REFORMATION and PROTESTANTISM

• "Protestant“, the root of this word is "protest" • "Reformation", the root of this word is

"reform“

I. Luther's 95 Theses:

• Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of All Saints Church in Wittenburg.

I. Luther's 95 Theses:

• They are his 95 complaints/arguments against the selling of Indulgences.

• Indulgences are pardons for sins; they allow the sinner entrance to heaven when they die.

How Luther Believe one got to heaven

• Luther believed Christians can’t achieve entrance into the kingdom of heaven through sacramental penance, i.e., confession and satisfaction, which is administered by the priests;

• Instead true believers must repent their whole life.

Last Rites not a guarantee for entrance into the kingdom of heaven

• The pope cannot remit any guilt;

• priests promising that they can are ignorant and wicked.

Theses 27

• Catholics believe souls released from Purgatory when they gave money to the Church.

• “so soon as the penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory].”

Purgatory

• Purgatory is a place in which the souls of those dying penitent (with some sin) are purified from venial sins, or undergo the temporal (temporary) punishment

Theses 28 and 31

The 2 problems with the selling of Indulgences:1. It will make the priests greedy (avarice) ; 2.those who buy them are rarely truly repentant.

Theses 36• Luther thought the

problem with selling Indulgences is that poor people cannot afford to buy indulgences and so will be more likely to endure Hell.

Theses 42 & 43

• Besides buying of Indulgences to pardon sins, sinners can earn a pardon through works of mercy: giving to the poor or lend to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;

Theses 59-62

Instead of money, the Church should recognize the true Treasures of the Church: •the Church's poor; •the Holy Gospel

Theses 67

• Priests viewed the buying of an Indulgence as the "greatest graces" compared to other ways of being pardoned for sins.

Theses 75

• Luther did NOT think it is possible for the Pope to pardon a sinner. He thought to think that is madness.

Theses 76 & 77

• Luther objected to Popes giving pardons. Even St. Peter, could not bestow forgiveness;

• This was considered blasphemy against St. Peter and against the pope.

Leo X, Pope in 1517 when Luther posted his 95 Theses

Theses 82• The Pope pardoned those who purchased

Indulgences to build a Church, St Peter’s in Rome

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDToORBcMT4

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

18 year-old Henry after his coronation in 1509

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she had failed to produce a male heir to the throne.

She had given birth to a daughter, Mary, known later as Bloody Mary for all the Protestants she will have killed.

daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon,

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• Divorce difficult in those days; they were all Roman Catholics and the Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. The Roman Catholic Church simply did not allow it.

the nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent,

Pope Clement VII

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• To be excommunicated by the Church meant that under Catholic Church law, your soul could never get to Heaven.

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• To get a 'divorce' AND go to heaven you needed a "Papal Dispensation".

Pope Clement VII

a man of narrow outlook; he failed to understand the great spiritual movement of the Reformation. He was concerned moreWith the interests of the Medici's.

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• The pope could agree to Henry’s request for a divorce purely because Henry was king of England.

• Because the stability of countries depended on a peaceful transfer of power when the King dies, this was allowed when no heirs were ‘produced’.

Catherine of Aragon at age 48 was too old to have more children i.e. a boy

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• Henry turned to the Archbishop of Canterbury so he could marry Anne Boleyn

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England• That was not okay with the Pope

Catherine pleading her case against divorce from Henry

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• The Archbishop of Canterbury did it because he wanted to remain on good terms with Henry.

• His favorite phrase: ira principis mors est

"the king’s anger is death"

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

The English people were glad Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church because they thought the Roman Catholic Church had used them as a source of money. •To get married you had to pay; •to get a child baptized (which you needed to be if you were to go to Heaven - so the Catholic Church preached) you had to pay; •you even had to pay the Church to bury someone on their land (which you had to do as your soul could only go to Heaven if you were buried on Holy Ground).

Therefore, the Catholic Church was very wealthy while many poor remained just that….poor.

Wells Cathedral

The Act of Supremacy of 1534

Henry VIII gave himself the title “Supreme Head of the Church”Henry broke with Rome, seized the church's assets in England and declared the Church of England as the official church with himself as its head.

The Act of Supremacy of 1534

• This act confirmed the King's status as having supremacy over the church and required the nobility to swear an oath recognizing Henry's supremacy.

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• Monks had grown fat and were lazy. Also some monasteries were huge and owned vast areas of land.

http://uploadsociety.com/video_v68110

II. Henry VIII's Reformation in England

• The English monks did not help the community as they were meant to do. All they seemed to do was take money from the poor.

The Dissolution

• Henry decided to shut down the monasteries of England.

• The monasteries were to disappear like sugar dissolves in hot liquid.

• 'Dissolution' - they were to be dissolved!

Henry VIII wanted to make closing monasteries legal

• He sent round government officials to check up on what the monks were doing.

• The officials knew what the king wanted in their reports - information that the monks were not working, were not saying their prayers etc. Anything to discredit the monks was considered useful.

Sometimes, the monks were asked trick questions

• "Do you keep all of your vows?" If the monks answered "yes", but had taken a vow of silence, they had not kept all of their vows. If they refused to answer because of their vow of silence, they would be accused of failing to help the king.

Henry VIII wanted to make closing monasteries legal

• Or worse, were they trying to hide something? monks had eight to ten girl friends each. fathering children; nuns were found to be pregnant and monks were found to be drunk at Mass.

The monasteries were dismantled brick by brick

• The local population was allowed to take what they wanted.

• This meant that expensive building bricks etc. could be acquired for free for the locals.

Henry VIII wanted to make closing monasteries legal

• All the monk's gold went to the King

Church under Henry

• Mass was in Latin• Bible written in English• Priests were celebate

Ugh, his daughter Mary: she is VERY Catholic. And sets about burning Protestants and religious conflictsIn England continue.

III. John Calvin

• John Calvin was from France

III. John Calvin

• Calvin was brought up as Catholic

III. John Calvin

• His family was very religious.

• His father worked for the local bishop

• His father wanted John to become a priest

III. John Calvin

• Calvin was studying to be a Priest (Theology)

III. John Calvin

• His father convinced him to study Law instead.

III. John Calvin

• In 1533 Calvin experienced the sudden and unexpected conversion that made him decide to become a priest instead.

III. John Calvin

• He wrote The Institutes which was an instant best seller

III. John Calvin

• Followers of Calvin in England (and the 13 Colonies) were called Puritans

• They wanted a ‘pure’ religion (no added nonsense like saints, popes, monks etc.)