1. Refractive disorders Extern course - 2014 S - Farzad Mohammadi MD MPH FICO

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3. Eye Optical Model Cornea lens (tear film) Natural lens Eye screen: retina

4. Emmetropisation Refractive Ocular maturity AL : 16.5 23.5 mm / 7 mm axial growth 50% in 1st Y ! & mostly 1st 2 Y K : 51 43.5 D / 7.5 D flattening mostly in 2 Y / 18 months Lens : 35 19 D / 16 D change 10 D 1st Y - then by 10 Y Manifest : just 1 D myopic shift !

5. Astigmatism Stigma WTR, ATR, Oblique

6. Refractive Error Typology Mixed 7. Myopic 8. Emmetropic 9. Hyperopic Compound Hyperopic 1. Simple 2. Astigmatic 3. compound Myopic 4. Simple 5. Astigmatic 6. compound

7. Eye strain Asthenopia Notation examples Cross cylinder game

8. Pin hole Squinting "dark room" effect Sharper but lower contrast

9. the Short Arm Syndrome 2nd sight

10. Remedies

11. Refractive Surgeries

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13. K e r a t o r e f r a c t i v e L e n s - b a s e d