References

Atkinson, 1. H. and Bransby, P. L. (1978) The Mechanics of Soils; An Introduction to Critical State Soil Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, London.

Attewell, P. B. and Farmer, 1. W. (1973) Fatigue behaviour of rocks. Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 10, 1-9.

Attewell, P. B. and Farmer, 1. W. (1976) Principles of Engineering Geology, Chapman and Hall, London.

Attewell, P. B. and Sandford, M. R. (1974) Intrinsic shear strength of a brittle anisotropic rock. Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 11, 423-51.

Badger, C. W., Cummings, A. D. and Whitmore, R. L. (1956) The disintegration of shales in water. J. Inst. Fuel, 29, 417-23.

Balla, A. (1960) Stress conditions in triaxial compression. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., A.S.C.E., 86, (SM6), 57-84.

Barton, N. (1973) Review of a new shear strength criterion for rock joints. Eng. Geol., 7, 287-332.

Barton, N. (1976a) The shear strength of rock and rock joints. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 13,255-79.

Barton, N. (1976b) Recent experiences with the Q-system of tunnel support design. Proc. Symp. Expl. Rock Eng., Johannesburg, Balkema, Cape Town, Vol. 1, pp. 107-18.

Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, 1. (1974) Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mech., 6, 189-236.

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1967) Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock, Parts 1,2 and 3. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 4, 395-430.

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1970) Time dependent behaviour of fractured rock. Rock Mech., 7, 123-37.

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1973) Engineering classification of jointed rock masses. Trans. S. Afr. Int. Civ. Eng., 15, 335-44.

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1974) Estimating the strength of rock materials. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 74, 312-20.

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1976) Rock mass classifications in rock engineering. Proc. Symp. Expl. Rock Eng., Johannesburg, Balkema, Cape Town, Vol. 1, pp. 97-106.

193

194 Engineering Behaviour of Rocks

Bieniawski, Z. T. (1981) Improved design of coal pillars for US mining conditions. Proc.1 st Ann. Corif'. Ground Control in Mining, W. Virginia, pp. 12-22.

Bishop, A. W. (1959) The Principles of Effective Stress, Tek. Ukeblad, No. 39, Oslo.

Bishop, A. W. (1972) Shear strength parameters for undisturbed and remoulded soil specimens. Proc. Symp. Stress-Strain Behaviour of Soils, Oxford, Foulis, Yeovil, pp. 3-58.

Boughton, N. O. (1968) Correlation of measured foundation modulus with in situ rock properties. Proc. Int. Symp. Rock Mech., Madrid.

Brace, W. F. (1960) An extension ofthe Griffith theory offracture to rocks. J. Geophys. Res., 65, 3477-80.

Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W. and Scholz, C. S. (1966) Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3939-53.

Bridgeman, P. W. (1928) The compressibility ofthirteen natural crystals. Am. J. Sci., 15, 287-96.

Bridgeman, P. W. (1949) Volume changes in the plastic stages of simple compression. J. Appl. Phys., 20,1241-51.

Broch, E. and Franklin, 1. A. (1972) The point load strength test. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 9, 669-97.

Brook, N. (1977) A method of overcoming both size and shape effects in point load testing. Proc. Conf. Rock Eng., British Geotechnical Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, pp. 53-70.

Brown, E. T. (1981) (ed.) Rock Characterisation, Testing and Monitoring, Pergamon, Oxford.

Brown, E. T. and Hoek, E. (1978) Trends in relationships between measured in situ stresses and depth. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 15, 211-15.

Brown, E. T. and Michelis, P. (1978) A critical state yield equation for strain softening rock. Proc.19th US Rock Mech. Symp., Lake Tahoe, pp. 515-19.

Carter, P. and Sneddon, M. (1977) Comparison of Schmidt hammer, point load and unconfined compression tests in Carboniferous strata. Rock Engineering, British Geotechnical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, pp. 197-210.

Cecil, O. S. (1970) Correlation of rock bolt-shotcrete support and rock quality parameters in Scandinavian tunnels. Proc. Swedish Geotech. Inst., Stockholm, No. 27.

Coates, D. F. (1964) Classification of rocks for rock mechanics. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1,421-31.

Coates, D. F. (1965) Rock Mechanics Principles, Mines Branch Monograph, 874, Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa.

Cook, N. G. W. (1965) The failure of rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2, 389-403.

Coon, R. F. and Merritt, A. H. (1970) Predicting in situ modulus of deformation using rock quality indexes. In situ Testing of Rock, ASTM, STP477, pp. 154-73.

Crouch, S. L. (1970) The Influence of Failed Rock on the Mechanical Behaviour of Underground Excavations. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota.

References 195

Cruden, D. M. (1971) The form of the creep law for rock under uniaxial compression. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 8, 105-26.

D'Andrea, D. A., Fischer, B. L. and Fogelson, D. E. (1965) Prediction of Compressive Strength from Other Rock Properties, US Bur. Mines, Rep. Invest. 6702.

Daw, G. P. (1971) A modified Hoek-Franklin triaxial cell for rock permeability measurements. Geotechnique, 21, 89-91.

Deere, D. U. (1964) Technical description of cores for engineering purposes. Rock Mech. Eng. Geol., 1, 16-22.

Deere, D. U. (1966) Contribution to discussion. Proc. 1 st Congo Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Lisbon, Vol. 3, pp. 156-58.

Deere, D. U. (1968) Geotechnical considerations, in Rock Mechanics in Engineering Practice (eds. K. G. Stagg and O. C. Zienkiewcz), Wiley, London. '

Deere, D. u., Hendron, A. 1., Patton, F. D. and Cording, E. 1. (1966) Design of surface and near surface construction in rock. Proc. 8th US Symp. Rock Mech., Minneapolis, pp. 237-303,

Deere, D. U. and Miller, R. p, (1966) Engineering Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock. Air Force Weapons Lab. Rep, AFWL-TR-65-16, Kirkland, New Mexico.

Donath, F. A. (1964) Strength variation and deformation behaviour in anisotropic rock. State of Stress in Earth's Crust, Elsevier, New York, pp.281-98.

Dreyer, W. (1973) The Science of Rock Mechanics - The Strength Properties of Rock, 2nd edn, Trans. Tech. PubIs., Clausthal.

Duncan,1. M. and Goodman, R. E. (1968) Finite Element Analyses of Slopes in Jointed Rock, US Army Corps of Engineers, Rep. S63-3.

Edmond, 1. M. and Patterson, M. S. (1972) Volume changes during the deformation of rocks at high pressures. Int. J, Rock Mech. Min, Sci., 9, 161-82.

Einstein, H. H. and Hirschfield, R. C. (1973) Model studies on mechanics of jointed rock. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., A.S.C.E., 99, 833-48,

Evans, I. and Pomeroy, C. D. (1966) Strength Fracture and Workability of Coal, National Coal Board, London,

Farmer, I. W. (1980) Face and Roadway Stability in Underground Coal Mines: Geotechnical Criteria, Report EUR 7298 EN, Commission the European Community, Luxembourg.

Farmer, I. W. and Gilbert, M. 1. (1981) Time dependent strength reduction of rock salt. Proc. 1st Con! on Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Salt, Pennsylvania State Univ.

Fine, 1., Tijane, S. M., Vouille, G. and Boucly, F. (1979) Determination experiment ale de quelques parametres elastoviscoplastiques des roches. Proc. 4th Int. Congr. Rock Mechanics, Montreux, Vol. 1, pp. 139-43.

Fookes, P. G, (1965) Orientation of fissures in stiff overconsolidated clay of the Siwalik system. Geotechnique, 15, 195-206.

Franklin, 1. A., Broch, E. and Walton, G. (1971) Logging the mechanical character of rock. Trans. [nst. Min. Metall., 80A, 1-9,

Gerogiannopoulos, N, and Brown, E. T. (1978) The critical state concept applied to rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci Geomech. Abstr., 15, 1-10.

196 Engineering Behaviour of Rocks

Ghaboussi, 1., Wilson, E. L. and Isenberg, 1. (1973) Finite element for rock joints and interfaces. 1. Soil M echo Found. Diu., A.S.C.E., 99, 833-48.

Gilbert, M. 1. (1981) Shafts in Squeezing Rock, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Gilbert, M. 1. and Farmer, I. W. (1981) A time dependent model for lining pressure based on strength concepts. Proc. Symp. Weak Rock, Tokyo, Vol. 1, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 137-42.

Goodman, R. E. (1974) The mechanical properties of joints. Proc. 3rd Congr. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Denver, VoI.1A, pp. 127-40.

Goodman, R. E. (1976) Methods of Geological Engineering in Discontinuous Rocks, West Publ. Co., St Paul.

Gowd, T. N. and Rummel, F. (1980) Effect of confining pressure on the fracture behaviour of porous rock. Int. J. Rock M echo Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 17, 225-9.

Griffith, A. A. (1921) The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A221, 163-98.

Griffith, A. A. (1924) Theory of rupture. Proc. 1st Int. Congr. Appl. Mech., Delft, pp. '55-63.

Griggs, D. (1939) Creep of rocks. J. Geol., 47, 225-51. Haimson, B. C. (1978) The hydrofracturing stress measuring method and

recent field results. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 15, 167-78.

Haimson, B. C. and Kim, R. Y. (1971) Mechanical behavior of rock under cyclic failure. Proc. 13th US Rock Mech. Symp., Univ. Illinois, Urbana, pp. 845-62.

Hanna, T. H. (1973) Foundation Instrumentation, Trans. Tech. Pubis., Cleveland. .

Hardy, H. R., Kim, R. Y., Stefanko, R. and Wang, Y. 1. (1969) Creep and microseismic activity in geologic materials. Proc. 11th US Rock Mech. Symp., Berkeley, pp. 377-413.

Hassani, F. P. and Scobie, M. 1. (1981) Properties of weak rocks with special reference to the shear strength of their discontinuities as encountered in British surface coal mining. Proc. Symp. Weak Rock, Tokyo, Vol. 1, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 355-64.

Hawkes, I. and Mellor, M. (1970) Uniaxial testing in rock mechanics laboratories. Eng. Geol., 4, 177-285.

Hawkes, I., Mellor, M. and Gariepy, S. (1973) Deformation of rocks under uniaxial tension. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 10,493-507.

Hill, R. (1950) The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hobbs, N. B. (1973) Effects of non-linearity on the prediction of settlements of foundations on rock. Q. J. Eng. Geol., 6, 153-68.

Hobbs, N. B. (1974) The prediction of settlement of structures on rock. Con! Settlement of Structures, Cambridge, pp. 579-610.

Hoek, E. (1966) Rock mechanics - an introduction for the practical engineer. Min. Mag., 114,236-43.

Hoek, E. (1970) Estimating the stability of excavated slopes in opencast mines. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 79A, 109-32.

References 197

Hoek, E. and Franklin, 1. A. (1968) Simple triaxial cell for field or laboratory testing of rock. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 77A, 22-4.

Hoek, E. and Bray, 1. W. (1974) Rock Slope Engineering, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London.

Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T. (1980a) Underground Excavations in Rock, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London.

Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T. (1980b) Empirical strength criterion for rock masses. J. Geotech. Eng. Diu., A.S.C.E., 106, 1013-35.

Hough, B. K. (1957) Basic Soils Engineering, Ronald Press, New York. Hudson,1. A., Brown, E. T. and Fairhurst, C. (1971) Shape of the complete

stress-strain curve for rock. Proc. 13th US Rock Mech. Symp., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, pp. 773-95.

Hudson, 1. A., Crouch, S. L. and Fairhurst, C. (1972) Soft, stiff and servocontrolled testing machines; a review with reference to rock failure. Eng. Geol., 6, 155-89.

Jaeger, 1. C. (1969) Elasticity Fracture and Flow with Engineering and Geological Applications, 3rd edn, Chapman and Hall, London.

Jaeger,1. C. and Cook, N. G. W. (1969) Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Chapman and Hall, London.

Jahns, H. (1966) Messung der Gebirgsfestigkeit in situ bei wachsendern Masstabsverhiiltnis. Proc. 1st Congo Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Lisbon, Vol. 1, pp.477-82.

Jamison, D. B. and Cook, N. G. W. (1979) An analysis of the measured values for the state of stress in the earth's crust. J. Geophys. Res., unpublished paper quoted in Jaeger and Cook (1969).

John, K. W. (1974) Geologists and civil engineers in the design of rock foundations of dams. Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., Sao Paulo, Paper VI-PC-3.

Judd, W. R. (1964) Rock stress, rock mechanics and research, in State of Stress in the Earth's Crust (ed. W. R. Judd), Elsevier, New York, pp. 5-53.

Judd, W. R. and Huber, C. (1962) Correlation of rock properties by statistical methods. Int. Symp. Min. Res., Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 621-48.

Krumbein, W. C. (1942) Physical and chemical changes in sediments after deposition. J. Sed. Petr., 12, 111-17.

Ladanyi, B. and Archambault, G. (1969) Simulation of shear behaviour of a jointed rock mass. Proc.11th US Rock Mech. Symp., Berkeley, pp. 105-25.

Ladanyi B. (1974) Use of the long term strength concept in the determination of ground pressure on tunnel linings. Proc. 3rd Congr. Int. Soc. Rock M ech., Denver, Vol. I(B), pp. 1150-6.

Lama, R. D. and Vutukuri, V. S. (1978) Handbook on Mechanical Properties of Rock-Testing Techniques and Results, Vol. III, Trans. Tech. Pubis., Clausthal.

Lambe, T. W. (1951) Soil Testing for Engineers, Wiley, New York. Lambe, T. W. and Whitman, R. V. (1979) Soil Mechanics (SI version), Wiley,

New York. Lauffer, H. (1958) Gebirgsklassifizierung fur den Stollenbau. Geologie und

Bauwesen, 24, 46-51. Leeman, E. R. (1964) The measurement of stress in rock, Parts I and II. J. S.

Afr. I nst. Min. M etall., 65, 45-114, 254-84.

198 Engineering Behaviour oj Rocks

Leeman, E. R. and Hayes, D. 1. (1966) A technique for determining the complete state of stress in rock using a single borehole. Proc. 1 st Congr.l nt. Soc. Rock Mech., Lisbon, Vol. 2, pp. 17-24.

Londe, P. (1973) The role of rock mechanics in the reconnaissance of rock foundations. Q. J. Eng. Geol., 6, 58-74.

McLintock, F. A. and Walsh, 1. B. (1963) Friction on Griffith cracks in rock under pressure. Proc. 4th US Congr. Appl. Mech., Berkeley, pp. 1015-21.

Mirza, U. A. (1978) Investigation Into the Design Criteria for Underground Openings in Rocks Which Exhibit Rheological Behaviour, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mogi, K. (1966a) Some precise measurements of fracture strengths of rocks under uniform compressive stress. Rock Mech. Eng. Geol., 4, 41-5.

Mogi, K. (1966b) Pressure dependence of rock strength and transition from brittle fracture to ductile flow. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 44, 215-32.

Moye, D. G. (1955) Engineering geology for the Snowy Mountain Scheme in Australia, J. Inst. Eng. Aust., 9, 95-112.

Murrell, S. A. F. (1963) A criterion for brittle fracture of rocks under triaxial stress. Proc. 5th US Rock Mech. Symp., Univ. of Minnesota, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 563-77.

Obert, L., Windes, S. L. and Duvall, W. I. (1946) Standardised Tests for Determining the Physical Properties of Mine Rocks, US Bureau of Mines. Report of Investigation No. 3891.

Obert, L. and Duvall, W. I. (1957) Microseismic Method of Determining the Stability of Underground Openings, US Bureau of Mines Bull. 573.

Obert, L. and Duvall, W. I. (1967) Rock Mechanics and the Design of Structures in Rock, Wiley, New York.

Olsson, W. A. and Peng, S. S. (1976) Microcrack nucleation in marble. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 13, 53-9.

Onodera, T. F. (1963) Dynamic investigation of foundation rocks in situ. Proc. 5th US Rock Mech. Symp., Univ. of Minnesota, pp. 517-33.

Orowan, E. (1949) Fracture and strength of solids. Repts. on Prog. in Physics, 12, 185-232.

Patterson, M. S. (1978) Experimental Rock Testing - the Brittle field, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Patton, F. D. (1966) Multiple modes of shear failure in rock. Proc. 1 st Congr. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Lisbon, Vol. 1, pp. 509-13.

Patton, F. D. and Deere, D. U. (1970) Significant geologic factors in slope stability. Proc. Symp. Planning Open Pit Mines, Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 143-51.

Peng, S. S. and Podnieks, E. R. (1972) Relaxation and the behaviour offailed rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 9, 699-712.

Phillips, F. C. (1971) The Use of Stereographic Projections in Structural Geology, 3rd edn, Arnold, London.

Piteau, D. R. (1970) Geological factors significant to the stability of slopes cut in rock. Proc. Symp. Open Pit Mines, Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 33-53.

Poole, R. W. and Farmer, I. W. (1980) Consistency and repeatability of Schmidt hammer rebound data during testing. Int. J. Rock M echo Min. Sci., 18,229-34.

References 199

Pratt, H. R., Black, A. D., Brown, W. S. and Brace, W. F. (1972) The effect of specimen size on the mechanical properties of unjointed diorite. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 9,513-29.

Price, A. M. (1979) The Effect of Confining Pressure on the Post- Yield Deformation Characteristics of Rocks, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Price, A. M. and Farmer, 1. W. (1979) Application of yield models to rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 16, 157-9.

Price, A. M. and Farmer, 1. W. (1980) A general failure criterion for rocks. Proc. 21st US Rock Mech. Symp., Rolla, pp. 256--63.

Price, A. M. and Farmer, I. W. (1981) The Hvorslev surface in rock deformation. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 18,229-34.

Price, N. 1. (1966) Fault and Joint Development in Brittle and Semi-Brittle Rock, Pergamon, Oxford.

Priest, S. D. and Hudson, 1. A. (1976) Discontinuity spacings in rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 13, 134-53.

Ramsay, 1. G. (1967) Folding and Fracturing of Rocks, McGraw-Hill, London.

Rankilor, P. R. (1974) A suggested field system of logging rock cores for engineering purposes. Bull. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 11, 247-58.

Rinehart, 1. S. (1962) Effect of transient stress waves in rock. Int. Symp. Mining Res. (ed. G. Clarke), Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 713-26.

Rispin, A. and Cooper, 1. (1972) The Mechanical Cutting of Rock Materials in Relation to the Design and Operation of Tunnelling Machines and Rapid Excavation Systems, Internal report, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Roberds, W. 1. and Einstein, H. H. (1978) Comprehensive model for rock discontinuities. J. Geotech. Eng. Div., A.S.C.E., 104, 553--69.

Roberts, A. (1977) Geotechnology, Pergamon, Oxford. Robertson, A. M. (1970) The interpretation of geological factors for use in

slope theory. Proc. Symp. Open Pit Mines, Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 55-71. Rocha, M. (1976) Personal communication. Roscoe, K. H., Schofield, A. N. and Wroth, C. P. (1958) On the yielding of

soils. Geotechnique, 8, 22-53. Rowe, P. W. (1962) The stress dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an

assembly of particles in contact. Proc. R. Soc., A264, 500-27. Rowe, P. W. (1968) The influence of geological features of clay deposits on the

design and performance of sand drains (summary). Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 39, 581.

Salamon, M. D. G. (1970) Stability, instability and design of pillar workings. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 7, 613-31.

Schofield, A. and Wroth, C. P. (1968) Critical State Soil Mechanics, McGraw­Hill, London.

Scholz, C. H. (1968a) Microfracturing and the inelastic deformation of rock in compression. J. Geophys. Res., 73,1417-32.

Scholz, C. H. (1968b) Experimental study of the fracturing process in brittle rock. J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1447-54.

Skempton, A. W. (1954) The pore-pressure coefficients A and B. Geotechnique, 4, 143-7.

200 Engineering Behaviour of Rocks

Skempton, A. W. (1961a) Effective stress in soils, concrete and rocks. Pore Pressure and Suction in Soils, Butterworth, London, pp. 4-16.

Skempton, A. W. (1961 b) Horizontal stresses in an overconsolidated Eocene clay. Proc. 5th Int. Corif. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., Paris, Vol. 1, pp. 351-87.

Snow, D. T. (1968) Rock fracture, spacings, openings and porosities. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., A.S.C.E., 94, 73-9l.

Stini, 1. (1950) Tunnel baugeologie, Springer Verlag, Vienna. Stoney, S. M. and Dhir, R. K. (1977) Problems in measurement of anisotropy

in rocks. Rock Engineering, British Geotechnical Society, Newcastle-upon­Tyne, pp. 137-54.

Talobre, 1. A. (1957) La Mechanique des Roches, Dunod, Paris. Tapponier, P. and Brace, W. F. (1976) Development of stress-induced

microcracks in Westerly Granite. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 13, 103-12. Taylor, D. W. (1948) Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics, Wiley, New York. Terzaghi, K. (1925) Erdbaumechanik, Franz Deutricke, Vienna. Terzaghi, K. (1943) Theoretical Soil Mechanics, Wiley, New York. Terzaghi, K. (1946) Rock Tunnelling with Steel Supports, Youngstown, Ohio,

Commercial Shearing and Stamping Co. Terzaghi, R. D. (1965) Sources of error in joint surveys. Geotechnique, 15,

287-304. Terzaghi, K. and Richart, F. E. (1952) Stresses in rocks about cavities.

Geotechnique, 3, 57-90. Tourenq, c., Fourmaintraux, D. and Denis, A. (1971) Propagation des on des

et discontinuites des roches. Proc. Int. Symp. Rock Fracture, Nancy. Tsur-Lavie, Y. and Denekamp, S. A. (1982) Size and shape effect in pillar

design. In Strata Mechanics: Developments in Geotechnical Engineering (ed. I. W. Farmer), Vol. 32, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 245-8.

Vaughan, P. R. (1963) Contribution to discussion, Grouts and Drilling Muds in Engineering Practice, British Geotechnical Society, London, p. 54.

Ward, W. H., Burland, 1. B. and Gallois, R. W. (1968) Geotechnical assessment of a site at Mundford, Norfolk, for a large proton accelerator. Geotechnique, 15, 321-44.

Wawersik, W. R. (1968) Detailed Analysis of Rock Failure in Laboratory Compression Tests, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota.

Wei bull, W. (1952) A survey of statistical effects in the field of materialfailure, Appl. Mech. Rev., 5, 449-51.

Wickham, G. E., Tiedemann, H. and Skinner, E. H. (1972) Support determinations based on geologic predictions. Proc. 1st Rapid Exc. Tunn. Conj, New York, A.I.M.E., pp. 43-M.

Zismann, W. A. (1933) Compressibility and anisotropy ofrocks at and near the earth's surface. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 19,666-79.

Author Index

Atkinson,1. H., 85, 86,90, 114 Attewell, P. B., 9, 10, 23, 48, 69,

137, 138, 142, 146, 147, 154, 156, 167

Archambault, G., 163

Badger, C. W., 16 Balla, A., 7, 60, 61, 75 Barton, N., 92, 93, 108, 163, 164,

165,172,175,178-187 Bieniawski, Z. T., 16, 27, 28, 72,

128,129,172,174,175-178,183, 184, 186, 189

Bishop, A. W., 37, 89 Boughton, N. 0., 30, 31 Brace, W. F., 65, 71, 74 Bransby, P. L., 85, 86, 90, 114 Bray, 1. W., 15, 23, 146, 150, 167 Bridgeman, P. W., 38, 39, 95 Broch, E., 16 Brook, N., 14 Brown, E. T., 5, 6, 9, 51, 54, 55, 60,

92, 94, 115, 144, 160, 172, 185, 186, 187, 189

Carter, P., 16 Cecil, O. S., 175 Coates, D. F., 9, 33 Cook, N. G. W., 33, 53, 56-59, 67,

68, 72, 140, 158, 159 Coon, R. F., 31 Cooper, I., 21, 22 Crouch, S. L., 95

Cmden, D. M., 127

D'Andrea, D. A., 16,21 Daw, G. P., 22 Deere, D. U., 9, 11, 13, 15-17,28,

30, 31, 163, 168, 169, 171 Denekamp, S. A., 189 Dhir, R. K., 155, 157 Donath, D. A., 154, 156 Dreyer, W., 125 Duncan, 1. M., 26 Duvall, W. I., 33, 66

Edmond,1. M., 94,114 Einstein, H. H., 160, 161, 165, 166 Evans, I., 27

Fairhurst, C., 59 Farmer, I. W., 9, 10, 16,23,48,69,

97,111, 112, 113, 116-118, 127, 130-133, 137, 138, 142, 146, 147, 167

Fine, 1., 128 Fookes, P. G., 143 Franklin, 1. A., 14, 16, 94

Gerogiannopoulos, N., 92, 115 Ghaboussi, 1., 165 Gilbert, M. 1., 127, 128, 129,

130-133, 134 Goodman, R. E., 26, 163, 165, 167 Gowd, T. N., 114 Griffith, A. A., 71 Griggs, D., 125

201

202 Author Index

Haimson, B. c., 57, 139 Hanna, T. H., 23 Hardy, H. R., 120, 121, 122 Hassani, F. P., 18 Hawkes, I., 7, 8, 9, 60, 62 Hayes, D. J., 58 Hill, R., 87 Hirschfield, R c., 161 Hobbs, N. B., 11, 12, 30, 31 Hoek, E., 15,23, 51, 52, 54, 55, 83,

94, 144, 146, 150, 163, 167, 172, 185, 186, 187, 189

Hough, B. K., 21 Hudson, J. A., 4, 63, 64, 97, 146,

169, 170, 171 Huber, c., 21, 141

Jaeger, J. c., 33, 53, 57-59, 72, 140, 158, 159

Jahns, H., 28 Jamison, D. B., 54, 56 John, K. W., 145 Judd, W. R, 21, 33, 141

Krumbein, W. c., 2 Kim, R Y., 139

Ladanyi, B., 125, 135, 163 Lama, R. D., 125 Lambe, T. W., 22, 119 Lauffer, H., 175, 178 Leeman, E. R., 57, 58 Londe, P., 144, 145, 169

McLintock, F. A., 73 Mellor, M.; 7,8,60,62, 74 Merritt, A H., 31 Michelis, P., 92 Miller, R P., 9,11,13,15-17,31 Mirza, U. A, 127 Mogi, K., 75, 93, 186, 188 Moye, D. G., 26 Murrell, S. A. F., 73

Obert, L., 8, 33, 66 Olsson, W. A., 74 Onodera, T. F., 28, 30, 168 Oro wan, E., 71

Patterson, M. S., 94, 114, 128 Patton, F. D., 162, 163

Peng, S. S., 74, 128 Phillips, F. c., 148, 150 Piteau, D. R., 145, 146 Podnieks, E. R, 128 Pomeroy, C. D., 27 Poole, R w., 16 Pratt, H. R, 28 Price, A. M., 77, 94, 97, 99-103,

105-107,111,112,113,116-118, 127

Price, N. J., 10 Priest, S. D., 146, 169, 170, 171

Ramsay, J. G., 43 Rankilor, P. R, 16 Rispin, A., 21, 22 Roberds, W. J., 161, 165, 166 Roberts, A., 57, 58 Robertson, AM., 146, 147, 148 Rocha, M., 169 Roscoe, K. H., 89 Rowe, P. W., 3,114 Rummel, F., 114

Salamon, M. G. D., 64 Sandford, M. R, 154, 156 Schofield, A., 49, 86, 89, 90, 93 Scholz, C. H., 67, 69, 75, 76, 86, 87,

88, 92, 93, 104, 108, 114, 115 Scobie, M. J., 18 Skempton, A. W., 38-41, 54 Sneddon, M., 16 Snow, D. T., 23, 169 Stini, J., 26 Stoney, S. M., 155, 157

Talobre, J. A, 53 Tapponier, P., 74 Taylor, D. w., 114 Terzaghi, K., 24-28, 37, 54, 119,

168, 169, 172, 189 Terzaghi, RD., 143, 147 Tourenq, c., 29 Tsur-Lavie, Y., 189

Vaughan, P. R, 23 Vutukuri, V. S., 125

Walsh, J. B., 73 Ward, W. H., 26 Wawersik, W. R., 65

Weibull, W., 27 Whitman, R. V., 119 Wickham, G. E., 172-175

Author Index

Wroth, P. w., 49, 86, 89, 90, 93

Zismann, W. A., 38, 39

203

Subject Index

Angle of friction discontinuity, 160-165 internal, 7, 81-85 peak, 94-111 residual, 94-111 sliding, 151-165

Anisotropy, effect of on elasticity, 157 on strength, 154-157

Arching theory, 24-26 Asperities, effect of

on discontinuity cohesion, 162-164

on discontinuity friction, 162-164

Attenuation, wave energy, 142

Biaxial strain, 46 Biaxial stress field, 44, 71, 151, 154 Bingham model, 126 Blasting, 142 Borehole stress measurement, 58 Brittle behaviour, 65-80, 186, 189,

190 Brittle fracture, 69-80 Brittleness, index, 11 Brittle-ductile transition, 86,93, 160 Bulk modulus, 47, 140 Burgers model, 126

Cartesian axes, 34, 35 Coefficient of earth pressure at rest,

48, 53-55

204

Cohesion, 7 Compressibility, 38-42 Compressive strength

criteria, 82, 83 discontinuity, 164-165 magnitude, 11 triaxial, 7, 97-108 uniaxial, 5, 7-14

Consolidation, 119 Coulomb criterion, 81-85 Cracks

initiation, 70-74 propagation, 74-76

Cracking, 66 Creep

curves, 121-124, 127 equations, 127 phenomenological models,

125-128 primary, 124 rheological models, 125-126 secondary, 125 strain, 119-128 tertiary, 125

Critical state concept, 89-94 definition, 85 discontinuity model, 165-167 Hvorslev surface, 90-93,111-118 line, 80 model, 80-82 Roscoe surface, 90, 91

Subject Index 205

stability line, 80, 109 yield surface, 111, 112

Cyclic loading, 135-139

Darcy's law, 21 Deformation

complete curve, 77-81 description of rock, 59-80 mechanics of rock, 65-80

Diagenesis, 2 Dilation

definition, 43 discontinuity, 160-166 magnitude, 188 mechanics of, 65-80 relation to microseismicity,

67-70,120-123 Discontinuity

asperities, 162-163 classification, 145 cohesion, 160-165 critical state model, 165-167 frequency, 169-172 frictional resistance, 160-165 orientation data, 143-150 porosity, 23, 29 roughness, 160-165 shear resistance, 151, 154-165 shear stability, 158-159 spacing, 169-170 stereographic projection,

148-153 survey, 146-148

Distortion, 43 Ductile behaviour, 85-94, 107-118,

131-135, 165-167 Dynamic

modulus, 11, 140-142 strength, 139

Earthquakes, 142 Effective stress, 37-42, 53, 151 Elastic constants

bulk modulus, 47-50 dynamic, 11, 140-142 elastic modulus, 47-50 Poisson's ratio, 47-51 shear modulus, 47-50 tests, 6, 12, 13, 65--67

Elastic behaviour, 47-51, 77, 78

Elasticity, 47-51 Elastic waves, 140-142 Ellipse

crack as an, 71-74 strain, 43

End effects, 7, 59-63 Energy

crack surface, 71, 72 during fracture, 81 release during testing, 60, 64, 65,

189, 190

Failure criteria for, 81-85 definition, 85 through deformation, 85-94, 136 through shear, 77-80, 85,

98-101, 136 Failure criteria

Coulomb, 81-85 Griffith, 71-74, 82, 186 McLintock-Walsh, 60, 62, 73,

74,82 Mohr, 82-85

Fatigue, 137-139 Faults, 143, 150, 152, 190 Field tests, 6, 14-17 Finite strain, 43 Fracture

brittle, 65-80 frequency, 31 index, 169 hydraulic, 57, 58 porosity, 29

Friction crack, 73 discontinuity, 151-165 internal, 7, 81-85 sliding, 160-165

Geomechanics classification, 172, 176-178

Geostatic stress coefficient of, 48, 53-55 horizontal, 53-55 vertical, 47-53

Griffith cracks, 70-72 Griffith criterion, 71-74, 82, 186

Heim's rule, 53, 54

206 Subject Index

Homogeneous strain, 86-88, 190 Hookean material, 125 Hvorslev surface, 90-93 Hydrofracture, 58 Hydrostatic stress, 41, 94 Hysteresis, 139

Igneous rocks, 1, 21 Internal friction, 7, 81-85

Joints, 143-145

Kelvin-Voight model, 126 Kozeny-Carman equation, 22

Laboratory tests, 6-9, 94-98, 167 Luders lines, 87 Lugeon,24

McLintock-Walsh criterion, 60, 62, 73, 74, 82

Macrofracture, 74, 75 Maxwell model, 125 Metamorphic rocks, 21 Microcracks, 66-71 Microseismic events, 66-71,

120-123 Modulus

bulk, 47, 140 deformation, 6 dynamic, 140-142 elastic, 47 of rigidity, 47, 140 secant, 11, 14 strength ratio, 11-14 tangent, 11, 14

Modulus ratio, 11-14 Mohr circle, 45, 46, 83, 157 Mohr envelope, 83 Mohr criterion, 82-85

NGI classification, 178-184 Newtonian material, 125 Normal stress, 33-37

Octahedral stress, 60, 61

Permeability coefficient of, 21-24 packer test, 23 rock mass, 22-23

Phase relations, 18-20, 37 Phenomenological models, 125-127

Physical properties,S, 18-21 Pillars

brittle fracture, 135, 136, 189-191

plastic failure, 135, 136, 189-191 Plane of weakness

effect on strength, 151-158 shear resistance, 158-165

Plastic behaviour, 85, 111-118, 131-135, 165-166

Plastic deformation, 87, 111-118 Plastic flow, 87, 111-118 Plasticity

associated flow rule, 114 flow rule, 111-113 hardening law, 111-112 normality condition, 112-114 potential function, 112-114

Point load index, 14-16 Poisson's ratio, 6, 47-51, 87, 88 Pore pressure, 37-42 Porewater

pressure, 37-42 pressure parameters, 41, 42

Porosity, 18-22 Prager model, 126 Principal stresses, 36, 37, 47

RQD,28-32, 168-172 Rheological models, 125-126 Rock classification

geomechanics, 172, 176-178 mass, 25-28 NGI,178-184 rock structure rating, 172-175 strength, 10

Rock deformation mechanics of, 64-80

Rock mass, 3 behaviour, 168-191 classification, 25-28, 172-184 factor, 30-32, 168 strength criterion, 184-189

Rock mass strength criterion, 184-189 relevance of, 181-191

Rock matrix, 41 Rock mechanics, 1, 3

Subject Index 207

Rock quality designation, RQD, 28-32,

168-172 geomechanics classification,

176-178 NGI classification, 178-184

Rock structure rating, 172-175 Rock testing

categories, 5, 6 compressibility, 39 in compression, 59--65 data, 94-111 discontinuity resistance, 167 field, 14-18 in situ, 6 jacketed, 38, 39 laboratory, 5-21 loading rates, 9 machines, 63--65 rock properties, 3 servo-controlled, 63--65 specifications, 5, 6 stable loading, 64 strain rates, 97, 128-131 stress measurement, 57-58 triaxial cell, 94-97 uniaxial,7 unjacketed, 38, 39

Rockbursts, 142 Roscoe surface, 90, 91, 115 Rotation, 43

St. Venant substance, 125 Saturation, 20, 42 Schmidt hammer, 15-18 Schwedoff model, 126 Sedimentary rocks

composition, 1, 2 diagenesis, 2 porosity, 21

Sediments, 1 Seismic waves

energy, 142 particle velocity, 142 velocity, 29, 140, 141

Servo-controlled test machine, 63--65

Shear resistance discontinuities, 151-165 intact rocks, 81-108

Shear strain, 43 Shear strength, 11, 82, 83 Shear stress

components, 35-36 di&continuities, 151-165 representation, 44-45 strength criteria, 81-85

Shock wave, 140 Size-strength relations, 27-28, 189,

190 Slake durability test, 16-18 Sliding friction, 160--165 Soil mechanics, 1 Soil mineralogy, 1 Specific surface energy, 71 Specimens

description, 9 end restraint, 8, 59--63 preparation, 7, 8 shape, 7,60 size, 7, 14 stress distribution in, 61, 62

Stand up time, 178 Stereo graphic projection

contoured data, 152, 153 discontinuity representation, 149 lower hemisphere, 150 Schmidt net, 149 upper hemisphere, 150 Wulff net, 149

Stiff testing concept, 60, 63 data, 97-111 machine design, 63--65 servo systems for, 63

Strain at a point, 42, 43 axial, 66, 97-111 creep, 119-128 ellipse, 43 finite, 43 hardening, 85, 160 lateral,66 representation, 46 shear, 43 softening, 84, 85, 160 time dependent, 119-142 volumetric, 38, 43, 50, 51, 66,

97-111

208 Subject Index

Strain ellipse, 43 Strain energy, 60, 64, 65, 189 Strain gauges, 58, 65 Strain hardening, 85, 160 Strain rate, 97, 128-131 Strain softening, 80 Strength

criteria, 81-85 effect of mineralogy, 10 effect of shape, 3, 4, 8 effect of size, 4, 27, 28, 189 effect of strain rate, 128-131 effect of unit weight, 21 envelope, 81-85, 97-111, 132 failure, 81 magnitudes, 11 peak, 94-111 residual, 94-111 rock mass strength, 184-189

Stress at a point, 33-37 biaxial,44 cartesian tensor, 46 deviatoric, 42, 109 effective, 37--42, 53 engineering notation, 34 hydrostatic, 41 invariants, 46 Mohr circle, 45, 46 octahedral, 60 path, 46, 48, 109-111 principal, 36, 37 principal planes, 36 representation, 45 sign convention, 35 tangential, 60 tensor, 36, 37, 46, 47 total, 37--42, 53 vector, 34

Stress measurement, 57, 58 Stress path, 46, 48, 109-111 Stress tensor, 36, 37, 45 Stress dilatency equation, 114 Stress-strain relations

complete curves, 77-80, 97-109 effect of strain rate, 128-131

tensor relations, 45--48 triaxial, 49 in triaxial compression, 88 uniaxial, 49, 50

Surface energy, 71

Tensile strength, 11, 82 Terzaghi's rock classification,

23-27 Testing see Rock testing Testing machines, 63-65 Thrust fault, 54, 56 Time dependency

creep concepts, 124-128 data, 120-123 rapid loading, 139-142 strain rate effects, 128-131 strength reduction, 131-135

Tresca criterion, 88, 89 Triaxial cell, 94-97 Triaxial stress field, 157-159 Triaxial tests, 47, 97-111

Uniaxial tests, 4-16 Unit weight, 20, 21

Velocity index, 28 Void ratio, 20 Volumetric strain, 43, 65-80, 88,

97-111, 120-123 Von Mises criterion, 89

Waves body, 140 velocity, 29, 140, 141 seismic, 29, 140-142 shock, 140 surface, 140

Yield critical state, 86 curves, 109-111, 132 effect of confining pressure, 86 failure through, 85-87 plastic, 86

Yield criteria, 85-89

Zenner model, 126