Referencing and Bibliographies

Quick Guide

Sarum College 2012

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Index

Purpose of this Quick Guide 2 The Structure of this Quick Guide 2 1. Choosing a Style 3 2. Accuracy and Managing your Style 3 3. Common Features of Most Styles 4

I How to Use Quotations 4

Quotation Marks 4 Ellipses 5 Footnotes/Endnotes 5 Full stops 6 Length and Explanations 6

II When to Use Full Stops 6 III When to Use Headings 6 IV Justifying, Spacing Text, Font Size, Font Style 7

V Spelling and British Conventions 7 VI Footnotes and Endnotes 8

Full stops 8 When to use p. or pp. 8 First and Subsequent Use of a Reference 9 Word order 10 Commas 10 Ibid 10

VII How to Record Material in the Bibliography 11

VIII Don’t Shout!!! 12

Appendix 1: Using the Chicago Style 13 Appendix 2: Using the Harvard Style 21 Appendix 3: Other Commonly Used Abbreviations 22

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The Purpose of this Quick Guide The purpose of this guide is to help you get a handle on referencing and footnoting/endnoting. It is not intended as a replacement for a style guide like the MHRA. You will still sometimes need to check specific things in the style guide but this quick guide will give you an outline of the basics. The Structure of this Quick Guide Each topic is dealt with in order. Since some of the topics overlap with one another, you will find that some information is repeated under different headings. To find all the details about a particular issue, e.g. using quotations or using footnotes, go to the part of the guide that covers it.

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1. Choosing a Style There is a confusing array of styles for bibliographies and references. The most important thing to remember is: It does not actually matter which style you choose for you dissertation or your essay so long as you choose one and use it consistently.

Nothing will irritate the external examiner more than if you move from one style to another. Pick one and stick with it.

The only time that you will have to choose a particular style is if you submit

something for publication. Journals and publishing houses usually have their own preferred style and if this case you need to follow their specific style guide – which you can download from the author’s page.

Some universities also dictate the style to be used in a dissertation. Winchester

currently does not – so you are free to choose.

Footnotes/endnotes are currently NOT counted in the word count – so it does not matter if you choose a style that is word-heavy. Just choose one you like and feel comfortable with.

For a list of common styles see the MHRA handbook. 2. Accuracy and Managing your Style

Care with small things, like footnotes, indicates to the examiner that you are a careful thinker, who has taken care with your research.

Careless footnotes (full of mistakes) will communicate to the external

examiner that your whole thesis has been done carelessly (even if that isn’t true).

Checking your footnotes and your bibliography matters.

Unless you are using a programme that automatically puts them into a particular style (like EndNote) get someone to proofread them.

It is useful to enter all your references into a referencing management tool like

Endnote as you go along. This means that at the end of your chapter you can simple choose your preferred style and endnote will format everything for you. This is very useful if you are submitting something for publication.

However, remember that EndNote will only reproduce what you put into it. If

you don’t tell it where a book was published, it won’t know! You need to enter the information accurately.

Always get your footnotes/endnotes checked. They are NOT optional extras!!! You will lose marks if you don’t do them properly.

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3. Common Features of Most Styles Although the styles differ from one another, there are some features that are common to almost all styles. The following rules are standard rules and should be followed UNLESS the style you are using diverges. If the style diverges be true to the style. Always be consistent and use the style you have chosen accurately. I How to Use Quotations There are a number of things that you need to remember when putting quotations into your work. Quotation Marks

You need quotation marks unless your quotation is longer than 30 words (or about 3 lines), in which case you indent it on both sides and don’t use quotation marks.

In the UK we use single quotation marks around the quotation and then double

quotation marks for any quotation within a quotation.

For example: ‘Medieval mysticism is a form of prayer, in its vernacular form it can also be considered a form of “ordinary” theology.’

In the US they use the reverse method (i.e. double quotations and then single quotations) – you should adopt the British system.

Compare these two uses of quotations: 1. In the following passage there is no need to indent the quotation because it is not long enough: Smith argues that when Peter writes that he ‘picked a peck of pickled “pepper”’, the meaning of the word “pepper” is intended to be allegorical’. 2. However, in the following passage, the quotation is long enough to need indenting and therefore loses its external quotation marks: Smith argues that when Peter talks about pepper, an allegory for hotness is intended. We should not take the word literally. As he states:

Peter is not here referring to a literal pepper, either in powered form or as it would be found on a plant. What Peter means by a ‘peck of pickled pepper’ is actually an allegory for the hotness that the soul encounters in its movement towards God. To understand these words literally is to misconstrue Peter’s primary intention.

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Indented quotations can also be in a slightly smaller font to set them apart from the rest of the essay. Ellipses

If you miss out a bit of the quotation you need to use an ellipsis.

This is a set of full stops that indicate that something is missing.

There should only be 3 of them and they normally go in a square bracket [...] (although some publishing houses choose not to use the bracket).

You don’t normally need them at the beginning of a quotation but you do at

the end.

You don’t put any other punctuation around an ellipsis – they replace it ALL (So NO commas, semicolons etc).

You can also use square brackets to add things that are missing, for example,

to captialise the beginning of a word ‘[T]he’ or to insert a word to make the meaning clearer.

For example: ‘It [Julian’s Revelations] is a spiritual classic. Johnson suggests that the language is [...] intentionally apophatic.’ Footnotes/Endnotes A footnote/endnote comes at the end of the sentence. It is not part of the sentence. It should come AFTER all punctuation. For example: ‘Peter Piper had a peck of pickled pepper.’1 (More information about how to structure footnotes/endnotes is available below.)

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Full stops These come inside quotation marks, unless the quotation is only a sentence fragment. For example: In his discussion of Peter Piper, Smith argues that he used to ‘pick pepper as part of his religious practice’. But As Smith states, ‘Peter wants to pick pepper as part of his religious practice.’ Length and Explanations

A quotation can NEVER be thought of as self-explanatory. You know why you have used it and you need to tell the reader what it means

in the context of your essay.

Quotations should not be too long – the reader will lose the sense of your argument and get caught up with someone else’s argument.

Quotations are NOT a substitute for saying what you think yourself! Don’t

hide behind someone else just because they are famous!! II When to Use Full Stops These come at

a. the end of sentences. b. the end of ALL footnotes. c. inside quotation marks, unless the quotation is only a sentence fragment.

These NEVER come at

a. the end of a heading. III When to Use Headings

Headings are often a useful way to help the reader navigate through a long piece of writing.

However, if you use too many it will make your thought feel fractured. Use

just enough to guide the reader.

If you find that you are using a lot of heading and subheadings ask yourself if you are going into enough detail or trying to write on too broad a topic.

Headings should be bold or underlined, NOT both.

You want to differentiate headings and subheading by using italics,

underlining or changing the font size. Always be consistent in your essays. For

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example, if you underline your first subheading and italicise the second one – always do this in your essay.

Never have a heading appear at the bottom of a page on its own with no text

underneath it – always move it onto the top next page. IV Justifying, Spacing Text, Font Size, Font Style

When you write in Word, it will normally default to a right hand alignment. You need to justify your text so that it spreads across the whole page.

You need to use at least 1.5 spacing.

You need to use a font that is not smaller than size 12. You can use a bigger

size for headings but do not use to many different font sizes – it will make your work look untidy.

Choose any reasonable font style. Time New Roman is commonly adopted.

Don’t write in a strange style like Comic Sans. It will not give an academic impression. However, Palantino is also common used, as is Ariel and other fonts that look a bit like Times New Roman.

V Spelling and British Conventions

Use British spelling conventions.

This means that mostly you will use ‘s’ instead of ‘z’.

However, not all British spellings follow this convention. If in doubt, look the word up in a dictionary.

You will also use single quotation marks ‘ followed by double quotation

marks “ within a quotation rather than the other way round. For example: ‘Peter Piper picked a “peck” of pickled pepper.’ NOT “Peter Piper picked a ‘peck’ of pickled pepper.”

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VI Footnotes and Endnotes

Use EITHER footnotes or endnotes, never both. It does not matter which you choose.

Follow the conventions of the style that you have chosen.

However, there are a few features that are mostly common to all styles.

Full stops All footnotes and endnotes end with a full stop. Check that you have one at the end of every one. When to use p. or pp.

It is often normal to use p. or pp. when you are quoting from a book and a collection of essays, but NOT when you are quoting from a journal article. (However, some systems reverse this – the important rule is to be consistent)

For example: If this is the quotation as it appears in your essay:

‘Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.’ 1

It would be displayed in the footnote as follows:

If taken from a book: 1 John Smith, Peter Piper (CUP: Cambridge, 2011), p. 12. If taken from an article in an edited collection: 1 John Smith, ‘Peter’s Pepper’ in James Jones (ed.) Peter Piper (Cambridge: CUP, 2011), p. 12.

If taken from a journal article: 1 John Smith, ‘Peter’s Pepper’, Journal of Peter Piper, 25/1, 12.

(N.B. You do not have to leave a gap between the p and the number or use a full stop here – it will depend on the style you are following – just be consistent.) If referencing Kindle 1 John Smith, Peter Piper (Kindle Ed., ASIN B003XEDBMR), Oxford (2010), location number. Some e-books now have page numbers so look out for this – otherwise just use the location number. If referencing electronic resources Put the URL followed by the date that you accessed it.

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1 John Smith, Companion to Peter Piper http://www.ox.ac.uk/peterpiper Accessed 12/11/11. First and Subsequent Use of a Reference The first time you use a reference you need to give the details in full. For example, With a book John Smith, Peter Piper and the Pickled Pepper: An Investigatory Study (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), p. 12. With an article in a edited collection If this was the first time you had referenced this book article you would need to include all the page numbers AND then note the specific page that you are referring to. For example: 1 John Smith, ‘Peter’s Pepper’ in James Jones (ed.) Peter Piper (Cambridge: CUP, 2011), pp. 1-24 at p. 12. With an article from a journal If this was the first time you had referenced this journal article you would need to include all the page numbers AND then note the specific page that you are referring to. For example: 1 John Smith, ‘Peter’s Pepper’, Journal of Peter Piper, 25/1, 1-24 at 12. In subsequent uses you should abbreviate to a shorter title. For example: For a book: 2 Smith, Peter Piper, p. 12. For an article in an edited collection 2 Smith, ‘Peter Piper’, p. 12. For an article in a journal 2 Smith, ‘Peter Piper’, 12.

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Notice too that when you insert a reference into your work it is NOT part of the sentence. It therefore comes AFTER the full stop. For example: ‘Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.’1 Not ‘Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper’1. Word order

Note that in a footnote or endnote the first name comes BEFORE the surname. (The opposite is true in your bibliography – which should be alphabetic by surname – except for primary sources – see below.)

Commas ALWAYS use a comma after a bracket. NEVER use one before a bracket. (This is pretty much always true and is true in your bibliography too.)

Ibid

If you are repeating a reference a number of times you can use ibid.

If the reference is to the same book but not the same page, you need to give the new page number.

For example: 1 John Smith, Peter Piper (Oxford: OUP, 2011), p. 12. 2 Smith, Peter Piper, p. 24. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid., p. 13. N.B. Only use Ibid if it is clear what book you are referring to. It is good practice to mention the short title for the book on each new page of the thesis – unless it is obvious because you are referring to one book only in a large section. If you are doing this, you may need more sources!

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VII How to record material in the Bibliography Primary material should be listed separately from secondary material. All sources should be listed alphabetically by author’s SURNAME, except

primary sources, which are normally listed the other way round! Primary Sources Ireanaeus, Adversus Heresies (ed.) John Smith (OUP: Oxford, 2011). Meister Eckhart, Essential Sermons (trans.) Bernard McGinn and Samuel O’Malley (Cambridge: DS Brewer, 2009). Thomas Gallus, ‘Second Commentary on the Song of Songs’ in D. Turner (ed.), Eros and Allegory (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1995), pp. 215-36. Secondary Sources

Smith, John, Peter Piper (Cambridge: CUP, 2011). Smith John, Peter Piper (London: Faber, 1989; repr. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1990).

Smith, John, ‘Peter’s Pepper’ in James Jones (ed.) Peter Piper (Cambridge: CUP, 2011), pp. 1-24. Smith, John, ‘Peter’s Pepper’, Journal of Peter Piper, 25/1, pp. 1-24.

Smith, John, Peter Piper (Kindle Ed., ASIN B003XEDBMR), Oxford (2010). Smith John, ‘A Companion to Peter Piper’ http://www.ox.ac.uk/peterpiper Accessed 12/11/11.

N.B. Make sure that you leave a space between your references.

VIII Don’t Shout!! Don’t use italics or bold or underlining to emphasise a word in your essay

unless it is really necessary. There is no need to shout at the reader. If you do use emphasis pick ONE, not all three!

Don’t use exclamation marks for emphasis unless it is really necessary!

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Appendix 1

Using the Chicago Style Taken from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author-date system.

The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate citations using the notes and bibliography system. Examples of notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style. For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, click on the Author-Date tab above.

Book

One author

1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100. 2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3. Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Two or more authors

1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52. 2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.

For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):

1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . . . 2. Barnes et al., Plastics . . .

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Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author

1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92. 2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24. Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

1. Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 242–55. 2. García Márquez, Cholera, 33. García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape, 1988.

Chapter or other part of a book

1. John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77. 2. Kelly, “Seeing Red,” 81–82. Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.” In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)

1. Quintus Tullius Cicero. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,” in Rome: Late Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35. 2. Cicero, “Canvassing for the Consulship,” 35. Cicero, Quintus Tullius. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

1. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx–xxi. 2. Rieger, introduction, xxxiii. Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

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Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.

1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition. 2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. 3. Austen, Pride and Prejudice. 4. Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Journal article

Article in a print journal

In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range for the whole article.

1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 440. 2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53. Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.

Article in an online journal

Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline.

1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247. 2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439. Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.

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Article in a newspaper or popular magazine

Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and Robert Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.

1. Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker, January 25, 2010, 68. 2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, accessed February 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html. 3. Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” 69. 4. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.” Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25, 2010. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.

Book review

1. David Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner,” review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan, New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book Review, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html. 2. Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner.” Kamp, David. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008). 2. Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires.” Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.

Paper presented at a meeting or conference

1. Rachel Adelman, “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009). 2. Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.” Adelman, Rachel. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009.

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Website

A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note (“As of July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.

1. “Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009, http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html. 2. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html. 3. “Google Privacy Policy.” 4. “Toy Safety Facts.” Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html. McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

Blog entry or comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The Becker-Posner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. There is no need to add pseud. after an apparently fictitious or informal name. (If an access date is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)

1. Jack, February 25, 2010 (7:03 p.m.), comment on Richard Posner, “Double Exports in Five Years?,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21, 2010, http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-years-posner.html. 2. Jack, comment on Posner, “Double Exports.” Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/.

E-mail or text message

E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on March 1, 2010, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.

1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, February 28, 2010.

Item in a commercial database

For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. In this example, the dissertation cited above is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest’s database for dissertations and theses.

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

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Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate citations using the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding parenthetical citation in the text. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style. For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, click on the Notes and Bibliography tab above.

Book

One author

Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin. (Pollan 2006, 99–100)

Two or more authors

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. 2007. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf. (Ward and Burns 2007, 52)

For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the reference list; in the text, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):

(Barnes et al. 2010)

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author

Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Lattimore 1951, 91–92)

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

García Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape. (García Márquez 1988, 242–55)

Chapter or other part of a book

Kelly, John D. 2010. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.” In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Kelly 2010, 77)

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)

Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by

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John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908). (Cicero 1986, 35)

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

Rieger, James. 1982. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Rieger 1982, xx–xxi)

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle edition. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. (Austen 2007) (Kurland and Lerner, chap. 10, doc. 19)

Journal article

Article in a print journal

In the text, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the reference list entry, list the page range for the whole article.

Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104:439–58. (Weinstein 2009, 440)

Article in an online journal

Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline.

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115:405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247. (Kossinets and Watts 2009, 411)

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Article in a newspaper or popular magazine

Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and Robert Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”), and they are commonly omitted from a reference list. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.

Mendelsohn, Daniel. 2010. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. 2010. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York Times, February 27. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html. (Mendelsohn 2010, 68) (Stolberg and Pear 2010)

Book review

Kamp, David. 2006. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, Sunday Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html. (Kamp 2006)

Thesis or dissertation

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. (Choi 2008)

Paper presented at a meeting or conference

Adelman, Rachel. 2009. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24. (Adelman 2009)

Website

A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text (“As of July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified. In the absence of a date of publication, use the access date or last-modified date as the basis of the citation.

Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html. McDonald’s Corporation. 2008. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html. (Google 2009) (McDonald’s 2008)

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Blog entry or comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The Becker-Posner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”), and they are commonly omitted from a reference list. If a reference list entry is needed, cite the blog post there but mention comments in the text only. (If an access date is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)

Posner, Richard. 2010. “Double Exports in Five Years?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21. http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-years-posner.html. (Posner 2010)

E-mail or text message

E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on March 1, 2010, John Doe revealed . . .”), and they are rarely listed in a reference list. In parenthetical citations, the term personal communication (or pers. comm.) can be used.

(John Doe, e-mail message to author, February 28, 2010) or (John Doe, pers. comm.)

Item in a commercial database

For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. In this example, the dissertation cited above is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest’s database for dissertations and theses.

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

The Chicago Manual of Style 15th edition text © 1982, 1993, 2003 by The University of Chicago. The Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition text © 2010 by The University of Chicago. The Chicago Manual of Style Online © 2006, 2007, 2010 by The University of Chicago.

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Appendix 2

Using the Harvard Style Taken from: http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_style.html

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Appendix 3 Other Common Abbreviations If you are citing a footnote in someone else’s book or article you should use the

abbreviation n. For example, John Smith, Peter Piper, p. 12, n. 2.