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List of Symbols

A

b bar Ci

C CM c D DM Dg d do-dO dEjdx E ED EJ

E, e e' f(E) f(E,cos 0) f(v) fe

fes f(X) F(v) F Fe FD(z) Fi(EA,z) G(EA, E) Gi

H HM He

as subscript refers to incident particle; albedo Chap. 4; otherwise some constant normal albedo astronomical unit radius of a grain (Chap. 4) screening length Bohr radius of hydrogen (au and aTF screening lengths) as a subscript refers to target particle, otherwise a magnetic field or some constant impact parameter for a collision a bar over a symbol implies an averaged quantity concentration of species in a solid (Chap. 3), constants in equations (Chap. 2) a constant as defined center of mass system a constant in Chap. 4: a correction factor for yield dissociation energy dose per molecule grain diameter size of colliding particles differential cross section [(do-jdO) dO or (do-jdT) dT] element of solid angle (sin () dOdcp) stopping power, average energy loss per unit path length energy of a particle; center of mass energy in Chap. 2 energy to displace an atom in a solid electric field at particle j (Appendix 2C) threshold energy for sputtering size of charge on the electron a scaled energy in Chap. 3 probability per energy interval of a molecule having an energy E as above: energy and angle velocity distribution fraction of energy in electronic processes (Chap. 3) escape fraction scattering amplitude a plasma effect to be specified (Chap. 4) force (F o[(Q) generalized oscillator strength Chap. 2) electronic energy deposited per unit path length the energy density deposited at depth z which contributes to damage distribution of implanted particle of initial energy EA type i at depth z. energy spectrum of recoils produced by an ion of energy EA number of species of type i produced per 100 eV of energy deposition. scale height Maxwellian (kTjMg) Collisional Sputtering (UjMg)

226

h i 1 I 10 j J k ki

K

K' t I, L M M, m me m B N Ni N ex

Np n n p Pc Po- r PI Q R R Rp R, RJ

Rs

u V v

Plancks' constant index; imaginary number (Appendix 2) ionization energy average ionization energy parameter ionization energy of hydrogen current density source rate of particles Boltzmann Constant electron or ion rate coefficients

List of Symbols

degrees Kelvin (Chaps. 1,4), wave number, 2n/A (Chap. 2); thermal conductivity K(T) (Chap. 4) electric conductivity (Chap. 4) angular momentum index (Appendix 2C) thickness of a molecular layer in the solid (Chap. 3) angular momentum; or a length mass of a molecular (atom) as labeled (MA mass of particle A) mass of a satellite (M(Q) matrix elements) (Chap. 2) reduced mass in a collision, MAMB/(MA + MB) electron mass magnetic moment (Chap. 4) column density (particles/area) number of ionizations (Chap. 3) (number of electrons, Chap. 2) number of excitations (Chap. 3) the mean projected range of an ion, given as a column density number density (particle/volume) with various sUbscripts index for a power-law potential (Chaps. 2, 3) pressure (momentum or probability Chap. 2) probability of a collision probability of a transition from the initial state (0) to a final state (I) Legendre polynomials (Appendix 2C) energy transfer to the electrons or function as defined radial separation or position mean range (path length) of ions in a material mean projected range along incident direction radius of a satellite Jupiter's radius Saturn's radius radial distance radial distance from center of satellite to which plasma penetrates stopping cross section [S = n - 1 (dE/dx)] or sulfur atom electronic component of stopping cross section nuclear elastic (collisional) component of S temperature (Chaps. 1,3,4) or energy transfer to target particle B (in Chaps. 2,3) time (or a variable as defined) sublimation energy gravitational binding energy to satellite, S; cut-off at Hill (Lagrange) sphere, L electric potential energy of a grain's surface ultraviolet photons velocity of the plasma past an object or the object through the plasma an interaction potential a velocity (speed) average velocity of an electron on H (Bohr velocity) average velocity of an electron on an atom

List of Symbols

y Y Y(0) Vi' Ys

(Y) Yx

Z Z' z zp IX

IXO

IX.

IX'

IX,

IXR

P' P Po y r i

~

~E

e' 'It['I(b)] 'I(EA )

'Ix ()

OA,O

~ K

A Jl Jlo V(EA) Vi

average speed for a Maxwellian flux distribution average ejection speed for a sputter cascade planar binding average ejection speed for a sputter cascade spherical binding averaged escape speed of particles average energy for a process (We ionization) single particle albedo a thickness of a solid, a variable variable as defined

227

sputter yield [molecules (atoms) removed/ion] measured at normal incidence angular dependence of sputter yield effective sputter yield in a mixed surface sputter yield in the spike (nonlinear) regime sputter yield average over the bombardment angles sputter yield at exobase of atmosphere a nuclear charge, with various subscripts effective nuclear charge, allows screening a depth in a solid or distance from a surface altitude above surface to which plasma penetrates constant in the sputter expression (Chap. 3); alpha particle polarizability of B (Chap. 2) absorption coefficient pitch angle for plasma particle recombination coefficient rotation angle in Fig. 2.3 a screening constant (inverse length) Chap. 2, the ratio vic; beta particle constant in the equation for recoil production ratio of masses 4M. Mo/(M. + Mo)2; gamma ray damping constant change in a quantity (e.g., ~p) an exothermic energy or energy transfer energy of an electronic state (eo, initial; er, final state) erR) molecular energy for separation R; a scaled energy (Appendix Chap. 2); emissivity (Chap. 4); energy density (Chap. 3) recoil energy (Chap. 3) phase shift (Appendix 2A) energy deposited in electronic excitations by an ion of energy EA (Chap. 3) number of molecules in the exosphere (Chaps. 3, 4) angle (measured from z axis) scattering angles of particles A and B a constant as defined (lapse rate, Chap. 4) thermal diffusivity wavelength or a mean free path as indicated Mo/MA a mass ratio magnetic permeability energy deposited in nuclear elastic collisions by an ion of energy EA ionization rate mass density of a material wave function for electrons (Iji and ljir are initial and final states) cross section (ad - diffusion, aw charge transfer) Stefan-Boltzmann constant angular differential cross section independent of azimuthal angle diffusion cross section desorption cross section period of system (e.g., electron orbit period)

228

w 00

ex (j(E)

collision time screening factor in Chap. 2 flux in Chaps. 1, 3, 4

List of Symbols

center of mass scattering angle; Appendix 4A a ratio of conductivities generally, azimuthal angle about z solid angle (dQ = sin OdOd4» mean squared straggling width angular frequency of electrons infinity proportional to delta function (zero unless E "# 0)

Bibliography of Useful Texts and Reviews

Atmospheres

Aeronomy. Banks PM and Kockharts G (Academic Press, NY 1973) Planets and their atmospheres. Lewis JS and Prinn RG (Academic Press, NY 1984) Atmospheres and ionospheres of the outer planets and their satellites. Atreya SK (Springer,

Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1986) Theory of planetary atmospheres. Chamberlain JW and Hunten DM (Academic Press, NY

1987)

Collisions

Introduction to the theory of ion atom collisions. McDowell MRC and Coleman JP (North Holland, Amsterdam 1970)

Physics of atomic collisions. Hasted JB (American Elsevier NY 1972) Interatomic potentials. Torrens 1M (Academic Press, NY 1972) Introduction to atomic and molecular collisions. Johnson RE (Plenum, NY 1982) Absorption of ionizing radiation. Andersen DW (Univ Park Press, Baltimore 1984) Advances in atomic and molecular physics. ed Bates DR (Academic Press, NY series of volumes) Electronic and ionic impact phenomena. Massey HSW and Burhop EHS (Oxford Univ Press,

Oxford, series of volumes) Applied atomic collision physics. (Academic Press, NY, series of volumes)

Material Modification

Advances in radiation chemistry 1. (eds Burton M and Magee JL) (Wiley, NY 1969) Radiation damage processes in materials. (ed Duprey CHS) (Noorduff, Leiden 1975) Ion bombardment modification of surfaces. (eds Auciello D and Kelly R) Elsevier, Amsterdam

1984) Ion beam modification of insulators. (eds Mazzoldi P and Arnold GW) (Elsevier, Amsterdam

1987) Kinetics of non-homogeneous processes. (ed Freeman GR) (Wiley, NY 1987)

Penetration

Ion implantation range and energy deposition distributions Vol. 1 and 2. (Plenum, NY 1975) Helium stopping powers and ranges in all elemental matter. Ziegler JF (Pergamon, NY 1977) Hydrogen stopping powers and ranges in all elements. Andersen HH and Ziegler JF

(Pergamon, NY 1977). (curves labeled "solid" not very accurate for condensed gases) Stopping and ranges of ions in matter. Ziegler JF (Pergamon, NY 1977)

230 Bibliography of Useful Texts and Reviews

Stopping powers for electrons an positrons. ICRU report 37 (Inter. committee on radiation units and measurements, Washington, DC 1984) (EA ~ 10 keY)

Absorption of ionizing radiation. Anderson DW (Univ Park Press, Baltimore 1984) The stopping and range of ions in solids. Ziegler JF, Biersack JP and Littmark Y (Pergamon,

NY 1985)

Sputtering/Desorption

Desorption induced by electronic transitions DIET I. (eds. Tolk NH, Traum MM, Tully JC and Madey TE) (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1983) Desorption induced by electronic transitions DIET II. (eds Brenig and Menzel) (Springer,

Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1985) Desorption induced by electronic transitions DIET III. (eds Stuhlen RH and Knotek ML)

(Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1988) Sputtering by particle bombardment I. (ed Behrisch R) (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Tokyo 1981) Sputtering by particle bombardment II. (ed Behrisch R) (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Tokyo 1983) Sputtering by particle bombardment III. (eds Behrisch Rand Wittmark K) (Springer, Berlin

Heidelberg New York Tokyo, in press) Energy dependence of the sputtering yields of monotomic solids. IPPJ-AM-14 (Inst PI sma

Phys, Nagoya Univ, Nogoya)

Applications: Astronomy

Physical processes in the interstellar medium. Spitzer (J Wiley and Sons, NY 1978) Cosmic plasma, H Alfven (D Reidel, Dordrecht 1981) Comets. (ed Wilkening LL) (Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson 1982) Satellites of Jupiter. (ed Morrision D) (Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson 1982) Physics of the Jovian magnetosphere. (ed Dessler AJ) (Cambridge Univ Press 1983) Saturn. (eds Gehrels T and Matthews MS) (Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson 1984) Planetary rings. (ed Greenberg Rand Brahic A) (Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson 1984) Proto stars and planets II. (eds Block DC and Matthews MS) (Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson

1985) The photochemistry of atmospheres. (ed Levine JS) (Academic Press, NY 1985) Satellites. (eds Burns JA and Matthews MS) (Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson 1986) Reaction rate coefficients in astrophysics. (eds Miller TJ and Williams DA) (Kluever,

Dordrecht 1988) Origins and evolutions of atmospheres. (eds Atreya SK and Pollack JB) (Univ of Arizona Press,

Tucson 1989)

Subject Index

Activation energies 125 Albedo, see Reflectance Amalthea 8,193 Ariel 8,12,21,148,157 Asteroids 17,20

Ballistic atmosphere, see Satellite corona

Callisto 8,20,140,148,150,160,162,167,168 Center of mass system 32 Charge exchange, see also Cross sections

in an atmosphere 178,189-191 in a plasma 192-197

Chiron 160 Cohesive energies 15 Collision, see also Cross sections

cascade 85,100-102 elastic 31,40,49-54 fast/slow 29,40,49 inelastic 29,31,40,49-54 time 29

Comets 12,16,17,141,153,154-155,193 Condensed gases, see also Sputtering

properties 14-16 Corona, see Satellites Cosmic rays 2,6,7 Cross section, see also Stopping cross section

Bethe-Born 51-54,71-72 binary encounter 50-51 charge exchange 54-62,72 definition 27-31 diffusion 33,35 e+H 53 e + HzO 53 elastic 31,35,37-39,63-69 H+ incident 53-54,55,57 He + He 28 He+ + Ar 37 ionization 29,51-54 Na+ incident 58 Ne+ + Ar 37 O+z + S(O) 58,59 S+z + S(O) 55,56,58,59 straggling 87

Damage, displacements 84-85 Desorption 112-114

see also Sputtering Dione 8,11,13,140,144,148,168,192,195 Dipole moments 43,44

Effective charge 40,47-49,56,61-62 Enceladus 8,11,148,151,168,193,195,197 Energy deposition 81-89,100

see also Stopping power inC 86 in HzO 82-83 in organics 86,88 in Si02 83

Escape from an atmosphere 175-181,189-193 energies 20-21 from a satellite surface 164-166 from a solid 101-102

Europa 8,140,144,148,150,153,156,160,162, 166,168,174,195

Exosphere, see Satellite corona, Escape

Ganymede 8,140,148,151,160,168,169,174, 176,178-179

G-values 93,130,158 see also Radiolysis

Gyroradius 8,139-143,194

Hill sphere 20-21,164,173,186,188

Implantation 76,142,144,150,153,154 see also Range

Interaction potentials 36-49 adiabatic 40-42,46 covalent (exchange) 44-49,56 screened coulomb 42,69-70 H+ + H 44-46 He+2 + He 47-48 O±(O) + 041 S++(S+) + 0(0+) 45

Interstellar grains 3,16,145-146,154,200-201 1020

corona (atmosphere) 158,172-173,178, 181-188

232

1020, neutral torus 2,163,188-191,193 plasma torus 8,10,59,140,187,193-197 surface (sputtering) 16,17,148,153-154, 161,167,168

Ionization, see also Cross sections energies 15,83 rates 19,53,141,143-146,177-179,192-198 W-values 83

lonopause 139-141 IR absorption 94,95,97-99,l50

see also Reflectance

Jupiter 8,20 magnetosphere, see 10 torus

Lagrange sphere, see Hill sphere

Magnetospheres 8-14,139-140 see also Plasmas, 10, Saturn

Mars 16,20,89,140,167,176 Mean free path 29 Mercury 1,17,20,140,162,167-168 Micrometeorites 1,154

bombardment 147,156,159,162,166,168, 193,195

Mimas 8,20,148,165,195 Miranda 8,12,21,148,157 Moon 1,8,17,20,148,167,168

Neptune and satellites 8,20,22,140 see also Triton

Oberon 8,12,21,148,157

Physical constants 23 Planets, parameters 8,15,20-21,140 Plasma, see also 10, Satellites, Saturn, Sputtering

bombardment 138-146,199-203 magnetospheric 8-14,140,193-199 pitch angles 141-143,194 pressures 140

Pluto and Charon 16,20,22,152,155,157 Polarizability 43-45 Polymerization 92,93,96,128-131,153

Radiolysis 89-97,122-131 Range 76-80,131-132,148-149

inHp 77-79 in Nz 78 in Si02 78

Rate constants 53-54,143,192-197 Reflectance 9,80,149-157,158,167 Rhea 8,11,13,148,168,195 Rings 8,17,137,147,153,155,162,197

Satellites, see also Plasmas

corona 169-175,181-188,202 parameters 8,20-21,140,148

Saturn, see also Rings

Subject Index

inner plasma torus 8,9,13-14,191-198 magnetic field 140 neutral tours 191-193,194,195 properties 8,20

Screening length (radius) 42,43,49,56,68 Solar photons 7,15,22,145,159

ionization 19,175-176,178,192 Solar wind 2,5-7,19,160,178,201

flares 2,6 ionization 19,178-179 T-Tauri 6,155,162

Sputtering 21,22,76,97-111,114-131,146-148 atmospheric 101,176-181 ofC 104 chemical change 109-111,117,122-131, 152-157 of condensed gases 3,103,115-121,123-131 electronic 3,114-121 of H 20 (D20) 116-121,123-131 isotopic fractionation 109,166 ofamixture 109-111,152 nuclear elastic (cascade) 97-109,133-134, 164,171-172,178-180 photo 22,111-113,119,121,128,162,176-177, 195 pressure pulse 107,120,122 of a regolith 109,,147-148 satellite surfaces 147-148,151-152,158-174 of SiOz 105 spike 106-107,119-120,134-135

Stopping cross section 33-35,50-52,60-63, 67-70 H+ incident 34,60,63 inHp 34,63 0+ incident 34,63

S+ + ° 35 Stopping power 33-35,85-87 Straggling 80,87 Sublimation

energies 15 escape 165-166 rates 16,159-161 temperatures 15

Tethys 8,11,20,148,168,195 Titan 8,20,148,149,157 Titania 8,12,21,148,l57 Tracks 16,18,81-82,121-122 Triton 8,16,21,148,158

Umbriel 8,12,21,148,l57 Units 22-25 Uranus 8,20,140,198