The implications of a division in Christian EuropeThe implications of a division in Christian Europe

• Lack of security of persons and of property: Lack of security of persons and of property: Chauvigny; ; Carcassone

• Despite the apparently unified nature of Despite the apparently unified nature of western Europe in respect to Christianity, the western Europe in respect to Christianity, the continent was deeply divided politically. continent was deeply divided politically. 1360 ; ; 1600

• Population

• Economy: Economy: • Overwhelmingly Overwhelmingly agricultural and villages• Feudal: no sense of Feudal: no sense of publicpublic property; private property; private

armies secured by personal oaths of allegiancearmies secured by personal oaths of allegiance• Church ownership significant amounts of landownership significant amounts of land

• Universities. Yes, primarily for the study of . Yes, primarily for the study of theology, philosophy, law, medicine --all theology, philosophy, law, medicine --all directed at the support and/or service of directed at the support and/or service of ecclesiastical and civil authorities.ecclesiastical and civil authorities.

• Lecture room; sample room; sample

Given the division between Catholics and the many Protestant sects, it was not as easy to control dogma.

That does not mean that both Catholics and Protestants did not have dogma, they did; moreover, religious toleration was not a feature of Reformation Europe.

What was important here is that the monolithic structure of Christianity was destroyed, and that ipso facto allowed for greater individual freedom to pursue research in areas that challenged the status quo.

On the Catholic Church

Bear in mind that the Church was not completely hostile to science. Consider the work done (admittedly to determine the date of Easter) that required considerable care and insight, namely using cathedrals to measure the sun. The device; the orb of the sun ; and the system; and how it looks .

On the protestants

Even tho there is a clear movement toward adopting a new cosmological perspective, consider this comment from Luther: in one of his Advent sermons . . . said, "The heathen write that the comet may arise from natural causes, but God creates not one that does not foretoken a sure calamity." Again he said, "Whatever moves in the heaven in an unusual way is certainly a sign of God's wrath." What conclusions do you come to?

What was different was the following:

The development of national, secular and centralized states whose structure was legitimized by the appeal to reason (rather than religious belief).

The growth of commerce and trade empowered a bourgeoisie that needed education to run its affairs, was more comfortable with "scientific" thinking, and rejected excessive intrusions of religious belief.

The monopoly on knowledge by the priestly caste was broken

• Governments found they could legitimize themselves by supporting high culture. This led to the foundation of academies of science (very elitist) and eventually (after the French Revolution) to the reorganization of universities on a more secular basis.

• Reinforced by the discovering of Roman law and of scientific treatises (even of the twit Aristotle) of the Greco-Roman period. Such materials were secular in character and, by virtue of their antiquity provided an alternative to church authority.

Europe did not become "liberal" in our sense of the word

• Some areas (predominantly those with maritime and commercial establishments) were more receptive to new ideas than were others (where agriculture dominated and feudalism persisted); scholars moved to where they were valued.

• Invention of the printing press gave new meaning to "open/public, sustained self-conscious reflection“.

Universities remained very underfunded and very much under the control of clerics, both protestant and catholic (more in next class).

Tho there were some exceptions (Padua had both Galileo and Vaselius as professors), they remained under the control of theologians of all faiths.

But there was competition.

Science was then supported primarily in the new Jesuit stations (like the Collegio Romano and on the square. Note the role of Jesuits in education between 1550 and 1615. Wherever the Jesuits went both in Europe and to the East, they stressed education and astronomy. But the end of the17th Cent the court astronomer of China was a Jesuit.