercial Refrigeration

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CARB Proposal — Existing Retail Food Facilities

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Proposal developed with industry input; more work is needed on definitions and exceptions.

U.S. HFC Phase-down — Federal

• Senate American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2019 (S2754)– Introduced by Senators John Kennedy (R-LA) and Tom Carper (D-DE)

• House American Innovation and Manufacturing Leadership Act of 2020 (HR5544)– Introduced by Representatives Paul Tonko (D-NY), Pete Olson (R-TX),

Scott Peters (D-CA) and Elise Stefanik (R-NY)

• Both Bills:– Phase down production and consumption of HFCs over 15 years

(aligning with Kigali)– Authorize EPA to regulate HFCs and establish standards for HFC

management (servicing, repair, recovery, recycle, reclaim, etc.)– Driven by previous technology investment, innovation and jobs– Would not affect existing equipment and would give allowance for

aftermarket servicing needs of industry– No federal preemption; does not eliminate state rights– Not tied to Clean Air Act

A federal approach could minimize complexity and a patchwork of regulations.

Letters of support from:

A possible result if AIM Act passes?

https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/2754/texthttps://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/5544/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+5544%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=1 29

Refrigerant Properties of Lower-GWP Alternatives

Many of the New Lower-GWP Refrigerants Are Classified as Flammable

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• ANSI/ASHRAE flammability Class 2L vs. 2 flammability classification based on:– Burning velocity

• Maximum velocity at which a flame propagates in a normal direction relative to unburned gas ahead of it

• Lower burning velocity <10 cm/s = 2L• Higher burning velocity >10 cm/s = 2 or 3

• Class 2 vs. 3 flammability classification based on:– Heat of combustion and lower flammability limit (LFL)

• Refrigerants like HCFC-22, R-404A, R-410A and R-134a are all classified as A1.

• Refrigerants like R-32, R-454B and R-1234ze are A2L, propane A3.

May require equipment and facility redesign to meet application and safety standards.31

Refrigerant Alternatives Trend Toward Lower-GWP

32

R-410ALike

R-404A &R-407/22Like

R-134aLike

GWP Level

400–675

< 1,500

400–600

≤ ~300

HFO 1234yfHFO 1234ze

R-410A

R-22, R-407AR-407CR-407F, R-452A

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Pressureor Capacity

R-32/HFC/HFOBlends

R-32/HFOBlends

HFC/HFOBlends

HFC134a

CO2

R-290

NH3

R-123 Like(V. Low Pr.)

R-32/HFOBlends

R-448A, R-449A, R-449B

R-450A, R-513A

R-444B

R-455AR-454CR-457AR-468A

R-32, R-452B, R-454B,

<150

Qualitative — Not to ScaleHFO 1336mzz(Z)HCFO 1233zd(E)

R-515A

R-466A

R-454A

R-516A

R-404A

R-471A

1

Legacy3 2

Ref Only

Ref Only

Ref/ACRef/AC

A1 – Non-Flammable

A2L – Mildly Flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

R515B

References:

1. Ankit Sethi, Honeywell Buffalo Research Laboratory, Reduced GWP Refrigerant for Residential and Commercial Air Conditioning System, Seminar 28 – Emerging Refrigerants: New Additions to the Industry, 2020 ASHRAE Winter Conference & AHR Expo.

2. Gustavo Pottker, Honeywell Buffalo Research Laboratory, Sustainable Supermarket Refrigeration with HFOs: Reducing Emissions Without Sacrificing Energy Efficiency, AHR Expo Session 1: State of the Art Refrigeration Technologies with Lower Environmental Impact, Part 1, 2020 ASHRAE Winter Conference & AHR Expo.

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Reference: Stefanie Kopchik, Chemours 34

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Reference: Kris Crosby, Arkema, Inc.Very Low GWP Refrigerant R516A for Commercial Refrigeration. Seminar 28 – Emerging Refrigerants: New Additions to the Industry, 2020 ASHRAE Winter Conference & AHR Expo.

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Refrigerant Alternatives Trend Toward Lower-GWP

R-410ALike

R-404A &R-407/22Like

R-134aLike

GWP Level

400–675

< 1,500

400–600

≤ ~300

HFO 1234yfHFO 1234ze

R-410A

R-22, R-407AR-407CR-407F, R-452A

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Pressureor Capacity

R-32/HFC/HFOBlends

R-32/HFOBlends

HFC/HFOBlends

HFC134a

CO2

R-290

NH3

R-123 Like(V. Low Pr.)

R-32/HFOBlends

R-448A, R-449A, R-449B

R-450A, R-513A

R-444B

R-455AR-454CR-457AR-468A

R-32, R-452B, R-454B,

<150

Qualitative — Not to ScaleHFO 1336mzz(Z)HCFO 1233zd(E)

R-515A

R-466A

R-454A

R-516A

R-404A

R-471A

1

Legacy3 2

Ref Only

Ref Only

Ref/ACRef/AC

A1 – Non-Flammable

A2L – Mildly Flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

R515B

Codes and Standards

Standards and Codes Are Being Developed; More Work Is Needed

• Provide guidelines on the safest way to use refrigerants and reduce risks

• Establish common practices for application, installation and repair of equipment when using refrigerants

• Create a legal framework for compliance of local and regional laws

• Provide for a technological baseline that will help advance the state-of-the-art technologies

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Standards

Codes

End Users

• Created by technical committees• Heavy on technical/scientific issues

• Created by special trade groups

• Heavy on practical aspects

Source: The Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy

U.S. Safety Standard Development Continues to be a Work in Progress –Direct/High Probability Systems

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ASHRAE 34

UL 2-89 (in draft) / 2-40 3rd Edition (published)

ASHRAE 15 – 2019 (Commercial ref. needs updated, AC published)

• International Mechanical Code (IMC/UMC) • International Fire Code (IFC)• International Building Code (IBC)

• State, county and local building codes• Insurance codes• Adoption

Source: The Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy

CompleteIn Draft Not StartedRefrigerant Standards

Equipment Standards

Application Standards

Model Codes 2024

(three-year cycle)

Local Codes (may take an

additional 1–8 years)

A2L Local Building Code Adoption• WA – July 1, 2020

UL-60335-2-40 3rd Edition Safety Requirements for ElectricalHeat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers

• Recognizes A2L as a separate refrigerant classification

• Increased charge limits for A2L refrigerants vs. A2/A3

• Defines mitigation methods for preventing leaks, as well as mitigating the potential of ignition of the refrigerant in the event of a leak:– Enhanced tightness to reduce potential sources of leaks– Room area limits– Continuous air circulation, or air circulation with refrigerant leak detection– Natural ventilation– Mechanical ventilation

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ASHRAE 15 – 2019 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems

• Section 7 (2016 Addendum d) allows use of Group A2L refrigerants in comfort cooling.– Typical equipment includes RTU, residential central air conditioning system.– Mitigation methods: limit the refrigerant charge or provide leak detection and circulate

air/ventilate the space when a leak has been detected.

• Section 8 (2016 Addendum h) differentiates and regulates the use of Group A2L refrigerants used in systems installed within a machinery room.– Typical equipment includes chillers and large indirect equipment.– Mitigation methods: limit the refrigerant charge or provide leak detection and ventilate

the space when a leak has been detected.– Defines ventilation rate requirements for A2L refrigerants– With adequate ventilation, Class 1, Division 2 for electrical installations is NOT

required for Group A2L refrigerants.

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Application and Safety Standard Updates in Process for Commercial Refrigeration

Because of the timing of lower-GWP refrigerant regulations, there is urgency in creating A2L equipment and application standards for remote commercial refrigeration.

• AHRI Commercial Refrigeration Safety Standards Work Group– Modify UL 60335-2-89 Requirements for Commercial Refrigerating Appliances to:

• add remote equipment to scope, both cases and high side equipment • enable use of flammables (A2L, A2 and A3) at higher charge limits (referencing IEC 2-89) • pull in electrical and refrigerant safety from UL 1995, which will sunset Jan. 1, 2024

– Modify ASHRAE 15 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems to include A2L commercial refrigeration application standards for remote refrigeration, referencing Europe (EN 378 and IEC 60335-2-40) and commercial AC (UL 60335-2-40) work.

Must be done in time for 2024 IMC/UMC update, which begins Jan. 2021.

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AHRI Safe Refrigerant Transition Task Force

End-to-end supply chain transition strategy for flammable refrigerants:

• Comprised of internal and external stakeholders– External stakeholders include fire service, unions,

ACCA, HARDI, PHCC, UL, ASHRAE, CPSC, CARB, EPA, NGOs, etc.

• Goal 1: Evaluate end-to-end supply chain to enable the safe commercialization of low-GWP refrigerants in a timely manner. – Codes and standards – Training – Interaction with energy efficiency – Equipment design

– Packaging/handling, storage, shipping – Manufacturing facilities – Installation, operation, maintenance – Recovery, reclaim, destruction

• Goal 2: Establish structure to ensure continuous improvement. – Incident investigations – Continuous maintenance standards – Training upgrades

• Goal 3: Share learnings and socialize internationally.

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Refrigerant Transition Summary

• Global and state policies are pushing the industry to transition to lower-GWP refrigerants.

• Many of these lower-GWP options have mildly flammable properties.

• A lot of work has been done so far to transition to these new refrigerants, but we are not finished.

• 2020 will be a key year in this transition.– Ongoing codes/standards work– Federal AIM/AIML Acts– Continue to monitor state activities

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Impact on Systems Architectures —Refrigeration Example

• Office buildings• Schools and other• Hospitals and other

• Single and multi-family• Non-ducted and ducted • Cooling and heating

• Office buildings• Schools and other• Supermarkets• Bars and restaurants• Commercial kitchens

Comfort Cooling and Heating Applications

Transitioning to low-GWP refrigerants adds safety components and practices to existing design.

Commercial ChillersCommercial RTU Residential

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• Milk cooling• Food process• Distribution and storage• Industrial, pharmaceutical

• Bakeries, butchers• C-stores, express stores• Hard discounters• Service stations

• Supermarkets• Hypermarkets• Cash and carry• Department stores

• Bars and restaurants• Hotels• Commercial kitchens• Catering, fast food

Commercial Refrigeration Applications Are Varied and Many

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Small Food RetailFoodservice Large Food Retail Light Industrial

Basic design:• One/two system provides LT and MT, sometimes AC• Compressor system located in a machine room• R-22, R-404A, R-407A commonly used• Refrigerant charge: 500–3,000 lbs• Leakage rate: ~5 to ~25%/yr

Condenser:• Air cooled• Water cooled

Key system benefits:• Simple system, using common parts• Very high efficiency in all climate zones

Centralized Direct Expansion (DX) System

Refrigerated cases:• Low- and medium-temp• Open and closed door• Numbers range from ~20 to >100/store

Most common

48

Distributed Direct Expansion (DX) System

Basic design:• Multiple systems provide LT and MT• Compressor systems located closer to loads• R-22, R-404A, R-407A commonly used• Refrigerant charge: <~1,000 lbs• Leakage rate: < ~10%/yr

Key system benefits:• Simple system, using common parts• Very high efficiency in all climate zones• Better matching of system to load operating

conditions

Refrigerated cases:• Low- and medium-temp• Open and closed door• Numbers range from ~20 to >100/store

Also very common

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Gas cooler:• Air cooled• Adiabatic

Transcritical CO2

Basic design:• Two-stage vapor compression cycle• R-714 refrigerant; GWP = 1• Refrigerant charge: >~1,000 lbs• Leakage rate: ~25%/yr• Electronic controls are key enablers• Higher operating pressures

Key system benefits:• Low GWP (1)• Good efficiency in low ambient conditions

Refrigerated cases:• Low- and medium-temp• Open and closed door• Numbers range from ~20 to >100/store

Growing acceptance in N.A.

50

CO2 DX

Air cooled condenser

Heat exchanger is a key component.

Sub-Critical Cascade CO2

Basic design:• Two racks

– HFC for MT (134a-like)– CO2 for LT

• Single-stage compression only

• Med-temp. acts as condenser to LT

• Refrigerant charge: <~1,500 lbs

• Leakage rate: ~5 to ~25%/yr

• Electronic controls are key enablers

Key system benefits:• Low GWP (1) in LT; higher in MT• 134a-like refrigerants are possible in MT• Good efficiency in all climate zones

Will gain more traction in the future

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Basic design:• The display cases and walk-in

units are all water-cooled, self-contained units.– If air-cooled, then systems are

independent self-contained units; heat rejection into store is ambient.

• Heat from the units is rejected to a water/glycol loop that circulates through the store.

• Heat is rejected from the water loop in a fluid cooler, or to a chiller if desired.

Fluid cooler:• Air cooled• Adiabatic

Micro-Distributed or Self-Contained System(s)

Key system benefits:• Low-charge and low-leak systems (<1%)• Any approved A1, A2L, A3 refrigerant used• Efficiency lower than centralized or distributed

HFC-based system; getting better

Air-cooled, self-contained systems are common.

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MT Units LT Units

Distributed Booster System

Basic design:• LT cases have (a) booster

compressor(s) that discharges into suction of medium-temperature system.– Compression ratios for LT <2.0

• Reduces or eliminates pressure drop issues for low-pressure HFC/HFOs.

• R-134a, R-513A, R-516A, R-471A, HFO 1234yf and HFO 1234ze are all potential refrigerants for this architecture.

Key system benefits:• Low-charge and low-leak systems (<1% to <10%)• Enables use of low-pressure refrigerants like R-134a• Uses known technology and components• Efficiency as good as centralized or distributed HFC-based system

Booster systems are old; distributed booster system is new and trials are underway in N.A.

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Refrigerant Alternatives Trend Toward Lower-GWP

R-410ALike

R-404A &R-407/22Like

R-134aLike

GWP Level

400–675

< 1,500

400–600

≤ ~300

HFO 1234yfHFO 1234ze

R-410A

R-22, R-407AR-407CR-407F, R-452A

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Pressureor Capacity

R-32/HFC/HFOBlends

R-32/HFOBlends

HFC/HFOBlends

HFC134a

CO2

R-290

NH3

R-123 Like(V. Low Pr.)

R-32/HFOBlends

R-448A, R-449A, R-449B

R-450A, R-513A

R-444B

R-455AR-454CR-457AR-468A

R-32, R-452B, R-454B,

<150

Qualitative — Not to ScaleHFO 1336mzz(Z)HCFO 1233zd(E)

R-515A

R-466A

R-454A

R-516A

R-404A

R-471A

1

Legacy3 2

Ref Only

Ref Only

Ref/ACRef/AC

A1 – Non-Flammable

A2L – Mildly Flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

Review

R515B

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What Do Customers Want?

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Thank You!

DISCLAIMERAlthough all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all toxicity data and safety measures are indicated herein or that other measures may not be required.

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