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458 The Quantum Beat

Oehmelt, H.G. (1981): Invariant frequency ratios in electron and positron spectra ... , in Atomic Physics, (7), D. Kleppner and F.M. Pipkin, eds. Plenum, New York.

Oehmelt, H.G. (1983): Stored ion spectroscopy, Advances in Laser Spectroscopy, F.T Arecchi, F. Strumia, and H. Walther, eds., Plenum, New York.

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Gerber, E.A. and Sykes, R.A. (1966), State of the art quartz crystal units and oscillators, Proc.IEEE (54): 103-115.

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Hall, John L. (1975): Sub-Doppler spectroscopy, methane hyperfine spectroscpy, and the ultimate resolution limits, Physics of Quantum Electronics (2) (Laser Applications to Optics and Spectroscopy), S.F. Jacobs, M.O. Scully, and M. Sargent, eds.: 401. Addison-Wesley, Reading.

Hoffmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J. (1994) Global Positioning System, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Wien.

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Javan, A., Bennett, W.R. Jr., and Herriott, D.R., (1961): Population inversion and continuous optical maser oscillation in a gas discharge containing a He-Ne mixture, Phys. Rev. Lett. (6): 106.

Kastler, A. (1950): Quelques suggestions concernant la production optique et la detection optique d 'une inegalite de population des niveaux de quantification spatiale des atomes, J. Phys. Radium (11): 255-265.

Kastler, A. (1957): Optical methods of atomic orientation and of magnetic resonance, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. (47): 460--465.

Kleppner, D., Berg, H.C., Crampton, S.B., Ramsey, N.F., Vessot, R.F.C., Peters, H.E., and Vanier, J. (1965): Hydrogen-maser principles and techniques, Phys. Rev. (A138): 972-983.

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Kramer, Samuel N. (1963): The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago.

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Pierce, J.R. (1954): Theory and Design of Electron Beams, van Nostrand, Princeton, p. 41.

460 The Quantum Beat

Poitzsch, M.E., Bergquist, J.C., ltano, W.M., and Wineland, DJ. (1994): Progress on cryogenic linear trap for Hg199 ions, Proc. 1994 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, p. 744.

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Further Reading

General Reference

Vanier, J. and Audoin, C., The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards Inst. of Phys.1989.

Historical

Landes, David S., Revolution in Time" Harvard Univ. Press, 1983.

Aveni, Anthony, Empires of Time, Kodansha America, Inc. 1995.

Darwin, George H., The Tides, W.H.Freeman 1962 (lst ed 1898).

Fredrick, L.W. and. Baker, R.H., An Introduction to Astronomy 8th ed. van Nostrand 1974.

Golino, Carlo, ed. Galileo Reappraised, Univ. of Cal. Press 1996.

Sobel, Dava, Longitude, the true story of a lone genius, Walker and Co. 1995.

Oscillations

Knudsen, J.M. and Hjorth, P.G., Elements of Newtonian Mechanics, Springer, 1995.

Pierce, John R., Almost All about Waves, MIT Press, 1974.

Nettel, S. Wave Physics 2nd ed., Springer Verlag, 1995.

Stuart, R.D., An Introduction to Fourier Analysis, Methuen, 1961.

Crystals

Wood, Elizabeth, Crystals and Light, van Nostrand Co., 1964.

462 The Quantum Beat

Bottom, Virgil E., Introduction to Quartz Crystal Unit Design, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1981.

Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D.N., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer, 1991.

Quantum Theory

de Broglie, Louis, Matter and Light the New Physics, W.W. Norton, New York, 1939.

Feynman, Richard P. QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Princeton D., 1988.

Mott, N.F. Elementary Quantum Mechanics, Springer-Verlag, 1972.

Optics

Andrews, C.L. Optics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, Prentice Hall, 1960.

Atomic Spectra

Hertzberg, Gerhard, Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, Dover, 1944.

Haken, H. and Wolf, H.C., The Physics of Atoms and Quanta 4th ed., Springer, 1994.

King, W.H., Isotopic Shifts in Atomic Spectra, Plenum Press, 1984.

Magnetic Resonance

Agarbiceanu, 1.1. and. Popescu I.M., Optical Methods of Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York, 1975.

Relativity

Einstein, A., Lorentz, H.A., Minkowski, H., and Weyl, H., The Principle of Relativity, Dover, 1923.

Schwartz, Jacob, Relativity in Illustrations, Dover, 1989.

Schwinger, Julian, Einstein's Legacy: Unity of Space Time, Scientific American Library, No. 16, 1987.

Further Reading 463

Quantum Oscillators

Audoin, c., Schennann, J.P., Grivet, P., Physics of the Hydrogen Maser, Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics (7), Academic Press, New York, 1971.

Bertolotti, M., Masers and Lasers: an Historical Approach, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1983.

Hecht, Jeff, Laser Pioneers, Academic Press, Boston, New York, 1992.

Yariv, A., Introduction to Optical Electronics, Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1976.

Demtrooer, W., Laser Spectroscopy, 2nd ed., Springer, 1995.

Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B, and Sands, M., The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol III, Addison Wesley, 1965 (for quantum mechanics and nitrogen maser).

Ion Traps

Ghosh, Pradip K., Ion Traps, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1996.

Laser cooling

Arimondo, E., Phillips, W.D., Strumia, F., eds., Laser Manipulation of Atoms and Ions, International School of Physics "Enrico Fenni", Course 118 Varrena, North­Holland, New York, 1992.

Minogin, V.G. and Litokhov, V.S., Laser Light Pressure on Atoms., Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1987.

Metrology

Evans, A.J., Mullen J.D., and Smith D.H., Basic Electronics Technology, Texas Instrm., 1985.

Essen, L., The Mesaurement of Frequency and Time Interval, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1973.

464 The Quantum Beat

Navigation

Hoffmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J., GPS Theory and Practice, 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, Wien, 1994.

USCG-Headquarters Radionavigation SystemslUnited States Coast Guard, Radionavi­gation Div., Doc. No. TD 5.8:R 1114, 1984.

Maloney, Elbert S., Dutton's Navigation and Piloting, 14th ed. Naval Inst. Press, 1985.

Schmid, Helmut H., Three-Dimensional Triangulation with Satellites., U.S. Dept. Commerce NOAA, US Govt. Printing Office, 1974.

Index

3-levellaser, 325, 406

absorption, 33, 75, 89,92, 113, 114,120,131,135,136,140, 158,205,290,314,393,403, 407

additive noise, 61, 300 adiabatic approximation, 372 ADP,414 adsorption, 76, 184,230 aeolian harp, 37 aging, 66, 75, 76,236,304,452 Ah0 3,322 Allan variance, 81, 83,177,252 alumina, 298, 322, 324 A-magnet, 182, 186, 188,206 ammonia maser, 207, 212, 215,

218,220,221,224,225,228, 243,245

amplification, 47, 55, 56, 89, 205, 211,323,397,446

amplitude, 24, 28, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43,152,317

angular momentum, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99,104,107,124,257,387,402, 439

anomaly, 107,436 antenna, 31, 63, 90,121,192,350,

420,421,423,424,446,447 antireflection, 320 antisymmetric, 102, 109 Ar+ ion laser, 333, 338, 339, 348,

374 Arditi, M., 172 Arecibo, 420 Ashkin, A., 348 Astrolabe, 10, 11

atomic beam, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138,185,223,242,246,384, 385,390,392,394,458

atomic fountain, 390, 394, 460 atomic hydrogen, 138,225,235,

236,238 atomic magnetism, 117 atomic plane, 73, 74 atomic second, 440 atomic transitions, 267, 309

balance-wheel, 19 band theory, 109 beam, 14, 15,34,55,57,71,74,

75, 180, 182, 183 Beaty,E.c., 168, 169, 171,457 Bender, PL, 168, 169, 171,457 Bernoulli's principle, 12 binary counter, 86 blackbody radiation, 42, 90, 91, 92,

310 B-magnet, 183, 188, 196 Bohr magneton, 104, 118, 164,

226,256,389 Bohr, N., 93 Boltzmann constant, 149,357 Boltzmann, L., 129,452,453 bond, 67, 68, 103, 112,235,248,

249,402 Bragg reflection, 74 Bragg, W.H., 73 Bragg, W.L., 73 Breit, G., 163 Breit-Rabi formula, 163, 164, 187,

245,296 Brewster angle, 321, 338 Brewster window, 321

468 The Quantum Beat

buffer gas, 150, 153, 159, 161, 168, 170,171,178,222,255,277

Cady, 65 calendar, 2, 3, 11 causality, 33 cavity, 54, 55, 56, 308, 309, 310 centrifugal force, 6, 437 cesium standard, 173, 176, 180,

369,379,380,384,428,435 charge exchange, 266, 277 Chaucer, G., 11 Chi, A.R., 168, 169, 171,457 Chilowsky, c., 64 circadian rhythm, 1 circular polarization, 124, 134, 135,

136, 139, 165,407 Clairaut, 18 clepsydra, 12, 14 clock paradox, 154 CO2 laser, 395, 406, 407, 411 Cohen-Tannoudji, C.N., vi, 172,

358,359,361,362,363,457 coherence, 57, 224, 247, 249, 308,

318,325,414 collimator, 238, 242 collisions, 32, 90, 94, 126, 128,

142,143,152,170,230,235, 247,248,249

communication, 64, 339, 341, 420, 422,425,428,429,430,433

conductors, 54, 378 confocal optical cavity, 311 conservative system, 386 control stations, 433, 438, 439 cooling of atoms, 159 cooling of ions, 371, 372 coordinate system, 125, 145, 156,

309,314,364,440,441,450, 455

Coriolis force, 402 coumarin, 334, 374 covalent bond, 67, 69,103,112 Cronin, J.W., 456

cross section, 230, 261, 291, 292, 355,356

crown wheel, 13, 15 crystal symmetry, 69 Curie, P., 65 current density, 341, 343 cyclotron frequency, 262, 363 cyclotron radius, 266, 267,371

dark current, 293, 300, 408 de Broglie, L., 93, 94, 462 Dehmelt, H.G., v, 107, 138, 166,

457,458 detectors, 65 Dicke effect, 150, 153, 171,233,

293,364,397 Dicke, R.H., 150, 152,294,458 dielectrics, 319 diffraction, 31,58,73, 192,308,

310,404,409,424 diffusion, 131, 138, 178, 180,206,

255,330,333,340,343,357, 371

Dirac, P.A.M., 99 direction finder, 422, 423 direction of time, 451, 452 dish antenna, 421, 424 dispersion, 28, 32, 33, 61, 89, 142,

175,312,441,444,445 Doppler cooling, 358, 359, 362,

365,367,372,387 Doppler effect, v, 83,146,147,

148,202,203,294,392,407, 431

Doppler side-bands, 294, 295, 365, 366,372

Doppler, C., 146 Dunoyer, L., 130, 131 dye laser, 334, 337, 338, 339, 374,

375 dynode, 198,300

Earnshaw's theorem, 259 eclipses, 3, 4, 5

ecliptic plane, 8 effusion, 185,394 Einstein, A., 92, 136, 142, 144,

153,155,157,462 elastic constant, 79 electric dipole moment, 207, 210,

212,214,215,220,312,352, 411

electric field component, 32, 89, 352,411,423,444

electromagnetic wave, 29, 34, 42, 53,73,89,90,124,191,202, 346,348,396

electron magnetic moment, 226 electron multiplier, 198,283 electronic charge, 102, 120,342 electrostatic fields, 299 electrostatic quadrupole, 212 emission, 57, 60, 90, 92, 113, 114,

120,136,137,288,290,313, 314

energy bands, 113, 324, 340, 341 energy defect, 258 energy levels, 95, 97, 100, 101,

107,108,110,111,119,287, 312,324,358,383,384,404

entropy, 453 ephemerides, 430, 431, 441, 444,

446 equinox, 436, 439 escapement, 13, 15, 16, 18,20,21,

250 etalon,334,338 Euler, L., 346 excitation, 15,36,37,39,40,57,

74,90,92,208,209,238,327, 329

extraordinary wave, 139,412,413

Fabry-Perot interferometer, 308 feedback, 47, 48,50,52,78, 79,

85,87,175,176,218,316,317, 341,343,446

Fermi, E., 107,226,460

Index 469

figure of merit, 27,180,215,251, 304,376

filter, 40, 55, 64, 167, 168, 169, 178,197,237,251,267,268, 300,301,321,334,338,343, 374,378,408

fine structure, 168,225,332,403 Fischer, E., 268, 459 Fitch, V.L., 456 flicker noise, 60, 82, 177 flip-flop circuit, 86 flop-in, 133, 183, 188 flop-out, 133 fluorescence, 133, 136,290,292,

297,299,300,302,303,306, 335,336,337,338,350,392, 400,406,407,409

flywheel oscillator, 198,301 focusing magnet, 187, 188, 196,

238,241 foliot, 15, 16, 18 fountain standard, 391, 394 Fourier analysis, 39, 49, 82, 150 Fourier, J., 39 Frazer, J.G., 1,2,458 frequency chain, 406, 414, 415 frequency dividers, 251 frequency pulling, 218, 219, 246,

317 frequency response, 49,130, 141,

314 frequency stability, 28, 65, 80, 83,

223,224,246,252,334,343, 377,392,394,409,434,435

frequency standards, v, 177,219, 223,257,259,265,272,307, 339,345,363,371,396,407, 408,421,441,459

Fresnel formula, 319 Friedrich, 73 future and past, 450

GaAIAs diode laser, 140,408,409 GaAs diode laser, 341

470 The Quantum Beat

gain factor, 317 GaIi1eo, 16, 17, 26, 458, 461 Gauss's law, 265 Gaussian line shape, 149 Gaussian optics, 309 general relativity, 156, 158,440 getter, 76, 184,333 global positioning system, 432 gold black, 300 GPS,157,432,433,434,435,436,

437,438,439,440,441,442, 444,445,446,449,464

Graham, G., 18 ground state, 57, 67, 101, 104, 105,

107, 108, 132, 133, 137, 138, 207,225,286,324

ground wave, 425, 429 Gunn diode, 301 gyromagnetic ratio, 119, 122 gyroscopic motion, 8, 122, 128,

439

Halley, E., 20 Harrison, J., 20, 21 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,

37 Heisenberg, W., 37 helium, 76,138,170,257,258,

277,285,305,322,327,328, 329,330,331,332,333,373, 382,383,400,406

He-Ne laser, 309, 327, 331, 375, 400,403,404,405,406,407, 409,414

hexapole, 187, 188,238,239,240, 241

Hipparchus, 8 hole-burning, 374 homogeneous broadening, 142 Hooke, R., 20 hot wire detector, 197 Huygens, C., 17,20 hydrogen atom, 93, 100, 107, 148,

207,210,224,225,228,230,

231,235,237,242,247,248, 253,257,287,401

hyperfine interaction, 105, 161, 227,230

hyperfine pumping, 167, 168, 169, 180,286,289,292,376,383

hyperfine transition, 165, 170,201, 221,227,244,272,287,292, 296,376,380,392

inelastic collision, 258, 264 inertial frame of reference, 439 inhomogeneous broadening, 142,

144,335 intensity gradient force, 132 interference, 35, 57, 93, 114, 156,

167,192,301,318,319,320, 343,346,412,429

inversion spectrum, 205, 210, 220 iodine, 400, 404, 405 ion confinement, 260, 274, 285,

371 ion motion, 259, 261, 269, 271,

273,295,296,297,305,364, 367,378

ion pump, 184,238,256,298,371, 383

ion resonance detection, 280 ionization, 197,333 isotope filter, 168, 178 isotope shift, 167 Ives, H.E., 148

Javan, A., 307, 327, 458 Johnson noise, 59, 60, 61, 251, 282

Kastler, A., 133, 136, 138, 172, 307,358,458

KDP,414 Kepler, J., 346 klystron, 54, 55, 199,200,219,

301,397 Knipping, 73

Lamb dip, 317, 318 Lamb, W.E., 236, 317, 459 Lambert's law, 314 Lamb-Retherford experiment, 236 Land, E.H., 139 Langevin, P., 64 Larmor theorem, 272, 273 lasers, 307, 312, 322, 327, 331,

332,333,334,339 Laue pattern, 74 L-C circuit, 140, 279 light cone, 450 light polarization, 359, 360 light pressure, 346, 348, 366, 387,

389 light shift, 159, 172, 222, 352, 358,

360,361,362,363,409 linear medium, 34 linear Paul trap, 378 linewidth, 290, 393, 399 Liouville's theorem, 386, 390 liquid dye lasers, 334 longitudinal modes, 57, 308, 333,

343 loop antenna, 121,423,446 Loran-C, v, 419, 425, 427, 428,

432,439,459 Lorentz force, 256, 261, 262, 263,

346 Lorentz transformation, 145, 147 Lorentz, H.A., 32, 89, 120, 142,

143,145,312,462 Lorentzian line shape, 141,355

magnetic fields, 54,129, 137, 161, 162,182,189,195,201,223, 225,227,238,245,253,255, 259,274,323,346,363,371, 382

magnetic moment, 97, 99,104, 105,106,107,118,119,122, 127,128

magnetic resonance, 117, 122, 123, 126,128,132,133,134,135, 136,138

Index 471

magnetic shielding, 189,255,382, 383

magneton, 104, 118, 164,226,256, 389

magneto-optical trap, 387, 389, 392 Major, F.G., vi, 285, 286, 459 Majorana transitions, 188,244 masers, 220, 222, 236, 251, 252,

307,312,322,435,457,459 mass filter, 197,267,268,378 mass spectrometry, 278, 285 Mathieu equation, 270, 378 Mathieu, E., 270 Maxwell, C., 29 Maxwell's theory, 29, 30, 89, 90,

144 Mayan calendar, 2 mean free path, 131, 148 mercury 199 ion, 289, 290, 459 metastable state, 134, 328, 330, 380 meter, v, 145 methane, 170,400,401,402,403,

404,405,458 methane-stabilized He-Ne laser,

400 microwave cavity, 54, 55, 178, 191,

192,207,212,213,214,217, 221,242,243,310

microwave source, 191,203,417 MIM,411 Minkowski, H., 145,462 mirrors, 56, 57, 156, 192,308,309,

310,316,318,320,321,326, 331,338,339,374,386

mixer, 63, 302,414 modes of oscillation, 44, 126,295,

397 modulation, 38, 87, 150, 151, 152,

166,173,190,199,203,218, 247,280,293,294,303,339, 364,409,416,417,420,427, 441,442,445

momentum conservation, 412 monitoring stations, 438, 440

472 The Quantum Beat

multilayer dielectric mirror, 318, 319,321

multipath error, 447

NAVSTAR, 419, 422, 432 Nd-Y AG laser, 327 neodymium, 326 Newton, 1.,18,24,26,32,42,61,

345,436 Nicholson, A.M., 66 noise figure, 251 Nonlinear Crystals, 411 Nonlinear Media, 33 normal modes, 36, 39, 44, 56, 57,

93,95,96,97,264,401,406 nuclear magnetic moment, 105,

257,286 nuclear magneton, 104, 164 nuclear spin, 105, 107, 108, 161,

181,209,210,220,257,286, 287,288,358,360,404

Omega, 419, 422,429 optical cavity, 56, 57, 309, 310,

311,320,322,326,331,333, 338,343,374,392,395,397, 416

optical frequency, 56,71, 312, 316, 322,323,330,334,346,352, 375,376,380,396,397,407, 408,414,416,417

optical gain, 326, 331, 335, 336, 338,341,374

optical molasses, v, 357, 386, 392, 394

optical pumping, v, 136, 137, 138, 140,165,166,172,180,257, 258,286,290,305,307,313, 326,350,358,360,362,379, 408

ordinary wave, 412 organic dye, 334, 336, 460 Osberghaus, 0., 268, 459 oscillator, 25, 27, 28, 29, 47, 52,

53,54,55,56,58,59,62

oxazine, 339

pallet, 15, 19 paramagnetic atoms, 122 parametric oscillation, 37, 416 particle nature, 92, 369 particle suspension, v Paul trap, 267, 272, 274, 275,285,

289,295,296,297,363,364, 369,371,377,378

Paul, W., 133,238,267,268,271, 272,278,282,459

Pauli exclusion principle, 101,230 pendulum, 16, 17, 19,20,24,25,

26,34,38,43,44,117,208,277 Penning trap, 259, 263, 272, 276,

296,363 Penning vacuum gauge, 259, 260 Penning, F .M., 259 perigee, 437 perturbation, 119, 141, 172, 195,

223,224,234,255,285,437, 438

Peters, H.E., 229, 247, 251, 252, 458,459

phase, 2, 24, 27, 28, 33, 49,50, 147,199,200,201,250,316, 385,414,427

phase matching, 412, 414, 416 phase shifts, 37, 79, 249, 250 Phillips, W., 357, 457, 463 photomultiplier, 293, 298, 300,

302,304,409 photon, 92, 113, 121, 124, 134,

135,136 photon counting, 303, 304 Pierce, G.W., 66 Pierce, J .R., 260 piezoelectricity, 65, 70 Planck, M., 90, 91, 92, 93 Planck's constant, 91, 94 p-njunction,34O,341 point contact, 87, 411 Poisson distribution, 283, 370, 376 Polarization Gradient Cooling, 358

polymer, 223 population inversion, 211, 313,

314,323,324,325,326,327, 330,331,332,334,335,336, 337,338,341,374,398

power, 42, 59, 60, 317, 326, 339, 374,375

precession of the equinoxes, 8, 421, 439

principle of superposition, 34 PRN code, 441, 442 pseudorandom number code, 446

Q-factor, 27 quadrupole field, 212, 214, 269,

273,274,276,279,297,377, 389

quantum, v, 89,90,92,93,94,95, 96,97,98

quantum number, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,101,104,105,108

quantum state, 94, 99, 101, 103, 105,109,114

quarter-wave plate, 139 quartz crystals, 65, 79, 449 quartz movement, 88 quartz plate, 71 quartz resonator, 63, 64, 65, 67, 74,

75, 76, 77, 78, 117 quartz watch, 88

Rabi, I., 132, 163, 193 radar, 54,64, 83, 205,263,396,

422,424,425,434 radio direction finder, 422, 423 radio receiver, 63, 159,424,446,

449 radio telescope, 31, 420, 421 Raether, M., 267 Ramsey cavity, 195,203,380,384,

391 Ramsey, N.F., vi, 132, 133, 135,

182,189,190,194,195,224, 229,231,458,460

Index 473

random walk, 61, 62,82,153,266, 356,398

rate equations, 325 refraction, 31, 139,319,348,412 refractive index, 31, 32, 33, 318,

320,334,341,348,412,416, 445

relativistic Doppler effect, v, 147 resolving power, 192,420,421 resonance, v, 27,28,36, 37, 38, 39,

52,56,76,77,79,80,84,117, 133,134,135,136,138,139, 141,142, 143

resonators, 41, 54, 63, 65, 74, 75, 76,91,117,254,459

rf heating, 277, 364 rhodamine 6G, 334, 335, 339 ring laser, 374 Robinson, R., vi, 172 rubidium, v, 104, 107, 108, 119,

120, 136, 140, 159, 161, 163, 167,171,175,176,178,221, 222,321,350,358,364,379, 408,409,434,460

ruby laser, 71,322,323,324,326 Rutherford, E., 92

Sagnac effect, 156,440,451 satellite orbit, 157,436,437,439,

440,441,444 saturated absorption, 392, 393, 400,

403,404,405,407 saturation, 217, 220, 231,233, 240,

298,317,392,393,400,406 scattering of light, 348, 350 Schawlow, A.L., 307, 322, 399,

460 SchrOdingerequation, 94,95, 97,

100 second harmonic generation, 411 seconds, 9, 10,81,86,87,88, 177,

178,267,285,324,326,327, 332,336,360,404,409,421, 425,427,434,439,443,444

474 The Quantum Beat

secular motion, 379 selection rules, 113, 120, 121, 136,

165,166,167,257,328,358, 359,387,407

semiconductors, 110, 112, 114,339 servo control, 78, 244, 403 shell structure of atoms, ?9 shot noise, 51, 59, 60, 61,180, 196,

279,282,292,293,300,304, 370,376

sidereal day, 7, 8, 436 signal-to-noise ratio, 180, 183, 196,

197,222,224,276,292,293, 295,369,370,376,377,380, 384,390,419,427

simple harmonic motion, 17, 19, 24,33,135,139,150,240,261, 364

simultaneity, 153,449 singing condenser, 64 singlet states in molecules, 336 Sisyphus Effect, 358 sky wave, 425, 427, 429 solar eclipse, 4, 5, 438 solar wind, 437, 438 solar-blind photomultiplier, 300 sonar, 64 space charge, 276 space quantization, 97, 132, 181,

225,360 spectral line, 120, 130, 131, 135,

140, 142, 143, 148, 167, 168, 170,220,243,288,290,291, 307,324,326,372,374,375, 390,393,395,397,398,399, 458

spectral purity, 58, 83, 87, 176, 203,301,303,306,311,332, 374,392,395,397,399

spectroscopic notation, 324, 327 spectrum, 35, 36,37,40, 41, 42,

56,60,82,90,119,152,203, 205,210,271,294,396

spin exchange, 230, 234, 257, 291, 302

spontaneous emission, 57, 92, 136, 137,172,223,290,313,314, 326,329,350,352,355,356, 379

stability of oscillators, 65 stabilized CO2 laser, 407 Stark effect, 172,210,211,220,

353 stationary state, 93, 95, 96, 98, 126,

172,208,209,353 stellar interferometer, 192, 193 Stephenson, F.R., 460 Stem-Gerlach experiment, 131,

180 stimulated emission, 57, 92, 134,

135,136,164,205,290,311, 312,313,316,322,326,334, 350,352,381,397

strong focusing principle, 269 sub-Doppler line widths, 400 sundials, 9, 449 sunspot activity, 425, 429, 445 superheterodyne, 63 surface ionization, 197 symmetry, v, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70,74,

96,102,105,110,121,127,139, 154,187,207,209,210,212, 213,230,239,260,271,297, 312,323,350,364,401,402, 411,412,421,451,453,454, 455,456

synchronization of clocks, 155 synthesizers, 87, 175

Teflon, 223, 224, 230, 242, 247, 248,288

temperature compensation, 77, 78, 79

temperature stabilization, 244 thermal noise, 59, 224, 225, 282 threshold for oscillation, 221, 253,

326,331 tides, 438 time, v, 1,2,3,9,37,84,86, 153,

154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 179

time bridge, 303, 380 time reversal, v, 451, 452, 453, 456 time-based navigation, 419 titanium, 184,322,371, 383 tower clocks, 15, 16,449 Townes, C.H., 205, 206, 215, 217,

224,228,322,399,458,460 TRANSIT, 419, 422, 430, 431 transition probability, 127, 195,

325,372,379,381 triplet state, 337 two-photon transition, 407, 408

ultrasonic transducer, 64

vacuum pump, 131, 183,206,238, 253,255,264,435

vacuum shell, 183,237,253,293, 297

van der Waals force, 224, 249 vapor pressure, 178, 184,298,299,

382,404 VCXO,302 vector model, 98, 104, 106, 122,

123,128,227 verge, 15, 16, 18 very long baseline interferometry,

420,439 ~BI,419,420,439,441

von Laue, M., 73

Index 475

wall shift, 159,247,248,250,251, 252,253,254,255

water clock, 12, 13, 14, 117,449 wave function, 59, 94, 95, 96, 99,

100, WI, 102, 103, 109, 126, 208,209,213,230

wave mechanics, 94 wave motion, 39,147 wave propagation, 446 wave propagation in ionosphere,

425 wavefront, 31, 412 waveguide, 214, 429 wavelength, 31,53,56,64,73,74,

89,91,94 Werth, G., 286, 459 Wood's hom, 300 Wood's tube, 236, 237 work function, 197,301 wrist watch, 21

X-ray diffraction, 73

Young, T., 57, 346

Zeeman effect, 97, 120, 121, 129, 218,220,333,387,389

zeolite, 184 zero point oscillation, 134