References

Prof. Nikos Siafakas MD,PhD.

University of Crete

Why do we include references in a paper?

To support argumentation To avoid accusations of

plagiarism To show respect on other people’s work

Referencing systems Harvard system

APA system

Vancouver system

Combined Alphabet-Number system

How to write References: Library and Learning Resources. [Online] 2010 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk

Harvard system

Citation-by-author-and-date system (the paper is identified by first author’s name and year of publication)

References are in alphabetical order

1. The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Harvard Style: Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers / revised by Snooks & Co 2002. [Online] 2009 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_6.pdf

APA system American Psychological Association referencing

system In-text citations include the following information:

• Author’s name

• Date

• Page number

Vancouver system

Most journals in medical sciences use the Vancouver system

Citation-by-reference number In the list the references are in a numeric

order in which they are first cited in the manuscript

The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf

Combined Alphabet-Number system

References are alphabetically listed according to author’s name

Cited by numbers in the text

Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals

References in numeric order References are cited in parentheses with

Arabic numerals in a sequential order (as they first appear in text or table or figure legend)

Titles of journals are abbreviated according to the style adopted by the NLM used for its journals database

Reference programs

REFERENCE MANAGER 1)collects references from on line

databases eg PubMed 2)organize your personal references into

files 3)publish your Ref. collection to the Web 4)format bibliographies

INSTANTLY(>1000 journals)

Reference of a book Names of authors, editors, compilers or the

institution responsible (six et al, if more than six authors)

Title of publication Edition if other than first Place of publication Publisher Year of publication Page numbers Series title and volume (if any)

The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf

Reference of a book

Siafakas NM, Anthonisen NR, Georgopoulos D, editors. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004.

Author’s name

Date

Title

Place

Publisher

Reference of a journal article

Name of authors (six et al if more than six authors)

Title of article

Title of journal (abbreviated)

Year (month/day not necessary) of publication

Volume number (and issue/part)

Page number (no use of unnecessary digits)

The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf

Reference of a journal article

Some details to acknowledge:

Organization as an author No author Article not in English: do not provide translation Volume with supplement Issue with supplement Volume with part Issue with no volume No issue or volume Pagination in Roman numerals

A practical guide for health researchers: Guidelines on how to write references for scientific papers. [Online] [cited 20 Apr 2010]; Available from: URL:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/emro/2004/9290213639_annex4.pdf]

Reference of a journal article

Siafakas N. “In the Beginning” of COPD: is evolution important? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175(5):423-4

Author’s name

Article title

Journal

DateIssue

Volume Pages

Other types of reference (DON’T DO IT)

Newspaper articles• Information must be given as in the case of a journal

(full date of publication must be described)

Websites• Web site address/URL (accessed date)

Conference proceedings• Information must be given like in the case of a book

Interviews• Names of the interviewer & interviewee, date

Most important points of a list of references

Keep it accurate Provide all the relevant details Keep it short (no prizes for quantity) Use a consistent format for the references Avoid cross-referencing from

other articles withouthaving read the original paper

Cunningham SJ. How to . . . write a paper. J Orthod. 2004; 31(1):47-51 Lilleyman JS. How to write a scientific paper – a rough guide to getting published. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 72(3):268-70

Tips Make complete photocopies of the articles

which are being referred (incl. page numbers, name of journal, issue etc.)

Referencing a website note the web page

Interviews make a note of the date

How to write References: Library and Learning Resources. [Online] 2010

[cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk

Few untold details and ‘instructions’ Reviewers randomly select a couple of

references and check them Inaccurate style or content ‘reflects’

negatively Abstracts as references should be avoided Accepted articles are cited as ‘In press’ or

‘Forthcoming’ after written permission In case of not available sources, personal

communication should be obtained with written permission BUT avoid them

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Biomedical Journal. [Online] 2009 [cited 2010 Apr 20]

References and Reviewers (Tips)

Editors or Associate Editors usually find reviewers from the names of authors of the first few references

References and Reviewers (Tips)

If your results and conclusions are against current knowledge, you could discuss with a humbled and not at all in a dogmatic manner, since same of the conflicting results may have been reported by one of your reviewers!

Conclusions

Making the list of references shows professionalism SO BE ACCURATE

Different formats of referencing; ensure you are using the correct format for the journal in question. READ THE INSTRUCTIONS