reference list - phycotech · web viewchim. ital. 123(6):293-299. keywords: marine invertebrates/...

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CyanoHAB Search: A list of Toxic Cyanobacteria References

1. Aas, P.; Eriksen, S.; Kolderup, J.; Lundy, P.; Haugen, J. E.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Fonnum, F. (1996). Enhancement of acetylcholine release by homoanatoxin-a from Oscillatoria formosa. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2:223-232. Keywords: acetylcholine/ phycotoxin/ Ca2+ channel/ cyanobacterium/ Oscillatoria formosa/ patch clamp/ peripheral nervous system/ vesicle.

2. Abdel-Rahman, S.; El-Ayouty, Y. M.; and Kamael, H. A. (1993). Characterization of heptapeptide toxins extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa (Egyptian isolate)—comparison with some synthesized analogs. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 41:1-7. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxins/ extraction/ purification/ HPLC/ ion spray mass/ amino acid analysis/ synthesized peptide analogs/ LD50 mouse assay/ toxicity.

3. Abe, T.; Lawson, T.; Weyers, J. D. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1996). Microcystin-LR inhibits photosynthesis of Phaseolus vulgaris primary leaves: implications for current spray irrigation practice. New Phytol. 133(4):651-658. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean)/ photosynthesis/ microcystin-LR/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis.

4. Aboal, M.; Puig, M. A.; Mateo, P.; and Perona, E. (2002). Implications of cyanophyte toxicity on biological monitoring of calcareous streams in north-east Spain. J. Appl. Phycol. 14(1):49-56. Keywords: benthos/ biomonitoring/ BMWPc index/ calcareous streams/ cyanobacteria/ Cyanophyta/ diatoms/ IBD index/ macroinvertebrates/ Mediterranean/ Spain/ toxicity.

5. Acreman, J. (1994). Algae and cyanobacteria—isolation, culture and long-term maintenance. J. Ind. Microbiol. 13(3):193-194. Keywords: algae/ cyanobacteria/ isolation/ culture/ maintenance.

6. Adams, W. H.; Stone, J. P.; Sylvester, B.; Stoner, R. D.; Slatkin, D. N.; Tempel, N. R.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1988). Pathophysiology of cyanoginosin-LR; in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 96(2):248-257. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin.

7. Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, D. G.; Read, H.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1989). Prophylaxis of cyanobacterial and mushroom cyclic peptide toxins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 249(2):552-556. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ Amanita phalloides/ protective agents.

8. Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, D. G.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1985). Pathophysiologic effects of a toxic peptide from Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 23(3):441-447. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide.

9. Adamson, R. H.; Chabner, B.; and Fujiki, H. (1989). U.S.-Japan Seminar on "Marine Natural Products and Cancer". Jap. J. Cancer Res. 80:1141-1144. Keywords: marine natural products/ cancer. (Meeting Report)

10. Adelman Jr., W. J.; Fohlmeister, J. F.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Ikawa, M. (1982). Sodium channels blocked by aphantoxin obtained from the blue-green alga, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Toxicon 20(2):513-516. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon/ aphantoxin.

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11. Adeyemo, O. M. and Sirén, A. L. (1992). Cardio-respiratory changes and mortality in the conscious rat induced by (+)- and (±)-anatoxin-a. Toxicon 30(8):899-905. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ rat mortality.

12. Admi, V.; Afek, U.; and Carmeli, S. (1996). Raocyclamides A and B, novel cyclic hexapeptides isolated from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria raoi. J. Natural Products 59(4):396-399. Keywords: Oscillatoria raoi/ hexapeptides/ isolated.

13. Aggen, J. B.; Humphrey, J. M.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1995). Microcystin LA and LR: progress towards the total synthesis of two protein phosphatase inhibiting cyclic hetapeptides. Abstracts of Papers American Chemical Society. 210(1-2), pp. ORGN 368. 210th Am. Chem. Soc. Natl. Meeting. Aug. 20-24, 1995; Chicago, Illinois. Keywords: synthesis/ protein phosphatase. (Meeting Abstract)

14. Aggen, J. B.; Humphrey, J. M.; Gauss, C-M.; Huang, H-B.; Nairn, A. C.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1999). The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues of the serine-threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2A selective inhibitor microcystin-LA: rational modifications imparting PP1 selectivity. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. 7(5):543-564. Keywords: design/ synthesis/ biological evaluation/ analogs/ microcystin-LA/ inhibitor/ PP1/ PP2A/ selective.

15. Agrawal, M. K.; Bagchi, D.; and Bagchi, S. N. (2001). Acute inhibition of protease and suppression of growth in zooplankter, Moina macrocopa, by Microcystis blooms collected in Central India. Hydrobiologia 464:37-44. Keywords: Microcystis/ protease inhibition/ growth suppression/ zooplankter/ Moina macrocopa/ India.

16. Aguete, E. C.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Leão, J. M.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; Menàrd, C.; and Lawrence, J. F. (2003). HPLC and HPCE analysis of microcystins RR, LR and YR present in cyanobacteria and water by using immunoaffinity extraction. Talanta 59(4):697-705. Keywords: immunoaffinity/ clean-up/ microcystins/ HPCE.

17. Aguete, E. C.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; O'Connell, S.; Moroney, C.; and James, K. J. (2001). Application of HPLC and HPCE to the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins. Chromatographia 53(Pt. 2 Suppl.):S254-S259. Keywords: column liquid chromatography/ micellar electrokinetic chromatography/ capillary electrophoresis/ isotachophoresis/ microcystins.

18. Aguiar, D. G. and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (1998). Effect of different nutrient concentrations on growth and hepatoxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 26:1657-1658. Keywords: nutrient concentrations/ growth/ hepatoxin production/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

19. Ahmad, M. R. (1967). Observations on the effect of feeding Labeo rohita (Ham.) with Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. Hydrobiologia 29:388-392. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Labeo rohita.

20. Ainslie, R. D.; Barchi Jr., J. J.; Kuniyoshi, M.; Moore, R. E.; and Mynderse, J. S. (1985). Structure of malyngamide C. J. Org. Chem. 50:2859-2862. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ products/ malyngamide.

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21. Aitkin, R. and Keed, B. (1974). Control for toxic algae in dam water? Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 85(2):45. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ reservoir.

22. Akhilender Naidu, K.; Sarada, R.; Manoj, G.; Khan, M. Y.; Mahadeva Swamy, M.; Viswanatha, S.; Narasimha Murthy, K.; Ravishankar, G. A.; and Srinivas, L. (1999). Toxicity assessment of phycocyanin—a blue colorant from blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. Food Biotechnol. 13(1):51-66. Keywords: toxicity assessment/ phycocyanin/ Spirulina platensis.

23. Al-Layl, K. J.; Eriksson, J. E.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A. (1988). Peptide and alkaloid toxins in a single strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae. Br. Phycol. J. 23(3):290. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ peptide/ alkaloid.

24. Al-Layl, K. J.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A. (1988). Isolation and purification of peptide and alkaloid toxins from Anabaena flos-aquae using high performance thin-layer chromatography. J. Microbiol. Methods 7 (6):251-258. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ peptide/ alkaloid/ HPLC/ isolation/ purification.

25. Alam, M. and Euler, K. L. (1981). Chemical studies on toxins from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 405-414. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ chemical studies.

26. Alam, M.; Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Sawyer, P. J. (1973). Purification of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae toxin and its chemical and physiological properties. Toxicon 11(1):65-72. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ purification/ chemical and physiological properties.

27. Alam, M.; Shimizu, Y.; Ikawa, M.; and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1978). Reinvestigation of the toxins from the blue-green alga, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, by a high performance chromatographic method. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A–Environ. Sci. Eng. 13(7):493-499. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ HPLC.

28. Albay, M.; Akcaalan, R.; Tufekci, H.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (2003). Depth profiles of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins) in three Turkish freshwater lakes. Hydrobiologia 505(1-3):89-95. Keywords: Lake Sapanca/ Lake Iznik/ Lake Taskisi/ microcystin/ Planktothrix rubescens/ Turkey/ cyanobacteria.

29. Albuquerque, E. X.; Daly, J. W.; and Warnick, J. E (1988). Macromolecular sites for specific neurotoxins and drugs on chemosensitive synapses and electrical excitation in biological membranes. In: T. Narahashi (ed.) Ion Channels. Plenum Publishing Corp, Vol. 1, pp. 95-162, Ch. 3. Keywords: neurotoxins/ chemosensitive synapses/ macromolecular sites.

30. Albuquerque, E. X. and Oliveira, A. C. (1979). Physiological studies on the ionic channel of niotinic neuromuscular synapses. In: B. Ceccarelli and F. Clementi (eds.) Advances in Cytopharmacology. Raven Press: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 197-211. Keywords: physiological studies/ ionic channel/ nicotinic neuromuscular synapses.

31. Albuquerque, E. X. and Spivak, C. E. (1984). Natural toxins and their analogues that activate and block the ionic channel of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In: P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, S.

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Brogger-Christensen, and H. Kofod, (eds.) Natural Products and Drug Development, Alfred Benzon Symposium 20. Munksgaard, Copenhagen. pp. 301-323. Keywords: natural toxins/ ionic channel/ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

32. Allen, E. A. D. and Gorham, P. R. (1981). Culture of planktonic cyanophytes on agar. In: W. W. Carmichael, (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Publishing Corp.: New York, pp. 185-192. Keywords: cyanophytes/ culture.

33. Allen, M. B. (1952). Cultivation of Myxophyceae. Arch. Microbiol. 17:34-53. Keywords: Myxophyceae/ cultivation.

34. Allen, M. M. and Stanier, R. Y. (1968). Selective isolation of blue-green algae from water and soil. J. Gen. Microbiol. 51:203-209. Keywords: blue-green algae/ isolation.

35. Alonso-Andicoberry, C.; Garcia-Villada, L.; Lopez-Rodas, V.; and Costas, E. (2002). Catastrophic mortality of flamingos in a Spanish national park caused by cyanobacteria. Vet. Record 151(23):706-707. Keywords: blue-green alga/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ death/ birds/ Spain/ flamingos.

36. Amann, M. J. (1984). Instability and variable toxicity of HBP-tx, a toxin in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 22(1):107-114. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ HBP-tx.

37. Amann, M. J. (1982). Model of the formation of differently reacting Microcystis toxins. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):384. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Microcystis. (Abstract)

38. Amann, M. J. (1977). Untersuchungen Über ein Pteridin als Bestandteil des Toxischen Prinzips aus Synechococcus. Ph.D Thesis, Eberhard, Karls Universität zu Tübingen, Stuttgart. 64 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Synechococcus. (German)

39. Amann, M. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1980). A preliminary study on the toxins of different Microcystis strains. S. Afr. J. Sci. 76(9):419-420. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis. (Abstract)

40. Amann, M. J. and Jüttner, F. (1981). A rapid procedure for the isolation of an unstable Microcystis toxin with FDF-features. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 12(2):191-193. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ isolation.

41. Amé, M. V.; Díaz, M. P.; and Wunderlin, D. A. (2003). Occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in San Roque Reservoir (Cordoba, Argentina): a field and chemometric study. Environ. Toxicol. 18(3):192-201. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ water quality/ discriminant analysis/ pattern recognition/ Argentina/ San Roque Reservoir.

42. Amemiya, Y.; Kato, K.; and Nakayama, O. (1988). Extracellular products of Microcystis species: formation of slime layer and DOC pool in surrounding waters. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 23:1886-1892. Keywords: extracellular products/ Microcystis.

43. Amemiya, Y. and Nakayama, O. (1984). The toxicity of Microcystis of waterblooms in Lake Suwa. Yamanashi Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu Hokoku 35:110-116. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Japan. (Japanese)

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44. Amorim, A. and Vasconcelos, V. (1999). Dynamics of microcystins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxicon 37(7):1041-1052. Keywords: Mytilus galloprovincialis/ dynamics/ microcystins.

45. An, J. and Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins and nodularins. Toxicon 32(12):1495-1507. Keywords: PPIA/ ELISA/ microcystins/ nodularins.

46. Andersen, R. J.; Burgoyne, D. L.; Williams, D. E.; Kong, F. M.; Silva, E. D. de; Miao, S. C.; Allen, T. M.; Holmes, C. F. B.; Chen, D.; and Kent, M. (1993). New natural products from marine invertebrates. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 123(6):293-299. Keywords: marine invertebrates/ screening/ cytotoxic and enzyme modulatory metabolites/ new natural products.

47. Andersen, R. J.; Luu, H. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; Holmes, C. F. B; Kent, M. L.; le Blanc, M.; Taylor, F. J. R.; and Williams, D. E. (1993). Chemical and biological evidence links microcystins to salmon 'netpen liver disease'. Toxicon 31(10):1315-1323. Keywords: microcystins/ salmon netpen liver disease/ links/ British Columbia.

48. Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P.; Gavrish, I. N.; Smirnova, M. M.; Zanina, V. V.; and Tantsjurenko, E. V. (1977). Some methods for isolation and purification of toxic substances of blue-green algae. Mikrobiol. Zh. 36(5):616-620. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ isolation and purification methods. (Ukrainian-translated)

49. Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P.; Smirnova, M. M.; Skòpína, V. V.; and Tantsjurenko, E. V. (1975). On problem of toxin formation of blue-green algae. Mikrobiol. Zh. 37(1):67-71. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxin production. (Ukrainian)

50. Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P; Smirnova, M. M.; Tantsjurenko, E. V.; and Zanina, V. V. (1977). On toxicity of natural populations of some blue-green algae. Mikrobiol. Zh. 39(5):611-615. Keywords: toxicity/ blue-green algae. (Ukrainian)

51. Annadotter, H.; Cronberg, G.; Lawton, L. A.; Hansson, H. B.; Göthe, U.; and Skulberg, O. M. (2001). An extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyceae) in Scania, south Sweden. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 200-208. 357 pp. Keywords: gastroenteritis outbreak/ toxic cyanobacterium/ Planktothrix agardhii/ Scania/ Sweden.

52. Annila, A.; Lehtimäki, J.; Mattila, K.; Eriksson, J. E.; Sivonen, K.; Rantala, T. T.; and Drakenberg, T. (1996). Solution structure of nodularin: an inhibitor of serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 271(28):16695-16702. Keywords: nodularin/ structure.

53. Anonymous. (1983). Algae poisoning—Lake Forsythe. In: Surveillance, Report of the Lincoln. New Zealand Animal Health Laboratory: New Zealand. Report # No. 10. 26 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ New Zealand.

54. Anonymous. (1981). Blue-green algal toxins—a directory. Environ. Sci. Res. 20:465-479. Keywords: UK/ partial/ toxins/ products/ biotech.

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55. Anonymous. (1983). Colorless algae can pollute water: cause mastitis. In: Research News. U.S.D.A.: Peoria, Ilinois. 7 pp. Keywords: water pollution/ cattle toxicity/ mastitis. (Newsletter)

56. Anonymous. (1985). Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Vestfold. Resultater av Undersokelser i 1984. NIVA: Oslo. Report # 0-84135, 18 April 1985. 21 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

57. Anonymous. (1986). Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Vestfold. Resultater av Undersokelser i 1985. NIVA: Oslo. Report # 0-84135, 10 January 1986. 32 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

58. Anonymous. (1994). IOC-UNEP-WHO-FAO Training course on qualitative and quantitative determination of algal toxins. In: IOC Training Course Reports No. 29. Friedrich-Shiller University of Jena: Jena, Germany. Keywords: training/ determining quantity and quality of algal toxins.

59. Anonymous. (1986). Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes. Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

60. Anonymous. (1986). Observasjoner av Toksinproduserende Blagronnalger i Rogaland 1985. NIVA: Oslo. Report # Notat, 22 April 1986. 8 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

61. Anonymous. (1991). Toxicity of Blue-Green Algae in Clear Lake, California. Office of Drinking Water & Special Epidemiologic Studies Program: Berkeley, California. 64 pp. Keywords: blue-green algae/ toxicity/ California/ microcystins. (Unpublished)

62. Anonymous. (1985). Vannblomst Med Giftige Blagronnalger i Rogaland Undersokelser 1984. NIVA: Oslo. Report # Notat 0-82087, 28 January 1985. 7 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

63. Anonymous. (1983). Vannblomst med giftige blagronnalger - undersokelser i Rogaland 1982. In: Oversikt. Resuitater. Erfaringer. NIVA: Oslo. Report # 0-82087, F-83462, 18 May 1983. 42 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

64. Antonopoulou, S.; Oikonomou, A.; Karantonis, H. C.; Fragopoulou, E.; and Pantazidou, A. (2002). Isolation and structural elucidation of biologically active phospholipids from Scytonema julianum. Biochem. J. 367(1):287-293. Keywords: acetylsphingomyelin/ lipid analysis/ phosphoglycolipid/ platelet-activating factor/ Scytonema julianum.

65. Aplin, T. E. H. (1983). The distribution and ecology of toxic Cyanophyta in south-western Australia. Toxicon(3 Suppl.):17-20. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ distribution and ecology/ Australia/ livestock mortality.

66. Aplin, T. E. H (1985). Drinking water quality—the distribution of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in south-western Australia. In: Water Quality: its Significance in Western Australia. Water Research Foundation of Australia: pp. 86-88. Oct. 13-14; Perth, Australia. Keywords: drinking water quality/ cyanotoxins/ Australia.

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67. Aplin, T. E. H. (1967). Waterblooms. J. Agric. West. Aust. 8(11):472-474. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

68. Aplin, T.E.H. and Main, D.C. (1974). Toxic waterblooms. Western Australia Dept. Agriculture Bull. Report # 3940. 3-4 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

69. Aplin, T.E.H.; Pearce, G.A.; and Main, D.C. (1983). Toxic waterblooms. Western Australian Department of Agriculture Bulletin. Western Australian Department of Agriculture: South Perth, Western Australia. Report # Farmnote 153/83. 2 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ waterblooms. (Replaces Farmnote 68/76; Superceded by Farmnote 10/90 Toxic algal blooms)

70. Aracava, Y; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H; Aronstam, R. S; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1987). Anatoxin-a analog: loss of nicotinic agonism and gain of antagonism at the acetylcholine-activated channels. Fed. Proc. 46:861. Keywords: anatoxin-a analog/ acetylcholine-activated channels. (Abstract)

71. Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; Rozental, R., and Albuquerque, E. X. (1988). Structure-activity relationships of (+) anatoxin-a derivatives and enantiomers of nicotine on the peripheral and central nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. In: G. G. Lunt, (ed.) Neurotox '88: Molecular Basis of Drug and Pesticide Action. Elsevier Science Publishers: Cambridge, U.K., pp. 157-184, Ch. 12. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ structure-activity relationships.

72. Aranda-Rodriguez, R.; Kubwabo, C.; and Benoit, F. M. (2003). Extraction of 15 microcystins and nodularin using immunoaffinity columns. Toxicon 42(6):587-599. Keywords: microcystins/ nodularin/ liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/ solid phase extraction/ immunoaffinity columns/ Oasis (R) HLB.

73. Arduino, M. J. (2000). CDC investigations of noninfectious outbreaks of adverse events in hemodialysis facilities, 1979-1999. Sem. Dialy. 13(2):86-91. Keywords: sodium-azide/ aluminum intoxication/ encephalopathy/ sucralfate/ toxicity/ Brazil.

74. Arment, A. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Evidence that microcystin is a thio-template product. J Phycol. 32:591-597. Keywords: biotoxins/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide-synthetase/ thio-template.

75. Armstrong, J. E.; Janda, K. E.; Alvarado, B.; and Wright, A. E. (1991). Cytotoxin production by a marine Lyngbya strain (cyanobacterium) in a large-scale laboratory bioreactor. J. Appl. Phycol. 3(3):277-282. Keywords: cytotoxin production/ Lyngbya/ marine/ bioreactor.

76. Aro, S.; Muittari, A.; and Virtanen, P. (1980). Bathing fever epidemic of unknown aetiology in Finland. Int. J. Epidemiology 9(3):215-218. Keywords: water disease epidemic/ Finland.

77. Aronstam, R. S. and Witkop, B. (1981). Anatoxin-a interactions with cholinergic synaptic molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78(7):4639-4643. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ interactions with synaptic molecules.

78. Arthur, J.C. (1887). Second report on some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous. In: Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86. Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota. Report # Biennial Report of

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the Board of Regents No. 4, Suppl. No. 1 (Also quoted in: Idem. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:97). 109-112 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Minnesota.

79. Arthur, J. C. (1883). Some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous. Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. 2:1-12. Keywords: algae/ poisonous/ Minnesota.

80. Arthur, J.C. (1887). Some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous. In: Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86. Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota. Report # Biennial Report of the Board of Regents No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, pp. 97-103. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Minnesota.

81. Asai, R.; Horiguchi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; McNiven, S.; Tahira, P.; Ikebukuro, K.; Uchiyama, S.; Masuda, Y.; and Karube, I. (2001). Detection of phycobilin pigments and their seasonal change in Lake Kasumigaura using a sensitive in situ fluorometric sensor. Analyt. Lett. 34(14): 2521-2533. Keywords: fluorescence sensor/ phycocyanin/ waterbloom/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Lake Kasumigaura.

82. Ash, C.; MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.; and Fricker, C. R. (1995). Development of a colorimetric protein phosphorylation assay for detecting cyanobacterial toxins. Water Sci. Technol. 31(5-6):47-49. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxin assay/ colorimetry/ protein phosphatase inhibition.

83. Ash, C.; MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.; and Fricker, C. R. (1995). Use of a protein phosphatase inhibition test for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins in water. Water Sci. Technol. 31(5-6):51-53. Keywords: detection/ cyanobacterial toxins/ PPIA/ microcystin/ algal hepatotoxins.

84. Ashworth, C. T. and Mason, M. F. (1946). Observations on the pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa). Am. J. Pathol. 22:369-383. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ pathological changes.

85. Astrachan, N. B. and Archer, B. G. (1981). Simplified monitoring of anatoxin-a by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the sub-acute effects of anatoxin-a in rats. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 437-446. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ monitoring/ HPLC/ rats.

86. Astrachan, N. B.; Archer, B. G.; and Hilbelink, D. (1980). Evaluation of the subacute toxicity and teratogenicity of anatoxin-a. Toxicon 18(5-6):684-688. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ toxicity evaluation.

87. Aune, T. (1988). Toxicity of DSP and waterblooms of blue-green algae towards freshly prepared hepatocytes. IUPAC 7th International Symposium Mycotoxins Phycotoxins. August 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ DSP/ hepatocytes.

88. Aune, T. and Berg, K. (1986). Use of freshly prepared rat hepatocytes to study toxicity of blooms of the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19:325-336. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ hepatotoxin/ rat hepatocyte/ Norway.

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89. Avakyan, A. A. and Baulina, O. I. (1972). The ultrastructural organization of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz Emend. Elenk. in connection with toxicogenesis. Zh. Mikrobbiol. Epidem. Immuno. 49(8):106-109. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxicogenesis.

90. Ayres, S. (1949). Discussion of W.M. Sams' Seabather's eruption. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 60:236. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis.

91. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Carmichael, W. W.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Lau, S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K. (2001). Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil. Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):32. Keywords: microcystin/ Brazil/ human intoxication/ dialysis/ Caruaru. (Conference Proceedings)

92. Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Carmichael, W. W.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Lau, S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K. (2002). Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru—Brazil. Toxicology 181-182:441-446. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ cylindrospermopsin/ human health/ Caruaru, Brazil.

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184. Best, J. H.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Effects of purified microcystin-LR and cell extracts of Microcystis strains PCC 7813 and CYA 43 on cardiac function in brown trout (Salmo trutta) alevins. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 24(3):171-178. Keywords: bioassay/ cardiac output/

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186. Beveridge, M. C. M.; Baird, D. J.; Rahmatullah, S. M.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1993). Grazing rates on toxic and non-toxic strains of cyanobacteria by Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Oreochromis niloticus. J. Fish Biol. 43(6):901-907. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ grazing/ planktivores/ tilapia/ silver carp/ Hypophthalmichthys molitrix/ Oreochromis niloticus.

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196. Billings, W. H. (1981). Water-associated human illness in northeast Pennsylvania and its suspected association with blue-green algae blooms. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 243-255. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human illness/ Pennsylvania.

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200. Birk, I. M.; Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; Matern, U.; König, W. A.; Krebber, R.; and Weckesser, J. (1989). Non-toxic and toxic oligopeptides with D-amino acids and unusual residues in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC-7806. Arch. Microbiol. 151(5):411-415. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacterium/ toxin/ oligopeptides/ D-amino acids.

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202. Bischoff, K. (2001). The toxicology of microcystin-LR: occurrence, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment. Vet. Human Toxicol. 43(5):294-297. Keywords: blue-green algae/ hepatotoxic microcystins/ protein phosphatase/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.

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206. Bláha, L. and Marsálek, B. (2003). Contamination of drinking water in the Czech Republic by microcystins. Arch. Hydrobiol. 158(3):421-429. Keywords: drinking water/ contamination/ dissolved microcystins/ HPLC/ eutrophication/ biofilm/ Czech Republic.

207. Bláha, L. and Marsálek, B. (2001). Dissolved microcystins in raw and treated drinking water. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 212-216. 357 pp. Keywords: dissolved microcystins/ raw / treated/ drinking water.

208. Blankson, H.; Grotterod, E. M.; and Seglen, P. O. (2000). Prevention of toxin-induced cytoskeletal disruption and apoptotic liver cell death by the grapefruit flavonoid, naringin. Cell Death & Diff. 7(8):739-746. Keywords: apoptosis/ cytoprotectant/ flow cytometry/ hepatocyte/ hepatoma/ hepatotoxin.

209. Blom, J. and Jüttner, F. (2001). Grazer toxicity analysis of [D-Asp(3), Dhb(7)] microcystin-RR from Planktothrix rubescens. Toxicology 164(1-3):177. Keywords: toxicity/ analysis/ microcystin-RR/ Planktothrix rubescens. (Abstract)

210. Blom, J. F.; Bister, B.; Bischoff, D.; Nicholson, G.; Jung, G.; Sussmuth, R. D.; and Jüttner, F. (2003). Oscillapeptin J, a new grazer toxin of the freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. J. Natural Products 66(3):431-434. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii nies-204/ serine-protease inhibitors/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chymotrypsin inhibitor/ strains/ toxicity/ plasmin/ Lake Zurich/ Switzerland/ Planktothrix rubescens.

211. Bøe, R.; Gjertsen, B. T.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Houge, G.; Lanotte, M.; and Døskeland, S. O. (1991). The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid induces morphological changes typical of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Exp. Cell Res. 195:237-246. Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibitor/ okadaic acid/ apoptosis/ mammalian cells.

212. Boesch, D.F.; Anderson, D.M.; Horner, R.A.; Shumway, S.E.; Tester, P.A.; and Whitledge, T.E. (eds.) (1997). Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Waters: Options for Prevention, Control and Mitigation. Chesapeake Research Consortium: Edgewater, MD. 49 pp. An Assessment Conducted for the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program. (Decision Analysis Series #10). Keywords: harmful algal blooms/ coastal waters/ prevention/ control/ mitigation.

213. Bokesch, H. R.; O'Keefe, B. R.; McKee, T. C.; Pannell, L. K.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Gardella, R. S.; Sowder II, R. C.; Turpin, J.; Watson, K.; Buckheit Jr., R. W.; and Boyd, M. R. (2003). A potent novel anti-HIV protein from the cultured cyanobacterium Scytonema varium. Biochem. 42(9):2578-2584. Keywords: human-immunodeficiency virus/ cyanovirin-N/ inactivating protein/ antifreeze proteins/ natural products/ Urtica dioica/ cell fusion/ green alga/ glycoprotein/ GP120.

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215. Bolch, C. J. S. and Blackburn, S. I. (1996). Isolation and purification of Australian isolates of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. J. Appl. Phycol. 8(1):5-13. Keywords: axenic culture/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxic/ Spirochaeta/ Australia.

216. Bolch, C. J. S.; Blackburn, S. I.; Jones, G. J.; Orr, P. T.; and Grewe, P. M. (1997). Plasmid content and distribution in the toxic cyanobacterial genus Microcystis Kützing ex Lemmermann (cyanobacteria: Chroococcales). Phycologia 36(1):6-11. Keywords: plasmid content and distribution/ Microcystis.

217. Bolch, C. J. S.; Blackburn, S. I.; Neilan, B. A.; and Grewe, P. M. (1996). Genetic characterization of strains of cyanobacteria using PCR-RFLP of the cpcBA intergenic spacer and flanking regions. J. Phycol. 32(3):445-451. Keywords: Anabaena circinalis/ cyanobacteria/ DNA/ genetics/ intergenic spacer/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Nodularia spumigena/ PCR/ phyocyanin genes/ RFLP.

218. Bolch, C. J. S.; Orr, P. T.; Jones, G. J.; and Blackburn, S. I. (1999). Genetic, morphological, and toxicological variation among globally distributed strains of Nodularia (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 35(2):339-355. Keywords: Nodularia/ variation/ genetic/ morphological/ toxicological.

219. Bonislawska, A.; Demkowicz-Dobrzanski, K.; Nalecz-Jawecki, G.; Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; and Sawicki, J. (2003). SOS chromotest genotoxicity and toxicity of cyanobacterial extracts from reservoir surface water. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 12(10):1144-1151. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ SOS chromotest/ genotoxicity/ toxicity.

220. Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Doolin, L. E.; Molloy, R. M.; Debono, M.; Shaffer, S. A.; Moore, R. E.; Stewart, J. B.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Tjipanazoles, new antifungal agents from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix tjipanasensis. Tetrahed. 47(37):7739-7750. Keywords: Tolypothrix tjipanasensis/ structure.

221. Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Hunt, A. H.; Occolowitz, J. L.; Perun Jr., T. J.; Doolin, L.; Stevenson, S.; Knauss, L.; Wijayaratne, R.; Szewczyk, S.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1996). A 90720A, a serine protease inhibitor isolated from a terrestrial blue-green alga Microchaete loktakensis. Tetrahed. 52(2):395-404. Keywords: isolation/ structure/ Microchaete loktakensis.

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223. Bose, S. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Plasmid distribution among unicellular and filamentous toxic cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol. 2(2):131-136. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ plasmids/ hepatotoxin/ neurotoxin.

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225. Botana, L. M. (ed.) (2000). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York. 798 pp. Keywords: freshwater toxins/ pharmacology/ physiology/ toxicology/ ecology.

226. Botes, D. P (1986). Cyanoginosins—isolation and structure. In: P. S. Steyn and R. Vleggaar, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive Molecules. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 161-167. 545 pp. July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin/ isolation/ structure.

227. Botes, D. P.; Kruger, H.; and Viljoen, C. C. (1982). Isolation and characterization of four toxins from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 20(6):945-954. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation/ characterization.

228. Botes, D. P.; Tuinman, A. A.; Wessels, P. L.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Williams, D. H.; Santikarn, S.; Smith, R. J.; and Hammond, S. J. (1984). The structure of cyanoginosin-LA, a cyclic heptapeptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1984(10):2311-2318. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanoginosin/ hepatotoxin/ characterization/ structure.

229. Botes, D. P.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Wessels, P. L.; and Williams, D. H. (1982). Configuration assignments of the amino acid residues and the presence of N-methyldehydroalanine in toxins from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 20(6):1037-1042. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ amino acid.

230. Botes, D. P.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Wessels, P. L.; and Williams, D. H. (1982). Structure of toxins of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):378-379. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ structure. (Abstract)

231. Botes, D. P.; Wessels, P. L.; Kruger, H.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Santikarn, S.; Smith, R. J.; Barna, J. C. J.; and Williams, D. H. (1985). Structural studies on cyanoginosins -LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1985(12):2747-2748. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ cyanoginosin/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ NMR.

232. Bottcher, G.; Chorus, I.; Ewald, S.; Hintze, T.; and Walz, N. (2001). Light-limited growth and microcystin content of Planktothrix agardhii and Microcystis aeruginosa in turbidostats. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 115-133. 357 pp. Keywords: light-limited growth/ microcystin content/ Planktothrix agardhii/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ turbidostats.

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235. Bourke, A. T. C. and Hawes, R. B. (1983). Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and human health. Med. J. Aust. 1:491-492. Keywords: freshwater/ cyanotoxin/ human health.

236. Bourke, A. T. C.; Hawes, R. B.; Neilson, A.; and Stallman, N. D. (1983). An outbreak of hepato-enteritis (the Palm Island mystery disease) possibly caused by algal intoxication. Toxicon (3 Suppl.):45-48. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ hepatotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.

237. Bourne, D. G.; Jones, G. J.; Blakeley, R. L.; Jones, A.; Negri, A. P.; and Riddles, P. (1996). Enzymatic pathway for the bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62(11):4086-4094. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ enzymatic pathway/ degradation.

238. Bouvy, M.; Falcao, D.; Marinho, M.; Pagano, M.; and Moura, A. (2000). Occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis (cyanobacteria) in 39 Brazilian tropical reservoirs during the 1998 drought. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 23 (1):13-27. Keywords: bacteria/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ El Nino event/ reservoirs/ co-inertia analysis/ blue-green-algae/ Lake Balaton/ phytoplankton/ fresh/ eutrophication/ zooplankton/ bacterial/ blooms/ toxins/ Brazil.

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242. Boyd, C. E. (1973). Biotic interactions between different species of algae. Weed Sci. 21(1):32-36. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ interactions.

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246. Brandonsisio, O.; Maggi, P.; Panaro, M. A.; Marangi, A.; Marzio, R.; and Angarano, G. (1993). A cyanobacterium-like body found in the stools of an HIV+ patient with diarrhoea. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 9(4):453-454. Keywords: coccidian/ cyanobacterium/ AIDS/ HIV/ diarrhea. (Letter to the Editor)

247. Braun, A. and Pfeiffer, T. (2002). Cyanobacterial blooms as the cause of a Pleistocene large mammal assemblage. Paleobiology 28(1):139-154. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ fossil vertebrates/ Neumark-Nord lake basin/ Germany.

248. Briand, J. F.; Jacquet, S.; Bernard, C.; and Humbert, J. F. (2003). Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems. Vet. Res. 34(4):361-377. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ aquatic ecosystem/ toxin/ health risk/ mammal/ blue-green algae/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ liquid-chromatographic method/ cyclic peptide toxin/ freshwater/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anabaena circinalis.

249. Briand, J. F.; Robillot, C.; Quiblier-Lloberas, C.; and Bernard, C. (2002). A perennial bloom of Planktothrix agardhii (cyanobacteria) in a shallow eutrophic French lake: limnological and microcystin production studies. Arch. Hydrobiol. 153(4):605-622. Keywords: hypertrophic lake/ filamentous cyanobacteria/ cyanobacteria toxins/ health hazard/ Planktothrix agardhii.

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251. Brittain, S. M.; Wang, J.; Babcock-Jackson, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Culver, D. A. (2000). Isolation and characterization of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins from a Lake Erie strain of Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Great Lakes Res. 26(3):241-249. Keywords: Lake Erie/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin/ isolation/ characterization.

252. Brooks, W. P.; Bell, S. G.; and Codd, G. A. (1986). Production, purification and properties of Microcystis toxins. Br. Phycol. J. 21(3):327. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ production/ purification. (Abstract)

253. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1987). Distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin and interactions with hepatic microsomes in mice. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 60(3):187-191. Keywords: distribution/ cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ mice.

254. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1986). Extraction and purification of toxic peptides from natural blooms and laboratory isolates of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2(1):1-3. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extraction/ purification.

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255. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1988). Immunoassay of hepatotoxic cultures and water blooms of cyanobacteria using Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin polyclonal antibodies. Environ. Technol. Lett. 9(12):1343-1348. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ immunological.

256. Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A. (1987). Immunological and toxicological studies on Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin. Br. Phycol. J. 22(3):301. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ immunological. (Abstract)

257. Brough, P. A.; Gallagher, T.; Thomas, P.; Wonnacott, S.; Baker, R.; Malik, K. M. A.; and Hursthouse, M. B. (1992). Synthesis and x-ray crystal structure of 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1] nonan-3-one. A conformationally locked s-cis analogue of anatoxin-a. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 15:1087-1089. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis/ crystal structure.

258. Brown, N. D.; Butler, D. L.; Katzhendler, J.; Doctor, B. P., and Chiang, P. K. (1991). Thymopentin pentapeptides antagonize the nicotinic activity of (+)-anatoxin-a on guinea pig ileum. FASEB J. 5(4):A857. Keywords: nicotinic activity/anatoxin-a/guinea pig ileum. (Poster)

259. Brown, P. (1974). Toxin of Microcystis aeruginosa: Effects of Varying the Concentration of Selected Salts upon Toxicity and the Effects of the Toxin on Some Physiological Parameters [Diss. Abstr. Int. B36(1), 93]. M.Sc. Thesis. Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas. 82 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ salinity.

260. Brownlee, E. F.; Sellner, S. G.; and Sellner, K. G. (2003). Effects of barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) on freshwater and brackish phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol. 15(6):525-531. Keywords: phytoplankton/ cyanobacteria/ barley straw/ Hordeum vulgare.

261. Broyles, B. and Cutler, T. L. (1999). Effect of surface water on desert Bighorn sheep in the Cabeza-Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Southwestern Arizona. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 27(4):1082-1088. Keywords: surface water/ bighorn sheep/ Southwestern Arizona.

262. Brunberg, A. K. and Blomqvist, P. (2002). Benthic overwintering of Microcystis colonies under different environmental conditions. J. Plankton Res. 24(11):1247-1252. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz emend/ spp. cyanobacteria/ eutrophic lake/ dynamics/ phytoplankton/ sediments/ populations/ bacteria/ shallow.

263. Bruno, M.; Gucci, P. M. B.; Pierdominici, E.; Sestili, P.; Ioppolo, A.; Sechi, N.; and Volterra, L. (1992). Microcystin-like toxins in different freshwater species of Oscillatoria. Toxicon 30(10):1307-1311. Keywords: microcystin-like toxins/ Oscillatoria/ freshwater.

264. Bryan, P. M. and Potter, L. R. (2002). The atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A/GC-A) is dephosphorylated by distinct microcystin-sensitive and magnesium-dependent protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 277(18):16041-16047. Keywords: Guanylyl cyclase-a/ signal-transduction/ smooth-muscle/ cyclic-GMP/ kinase-c/ desensitization/ binding/ mutant/ domain/ family.

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265. Budd, J. W.; Beeton, A. M.; Stumpf, R. P.; Culver, D. A.; and Kerfoot, W. C. (2002). Satellite observations of Microcystis blooms in western Lake Erie. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(Pt 7):3787-3793. Keywords: Saginaw Bay/ ocean/ Huron/ Microcystis/ Lake Erie.

266. Bumke-Vogt, C.; Mailahn, W.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Anatoxin-a and neurotoxic cyanobacteria in German lakes and reservoirs. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):117-125. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ neurotoxic cyanobacteria/ German/ lakes/ reservoirs.

267. Burger, J. S.; Grabow, W. O. K.; and Kfir, R. (1989). Detection of endotoxins in reclaimed and conventionally treated drinking water. Water Res. 23(6):733-738. Keywords: endotoxin/ water reclamation/ active carbon/ water treatment/ ozonation/ chlorination/ effluent bacterial growth.

268. Burgoyne, D. L.; Hemscheidt, T. K.; Moore, R. E.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (2000). Biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin. J. Org. Chem. 65(1):152-156. Keywords: biosynthesis/ cylindrospermopsin.

269. Burja, A. M.; Abou-Mansour, E.; Banaigs, B.; Payri, C.; Burgess, J. G.; and Wright, P. C. (2002). Culture of the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula (Oscillatoriaceae), for bioprocess intensified production of cyclic and linear lipopeptides. J. Microbiol. Methods 48(2-3):207-219. Keywords: bioprocess intensification/ cyanobacteria/ lipopeptides/ FTICR-MS/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Oscillatoriaceae.

270. Burja, A. M.; Banaigs, B.; Abou-Mansour, E.; Burgess, J. G.; and Wright, P. C. (2001). Marine cyanobacteria: a prolific source of natural products. Tetrahed. 57(46):9347-9377. Keywords: bioinformatics/ bioprocess intensification/ cyanobacteria/ genomics/ lipopeptides/ metabolic pathways/ natural products chemistry/ proteomics.

271. Burlingame, A. L.; Boyd, R. K.; and Gaskell, S. J. (1994). Mass spectrometry (review). Analyt. Chem. 66(12):R634-R683. Keywords: mass spectrometry.

272. Burns, C. W. and Xu, Z. (1989). Utilization of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as food by freshwater calanoid copepods. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24(5):2833. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ food/ copepods. (Proceedings XXIV Congress Int. Assoc. Limnology—Abstract)

273. Burrini, D.; Lupi, E.; Klotzner, C.; Santini, C.; and Lanciotti, E. (2000). Survey for microalgae and cyanobacteria in a drinking-water utility supplying the city of Florence, Italy. J. Water Supply Res. Technol.–Aqua 49(3):139-147. Keywords: algal removal/ cyanobacteria/ drinking water utility/ monitoring/ planktonic microalgae/ Florence, Italy.

274. Bury, N. R.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1995). The effects of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR, and ammonia on growth rate and ionic regulation of brown trout. J. Fish Biol. 46(6):1042-1054. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ brown trout/ growth/ ionic regulation.

275. Bury, N. R.; Mcgeer, J. C.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1997). Liver damage in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and rainbow-trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following administration of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR via the dorsal aorta. J. Fish Dis. 20(3):209-215. Keywords: trout liver damage/ Salmo trutta/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR.

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276. Bury, N. R.; Newlands, A. D.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A. (1998). In vivo and in vitro intestinal transport of H3 microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 42(2):139-148. Keywords: intestinal transport/ microcystin-LR/ Oncorhynchus mykiss.

277. Butler IV, M. J.; Hunt, J. H.; Herrnkind, W. F.; Childress, M. J.; Bertelsen, R.; Sharp, W.; Matthews, T.; Field, J. M.; and Marshall, H. G. (1995). Cascading disturbances in Florida Bay, USA: cyanobacteria blooms, sponge mortality and implications for juvenile spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 129(1-3):119-125. Keywords: Florida Bay/ sponge/ Panulirus argus/ spiny lobster/ disturbance/ cyanobacteria/ artificial shelters/ algal bloom.

278. Buttke, T. M. and Ingram, L. O. (1975). Comparison of lipopolysaccharides from Agmenellum quadruplicatum or Escherichia chromatography. J. Bacteriol. 124:1566-1573. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ comparison/ lipopolysaccharides/ Escherichia/ Agmenellum quadruplicatum.

279. Byth, S. (1980). Palm Island mystery disease. Med. J. Aust. 2(1):40-42. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.

280. Byth, S. (1980). Palm Island mystery disease [Correction for 1980, 2(1):40-42]. Med. J. Aust. 2(3):170. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.

281. Caceres, O. and Vieira, A. A. H. (1988). Some features on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa Küetz. emend. Elenkin in ASM-1 medium. Rev. Microbiol. 19(3):223-228. Keywords: growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ ASM-1 medium. (Spanish)

282. Caiola, M. G. and Pellegrini, S. (1984). Lysis of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz) by Bdellovibrio-like bacteria. J. Phycol. 20:471-475. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria lysis/ Bdellovibrio-like bacteria/ lysing bacteria.

283. Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de, and Halperín, D. R. de. (1990). Antimycotic products from the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum against Rhizoctonia solani. Phyton–Int. J. Exp. Bot. 51(1):1-4. Keywords: antimycotic products/Nostoc muscorum/Rhizoctonia solani.

284. Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; and Halperín, D. R. de. (1993). Screening of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds against human pathogens. Exp. Bot. 54(1):59-65. Keywords: cyanobacterial bioactive compounds/ screening/ human pathogens.

285. Camargo, L. F. A.; Neto, M. C.; Canziani, M. E.; and Draibe, S. A. (2001). Water transmissable diseases and hemodialysis. In: W. M. Scheld, W. A. Craig, and J. M. Hughes (eds.) Emerging Infections. ASM Press: Washington, DC, Vol. 5, pp. 121-135, Ch. 8. Keywords: hemodialysis/ waterborne diseases/ pyrogenic reactions/ transmembrane passage/ dialysis patients/ risk-factors/ outbreak/ bacteremia/ endotoxin/ quality/ reuse/ permeability.

286. Campbell, D. L.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1994). Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp and microtox assays of hepatotoxic (microcystin-LR-containing) cyanobacteria. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9(1):71-77. Keywords: assessment/ brine shrimp and microtox assays/ microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria.

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287. Campbell, H. F.; Edwards, O. E.; Elder, J. W.; and Kolt, R. J. (1979). Total synthesis of DL-anatoxin-a and DL-isoanatoxin-a. Pol. J. Chem. 53:27-37. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ synthesis.

288. Campbell, H. F.; Edwards, O. E.; and Kolt, R. (1977). Synthesis of nor-anatoxin-a and anatoxin-a. Can. J. Chem. 55(8):1372-1379. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ nor-anotoxin-a.

289. Campos, V.; Cantarero, S.; Urrutia, H.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J. (1999). Microcystin in cyanobacterial blooms in a Chilean lake. System. Appl. Microbiol. 22(2):169-173. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacterial bloom/ Chile/ lake.

290. Cannell, R. J. P. (1993). Algae as a source of biologically-active products. Pest. Sci. 39(2):147-153. Keywords: algae/ biologically active products.

291. Cannell, R. J. P.; Kellam, S. J.; Owsianka, A. M.; and Walker, J. M. (1987). Microalgae and cyanobacteria as a source of glycosidase inhibitors. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:1701-1705. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ marine/ products/ glycosidase inhibitor/ enzyme inhibitor.

292. Cano, M. M. S. de; Caire, G. Z. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; and Palma, R. M. (2002). Effect of Tolypothrix tenuis and Microchaete tenera on biochemical soil properties and maize growth. J. Plant Nutrition 25(11):2421-2431. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ exopolysaccharide/ enzyme/ maize/ Nostoc muscorum/ inoculation/ Tolypothrix tenuis/ Microchaete tenera.

293. Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; and Halperín, D. R. de. (1990). Inhibition of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureaus by phenolic compounds from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. J. Appl. Phycol. 2:79-81. Keywords: Nostoc muscorum/ Staphylococcus aureus/ Candida albicans/ bioactive compounds/ algal phenolic compounds/ cyanobacteria.

294. Canter, H. M.; Heaney, S. I.; and Lund, J. W. G. (1990). The ecological significance of grazing on planktonic populations of cyanobacteria by the ciliate Nassula. New Phytol. 114(2):247-263. Keywords: grazing/ planktonic/ cyanobacteria/ mucilage/ Nassula aurea/ Podophrya/ Eurychasma.

295. Capitano, A. T.; Roberts, J. L.; and Griffith, L. G. (2002). Design of a liver tissue biosensor. Second Joint EMBS-BMES Conference 2002. I E E E: New York. Vols. 1-3, pp. 1766. Keywords: aflatoxin/ biosensor/ EROD/ microcystin/ tissue.

296. Carbis, C. R.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I. (1996). The effects of microcystins on the serum biochemistry of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., when the toxins are administered by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal routes. J. Fish Dis. 19:151-159. Keywords: microcystins/ Cyprinus carpio L/ intraperitoneal/ serum/ liver damage.

297. Carbis, C. R.; Rawlin, G. T.; Grant, P.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I. (1997). A study of feral carp, Cyprinus carpio L., exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa at Lake Mokoan, Australia, and possible implications for fish health. J. Fish Dis. 20(2):81-91. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio L/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Australia/ microcystins.

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298. Carbis, C. R.; Rawlin, G. T.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I. (1996). The histopathology of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., exposed to microcystins by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal administration. J. Fish Dis. 19(3):199-207. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio L/ microcystins/ intraperitoneal/ liver.

299. Carbis, C. R.; Simons, J. A.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I. (1994). A biochemical profile for predicting the chronic exposure of sheep to Microcystis aeruginosa, an hepatotoxic species of blue-green alga. Res. Vet. Sci. 57(3):310-316. Keywords: profile/ chronic exposure/ sheep/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

300. Carbis, C. R.; Waldron, D. L.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I. (1995). Recovery of hepatic function and latent mortalities in sheep exposed to the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Vet. Record 137(1):12-15. Keywords: hepatic function/ latent mortality/ sheep/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

301. Cardellina II, J. H.; Dalietos, D.; Marner, F-J.; Mynderse, J. S.; and Moore, R. E. (1978). (–)-Trans-7(S)- methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid and related amides from the marine cyanophyte Lyngbya majuscula. Phytochem. 17:2091-2095. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula.

302. Cardellina II, J. H.; Gustafson, K. R.; Fuller, R. W.; and Boyd, M. R. (1993). Antitumor and anti-HIV factors from algae. J. Phycol. 29(3 Suppl.):14. Keywords: antitumor/ anti-HIV factors/ algae. (Abstract #67)

303. Cardellina II, J. H.; Marner, F-J.; and Moore, R. E. (1979). Seaweed dermatitis: structure of lyngbyatoxin A. Science 204:193-195. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula/ lyngbyatoxin/ dermatitis.

304. Cardellina II, J. H. and Moore, R. E. (1980). Malyngic acid, a new fatty acid from Lyngbya majuscula. Tetrahed. Lett. 36:993-996. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/ Lyngbya majuscula/ marine.

305. Cardellina II, J. H. and Moore, R. E. (1979). Structure and absolute configuration of malyngolide, an antibiotic from the marine blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula Gomont. J. Org. Chem. 44(23):4039-4042. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula/ products/ antibiotic/ antibacteria/ NMR.

306. Carlson, J. L.; Gleason, F. K.; and Mall, A. (1992). Structure of hydroxycyanobacterin, a new algaecide from the blue-green alga Scytonema hofmanni. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 203:96. Keywords: structure/ algaecide/ Scytonema hofmanni. (Meeting Abstract)

307. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Mirabazoles, minor tantazole-related cytotoxins from the terrestrial blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile. Tetrahed. Lett. 32(23):2593-2596. Keywords: Mirabazoles/ Scytonema mirabile.

308. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Mirabimides A-D, new N-acylpyrrolinones from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile. Tetrahed. 47(12-13):2087-2096. Keywords: Mirabimides/ Scytonema mirabile.

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309. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1990). Tolytoxin and new scytophycins from three species of Scytonema. J. Natural Products 53(6):1533-1542. Keywords: tolytoxin/ new scytophycins/ Scytonema.

310. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Corbett, T. H.; and Valeriote, F. A. (1990). Tantazoles: unusual cytotoxic alkaloids from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112(22):8195-8197. Keywords: Tantazoles/ Scytonema mirabile/ cytotoxic alkaloids.

311. Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Mori, Y.; and Suzuki, M. (1990). Isonitriles from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile. J. Org. Chem. 55(14):4431-4438. Keywords: isonitriles/ Scytonema mirabile.

312. Carmichael, W. W. (1998). Algal poisoning. In: S. Aiello (ed.) The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th ed. Merck & Co., Inc.: Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, pp. 2022-2023. 2305 pp. Keywords: algal/ poisoning.

313. Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Algal toxins. In: J. A. Callow (ed.) Advances in Botanical Research. Academic Press: London, Vol. 12, pp. 47-101. 284 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ review.

314. Carmichael, W. W. (1974). Anabaena flos-aquae Toxin: its Toxicology and Mechanism of Action. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 134 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae.

315. Carmichael, W. W. (1992). Aquatic phycotoxins—an overview of current research directions. In: O. M. Skulberg and R. Skulberg, (eds.) Toxin Producing Algae—Research and Advances. Norwegian Institute for Water Research: Oslo, Norway. pp. 1-40. Proceedings Third Nordic Symposium on Toxin-Producing Algae. 1988; Oslo. Keywords: phycotoxins/ aquatic/ research.

316. Carmichael, W. W. (ed.) (2001). Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water. AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Assoc.: Denver, Colorado. 179 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ raw water/ drinking water/ assessment/ monitoring/ analysis.

317. Carmichael. W.W. (1991). Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria): an overlooked health threat. Health Environ. Digest 5(6):1-4. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ health risk.

318. Carmichael, W. W. (1982). Chemical and toxicological studies of the toxic freshwater cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):367-372. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ chemical studies/ toxicological studies.

319. Carmichael, W. W. (1992). Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites: the cyanotoxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72(6):445-459. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ secondary metabolites.

320. Carmichael, W. W. (1995). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.) Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO Publishing: pp. 163-175, Ch. 9. IOC Manuals and Guides #33. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

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321. Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Cyanobacterium blooms and health hazards: an overview. Toxicon 34(3):299. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ blooms/ health hazards/ overview.

322. Carmichael, W. W. (1997). The cyanotoxins. In: J. A. Callow (ed.) Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 27, pp. 211-256. 515 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

323. Carmichael, W. W. (2001). The cyanotoxins—bioactive metabolites of cyanobacteria: occurrence, ecological role, taxonomic concerns and effects on humans. J. Phycol. 37(3 Suppl.):9. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ ecological role/ taxonomy/ effects/ humans.

324. Carmichael, W. W (1981). Freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) toxins—a review. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 1-13. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

325. Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins. In: C. L. Ownby and G. V. Odell (eds.) Natural Toxins: Characterization, Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Pergamon Press: London, pp. 3-16. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ freshwater.

326. Carmichael, W. W. (2001). Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria: "the CyanoHABs". Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 7(5):1393-1407. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ cyanotoxins/ toxins/ risk/ health.

327. Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Isolation, characterization and detection of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins from freshwater supplies. Ohio J. Sci. 90(2):29. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ characterization/ detection/ freshwater.

328. Carmichael, W. W. (1985). Isolation, culture and toxicity of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 23(1):25-26. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/ toxicity. (First American Symposium on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins — Abstract)

329. Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Isolation, culture and toxicity testing of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: V. Shilov (ed.) Fundamental Research in Homogenous Catalysis. Gordon & Breach: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 1249-1262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/ toxicity.

330. Carmichael, W. W. (2001). A mini-review of cyanotoxins; toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium. W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 495-504. 574 pp. Proceedings of Xth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords: cyanotoxins/ review.

331. Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Overview of cyanobacteria blue-green algae toxins. Toxicon 27(1):22. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ overview.

332. Carmichael, W. W. (1999). Preparing for the future: algal toxins and their relationship to aquatic ecosystem health. J. Phycol. 35(3 Suppl.):6. Keywords: future/ algal toxins/ aquatic health.

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333. Carmichael, W. W. (1972). Some Factors Influencing Toxin Production and Accumulation by Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1 . M.Sc. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 83 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ toxin production and accumulation.

334. Carmichael, W.W. (1992). A Status Report on Planktonic Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) and their Toxins. Office of Research and Development, EPA: Washington, D.C. Report # EPA/600/R-92/079. 141 pp. Keywords: status/ cyanotoxins.

335. Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Toxic freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria): an overlooked waterbased disease health threat. Health Environ. Digest 5(6):1-4. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ health threat.

336. Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Toxic Microcystis and the environment. In: M. F. Watanabe, K-I. Harada, W. W. Carmichael, and H. Fujiki (eds.) Toxic Microcystis. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 1-11. 262 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ environment.

337. Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Toxins of cyanobacteria. Sci. Am. 270(1):78-86. Keywords: cyanobacteria toxins/ neurotoxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/ saxitoxin/ neosaxitoxin/ anatoxin-a/ anatoxin-a(s).

338. Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Toxins of cyanobacteria. In: J. R. Forbes, (ed.) Proceedings of the Fourth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae. Department of Public Works and Government Services: Canada. pp. 4-8. 92 pp. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences #2016. May 3-5, 1994; Sidney, British Columbia, Canada. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

339. Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Toxins of freshwater algae. In: A. T. Tu (ed.) Handbook of Natural Toxins. Marcel Dekkar: New York, Vol. 3, Marine Toxins and Venoms, pp. 121-147, Ch. 6. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

340. Carmichael, W. W. (ed.) (1981). The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York. Vol. 20, 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

341. Carmichael, W. W. and An, J. S. (1999). Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) for the detection of microcystins and nodularins. Natural Toxins 7(6):377-385. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ nodularins/ detection/ immunoassay/ enzyme assay/ ELISA/ protein phosphatase/ toxins.

342. Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; An, J. S.; Molica, R. J. R.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Lau, S.; Rinehart, K. L.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K. (2001). Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(7):663-668. Keywords: water treatment/ risk management/ exposure/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ human deaths.

343. Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Servaites, J. C.; Yuan, M.; and Soares, R. M. (2002). Evaluation of ELISA and HPLC/MS methods for measuring microcystins in human blood serum. In: Tenth International Conference on Harmful Algae. pp. 45. 2002 Annual Meeting of

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the Phycological Society of America. October 21-25, 2002; St. Petersburg, Florida. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ ELISA/ HPLC-MS/ microcystins/ human blood serum.

344. Carmichael, W. W.; Beasley, V. R.; Bunner, D. L.; Eloff, J. N.; Falconer, I. R.; Gorham, P. R.; Harada, K-I.; Krishnamurthy, T.; Yu, M-J.; Moore, R. E.; Rinehart, K. L.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Watanabe, M. F. (1988). Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 26(11):971-973. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ naming. (Letter to the Editor)

345. Carmichael, W. W. and Bent, P. E. (1981). Hemagglutination method for detection of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41(6):1383-1388. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hemagglutination/ detection.

346. Carmichael, W. W. and Biggs, D. F. (1978). Muscle sensitivity differences in two avian species to anatoxin-a produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Can. J. Zool. 56(3):510-512. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin/ muscle/ avian species.

347. Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and Gorham, P. R. (1975). Toxicology and pharmacological action of Anabaena flos-aquae toxin. Science 187:542-544. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ calves/ rats/ ducks/ goldfish.

348. Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and Peterson, M. A. (1979). Pharmacology of anatoxin-a, produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Toxicon 17(3):229-236. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin-a/ pharmacology.

349. Carmichael, W. W.; Drapeau, C.; and Anderson, D. M. (2000). Harvesting of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex. Born. and Flah. var. flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) from Klamath Lake for human dietary use. J. Appl. Phycol. 12:585-595. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ biomass/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ food/ harvesting/ Klamath Lake/ Oregon/ quality control/ waterbloom.

350. Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E. (1989). Toxicity and partial structure for a hepatotoxic peptide produced by Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. strain L575 cyanobacteria from New Zealand. Toxicon 27(1):35. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ structure/ New Zealand.

351. Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E. (1988). Toxicity and partial structure of a hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575 from New Zealand. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54(9):2257-2263. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ New Zealand.

352. Carmichael, W. W. and Evans, W. R. (1992). Neurotoxic Lyngbya wollei in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. North American Lake Management Society 12th Annual International Symposium. pp. 43. Nov. 2-7, 1992; Keywords: Lyngbya wollei/ neurotoxic/ Lake Guntersville/ Alabama. (Abstract)

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353. Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; Yin, Q. Q.; Bell, P.; and Moczydlowski, E. (1997). Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(8):3104-3110. Keywords: PSP/ Lyngbya wollei/ neurotoxin/ Guntersville Reservoir/ Alabama/ Tennessee River.

354. Carmichael, W. W. and Falconer, I. R. (1993). Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures. In: I. R. Falconer (ed.) Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press: London, pp. 187-209, Ch. 12. 224 pp. Keywords: diseases/ cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ control.

355. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1978). Anatoxins from clones of Anabaena flos-aquae isolated from lakes of western Canada. Mitt. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 21:285-295. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae / anatoxins/ Canada.

356. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1977). Factors influencing the toxicity and animal susceptibility of Anabaena flos-aquae (Cyanophyta) blooms. J. Phycol. 13(2):97-101. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ toxicity/ animal susceptibility.

357. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1980). Freshwater cyanophyte toxins: types and their effects on the use of micro algae biomass. In: G. Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds.) Algae Biomass Production and Use. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press: Amsterdam, pp. 437-448. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biotech.

358. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1974). An improved method for obtaining axenic clones of planktonic blue-green algae. J. Phycol. 10(2):238-240. Keywords: axenic clones/ method/ blue-green algae/ Anabaena flos-aquae.

359. Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R. (1981). The mosaic nature of toxic blooms of cyanobacteria. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 161-172. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

360. Carmichael, W. W.; Gorham, P. R.; and Biggs, D. F. (1977). Two laboratory case studies on the oral toxicity to calves of the freshwater cyanophyte (blue-green alga) Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Can. Vet. J. 18(3):71-75. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ case studies/ calves.

361. Carmichael, W. W.; He, J-W.; Eschedor, J. T.; He, Z-R.; and Yu, M-J. (1988). Partial structural determination of hepatotoxic peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium) collected in ponds of Central China. Toxicon 26(12):1213-1217. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ China.

362. Carmichael, W. W. and Hyde, E. G. (2000). Anatoxins. In: P. S. Spencer, H. H. Schaumburg, and A. C. Ludolph (eds.) Expermental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. Oxford Univesity Press: New York & Oxford, pp. 196-198. 1352 pp. Keywords: anatoxins.

363. Carmichael, W. W.; Jones, C. L. A.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Theiss, W. C. (1985). Algal toxins and water-based diseases. In: C. P. Straub (ed.) Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. Chemical Rubber Co. Press: Florida, Vol. 15, Issue 3, pp. 275-313. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ diseases.

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364. Carmichael, W. W. and Mahmood, N. A. (1984). Toxins from freshwater cyanobacteria. In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.) Seafood Toxins. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp. 377-389. ACS Symposium Series #262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

365. Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Hyde, E. G. (1990). Cellular mechanisms of action for freshwaer cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins. In: A. E. Pohland and J. Richard (eds.) Microbial Toxins in Foods and Feeds. Plenum Publ. Corp.: New York, pp. 553-573. Keywords: mechanisms/ action/ freshwater/ cyanotoxins.

366. Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Hyde, E. G. (1990). Natural toxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: S. Hall and G. Strichartz (eds.) Marine Toxins: Origin, Structure, and Molecular Pharmacology. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp. 87-106, Ch. 6. ACS Symposium Series #418. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

367. Carmichael, W. W.; Pinotti, M. H.; and Fraleigh, P. C. (1986). Toxicity of a clonal isolate of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa from Lake Erie. Ohio J. Sci. 86(2):53. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa. (Meeting Abstract)

368. Carmichael, W.W. and Schwartz, L.D. (1984). Preventing livestock deaths from blue-green algae poisoning. In: Farmers Bulletin. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: Washington, D.C. Report # 2275. 12 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock deaths/ prevention.

369. Carmichael, W. W.; Sirenko, L. A.; Klochenko, P. D.; and Shevchenko, T. F. (2001). A comparative assessment of the toxicity of algae and cyanobacteria in water bodies of Ukraine. Phycologia 40(4 Suppl.):15. Keywords: algal toxicity/ cyanobacteria/ Ukraine.

370. Carmichael, W. W.; Tchernajenko, V. M.; and Evans, W. R. (1993). Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins in the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from blooming water bodies of Ukraine and Euopean part of Russia. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 330(5):659-661. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ freshwater/ Ukraine/ Russia. (Russian)

371. Carmichael, W. W.; Yu, M-J.; He, Z-R.; He, J-W.; and Yu, J-L. (1988). Occurrence of the toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa in Central China. Arch. Hydrobiol. 114(1):21-30. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ China/ occurrence.

372. Carpenter, E. J.; Bergman, B.; Dawson, R.; Siddiqui, P. J. A.; Söderbäck, E.; and Capone, D. G. (1992). Glutamine synthetase and nitrogen cycling in colonies of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(9):3122-3129. Keywords: Trichodesmium thiebautii/ glutamine synthetase/ nitrogen cycling.

373. Carpenter, E. J. and Carmichael, W. W. (1995). Taxonomy of cyanobacteria. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.) Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO Publishing: pp. 373-380, Ch. 19. IOC Manuals and Guides #33. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ taxonomy.

374. Carpenter, E. J.; Chang, J.; Cottrell, M.; Schubauer, J.; Paerl, H. W.; Bebout, B. M.; and Capone, D. G. (1990). Re-evaluation of nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms in the planktonic marine cyanbacterium Trichodesmium. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 65(2):151-158. Keywords: Trichodesmium thiebautii/ nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms/ Caribbean Sea.

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375. Carpenter, E. J.; Harvey, H. R.; Fry, B.; and Capone, D. G. (1997). Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Deep-Sea Res. Part 1 44(1):27-38. Keywords: Trichodesmium/ biogeochemical tracers.

376. Carpenter, E. J.; O'Neil, J. M.; Dawson, R.; Capone, D. G.; Siddiqui, P. J. A.; Roenneberg, T.; and Bergman, B. (1993). The tropical diazotrophic phytoplankter Trichodesmium: biological characteristics of two common species. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 95:295-304. Keywords: Trichodesmium thiebautii/ Trichodesmium erythraeum/ biological characteristics.

377. Carpenter, E. J. and Roenneberg, T. (1995). The marine planktonic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp.: photosynthetic rate measurements in the SW Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 118(1-3):267-273. Keywords: Trichodesmium photosynthesis/ primary productivity/ Caribbean Sea phytoplankton/ marine planktonic cyanobacteria/ marine diazotrophs/ N2 fixation/ photosynthetic quotient.

378. Carrasco, C. D.; Buettner, J. A.; and Golden, J. W. (1995). Programmed DNA rearrangement of a cyanobacterial hupL gene in heterocysts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:791-795. Keywords: DNA rearrangement/ cyanobacterial hupL gene.

379. Carrillo, E.; Ferrero, L. M.; Alonso-Andicoberry, C.; Basanta, A.; Martin, A.; Lopez-Rodas, V.; and Costas, E. (2003). Interstrain variability in toxin production in populations of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from water-supply reservoirs of Andalusia and lagoons of Donana National Park (southern Spain). Phycologia 42(3):269-274. Keywords: cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ peptide synthetase genes/ nontoxic strains/ biosynthesis/ blooms/ phytoplankton/ health/ lakes/ light/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Donana National Park (southern Spain).

380. Carter, D. C.; Moore, R. E.; and Mynderse, J. S. (1984). Structure of majusculamide C, a cyclic depsipeptide from Lyngbya majuscula. J. Org. Chem. 49:236-241. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/ Lyngbya majuscula/ majusculamide/ mass spectrometry/ NMR.

381. Casanova, M. T.; Burch, M. D.; Brock, M. A.; and Bond, P. M. (1999). Does toxic Microcystis aeruginosa affect aquatic plant establishment. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):97-109. Keywords: establishment/ aquatic plants/ toxic/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

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383. Catterall, W. A. (1980). Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20:15-43. Keywords: neurotoxins/ voltage-sensitive sodium channels.

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386. Chakraborty, T. K. and Joshi, S. P. (1990). Total synthesis of n-phthaloyl Adda methyl ester: all stereocenters originating from a single chiral epoxyalcohol. Tetrahed. Lett. 31(14):2043-2046. Keywords: synthesis/ N-phthaloyl Adda methyl ester.

387. Chamberlain, W.J. (1948). Effects of algae on water supply. In: Department of Chemistry Papers. Univ. of Queensland: Brisbane. Vol. 1, No. 29, 60 plates, 80 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ water supply.

388. Chamorro, G.; Salazar, M.; Araujo, K. G. D.; dos Santos, C. P.; Ceballos, G.; and Castillo, L. F. (2002). Update on the pharmacology of Spirulina (Arthrospira), an unconventional food. Arch. Lat. Nutr. 52(3):232-240. Keywords: blue-green algae/ Spirulina/ Arthrospira/ pharmacology.

389. Chang, Z. X.; Flatt, P.; Gerwick, W. H.; Nguyen, V. A.; Willis, C. L.; and Sherman, D. H. (2002). The barbamide biosynthetic gene cluster: a novel marine cyanobacterial system of mixed polyketide synthase (PKS)-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) origin involving an unusual trichloroleucyl starter unit. Gene 296(1-2):235-247. Keywords: Lyngbya majuscula/ natural product biosynthesis/ modular polyketide synthase/ non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/ halogenase.

390. Chapman, A. D. and Schelske, C. L. (1997). Recent appearance of Cylindrospermopsis (cyanobacteria) in five hypereutrophic Florida lakes. J. Phycol. 33(2):191-195. Keywords: Anabaenopsis/ cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis/ Florida/ hypereutrophic.

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392. Chauhan, V. S.; Marwah, J. B.; and Bagchi, S. N. (1992). Effect of an antibiotic from Oscillatoria sp. on pytoplankters, higher plants and mice. New Phytol. 120(2):251-257. Keywords: antibiotic/ Oscillatoria/ phytoplankters/ higher plants/ mice.

393. Chen, C. Y. and Chou, H. N. (2001). Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by purple clam Hiatula rostrata Lighttoot. Toxicon 39(7):1029-1034. Keywords: purple clams/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ toxins/ dinoflagellates/ Alexandrium minutum.

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395. Chen, D. Z. X.; Boland, M. P.; Smillie, M. A.; Klix, H.; Ptak, C.; Andersen, R. J.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1993). Identification of protein phosphatase inhibitors of the microcystin class in the marine environment. Toxicon 31(11):1407-1414. Keywords: identification/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ microcystin/ marine.

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396. Chen, J-L.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Structures of Nostocyclophanes A-D. J. Org. Chem. 56(14):4360-4364. Keywords: Nostoc linckia/ cytotoxins/ structures.

397. Chen, X. X.; Smith, G. D.; and Waring, P. (2003). Human cancer cell (Jurkat) killing by the cyanobacterial metabolite calothrixin A. J. Appl. Phycol. 15(4):269-277. Keywords: apoptosis/ calothrixin A/ cyanobacteria/ DNA damage/ menadione/ reactive oxygen/ redox cycle/ human cancer cell.

398. Chen, Y.; He, J.; Zhuang, L.; Zeng, L.; and Qu, L. (1999). Sequence analysis of rDNA 16S-23S intergenic spacer from Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in Donghu Lake, China. Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica 23(1):41-46. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ Microcystis wesenbergii/ rDNA/ intergenic spacer regions/ sequence analysis/ China.

399. Cheng, K.; Zhao, Y. J.; Xu, M.; Yin, J.; Xiong, Q.; Zhou, J. C.; Wang, Y. Z.; Zhang, W.; Wang, J. W.; Liu, Z. Y.; and Wang, F. R. (2002). An ecological study on dynamics of toxic Microcystis blooms in a eutrophic park pond, Wuhan, China. Prog. Natural Sci 12(1):30-35. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa bloom/ microcystin/ environmental factors/ growth/ Wuhan, China.

400. Chengappa, M. M.; Pace, L. W.; and McLaughlin, B. G. (1989). Blue-green algae (Anabaena spiroides) toxicosis in pigs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 194(12):1724-1725. Keywords: Anabaena spiroides/ toxicosis/ pigs.

401. Chernoff, N.; Hunter III, E. S.; Hall, L. L.; Rosen, M. B.; Brownie, C. F.; Malarkey, D.; Marr, M.; and Herkovits, J. (2002). Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad. J. Appl. Toxicol. 22(1):13-17. Keywords: microcystin/ developmental toxicology/ mouse/ toad/ embryo/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacterial toxins/ hepatic-necrosis/ liver/ exposure/ mice/ hepatotoxicity/ toxicosis/ toxicity.

402. Chetsumon, A.; Maeda, I.; Umeda, F.; Yagi, K.; Miura, Y.; and Mizoguchi, T. (1995). Continous antibiotic production by an immobilized cyanobacterium in a seaweed-type bioreactor. J. Appl. Phycol. 7(2):135-139. Keywords: continuous culture/ cyanobacterium/ Scytonema/ antibiotic/ bioreactor/ immobilization.

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404. Chianella, I.; Lotierzo, M.; Piletsky, S. A.; Tothill, I. E.; Chen, B. N.; Karim, K.; and Turner, A. P. F. (2002). Rational design of a polymer specific for microcystin-LR using a computational approach. Analyt. Chem. 74(6):1288-1293. Keywords: molecularly imprinted polymers/ recognition/ assay/ cyanotoxins/ membranes/ surface/ water.

405. Chianella, I.; Piletsky, S. A.; Tothill, I. E.; Chen, B.; and Turner, A. P. F. (2003). MIP-based solid phase extraction cartridges combined with MIP-based sensors for the detection of microcystin-LR. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 18(2-3):119-127. Keywords: molecularly imprinted polymer/ microcystin-LR/ sensor/ solid-phase extraction.

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407. Chiswell, R. K.; Shaw, G. R.; Eaglesham, G.; Smith, M. J.; Norris, R. L.; Seawright, A. A.; and Moore, M. R. (1999). Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):155-161. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin stability/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ decomposition.

408. Chittick, E.; Puschner, B.; Walsh, M.; Gearhart, S.; St. Leger, J.; Skocelas, E.; and Branch, S. (2002). Blue-green algae microcystin toxicosis in captive Chilean flamingos. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. pp. 115-116. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Chile/ flamingos.

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410. Choi, B. W.; Namikoshi, M.; Sun, F. R.; Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Kaup, A. M.; Evans, W. R.; and Beasley, V. R. (1993). Isolation of linear peptides related to the hepatotoxins nodularin and microcystins. Tetrahed. Lett. 34(49):7881-7884. Keywords: linear peptides isolation/ nodularin/ microcystins.

411. Choi, B. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Kaup, A. M. (1992). Biosynthetic studies of nodularin: origin of carbons and proposed biogenetic pathway. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 204(1-2):ORGN 432. Keywords: biosynthetic studies/ nodularin. (Meeting Abstract)

412. Cholnoky-Pfannkuche, K. (1970). Toxicity III: Experiment with Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz) [Toxizität III: Experimente mit Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz)]. Botanica Marina 13:45-48. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa. (German)

413. Chong, M. W. K.; Gu, K. D.; Lam, P. K. S.; Yang, M.; and Fong, W. F. (2000). Study on the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured cells. Chemosphere 41(1-2):143-147. Keywords: prepared rat hepatocytes/ cyanobacterial toxins/ peptide toxin/ cyto-toxicity/ water/ assays/ blooms/ lakes/ microcystin-LR.

414. Chong, M. W. K.; Wong, B. S. F.; Lam, P. K. S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Seawright, A. A. (2002). Toxicity and uptake mechanism of cylindrospermopsin and lophyrotomin in primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicon 40(2):205-211. Keywords: toxicity/ uptake mechanism/ cylindrospermopsin/ lophyrotomin/ primary rat hepatocytes/ cyclic peptide toxin/ protein phosphatases/ microcystin-LR/ Raciborskii woloszynska/ colorimetric assay/ Umezakia natans/ hepatotoxicity/ inihibition/ potent/ mice.

415. Chorus, I. (2002). Cyanobacterial toxin research and its application in Germany: A review of the current status. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):358-360. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Germany.

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416. Chorus, I. (ed.) (2001). Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ causes.

417. Chorus, I. (2001). Cyanotoxins occurrence in freshwaters—a summary of survey results from different countries. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 75-82. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ freshwaters/ summary.

418. Chorus, I. (2001). Cyanotoxins occurrence in Germany. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 5-21. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ Germany.

419. Chorus, I. (2001). Introduction: cyanotoxins—research for environmental safety and human health. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 1-4. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ environmental safety/ human health.

420. Chorus, I. and Bartram, J. (eds.) (1999). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. E & FN Spon: London. 416 pp. Keywords: toxic cyanobacteria/ public health/ monitoring/ management.

421. Chorus, I.; Bumke-Vogt, C.; Lindenschmidt, K. E.; and Jaime, E. (2001). Cyanobacterial neurotoxins. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 37-45. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ neurotoxins.

422. Chorus, I.; Falconer, I. R.; Salas, H. J.; and Bartram, J. (2000). Health risks caused by freshwater cyanobacteria in recreational waters. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health–Part B 3(4):323-347. Keywords: blue-green algae/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ microcystin-LR/ Bautzen reservoir/ toxins/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ extracts/ exposure.

423. Chorus, I. and Fastner, J. (2001). Recreational exposure to cyanotoxins. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 190-199. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ recreational exposure.

424. Chorus, I.; Heinze, R.; Hubner, C.; Schmidt, W.; and Pietsch, J. (2001). Elimination of microcystins at Dortendorf: conventional treatment and a pilot experimental treatment system. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 221-225. 357 pp. Keywords: elimination/ microcystins/ Dortendorf/ conventional treatment/ experimental treatment.

425. Chorus, I.; Niesel, V.; Fastner, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and Lindenschmidt, K. E. (2001). Environmental factors and microcystin levels in waterbodies. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York, pp. 159-177. 357 pp. Keywords: environmental factors/ microcystin levels/ waterbodies.

426. Chorus, I. and Rosel, F. (2000). Toxic cyanobacteria can be lethal for dogs. Tier. Prax. Klein. Heim. 28(4):216. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ dogs.

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494. Cremer, J. and Henning, K. (1991). Application of reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography to the isolation, separation, and amino acid analysis of two closely related peptide toxins of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeriginosa strain PCC 7806. J. Chromat. 587(1):71-80. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ RP-FPLS/ reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography/ isolation/ separation/ amino acid analysis.

495. Cremer, J.; Meyer, H.; and Henning, K. (1991). Separation of methylated and non-methylated cyanoginosin-LR homologs of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806 by reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography. J. Chromat. 558(2):430-434. Keywords: cyanoginosin-LR/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography.

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497. Cronberg, G.; Annadotter, H.; and Lawton, L. A. (1999). The occurrence of toxic blue-green algae in Lake Ringsjön, southern Sweden, despite nutrient reduction and fish biomanipulation. Hydrobiologia 404:123-129. Keywords: Anabaena/ Aphanizomenon/ Microcystis/ Woronichinia naegeliana/ biomanipulation/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyanoprokaryotes/ hepatotoxins/ microcystin/ Sweden/ Lake Ringsjön.

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522. Danheiser, R. L.; Morin Jr., J. M.; and Salaski, E. J. (1985). Efficient total synthesis of (±)-anatoxin-a. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107:8066-8073. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

523. Das, B. and Singh, P. K. (1977). Detoxication of the pesticide benzenehexachloride by blue-green algae. Microbios Lett. 4:99-102. Keywords: benzenehexachloride/ pesticide/ detoxication/ blue-green algae.

524. Davidson, F. F. (1959). Poisoning of wild and domestic animals by a toxic waterbloom of Nostoc rivulare Küetz. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 51:1277-1287. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nostoc rivulare/ wild and domestic animal poisoning.

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526. Davio, S. R. and Pickering, R. P. (1984). Anti-saxitoxin rabbit serum as a therapeutic agent for saxitoxin (STX) poisoning. Toxicologist. 4(1):13. Keywords: saxitoxin poisoning/STX/rabbit serum/therapeutic agent. (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia,1983 — Abstract #52)

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529. Debernardi, R. and Giussani, G. (1990). Are blue-green algae a suitable food for zooplankton? An overview. Hydrobiologia 200/201:29-41. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ zooplankton/ food.

530. Deem, A. W. and Thorp, F. (1939). Toxic algae in Colorado. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 95:542-544. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Colorado.

531. Delamanche, I. S.; Mailly, P.; and Bouchaud, C. (1986). The organophosphorous compounds as tools for the pharmacohistochemical study of the cholinesterases of the rat striatum (Les composés organophosphorés comme outils pour l'étude pharmaco-histochimique des cholinestérases du striatum du rat. Arch. Anat. Micr. Morphol. Expér. 75(3):135-148. Keywords: cholinesterases/ organophosphorous compounds/ pharmacohistochemistry/ striatum/ rat. (French)

532. Delaney, J. M. and Wilkins, R. M. (1995). Toxicity of microcystin-LR, isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, against various insect species. Toxicon 33(6):771-778. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ insect.

533. DeMott, W. R. (1999). Foraging strategies and growth-inhibition in five daphnids feeding on mixtures of a toxic cyanobacterium and a green alga. Freshwater Biol. 42(2):263-274. Keywords: growth inhibition/ daphnids/ cyanobacteria feeding.

534. DeMott, W. R. and Dhawale, S. (1995). Inhibition of in vitro protein phosphatase activity in three zooplankton species by microcystin-LR, a toxin from cyanobacteria. Arch. Hydrobiol. 134(4):417-424. Keywords: inhibition/ protein phosphatase activity/ zooplankton/ microcystin-LR.

535. DeMott, W. R. and Moxter, F. (1991). Foraging on cyanobacteria by copepods: responses to chemical defenses and resource abundance. Ecology 72(5):1820-1834. Keywords: blue-green algae/ chemical defenses/ copepods/ cyanobacteria/ Daphnia/ Diaptomus/ feeding activity/ natural toxins/ optimal foraging theory/ secondary metabolites/ zooplankton.

536. DeMott W.R.; Zhang, Q-X.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Effects of toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a copepod and three species of Daphnia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36(7):1346-1357. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ survival/ feeding/ copepod/ Daphnia.

537. Dennison, W. C.; O'Neil, J. M.; Duffy, E. J.; Oliver, P. E.; and Shaw, G. R. (1999). Blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula in coastal waters of Queensland, Australia. In: L. Charpy and A. W. D. Larkum (eds.) Marine Cyanobacteria. Monaco Musée Océanographique: Monaco, pp. 501-506. Keywords: blooms/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Queensland/ Australia.

538. Desjardins, P. R. and Olson, G. B. (1983). Viral Control of Nuisance Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae). II. Cyanophage Strains, Stability Studies of Phages and Hosts, and Effects of Environmental Factors on Phage-Host Interactions. California Water Resources Center: University of California, Davis, CA. Vol. 185, 35 pp. Keywords: viral control/ cyanobacteria.

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539. Dethier, M. N. (1994). The ecology of intertidal algal crusts: variation within a functional group. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 177(1):37-71. Keywords: ecology/ marine algal blooms.

540. Devic, E.; Li, D. H.; Dauta, A.; Henriksen, P.; Codd, G. A.; Marty, J. L.; and Fournier, D. (2002). Detection of anatoxin-a(s) in environmental samples of cyanobacteria by using a biosensor with engineered acetylcholinesterases. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(8):4102-4106. Keywords: Anabaena flos-aquae/ Drosophila acetylcholinesterase/ Danish lakes/ blue-green algae/ anticholinesterase/ spiroides.

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542. DeVries, S. E.; Galey, F. D.; Namikoshi, M.; and Woo, J. C. (1993). Clinical and pathological findings of blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) intoxication in a dog. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5(3):403-408. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ intoxication/ dog.

543. DeVries, S. E.; Namikoshi, M.; Galey, F. D.; Merritt, J. E.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Beasley, V. R. (1993). Chemical study of the hepatotoxins from Microcystis aeruginosa collected in California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5(3):409-412. Keywords: chemical study/ hepatotoxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ California.

544. Dias, E.; Pereira, P.; and Franca, S. (2002). Production of paralytic shellfish toxins by Aphanizomenon sp. LMECYA 31 (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 38(4):705-712. Keywords: Aphanizomenon/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ PSP/ Portugal.

545. Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; and Weckesser, J. (1989). Inhibition of prodigiosin formation in Serratia marcescens by extracts of toxic cyanobacteria. System. Appl. Microbiol. 12(3):244-248. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ prodigiosin/ microcystin/ saxitoxin/ biotest/ toxic cyanobacteria.

546. Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; and Weckesser, J. (1988). Rapid determination of Microcystis sp. toxins by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 49(2):143-147. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ HPLC/ rapid assay.

547. Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; Weckesser, J.; Matern, U.; König, W. A.; and Krebber, R. (1990). Two closely related peptide toxins in axenically grown Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. System. Appl. Microbiol. 13(1):86-91. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide toxin/ D-amino acids/ erythro--methyl-D-aspartic acid/ N-methyl dehydroalanine.

548. Dietrich, D. R. (2001). Detecting cyanotoxins in water. Biofutur(209):44-47. Keywords: Microcystin-LR/ hepatoxin/ toxicology/ toxins/ Brazil/ risk.

549. Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K. (1960). Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan, 1959. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 83:1151. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Saskatchewan.

550. Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K. (1961). "Waterbloom poisoning." Fast and "slow death" factors isolated from blue-green algae at Canadian NRC Laboratories. World-Wide Abstr. Gen. Med. 4(4):20. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fast and slow death factors/ isolated.

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551. Dillon, J. G.; Tatsumi, C. M.; Tandingan, P. G.; and Castenholz, R. W. (2002). Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis sp.). Arch. Microbiol. 177(4):322-331. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ scytonemin/ UV/ osmotic stress/ temperature stress/ oxidative stress/ desert crusts/ Chroococcidiopsis.

552. Ding, W. X. and Ong, C. N. (2003). Role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial changes in cyanobacteria-induced apoptosis and hepatotoxicity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 220(1):1-7. Keywords: microcystin/ reactive oxygen species/ apoptosis/ hepatotoxicity.

553. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2002). Calpain activation after mitochondrial permeability transition in microcystin-induced cell death in rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291(2):321-331. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ electron transport chain/ intracellular Ca2+/ apoptosis/ oxidative stress.

554. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2000). The critical role of mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species in microcystin-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 32(4 Pt. 2):493A. Keywords: microcystin/ mitochondrial permeability/ rat hepatocytes.

555. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2000). Critical role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition in microcystin-induced rapid apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 32(3):547-555. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ cell death/ cyanobacteria extract/ cytochrome-c/ BCL-2/ pore/ microcystin-LR/ cyclosporine/ necrosis/ chemoprotectants.

556. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2001). Critical role of reactive oxygen species formation in microcystin-induced cytoskeleton disruption in primary cultured hepatocytes. J. Toxicol Environ. Health-Part A 64(6):507-519. Keywords: oxidative stress/ rat hepatocytes/ okadaic acid/ LR/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ cells/ hepatotoxicity/ intoxication/ apoptosis.

557. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2000). Microcystic cyanobacteria extract induces cytoskeletal disruption and intracellular glutathione alteration in hepatocytes. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(7):605-609. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cytoskeleton/ glutathione/ hepatocytes/ microcystin.

558. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N. (2001). Pivotal role of mitochondrial Ca2+ in microcystin-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285(5):1155-1161. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ mitochondrial membrane potential/ confocal microscopy/ apoptosis/ oxidative stress.

559. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, H. G.; and Ong, C. N. (1998). Microcystic cyanobacteria causes mitochondrial-membrane potential alteration and reactive oxygen species formation in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(7):409-413. Keywords: rat hepatocytes/ mitochondrial membrane alteration.

560. Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; Zhu, H. G.; Lee, B. L.; and Ong, C. N. (1999). Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract of a water source in China. Mutat. Res.–Genetic Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 442(2):69-77. Keywords: microcystin/ genotoxicity/ water source/ China.

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561. Ding, W-X.; Shen, H-M.; Zhu, H-G.; and Ong, C-N. (1998). Studies on oxidative damage induced by cyanobacteria extract in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Environ. Res. 78(1):12-18. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ cytotoxicity/ lipid peroxidation/ reactive oxygen species/ hepatocytes/ rat.

562. Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; Kaebernick, M.; Scheler, C.; Neilan, B. A.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T. (2001). Altered expression of two light-dependent genes in a microcystin-lacking mutant of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. Microbiology–SGM 147(Pt 11):3113-3119. Keywords: RhiA/ transcription/ endotoxin/ Rhizobium leguminosarum / cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ Pseudomonas aeruginosa/ mass spectrometry/ cyanobacteria/ identification/ biosynthesis/ proteins/ system.

563. Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; Tillett, D.; Neilan, B. A.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T. (2001). Characterization of microcystin synthetase genes in Microcystis aeruginosa. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 142-147. 357 pp. Keywords: characterization/ microsystin synthetase genes/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

564. Dittmann, E.; Neilan, B. A.; Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T. (1997). Insertional mutagenesis of a peptide synthetase gene that is responsible for hepatotoxin production in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC-7806. Mol. Microbiol. 26(4):779-787. Keywords: mutagenesis/ peptide synthetase gene/ hepatotoxin production/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

565. Djung, J. F.; Hart, D. J.; and Young, E. R. R. (2000). Vinyl and alkynyl pyrimidines as Michael acceptors: an approach to a cylindrospermopsin substructure. J. Org. Chem. 65(18):5668-5675. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ marine hepatotoxin/ cultured rat.

566. Dodds, W.K. (1996). Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Kansas. Kansas Water Resources Research Institute: Kansas. Report # G2020-02. 36 pp. (Contribution #320). Keywords: assessment/ cyanotoxins/ Kansas.

567. Domingos, P.; Rubim, T. K.; Molica, R. J. R.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1999). First report of microcystin production by picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from a northeast Brazilian drinking water supply. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):31-35. Keywords: Aphanocapsa cumulus/ picoplankton/ cyanobacterial toxin/ blue-green algae/ Caruaru/ Brazil/ drinking water.

568. Donati, C.; Drikas, M.; Hayes, R.; and Newcombe, G. (1994). Microcystin-LR adsorption by powdered activated carbon. Water Res. 28(8):1735-1742. Keywords: microcystin/ powdered activated carbon/ surface characteristics/ pore sizes/ adsorption isotherms/ dissolved organics/ competitive adsorption/ HPLC.

569. Done, S. H. and Bain, M. (1993). Hepatic necrosis in sheep associated with ingestion of blue-green algae. Vet. Record 133(24):600. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ hepatic necrosis/ sheep.

570. Doucette, G. J.; Logan, M. M.; Ramsdell, J. S.; and Van Dolah, F. M. (1997). Development and preliminary validation of a microtiter plate-based receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Toxicon 35(5):625-637. Keywords: PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ assay/ development.

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571. Douglas, S. E. and Turner, S. (1991). Molecular evidence for the orgin of plastids from a cyanobacterium-like ancestor. J. Mol. Evol. 33(3):267-273. Keywords: molecular phylogeny/ plastid/ algae/ plant/ small subunit RNA.

572. Drager, B. (2002). Analysis of tropane and related alkaloids. J. Chromat. A 978(1-2):1-35. Keywords: reviews/ tropane alkaloids/ alkaloids/ hyoscyamine/ scopolamine/ cocaine/ calystegine/ anatoxin/ toxins.

573. Draisci, R.; Ferretti, E.; Palleschi, L.; and Marchiafava, C. (2001). Identification of anatoxins in blue-green algae food supplements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Add. Contam. 18(6):525-531. Keywords: blue-green algae/ anatoxins/ food supplement/ mass spectrometry.

574. Druart, J. C. and Briand, J. F. (2002). First record of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju (cyanobacteria) in a lotic system in France. Ann. Limnol. 38(4):339-342. Keywords: potentially toxic cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ River Seine/ lotic system/ France.

575. Dryden, R. C. and Wright, S. J. L. (1987). Predation of cyanobacteria by protozoa. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:471-482. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ protozoa.

576. Dunlap, W. C.; Chalker, B. E.; and Bandaranayake, W. M. (1988). New sunscreening agents derived from tropical marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The 20t h Annual Meeting of the Australian Society for Experimental Pathology and the 3 rd Meeting of the Photobiology and Skin Cancer Group. 29 Aug 1988; Melborne, Australia. Keywords: sunscreening agents/ Australia.

577. Durany, N.; Riederer, P.; and Deckert, J. (1999). The CNS toxin anatoxin-a interacts with 42-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human cortex. Alzheimer's Rep. 2(5):263-266. Keywords: central nervous system/ anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine receptors.

578. Durrell, L. W. and Deem, A. W. (1940). Toxic algae in Colorado. J. Colo. Wyo. Acad. Sci. 2(6):18. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Colorado.

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580. Dvoráková, D.; Dvoráková, K.; Bláha, L.; Marsálek, B.; and Knotková, Z. (2002). Effects of cyanobacterial biomass and purified microcystins on malformations in Xenopus laevis: teratogenesis assay (FETAX). Environ. Toxicol. 17(6):547-555. Keywords: blue-green algae/ microcystin/ Xenopus laevis/ malformation/ teratogenesis.

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582. Eaglesham, G. K.; Norris, R. L.; Shaw, G. R.; Smith, M. J.; Chiswell, R. K.; Davis, B. C.; Neville, G. R.; Seawright, A. A.; and Moore, M. R. (1999). Use of HPLC-MS/MS to monitor cylindrospermopsin, a blue-green algal toxin, for public health purposes. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):151-154. Keywords: HPLC-MS-MS/ monitor cylindrospermopsin/ public health.

583. Ebrahimzadeh, A. and Rogers, L. (1995). Diarrhea caused by a cyanobacterium-like organism. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11(6):661-664. Keywords: cyanobacterium-like organism/ diarrhea/ risk factors/ travel.

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585. Eckholm, E. Science tries to harness bacterial overachievers: blue-green 'algae' sought for service in farm and pharmacy. (1987, Feb. 29). New York Times. Section C: pp. 1,5. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ farm/ pharmacy.

586. Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lind, M. G.; Lundberg, R.; and Nilsson, P. O. (1985). Mortality of dogs associated with a bloom of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea. Ophelia 24(2):103-109. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ Baltic Sea.

587. Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Scrimgeour, C. M.; and Codd, G. A. (1992). Identification of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacteria (blue-green alge) and in associated dog poisonings at Loch Insh, Scotland. Toxicon 30(10):1165-1175. Keywords: identification/ anatoxin-a/ dog poisonings/ Loch Insh/ Scotland.

588. Edwards, C.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; Pleasance, S.; and Dear, G. J. (1993). Analysis of microcystins from cyanobacteria by liquid-chromatography with mass-spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 7(8):714-721. Keywords: LC-MS/ analysis/ microcystins.

589. Edwards, C.; Lawton, L. A.; Coyle, S. M.; and Ross, P. (1996). Laboratory-scale purification of microcystins using flash chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromat. A 734:163-173. Keywords: flash chromatography/ preparative chromatography/ peptides/ microcystins.

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591. Effmert, U.; Mundt, S.; Krause, E.; and Teuscher, E. (1991). Immunosuppressive activity of the ingredients of Oscillatoria redekei van Goor (Cyanophyceae). [Zur immunseppressiven Wirkung von Inhaltsstoffen aus Oscillatoria redekei van Goor (Cyanophyceae)]. Pharmazie 46(1):59. Keywords: immunosuppressive activity/ Oscillatoria redekei. (German)

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593. Einarsson, S.; Josefsson, B.; Möller, P.; and Sanchez, D. (1987). Separation of amino acid enantiomers and chiral amines using precolumn derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Analyt. Chem. 59:1191-1195. Keywords: amino acid enantiomers/ chiral amines/ separation/ reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

594. Ekman-Ekebom, M.; Kauppi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Niemi, M.; and Lepistö, L. (1992). Toxic cyanobacteria in some Finnish lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 7:201-213. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Finland/ lakes.

595. El-Ayouty, Y. M. and Abdel-Rahman, S. (1996). Structural variations in peptide toxins of Microcystis aeruginosa grown on different carbon sources. J. Natural Toxins 5(1):39-47. Keywords: structural variations/ toxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ carbon sources.

596. El-Fouly, M. M. (1980). Prospects of algae research in Egypt. The Second Egyptian Algae Symposium. National Research Center: Cairo. 232 pp. March 11-13, 1979; Cairo. Keywords: algae research/ Egypt.

597. El Saadi, O. and Cameron, A. S. (1993). Illness associated with blue-green algae. Med. J. Aust. 158(11):792-293. Keywords: blue-green algae/ illness. (Letter to Editor)

598. El Saadi, O.; Esterman, A. J.; Cameron, S.; and Roder, D. M. (1995). Murray River water, raised cyanobacterial cell counts, and gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms. Med. J. Aust. 162:122-125. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms/ Murray River/ Australia.

599. Eldefrawi, M. E.; Eldefrawi, A. T.; Mansour, N. A.; Daly, J. W.; Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1978). Acetylcholine receptor and ionic channel of Torpedo electroplax: binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membrane and solubilized preparations. Biochem. 17:5474-5484. Keywords: acetylcholine receptor/ ionic channel/ Torpedo/ rayw.

600. Elder, G. H.; Hunter, P. R.; and Codd, G. A. (1993). Hazardous freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Lancet 341(8859):1519-1520. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ freshwater/ hazardous.

601. Elleman, T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1978). Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea) bloom. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 31:209-218. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anacystis cyanea/ isolation/ characterization.

602. Elleman, T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Cumming, R. B.; and Brunner, J. F. (1986). Experimental acute intoxication of young layer and broiler-chickens with the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa. Avian Pathol. 15(4):741-748. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chickens.

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603. Ells, B.; Froese, K.; Hrudey, S. E.; Purves, R. W.; Guevremont, R.; and Barnett, D. A. (2000). Detection of microcystins using electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 14(16):1538-1542. Keywords: blue-green-alga/ performance liquid chromatography/ protein phosphatases/ tumor promotion/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ separation/ inhibition/ identification.

604. Eloff, J. N. (1987). Isolation, Chemical Characterization and Taxonomic Implications of the Toxins in Microcystis aeruginosa Isolates . Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of the Orange Free State, Republic of South Africa, 8 Chapters. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

605. Eloff, J. N. (1982). A specific ultraviolet absorbance band of Microcystis aeruginosa toxins. J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 8(1):5-7. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ ultraviolet absorbance band.

606. Eloff, J. N.; Krüger, G. H. J.; and Van der Westhuizen, A. J. (1980). A comparison of multiple container and tubular system for the large scale culture of unicellular algae. J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 6(2):93-95. Keywords: culture/ unicellular algae.

607. Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H. (1982). Amino acid sequence of two toxic peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa UV-006. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):377. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ amino acid sequence. (Abstract)

608. Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H. (1982). Comparative study on the toxins from several Microcystis aeruginosa isolates. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):377. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ comparative study. (Abstract)

609. Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H. (1982). Extraction, isolation and stability of toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):377-378. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extraction/ isolation. (Abstract)

610. Elster, H. J. (1955). Toxic effects of phytoplankton (Toxische wirkungen des phytoplanktons). Naturwiss Rundsch. 8:318. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (German)

611. Endean, R.; Monks, S. A.; Griffith, J. K.; and Llewellyn, L. E. (1993). Apparent relationships between toxins elaborated by the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum and those present in the flesh of the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commersoni. Toxicon 31(9):1155-1165. Keywords: relationship/ toxins/ Trichodesmium erythraeum/ mackerel/ Scomberomorus commersoni.

612. Engström, J.; Koski, M.; Viitasalo, M.; Reinikainen, M.; Repka, S.; and Sivonen, K. (2000). Feeding interactions of the copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa with the cyanobacteria Nodularia sp. J. Plankton Res. 22(7):1403-1409. Keywords: food quality/ Baltic sea/ behavior/ zooplankton/ tonsa/ Oscillatoria/ rotifers/ Daphnia/ blooms/ size.

613. Engström, J.; Viherluoto, M.; and Viitasalo, M. (2001). Effects of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria on grazing, zooplanktivory and survival of the mysid shrimp Mysis mixta. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 257(2):269-280. Keywords: Aphanizomenon/ grazing/ Mysis mixta/ Nodularia/ predation/ survival.

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614. Engström-Ost, J.; Koski, M.; Schmidt, K.; Viitasalo, M.; Jónasdóttir, S. H.; Kokkonen, M.; Repka, S.; and Sivonen, K. (2002). Effects of toxic cyanobacteria on plankton assemblage: community development during decay of Nodularia spumigena. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 232:1-14. Keywords: Nodularia spumigena/ decay/ bacteria/ fatty acids/ nodularin/ ciliates.

615. Engström-Ost, J.; Lehtiniemi, M.; Green, S.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; and Viitasalo, M. (2002). Does cyanobacterial toxin accumulate in mysid shrimps and fish via copepods? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 276(1-2):95-107. Keywords: accumulation/ cyanobacteria/ mysid shrimp/ nodularin/ three-spined stickleback/ hepatotoxin/ microcystin-LR/ northern Baltic Sea/ functional-responses/ zooplankton/ nodularin/ extracts/ Finland/ strains/ growth.

616. Entzeroth, M.; Mead, D. J.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E. (1985). A herbicidal fatty acid produced by Lyngbya aestuarii. Phytochem. 24(12):2875-2876. Keywords: Lyngbya aestuarii/ Oscillatoriaceae/ marine alga/ herbicide/ fatty acid/ 2,5-dimethyldecanoic acid.

617. Entzeroth, M.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1986). O-actyl-O-butyrl-O-carbamoyl-O, O-dimethyl--cyclodextrins from the cyanophyte Tolypothrix byssoidea. J. Org. Chem. 51(26):5307-5310. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Tolypothrix byssoidea/ structure.

618. Erdem, A.; Kerman, K.; Meric, B.; Ozkan, D.; Kara, P.; and Ozsoz, M. (2002). DNA biosensor for Microcystis spp. sequence detection by using methylene blue and ruthenium complex as electrochemical hybridization labels. Turkish J. Chem. 26(6):851-862. Keywords: DNA biosensor/ Microcystis/ methylene blue/ ruthenium bipyridine.

619. Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H., and Jungblut, P. (2001). Rapid typing and structure determination of cyanobacterial peptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 344-353. Keywords: structure determination/ cyanobacterial peptides/ MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

620. Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; and Jungblut, P. R. (1999). Rapid identification of the new anabaenopeptin G from Planktothrix agardhii HUB 011 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 13:337-343. Keywords: identification/ anabaenopeptin/ Planktothrix agardhii/ mass spectrometry/ MALDI.

621. Eriksson, J. E. (1989). Cyclic peptide toxins from blue-green algae. Nordic Symposium on Organic Environmental Chemicals. Sept. 9-11, 1989; Joensuu. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide toxins. (Foreword)

622. Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Fisk- och fageldod i samband med toxiska algblomningar - I kurskompendiet "Informationskurs om planktonalger - sarskilt toxinproducerande blagrona alger". Statens veterinarmedicinska anstalt. March 21-22, 1988; Uppsala, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (Swedish)

623. Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Strukturella och toxikologiska egenskaper hos algtoxiner - I kurskompendiet "Informationskurs om planktonalger - sarskilt toxinproducerande blagrona alger". Statens veterinarmedicinska anstalt. March 21-22, 1988; Uppsala, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (Swedish)

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624. Eriksson, J. E. (1989). Toxic algae and algal toxins. 10 th Annual Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology. May 19-20, 1989; Åbo, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (Meeting Abstract)

625. Eriksson, J. E. (1990). Toxic Peptides from Cyanobacteria—Characterization and Cellular Mode of Action. Ph.D Thesis. Dept. of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic peptides/ characterization/ mode of action.

626. Eriksson, J. E.; Bylund, G.; and Lindholm, T. (1986). The toxin of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and its effects on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Toxicology Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology. April 4-5, 1986; Joensuu. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ carp/ Cyprinus carpio. (Poster)

627. Eriksson, J. E.; Grönberg, L.; Nygård, S.; Slotte, J. P.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1990). Hepatocellular uptake of 3H-dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1025(1):60-66. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ peptide toxin/ transport/ microcystin/ bile acid/ mouse cell/ human cell.

628. Eriksson, J. E.; Hägerstrand, H.; and Isomaa, B. (1987). Cell selective cytotoxicity of a peptide toxin from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 930(3):304-310. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ cytotoxic/ Microcystis aeruginosa. (Technical Note)

629. Eriksson, J. E. and Isomaa, B. (1986). In vitro effects of toxic peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii on various cell types. Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes. Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ peptide. (Meeting Abstract)

630. Eriksson, J. E. and Lindholm, T. (1986). Can cyanobacterial toxins bioaccumulate? Fourth International Symposium Microbial Ecology. August 24-29, 1986; Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ accumulation.

631. Eriksson, J. E. and Lindholm, T. (1988). Sinilevakukintojen aiheuttamat lintu-ja kalakuolemat. Vesistojen levahaitat. Maakunnallinen vesipaiva. Lahtis Motespublikation. May 18; Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

632. Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1988). Mechanisms of microcystin-induced toxicity. Toxinproducing Algae. Oct. 10-21, 1988; Oslo, Norway. Keywords: toxicity/ microcystin/ mechanisms. (Meeting Abstract)

633. Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1988). Similar peptide hepatotoxins from four different cyanobacterial genera. Toxicon 27(1):43. Keywords: cytotoxicity/ peptide toxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Oscillatori agardhii/ Nodularia spumigena/ rat. (IXth World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, July 31-Aug. 5, 1988, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA — Meeting Abstract)

634. Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1987). Sinilevat Rehevoityneiden vesien kesavitsaus. Suomen Luonto 5:16-18. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

635. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Fagerlund, K.; and Hällbom, L. (1987). Common properties of cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Symposium Biochemistry Algae and Cyanobacteria. April 7-

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636. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; Al-Layl, K. J.; and Codd, G. A. (1988). Cellular effects of cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Tox. Assess. 3(5):511-517. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ peptide toxins/ cellular effects. (First Biennial Water Quality Symposium, Aug. 29-Sept. 5, 1988; Banff, Canada — Meeting Abstract)

637. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; Österlund, K.; Fagerlund, K.; and Hällbom, L. (1988). Preliminary characterization of a toxin isolated from the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. Toxicon 26(2):161-166. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ toxin characterization.

638. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; and Skulberg, O. M. (1988). A comparison of toxins isolated from the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria agardhii and Microcystis aeruginosa. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 89C(2):207-210. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ comparison.

639. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T. (1989). Accumulation of a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii in the freshwater mussel Anadonta cygnea. Hydrobiologia 183(3):211-216. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ freshwater mussels/ toxin accumulation/ tissue distribution/ HPLC/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

640. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T. (1986). Accumulation of a peptide toxin of Oscillatoria agardhii. Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes. Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ peptide. (Meeting Abstract)

641. Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T. (1986). Can cyanobacterial peptide toxins accumulate in aquatic food chains? In: F. Megusar and M. Gantar, (eds.) Perspectives in Microbial Ecology. Slovene Soc. Microbiol.: pp. 655-658. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Aug. 24-29, 1986; Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, 655-658. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ accumulation.

642. Eriksson, J.E.; Meriluoto, J.A.O.; and Lindholm, T. (1987). Cyanobacterial toxins—physiological and ecological effects. In: Rapport till Finlans Akademi. 12 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ ecological effects/ physiological effects.

643. Eriksson, J. E. and Paatero, G. (1988). Cytoskeletal and ultrastructural alterations in isolated rat hepatocytes induced by a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. IV. International Congress Cell Biology. Aug. 14-19, 1988; Montreal, Canada. Keywords: hepatocytes/ rat/ alterations/ Microcystis aeruginosa. (Poster)

644. Eriksson, J. E. and Paatero, G. (1987). Sinilevien peptiditoksiinien vaikutukset maksasoluissa. FINEM-skolningsdagar. Oct. 5-7, 1987; MS Mariella. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Poster — Finnish)

645. Eriksson, J. E.; Paatero, G. I. L.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Codd, G. A.; Kass, G. E. N.; Nicotera, P.; and Orrenius, S. (1989). Rapid microfilament reorganization induced in isolated rat

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646. Eriksson, J. E.; Toivola, D.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Karaki, H.; Han, Y-G.; and Hartshorne, D. (1990). Hepatocyte deformation induced by cyanobacterial toxins reflects inhibition of protein phosphatases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173(3):1347-1353. Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibition/ cyanotoxins/ hepatocyte deformation.

647. Eriksson, J. E.; Toivola, D. M.; Reinikainen, M.; Råbergh, C. M. I.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1994). Testing of toxicity in cyanobacteria by cellular assays. In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.) Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins. Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge. pp. 75-84. The Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993; University of Bath, UK. Keywords: testing/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.

648. Ernst, B.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; and Dietrich, D. (2001). Presence of Planktothrix sp. and cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Ammersee, Germany and their impact on whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.). Environ. Toxicol. 16(6):483-488. Keywords: Planktothrix/ presence/ Lake Ammersee/ Germany/ impact/ whitefish/ Coregonus lavaretus.

649. Ernst-Russell, M. A. and Molinski, T. F. (2001). New bioactive peptides from Bahamian marine cyanobacteria. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 221(Pt. 2):U151. Keywords: cyanobacteria.

650. Evans, M. H. (1965). Cause of death in experimental paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 46(3):245-253. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning/ PSP/ cause of death.

651. Evans, M. H. (1964). Paralytic effects of "paralytic shellfish poison" on frog nerve and muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 22:478-485. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/ Saxidomus giganteus/ frog.

652. Everist, S. L. (1974). Poisonous Plants of Australia. Angus and Robertson: Sydney. pp. 566-569, 684 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

653. Eynard, F.; Mez, K.; and Walther, J. L. (2000). Risk of cyanobacterial toxins in Riga waters. Water Res. 34(11):2979-2988. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic blooms/ microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase inhibition assay/ drinking water/ groundwater/ Lake Mazais Baltezers/ Riga, Latvia.

654. Fabbro, L. D. and Duivenvoorden, L. J. (1996). Profile of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju in the Fitzroy River in tropical central Queensland. Mar. Freshwater Res. 47:685-694. Keywords: profile/ Cylindrospermopis raciborskii/ Fitzroy River/ Queensland/ Australia.

655. Fairey, E. R. and Ramsdell, J. S. (1999). Reporter gene assays for algal-derived toxins. Natural Toxins 7(6):415-421. Keywords: brevetoxin/ ciguatoxin/ saxitoxin/ maitotoxin/ Pfiesteria piscicida.

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656. Falch, B. S.; König, G. M.; Wright, A. D.; Sticher, O.; Angerhofer, C. K.; Pezzuto, J. M.; and Bachmann, H. (1995). Biological activities of cyanobacteria: evaluation of extracts and pure compounds. Planta Medica 61(4):321-328. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ biological activities/ brine shrimp lethality/ cytotoxic/ antimicrobial/ Fischerella ambigua/ ambigol A/ ambigol B/ tjipanazole D.

657. Falconer, I. R. (1993). Algal toxins and bellyaches beyond the Barcoo. Med. J. Aust. 158:433-434. Keywords: Palm Island/ cyanotoxins. (Letter to Editor)

658. Falconer, I. R. (1998). Algal toxins and human health. In: J. Hrubec (ed.) The Handbook of Environment Chemistry—Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, Vol. 5, Part C, pp. 53-82. Keywords: algal toxins/ human health.

659. Falconer, I. R. (1993). Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press: London. 224 pp. Keywords: algal toxins/ seafood/ drinking water.

660. Falconer, I. R. (1989). Effects on human health of some toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in reservoirs, lakes and rivers. Tox. Assess. 4(2):175-184. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ reservoirs/ lakes/ rivers/ human health.

661. Falconer, I. R. (1999). An overview of problems caused by toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in drinking and recreational water. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):5-12. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxic/ drinking water/ recreational water.

662. Falconer, I. R. (1993). Paralytic shellfish poisons from freshwater blue-green algae—comment. Med. J. Aust. 159(6):423. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisons/ PSP/ cyanobacteria/ freshwater. (Letter to the Editor)

663. Falconer, I. R. (1992). Poisoning by blue-green algae. In: I. R. Falconer, D. Watters, M. Lavin, D. Maguire, and J. Pearn (eds.) Toxins and Targets. Effects of Natural and Synthetic Poisons on Living Cells and Fragile Ecosystems. pp. 49-54, Ch. 6. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ poisoning.

664. Falconer, I. R. (1996). Potential impact on human health of cyanobacteria. Phycologia 35(6 Suppl.):74-79. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ impact/ human health.

665. Falconer, I. R. (2001). Toxic cyanobacterial bloom problems in Australian waters: risks and impacts on human health. Phycologia 40(3):228-233. Keywords: Australia/ toxic blooms/ cyanobacteria/ health/ blue-green alga/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Woloszynska/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ drinking water/ protein phosphatase 1/ Nodularia spumigena/ tumor promotion/ liver/ exposure/ LR.

666. Falconer, I. R. (1991). Tumor promotion and liver injury caused by oral consumption of cyanobacteria. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 6(2):177-184. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ tumor promotion/ liver damage.

667. Falconer, I. R.; Beresford, A. M.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1983). Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Med. J. Aust. 1:511-514. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

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668. Falconer, I. R.; Buckley, T.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1986). Biological half-life, organ distribution and excretion of 125I-labeled toxic peptide from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 39(1):17-21. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide.

669. Falconer, I. R. and Buckley, T. H. (1989). Tumour promotion by Microcystis sp., a blue-green alga occurring in water supplies. Med. J. Aust. 150(6):351. Keywords: tumor promotion/ Microcystis/ water supplies.

670. Falconer, I. R.; Burch, M. D.; Steffensen, D. A.; Choice, M.; and Coverdale, O. R. (1994). Toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa in drinking water to growing pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9(2):131-139. Keywords: cyanotoxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ drinking water/ pigs/ model/ human injury and risk assessment.

671. Falconer, I. R.; Choice, A.; and Hosja, W. (1992). Toxicity of edible mussels (Mytilus edulis) growing naturally in an estuary during a water bloom of the blue-green algae Nodularia spumigena. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 7(2):119-123. Keywords: toxicity/ mussels/ Mytilus edulis/ Nodularia spumigena waterbloom.

672. Falconer, I. R.; Dornbusch, M.; Moran, G.; and Yeung, S. K. (1992). Effect of the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa on isolated enterocytes from the chicken small intestine. Toxicon 30(7):790-793. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chicken intestine/ enterocytes.

673. Falconer, I. R.; Hardy, S. J.; Humpage, A. R.; Froscio, S. M.; Tozer, G. J.; and Hawkins, P. R. (1999). Hepatic and renal toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in male swiss albino mice. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):143-150. Keywords: toxicity/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ male mice.

674. Falconer, I. R. and Humpage, A. R. (2001). Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin. Environ. Toxicol. 16(2):192-195. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ drinking water/ carcinogenesis.

675. Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Langley, J.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1981). Liver pathology in mice in poisoning by the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 34(2):179-188. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ mice.

676. Falconer, I. R. and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1987). Effects of the peptide toxin from Microcystis aeruginosa on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane integrity in mammalian cells. Chem-Biol. Inter. 63:215-225. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ calcium/ pH/ membrane integrity.

677. Falconer, I. R. and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1987). Toxic peptide from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa —effects on hepatocytes and thymocytes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15(3):468-469. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ hepatocytes/ thymocytes. (Meeting Abstract)

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678. Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Buckley, T.; Huyn, V. L.; and Bradshaw, P. (1989). Using activated carbon to remove toxicity from drinking water containing cyanobacterial blooms. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 81(2):102-105. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ drinking water/ activated carbon/ toxicity removal.

679. Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; and Huyn, V. L. (1983). Effectiveness of activated carbon in the removal of algal toxin from potable water supplies: a pilot plant investigation. In: Tenth Federal Convention of the Australian Water and Wastewater Association. Australian Water and Wastewater Association: Australia. pp. 26.1 to 26.8. April, 1983; Sydney. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ activated carbon/ toxin removal/ drinking water. (Technical Paper)

680. Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and McInnes, A. (1983). The occurrence and consequences of blooms of the toxic blue-green alga M. aeruginosa in eastern Australia. Toxicon(3 Suppl.):119-121. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ occurrence/ consequences/ Australia.

681. Falconer, I. R.; Smith, J. V.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Jones, A.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1988). Oral toxicity of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa administered to mice over periods up to one year. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 24(3):291-305. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ mice/ oral toxicity.

682. Falconer, I. R. and Yeung, S. K. (1992). Cytoskeletal changes in hepatocytes induced by Microcystis toxins and their relation to hyperphosphorylation of cell proteins. Chem-Biol. Inter. 81(1-2):181-196. Keywords: hepatocytes/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanotoxins.

683. Fallon, R. D. and Brock, T. D. (1979). Lytic organisms and photooxodative effects: influence on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38(3):499-505. Keywords: lytic organisms/ cyanobacteria/ Lake Mendota/ Wisconsin.

684. Fastner, J.; Chorus, I.; Willmitzer, H.; and Rabe, C. (2001). Reducing intake of microcystins at the Deesbach Reservoir drinking water abstraction system. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 229-238. 357 pp. Keywords: reducing intake/ microcystins/ Deesbach Reservoir/ drinking water.

685. Fastner, J.; Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Woitke, P.; Wiedner, C.; and Utkilen, H. (2002). An international intercomparison exercise for the determination of purified microcystin-LR and microcystins in cyanobacterial field material. Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem. 374(3):437-444. Keywords: microcystin/ intercomparison/ HPLC/ cyanobacteria/ analysis.

686. Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun, F.; Rinehart, K. L.; Rönicke, H.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Characterization and diversity of microcystins in natural blooms and strains of the genera Microcystis and Planktothrix from German freshwaters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 145(2):147-163. Keywords: microcystins/ characterization/ diversity/ Microcystis/ Planktothrix/ German/ freshwaters.

687. Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and Neumann, U. (2001). Microcystin variants in Microcystis and Planktothrix dominated field samples. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 148-152. 357 pp. Keywords: Microcystin variants/ Microcystis/ Planktothrix.

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688. Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and von Döhren, H. (2001). Determination of oligopeptide diversity within a natural population of Microcystis spp. (cyanobacteria) by typing single colonies by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5069-5076. Keywords: determination/ oligopeptide diversity/ Microcystis/ MALDI.

689. Fastner, J.; Flieger, I.; and Neumann, U. (1998). Optimised extraction of microcystins from field samples—a comparison of different solvents and procedures. Water Res. 32(10):3177-3181. Keywords: microcystin extraction/ field samples/ procedure comparison.

690. Fastner, J.; Heinze, R.; and Chorus, I. (1995). Microcystin content, hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cyanobacteria in some German water bodies. Water Sci. Technol. 32(4):165-170. Keywords: microcystin/ hepatotoxicity/ cytotoxicity/ Germany.

691. Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; Wirsing, B.; Weckesser, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh-water bodies [Correction for 1999, 14(1):13]. Environ. Toxicol. 14(2):291. Keywords: microcystins/ Germany/ freshwater.

692. Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; Wirsing, B.; Weckesser, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and Chorus, I. (1999). Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh-water bodies. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):13-22. Keywords: microcystins/ Germany/ freshwater.

693. Fastner, J.; Wirsing, B.; Wiedner, C.; Heinze, R.; Neumann, U.; and Chorus, I. (2001). Microcystins and hepatocyte toxicity. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 22-37. 357 pp. Keywords: microcystins/ hepatocyte toxicity.

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726. Fischer, W. J.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; Tencalla, F.; Eriksson, J. E.; Mikhailov, A.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Microcystin-LR toxicodynamics, induced pathology, and immunohistochemical localization in livers of blue-green algae exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol. Sci. 54(2):365-373. Keywords: isolated rat hepatocytes/ cyclic peptide toxin/ apoptosis/ fish/ histopathology/ immunohistochemistry/ liver/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase 1/ protein phosphatase 2A/ serum/ hepatotoxin/ Oncorhynchus mykiss.

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737. Fitzgerald, S. D. and Poppenga, R. H. (1993). Toxicosis due to microcystin hepatotoxins in three Holstein heifers. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5(4):651-653. Keywords: toxicosis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ cattle deaths/ Michigan.

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752. Foxall, T. L. (1981). Effects of a Hepatic Toxin from the Cyanophyte, Microcystis aeruginosa . Ph.D. Thesis. University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. 116 pp. [Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 41(11):4031-4032]. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

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753. Foxall, T. L. and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1981). Effects of a hepatic toxin from the cyanophyte Microcystis aeruginosa. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 365-387. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

754. Fradkin, S. C. and Gilbert, J. J. (1996). Daphnia vertical distribution and the presence of toxic cyanobacteria. Hydrobiologia 339(1-3):7-12. Keywords: Anabaena/ avoidance/ Daphnia/ toxicity/ vertical distribution.

755. Francis, G. (1878). Poisonous Australian lake. Nature 18:11-12. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

756. Franco, J. M. and Fernández-Vila, P. (1993). Separation of paralytic shellfish toxins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, with postcolumn reaction and fluorimetric detection. Chromatographia 35:9-12. Keywords: column liquid chromatography/ ion pairing/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ dinoflagellate cultures/ toxic molluscs.

757. Frangez, R.; Zuzek, M. C.; Mrkun, J.; Suput, D.; Sedmak, B.; and Kosec, M. (2003). Microcystin-LR affects cytoskeleton and morphology of rabbit primary whole embryo cultured cells in vitro. Toxicon 41(8):999-1005. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ rabbit embryo/ actin filaments/ microtubules/ cytoskeleton/ laser scanning microscope.

758. Frank, C. A. P. (2002). Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in recreational waters in southwestern Germany. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):361-366. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Microcystis/ nutrients/ toxins/ microcystin/ toxin equivalents/ recreational lakes/ southwestern Germany.

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760. Frankmölle, W. P.; Knübel, G.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1992). Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-algae Anabaena laxa. II. Structures of laxaphycins, A, B, D and E. J. Antibiot. 45(9):1458-1466. Keywords: antifungal cyclic peptides/ Anabaena laxa/ structures.

761. Frankmölle, W. P.; Larsen, L. K.; Caplan, F. R.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Knübel, G.; Levine, I. A.; and Moore, R. E. (1992). Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-green alga Anabaena laxa. I. Isolation and biological properties. J. Antibiot. 45(9):1451-1457. Keywords: antifungal cyclic peptides/ Anabaena laxa/ isolation/ biological properties.

762. Franz, D. R.; LeClaire, R. D.; Lawrence, W. B.; and Bunner, D. L. (1988). No effect of modulators of reactive oxygen-induced pathology on microcystin-LR intoxication. Toxicon 26(11):1098-1101. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin-LR.

763. Frazier, K.; Colvin, B.; Styer, E.; Hullinger, G.; and Garcia, R. (1998). Microcystin toxicosis in cattle due to overgrowth of blue-green algae. Vet. Human Toxicol. 40(1):23-24. Keywords: cattle toxicosis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ hepatocytes/ toxicity/ toxin.

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764. Freeman, K. (2000). Psychic networks—training computers to predict algal blooms. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(10):A464-A467. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ waterblooms/ computer predictions.

765. Fromme, H.; Kohler, A.; Krause, R.; and Fuhrling, D. (2000). Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins—microcystins and anatoxin-a—in Berlin water bodies with implications to human health and regulations. Environ. Toxicol. 15(2):120-130. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ surface water/ microcystin/ anatoxin-a/ risk assessment/ risk management/ Berlin rivers Spree, Dahme and Havel/ Germany.

766. Froscio, S. M.; Humpage, A. R.; Burcham, P. C.; and Falconer, I. R. (2001). Cell-free protein synthesis inhibition assay for the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin. Environ. Toxicol. 16(5):408-412. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ toxicity assay/ reticulocyte lysate.

767. Fujii, K.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Sivonen, K. (1996). Occurrence of novel cyclic peptides together with microcystins from toxin cyanobacteria, Anabaena species. In: T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima, and Y. Fukuyo, (eds.) Harmful & Toxic Algal Blooms Proceedings of the 7 th International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. UNESCO: Paris. pp. 559-562. July 12-16, 1995; Sendai, Japan. Keywords: occurrence/ cyclic peptides/ microcystins.

768. Fujii, K.; Mayumi, T.; Noguchi, K.; Kashiwagi, T.; Akashi, S.; Sivonen, K.; Hirayama, K.; and Harada, K-I. (2000). Mass spectrometric studies of peptides from cyanobacteria under FAB MS/MS conditions. J. Mass Spec. Soc. Jap. 48(1):56-64. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ peptides/ mass spectrometry/ MS-MS.

769. Fujii, K.; Shimoya, T.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; and Harada, K-I. (1998). Further application of advanced Marfey's method for determination of absolute configuration of primary amino compound. Tetrahed. Lett. 39(17):2579-2582. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Marfey's method/ configuration.

770. Fujii, K.; Sivonen, K.; Naganawa, E.; and Harada, K-I. (2000). Non-toxic peptides from toxic cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahed. 56(5):725-733. Keywords: non-toxic peptides/ cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

771. Fujii, K.; Sivonen, K.; Nakano, T.; and Harada, K. (2002). Structural elucidation of cyanobacterial peptides encoded by peptide synthetase gene in Anabaena species. Tetrahed. 58(34):6863-6871. Keywords: cyanobacterial peptides/ peptide synthetase gene/ microcystins/ advanced Marfey's method/ Anabaena.

772. Fujiki, H. (1992). Is the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A activities a general mechanism of tumor promotion in human cancer development? Mol. Carcinog. 5(2):91-94. Keywords: okadaic acid/ okadaic acid pathway/ sustained hyperphosphorylation/ inactivation of suppressor function/ tumor promotion/ human cancer.

773. Fujiki, H.; Ikegami, K.; Hakii, H.; Suganuma, M.; Yamaizumi, Z.; Yamazato, K.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T. (1985). A blue-green alga from Okinawa contains aplysiatoxins, the third class of tumor promoters. Jap. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 76:257-259. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ tumor promoter/ Swimmer's itch/ Japan.

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774. Fujiki, H.; Matsushima, R.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki, S.; Ishikawa, T.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Liver tumor promotion through the okadaic acid pathway—inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. In: 82 nd Annual Meeting . Issue 32, pp. 157. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting — American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting. May 1991; Houston, Texas. Keywords: liver/ tumor promotion/ okadaic acid pathway/ inhibition/ PP1/ PP2A.

775. Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Terada, M.; Sugimura, T.; and Moore, R. E. (1981). Indole alkaloids: dihydroteleocidin B, teleocidin, and lyngbyatoxin A as members of a new class of tumor promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78(6):3872-3876. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ lyngbyatoxin A/ alkaloids/ tumor promoters.

776. Fujiki, H.; Sueoka, E.; Komori, A.; and Suganuma, M. (1997). Tumor promotion and TNF- gene expression by the okadaic acid class tumor promoters. Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. C15(1):1-40. Keywords: tumor promotion/ okadaic acid/ protein phosphatase 1 inhibition/ protein phosphatases 2A inhibition.

777. Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M. (1996). Naturally-derived tumor promoters and inhibitors of carcinogenesis. J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev. 15(2):129-156. Keywords: tumor promoters/ tumor inhibitors.

778. Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M. (1993). Tumor promotion by inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A: the okadaic acid class of compounds. Adv. Cancer Res. 61:143-194. Keywords: tumor promotion/ okadaic acid.

779. Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M. (1999). Unique features of the okadaic acid activity class of tumor promoters. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 125(3-4):150-155. Keywords: inhibition of PP1 and PP2A/ okadaic acid pathway/ TNF- gene expression and release/ TNF- pathway/ TPA pathway.

780. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hakii, H.; Bartolini, G.; Moore, R. E.; Takayama, S.; and Sugimura, T. (1984). A two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis study of lyngbyatoxin A. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 108:174-176. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ tumor promoters/ lyngbyatoxin A/ teleocidin/ mouse skin.

781. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hirota, M.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suguri, H.; Suttajit, M.; Wongchai, V.; and Sugimura, T. (1987). Environmental aspects of new tumor promoters as human risk factors. In: T. Wada, K. Aoki, and A. Yachi (eds.) Current Status of Cancer Research in Asia, the Middle East and Other Countries. Univ. of Nagoya Press: Nagoya, Japan, pp. 215-226. Keywords: tumor promoters/ human risk factors.

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784. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Hoshino, H.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T. (1982). The third class of new tumor promoters, polyacetates (debromoaplysiatoxin and aplysiatoxin) can differentiate biological actions relevant to tumor promoters. Gann (Jap. J. Cancer Res.) 73(3):495-497. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ tumor promoters/ aplysiatoxin/ polyacetate/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ ornithine decarboxylase/ adhesion of HL-60 cell.

785. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki, S.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suguri-Furuya, H.; Matsushima, R.; Sakai, S-I.; Moore, R. E.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Sugimura, T. (1990). Tumor promotion by marine and freshwater toxins. In: Fifth International Symposium of the Res. Center Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicosis. "Human and Animal Disorders caused by Algal Toxins and Aquatic Fungi". May 11, 1990; Chiba Univ., Tokyo. Keywords: tumor promoters/ marine/ freshwater/ toxins. (Abstract)

786. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki, S.; Yoshizawa, S.; Yatsunami, J.; Matsushima, R.; Furuya, H.; Okabe, S.; Matsunaga, S.; and Sugimura, T. (1992). Specific mechanistic aspects of animal tumor promoter: the okadoic acid pathway. In: R. D'Amato, T. J. Slaga, W. Farland, and C. Henry (eds.) Relevance of Animal Studies to the Evaluation of Human Cancer Risk. Willey-Liss Inc.: New York, pp. 337-350. Keywords: animal tumor promoters/ okadaic acid pathway.

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788. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; and Sugimura, T. (1989). Significance of new environmental tumor promoters. Environ. Carcinog. Rev. C7(1):1-51. Keywords: environmental tumor promoters/ significance.

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790. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Tahira, T.; Yoshioka, A.; Nakayasu, M.; Endo, Y.; Shudo, K.; Takayama, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T. (1984). New classes of tumor promoters: teleocidin, aplysiatoxin, and palytoxin. In: H. Fujiki, E. Heeker, R. E. Moore, T. Sugimura, and I. B. Weinstein (eds.) Cellular Interactions by Environmental Tumor Promoters . Japan Sci. Soc. Press:Tokyo/VNU Science Press: Utrecht, pp. 37-45. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ tumor promoters/ aplysiatoxin/ palytoxin.

791. Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Yatsunami, J.; Komori, A.; Okabe, S.; Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; and Ohta, T. (1993). Significant marine natural products in cancer research. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 123(6):309-316. Keywords: marine natural products/ cancer research/ tumor promoters.

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793. Fujiki, H. and Sugimura, T. (1983). New potent tumour promoters: teleocidin, lyngbyatoxin A and aplysiatoxin. Cancer Surv. 2(4):539-556. Keywords: tumor promoters/ teleocidin/ lyngbyatoxin A/ aplysiatoxin/ receptor/ adhesion of HL-60 cells/ ODC induction/ irritation/ short term test.

794. Fujimoto, N.; Sudo, R.; Sugiura, N.; and Inamori, Y. (1997). Nutrient-limited growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and Phormidium tenue and competition under various N:P supply ratios and temperatures. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42(2):250-256. Keywords: growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Phormidium tenue/ N:P ratios/ temperatures.

795. Fulton III, R. S. (1988). Resistance to blue-green algal toxins by Bosmina longirostris. J. Plankton Res. 10(4):771-778. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ resistance/ Bosmina longirostris.

796. Fulton III, R. S. and Jones, R. C. (1991). Growth and reproductive responses of Daphnia to cyanobacterial blooms on the Potomac River. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76(1):5-19. Keywords: Daphnia/ cyanobacteria/ Potomac River/ algal blooms/ growth inhibition.

797. Fulton III, R. S. and Paerl, H. (1988). Effects of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa on zooplankton competitive relations. Oecologia (Berl.) 76(3):383-389. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa / zooplankton.

798. Fulton III, R. S. and Paerl, H. (1987). Toxic and inhibitory effects of the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa on herbivorous zooplankton. J. Plankton Res. 9(5):837-855. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ inhibition/ zooplankton.

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867. Gophen, M.; Smith, V. H.; Nishri, A.; and Threlkeld, S. T. (1999). Nitrogen deficiency, phosphorus sufficiency, and the invasion of Lake Kinneret, Israel, by the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Aquat. Sci. 61:293-306. Keywords: nitrogen deficiency/ phosphorus/ Lake Kinneret/ Israel/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.

868. Gordon, R. K.; Gray, R. R.; Reaves, C. B.; Butler, D. L.; and Chiang, P. K. (1992). Induced release of acetylcholine from guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus by anatoxin-a. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 263(3):997-1001. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine release/ guinea pig ileum.

869. Gordon, S. E.; Brautigan, D. L.; and Zimmerman, A. L. (1992). Protein phosphatases modulate the apparent agonist affinity of the light-regulated ion channel in retinal rods. Neuron 9(4):739-748. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ modulate/ agonist affinity/ retinal rods.

870. Gorelova, O. A. and Kleimenov, S. Y. (2003). The accumulation and degradation dynamics of cyanophycin in cyanobacterial cells grown in symbiotic associations with plant tissues and cells. Microbiology 72(3):318-326. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ plant tissues/ symbiosis/ artificial associations/ cyanophycin/ cell differentiation/ heterocysts/ blue-green algae/ Anabaena cylindrica.

871. Gorham, P. R. (1962). Laboratory studies on the toxins produced by waterblooms of blue-green algae. Am. J. Pub. Health 52(12):2100-2105. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

872. Gorham, P. R. (1964). Toxic algae. In: D. F. Jackson (ed.) Algae and Man. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 307-336. 434 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

873. Gorham, P. R. (1964). Toxic algae as a public health hazard. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 56(11):1481-1488. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ health hazard.

874. Gorham, P. R. (1960). Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. Can. Vet. J. 1(6):235-245. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

875. Gorham, P. R. (1965). Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. In: Transactions Third Seminar Biological Problems in Water Pollution. U.S. Public Health Service: Cincinnati, Ohio. NRC No. 8525, pp. 37-44. Bull. 999-WP-25. Aug. 13-17, 1962; Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.

876. Gorham, P. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Hazards of freshwater blue-green (cyanobacteria). In: C. A. Lembi and J. R. Waaland (eds.) Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press: New York, pp. 403-431, Ch. 16. 590 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ hazards.

877. Gorham, P. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1979). Phycotoxins from blue-green algae. Pure Appl. Chem. 52(1):165-174. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ phycotoxins.

878. Gorham, P. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1980). Toxic substances from freshwater algae. Prog. Water Technol. 12:189-198. Keywords: freshwater algae/ toxic/ Norway.

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879. Gorham, P. R.; McLachlan, J.; Hammer, U. T.; and Kim, W. K. (1964). Isolation and culture of toxic strains of Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) de Breb. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 15:796-804. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/ Anabaena flos-aquae.

880. Gorham, P. R.; McNicholas, S.; and Allen, E. A. D. (1982). Problems encountered in searching for new strains of toxic planktonic cyanobacteria. S. Afr. J. Sci. 28:357-362. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Alberta/ axenic clones/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

881. Gorman, R. C. (1963). Control of algae in water supplies. J. Agric. West. Aust. 4(3):149-150. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ control/ water supplies.

882. Gorski, F. (1960). Blooming algae toxic to animals (Zakwity glownów trujace dla zwierzat). Wszechswiat 8:213-216. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicity/ animal. (Polish)

883. Gortner, R. A. (1935). On toxic waterbloom. In: J. E. Tilden (ed.) The Algae and Their Life Relations. Univ. of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 473. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

884. Graber, M. A. and Gerwick, W. H. (1998). Kalkipyrone, a toxic-pyrone from an assemblage of the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula and Tolypothrix sp. J. Natural Products 61(5):677-680. Keywords: toxic pyrone/ marine cyanobacteria/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Tolypothrix.

885. Grabow, W. O. K.; Du Randt, W. C.; Prozesky, O. W.; and Scott, W. E. (1982). Microcystis aeruginosa toxin: cell culture toxicity, hemolysis, and mutagenicity assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43(6):1425-1433. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ mutagenic/ bioassay.

886. Grach-Pogrebinsky, O.; Sedmak, B.; and Carmeli, S. (2003). Protease inhibitors from a Slovenian Lake Bled toxic waterbloom of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. Tetrahed. 59(42):8329-8336. Keywords: natural products/ cyanobacteria/ Planktothrix rubescens/ protease inhibitors.

887. Granhall, U. (1972). Aphanizomenon flos-aquae: infection by cyanophages. Physiol. Plant. 26:332-337. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ cyanophages.

888. Grant, G.A. (1953). I: Development of toxicity in blue-green algae. In: Toxic Algae. Can. Defense Research Board, Defense Research Chemical Laboratories: Ottawa. Report # 124, Project No. D52-20-20-18. 11 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicity/ development.

889. Grant, G. A. and Hughes, E. O. (1953). Development of toxicity in blue-green algae. Can. J. Pub. Health 44:334-339. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

890. Grant, I. F.; Egan, E. A.; and Alexander, M. (1983). Pesticides to control ostracods grazing on blue-green algae. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15(2):193-197. Keywords: pesticides/ ostracods/ grazing/ cyanobacteria.

891. Grauer, F. H. (1959). Dermatitis escharotica caused by a marine alga. Hawaii Med. J. 19:32-36. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine algae/ dermatitis.

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892. Grauer, F. H. and Arnold Jr., H. L. (1961). Seaweed dermatitis: first report of a dermatitis-producing marine alga. Arch. Dermatol. 84:720-732. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine algae/ dermatitis.

893. Gray, A. P. (1984). Design and structure-activity relationships of antidotes to organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents. Drug Metab. Rev. 15(3):557-589. Keywords: antidotes/ organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents.

894. Gray, R. R.; Gordon, R. K.; Butler, D. L.; Brown, N. D.; and Chiang, P. K. (1992). Anatoxin-a evoked release of endogenous acetylcholine from guinea-pig ileum. FASEB J. 6(4):1014. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ endogenous acetylcholine/ guinea-pig ileum. (Meeting Abstract)

895. Gregson, R. P. and Lohr, R. R. (1983). Isolation of peptide hepatotoxins from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–C: Comp. Pharmacol. 74(2):413-417. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.

896. Griffin, G. D. and Rees, D. M. (1956). Anabaena unispora Gardner and other blue-green algae as possible mosquito control factors in Salt Lake County, Utah. In: Utah Academy Proceedings. Vol. 33, pp. 101-103. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena unispora/ mosquito control/ Salt Lake/ Utah.

897. Griffiths, D. J. and Saker, M. L. (2003). The Palm Island mystery disease 20 years on: a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin. Environ. Toxicol. 18(2):78-93. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ Cylindrospermopsis/ toxic cyanobacteria/ water quality/ cyanotoxin/ marine hepatotoxin/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ blue-green algae/ top-down control/ Raciborskii woloszynska/ Calanoid copepods/ alkaloid/ northern Australia/ Umezakia natans/ Palm Island mystery disease.

898. Griffiths, D. J.; Saker, M. L.; and Hawkins, P. R. (1998). Cyanobacteria in a small tropical reservoir. J. Aust. Water Wastewater Assoc. 25:14-19. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ reservoir/ tropical.

899. Grifman, M.; Arbel, A.; Ginzberg, D.; Glick, D.; Elgavish, S.; Shaanan, B.; and Soreq, H. (1997). In vitro phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase at nonconsensus protein kinase A sites enhances the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. Mol. Brain Res. 51(1-2):179-187. Keywords: acetylcholinesterase/ neurotransmission/ cAMP-dependent protein kinase A/ non-consensus phosphorylation site/ protein phosphorylation.

900. Grigor' yeva, L. V.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and Stankevich, V. V. (1979). Antimicrobial action of toxic metabolites of some blue-green algae. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 13(3):47-52. Keywords: antimicrobial/ toxic metabolites/ cyanobacteria.

901. Grigor' yeva, L. V.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and Stankevich, V. V. (1977). On the antimicrobic effect of toxic metabolites of some blue-green algae. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 13(3):57-62. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ antimicrobial action. (Ukrainian)

902. Grimm, C. C. and Zimba, P. V. (2003). Applications of an instrumental method for the analysis of off-flavors in fresh water aquaculture. In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) Off-

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Flavors in Aquaculture. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 209-222. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series. Keywords: solid phase microextraction/ catfish Ictalurus punctatus/ 2-methylisoborneol/ geosmin/ extraction/ ponds.

903. Grob, D. (1963). Anticholinesterase intoxication in man and its treatment. In: G. B. Koelle (ed.) Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie. Erganzungswerk XV ed. Springer Verlag: Berlin, pp. 990-1027, Ch. 22. 1027 pp. Keywords: anticholinesterase intoxication/ man/ treatment.

904. Grobbelaar, J. U. and van den Heever, J. A. (2002). Variations in toxicity and growth characteristics of different Microcystis strains. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. Vol 28(Pt 2):717-720. Keywords: phytoplankton/ toxins/ Microcystis.

905. Gromov, B. V.; Mamkaeva, K. A.; and Filatova, E. V. (1997). The effect of toxigenic strains of blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa on the larvae of brown frog (Rana temporaria). Dokl. Biol. Sci. 356:476-477. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ effect on brown frog/ Rana temporaria. (Doklady Akademii Nauk, 356(3):422-423. Russian Translated)

906. Gromov, B. V.; Vepritsky, A. A.; Mamkaeva, K. A.; and Voloshko, L. N. (1996). A survey of toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Ladoga and adjacent water bodies. Hydrobiologia 322(1-3):149-151. Keywords: algal bloom/ cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ maximal tolerable dose (MTD)/ lethal dose/ LD50/ Lake Lagoda/ Russia.

907. Gromov, B. V.; Vepritsky, A. A.; Titova, N. N.; Mamkaeva, K. A., and Alexandrova, O. V. (1991). Production of the antibiotic cyanobacterin LU-1 by Nostoc linckia calu 892 (cyanobacterium). J. Appl. Phycol. 3(1):55-59. Keywords: production/antibiotic cyanobacterin/Nostoc linckia.

908. Gross, E. M. (2003). Allelopathy of aquatic autotrophs. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22(3-4):313-339. Keywords: marine ecosystem/ freshwater ecosystem/ algae/ cyanobacteria/ angiosperms/ coral/ ecology.

909. Gross, E. M.; Wolk, C. P.; and Jüttner, F. (1991). Fischerellin, a new allelochemical from the freshwater cyanobacterium Fischerella muscicola. J. Phycol. 27(6):686-692. Keywords: fischerellin/ Fischerella muscicola.

910. Gruetzmacher, G.; Boettcher, G.; Chorus, I.; and Bartel, H. (2002). Removal of microcystins by slow sand filtration. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):386-394. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ slow sand filtration/ elimination potential/ ELISA/ HPLC.

911. Gulavita, N.; Hori, A.; and Shimazu, Y. (1988). Aphanorphine, a novel tricylic alkaloid from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Tetrahed. Lett. 29(35):4381-4384. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/ aphanorphine/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

912. Gulavita, N. K.; Gunasekera, S. P.; Pomponi, S. A.; and Robinson, E. V. (1992). Polydiscamide A: a new bioactive depsipeptide from the marine sponge Discodermia sp. J. Org. Chem. 57(6):1767-1772. Keywords: depsipeptide/ marine sponge/ Discodermia/ isolation and structure.

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913. Gulledge, B. M.; Aggen, J. B.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (2003). Linearized and truncated microcystin analogues as inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 13(17):2903-2906. Keywords: protein phosphatase 1/ bacterial-degradation/ PP1/ PP2A/ LR/ inhibitors.

914. Gulledge, B. M.; Aggen, J. B.; Eng, H.; Sweimeh, K.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (2003). Microcystin analogues comprised only of Adda and a single additional amino acid retain moderate activity as PP1/PP2A inhibitors. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 13(17):2907-2911. Keywords: SER-THR phosphatases/ okadaic acid/ PP1/ PP2A/ LA/ inhibitors.

915. Gulledge, B. M.; Aggen, J. B.; Huang, H. B.; Nairn, A. C.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (2002). The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A. Curr. Med. Chem. 9(22):1991-2003. Keywords: blue-green-algae; (2s,3s,8s,9s,4e,6e)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic/ natural product inhibitors/ N-boc-Adda/ protein phosphatase 1/ amino-acid/ serine/ threonine phosphatases/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ 3-dimensional structures/ asymmetric-synthesis/ PP1/ PP2A.

916. Gulledge, B. M.; Hart, M. E.; Eng, H.; Aggen, J.; Chamberlin, A. R.; Nairn, A. C.; and Huang, H. B. (2001). Design and synthesis of inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A based on microcystin-LA. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 222(Pt. 1):U656. Keywords: microcystin/ design/ synthesis/ PP1/ PP2A/ microcystin-LA.

917. Gunn, G. J.; Rafferty, A. G.; Rafferty, G. C.; Cockburn, N.; Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1992). Fatal canine neurotoxicosis attributed to blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Vet. Record 130(14):301-302. Keywords: canine deaths/ neurotoxicosis/ cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria/ anatoxin-a.

918. Guo, X.; Uehara, A.; Ravindran, A.; Bryant, S. H.; Hall, S.; and Moczydlowski, E. (1987). Kinetic basis of insensitivity to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in sodium channels of canine heart and denervated rat skeletal muscle. Biochem. 26:7546-7556. Keywords: tetrodotoxin (TTX)/ saxitoxin (STX)/ insensitivity/ canine heart/ denervated rat skeletal muscle.

919. Gupta, N.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; Dangi, R. S.; Prasad, G. B. K. S.; and Rao, P. V. L. (2001). Toxin production in batch cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67(3):339-346. Keywords: induced DNA damage/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ in vivo/ water/ toxicity/ growth/ temperature/ strains/ Brazil/ light/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

920. Gupta, N.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Rao, P. V. L. (2002). Growth characteristics and toxin production in batch cultures of Anabaena flos-aquae: effects of culture media and duration. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18(1):29-35. Keywords: Anabaena flos-aquae / anatoxin-a/ cyanobacteria/ cyanobacterial toxin/ toxicity/ alga Microcystis aeruginosa/ induced DNA damage/ anatoxin-a/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ Artemia salina/ in vivo/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria/ Brazil.

921. Gupta, S.; Giddings, M.; and Sheffer, M. (2001). Cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water: a Canadian perspective. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 208-212. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ drinking water/ Canada.

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922. Gupta, V.; Ogawa, A. K.; Du, X. H.; Houk, K. N.; and Armstrong, R. W. (1997). A model for binding of structurally diverse natural product inhibitors of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. J. Med. Chem. 40(20):3199-3206. Keywords: binding/ natural product inhibitors/ protein phosphatase PP1/ protein phosphatase PP2A.

923. Gussmann, H. J.; Molzahn, J.; and Bicks, B. (1985). Poisoning of young cattle by Nodularia spumigena (Vergiftungen bei jungrindern durch die blaualge Nodularia spumigena). Mh. Vet. Med. 40:76-79. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ cattle deaths/ Germany. (German)

924. Gustafson, K. R.; Cardellina II, J. H.; Fuller, R. W.; Werslow, O. S.; Kiser, R. F.; Snader, K. M.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1989). AIDS: antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81(16):1254-1258. Keywords: AIDS/ antiviral sulfolipids/ cyanobacteria. (Editorial Note)

925. Gustafson, K. R.; Sowder II, R. C.; Henderson, L. E.; Cardellina II, J. H.; McMahon, J. B.; Rajamani, U.; Pannell, L. K.; and Boyd, M. R. (1997). Isolation, primary sequence determination, and disulfide bond structure of cyanovirin-N, an anti-HIV (human-immunodeficiency-virus) protein from the cyanobacterium Nostoc ellipsosporum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 238(1):223-228. Keywords: anti-HIV protein/ Nostoc ellipsosporum/ isolation/ sequence determination/ disulfide bond structure.

926. Guzman, R. E. and Solter, P. F. (2002). Characterization of sublethal microcystin-LR exposure in mice. Vet. Pathol. 39(1):17-26. Keywords: apoptosis/ cyanobacteria/ immunohistochemistry/ liver/ mice/ microcystin/ protein phosphatases/ trout Oncorhynchus mykiss/ okadaic acid/ in vivo/ immunohistochemical localization/ protein phosphatase 1/ hepatocyte apoptosis/ glycogen-synthase/ rat hepatocytes/ tumor promoter/ liver.

927. Guzman, R. E. and Solter, P. F. (1999). Hepatic oxidative stress following prolonged sublethal microcystin-LR exposure. Toxicologic Pathol. 27(5):582-588. Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase/ apoptosis/ aspartate aminotransferase/ cyanobacteria/ fibrosis/ lipid peroxidation/ liver slices/ malonaldehyde/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase 1/ protein phosphatase 2A/ steatosis/ tert-butylhydroperoxide.

928. Guzman, R. E.; Solter, P. F.; and Runnegar, M. T. (2003). Inhibition of nuclear protein phosphatase activity in mouse hepatocytes by the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. Toxicon 41(7):773-781. Keywords: microcystin/ protein phosphatases/ liver/ P-53/ immunohistochemistry/ phosphorylation/ microcystin-LR.

929. Haaland, M. B.; Solberg, I. M.; and Overas, J. (1983). Poisoning of sheep and cattle with blue-green algae (Forgiftning av sau og storfe med blagronnalger). Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 95:171-173. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ sheep and cattle poisoning. (Norwegian)

930. Habermehl, G. G.; Krebs, H. C.; Nemes, P.; Nagy, G.; and Scheiber, P. (1997). Occurrence of toxin producing cyanobacteria in Hungary. Isolation, separation and identification of microcystins. Z. Naturfo. B 52(B):107-109. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ occurrence/ Lake Velence/ Hungary/ isolation/ separation/ identification.

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931. Hadas, O.; Pinkas, R.; Malinsky-Rushansky, N.; Kaplan, A.; Carmeli, S.; and Sukenik, A. (2001). The Aphanizomenon ovalisporum bloom in Lake Kinneret: ecological and physiological aspects. International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings. Stuttgart. 27 (Pt 5), pp. 2954-2958. Keywords: Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ Lake Kinneret/ ecology/ physiology.

932. Haga, Y.; Okazaki, M.; and Shuto, Y. (2003). Systematic strategy for the synthesis of cyanobacterin and its stereoisomers. 1. Asymmetric total synthesis of dechloro-cyanobacterin and its enantiomer. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67(10):2183-2193. Keywords: cyanobacterin/ photosynthesis inhibitor/ beta-hydroxy-gamma-ylidene-gamma-butyrolactone frame work/ enantiodivergent synthesis/ Evans and non-Evans aldol reaction.

933. Haga, Y.; Okazaki, M.; and Shuto, Y. (2003). Systematic strategy for the synthesis of cyanobacterin and its stereoisomers. 2. Asymmetric total synthesis of the 2- and 3- epimers of dechloro-cyanobacterin. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67(10):2215-2223. Keywords: cyanobacterin/ natural photosynthesis/ inhibitor/ synthesis of stereoisomers/ Evans and non-Evans aldol condensaton/ diastereoselective alkynylation.

934. Hahn, S. T. and Capra, M. F. (1992). The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria erythraea: a potential source of toxin in the ciguatera food chain. Food Add. Contam. 9(4):351-355. Keywords: Oscillatoria erythraea/ potential toxin source/ ciguatera.

935. Haider, S.; Naithani, V.; Viswanathan, P. N.; and Kakkar, P. (2003). Cyanobacterial toxins: a growing environmental concern. Chemosphere 52(1):1-21. Keywords: algal blooms/ cyanobacterial toxin/ hepatotoxins/ neurotoxin/ blue-green-alga/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ protein phosphatase 2A/ cyclic peptide toxin/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ isolated rat hepatocytes/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ activated carbon/ drinking water/ Nodularia spumigena.

936. Hairston Jr., N. G.; Holtmeier, C. L.; Lampert, W.; Weider, L. J.; Post, D. M.; Fischer, J. M.; Caceres, C. E.; Fox, J. A.; and Gaedke, U. (2001). Natural selection for grazer resistance to toxic cyanobacteria: Evolution of phenotypic plasticity? Evolution 55(11):2203-2214. Keywords: Daphnia/ developmental plasticity/ egg bank/ evolution of resistance/ genotype-by-environment interaction/ reaction norm/ selection response.

937. Hald, J.C. (1833). Contributions to our knowledge on the economy of the Danish provinces (Bidrag til kundskab om de danske provindsers nærværende tilstand i oekonomisk henseende). Ottende Stykke, Ringkjøbing Amt. Landhusholdningsselskabet, Copenhagen, p. 56. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Denmark.

938. Hall, T.; Hart, J.; Croll, B.; and Gregory, R. (2000). Laboratory-scale investigations of algal toxin removal by water treatment. J. Chart. Inst. Water Environ. Manage. 14(2):143-149. Keywords: algae/ anatoxin/ microcystin/ toxin/ water treatment.

939. Hallegraeff, G. M. (1993). A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32(2):79-99. Keywords: harmful algal blooms (HABs)/ global increase. (Phycological Reviews 13)

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940. Halstead, B. W. (2002). The microbial biogenesis of aquatic biotoxins. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 12(2):135-153. Keywords: aleterin/ aquatic biotoxins/ ciguatoxin/ gambiertoxin/ gonyautoxins/ maitotoxin/ microbial biogenesis/ palytoxin/ saxitoxins/ scaritoxin/ tetrodotoxin.

941. Hamill, K. D. (2001). Toxicity in benthic freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): first observations in New Zealand. NZ. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 35 (5):1057-1059. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Oscillatoria/ benthos/ periphyton/ anatoxin-a/ New Zealand/ anatoxin-a/ freshwater.

942. Hammer, U. T. (1964). The succession of bloom species of blue-green and some causal factors. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 15:829-836. Keywords: bloom succession/ cyanobacteria/ Saskatchewan/ Canada.

943. Hammer, U. T. (1968). Toxic blue-green algae in Saskatchewan. Can. Vet. J. 9 :221-229. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Saskatchewan/ Canada.

944. Han, B. N.; McPhail, K. L.; Ligresti, A.; Marzo, V. Di; and Gerwick, W. H. (2003). Semiplenamides A-G, fatty acid amides from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena. J. Natural Products 66(10):1364-1368. Keywords: anadamide/ palmitoylethanolamide/ metabolites/ Lyngbya semiplena/ majuscula/ transport/ receptor.

945. Hanazato, T. (1991). Interrelations between Microcystis and Cladocera in the highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76(1):21-36. Keywords: Microcystis/ Cladocera/ toxicity/ food chain/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

946. Hanazato, T. and Aizaki, M. (1991). Changes in species composition of cladoceran community in Lake Kasumigaura during 1986-1989: occurrence of Daphnia galeata and its effect on algal biomass. Jap. J. Limnol. 52(1):45-55. Keywords: cladoceran community/ species composition/ Daphnia galeata/ mysid/ algal biomass/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

947. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1988). Assimilation of Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Moina macrocopa on Microcystis. Jap. J. Limnol. 49(1):37-41. Keywords: zooplankton/ Cladocera/ Microcystis/ assimilation.

948. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1987). Characteristics of biomass and production of cladoceran zooplankton in Lake Kasumigaura. Jap. J. Limnol. 48:S45-S57. Keywords: Cladocera/ biomass/ production/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

949. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1987). Evaluation of Microcystis as food for zooplankton in a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 144:251-259. Keywords: Microcystis/ food for zooplankton/ Cladocera/ Moina micrura/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

950. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1984). Growth, reproduction and assimilation of Moina macrocopya fed on Microcystis and/or Chlorella. Jap. J. Ecol. 34:195-202. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ Chlorella/ food for zooplankton.

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951. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1985). Population dynamics and production of cladoceran zooplankton in the highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura. Hydrobiologia 124 :13-22. Keywords: population dynamics/ secondary production/ Cladocera/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

952. Hanazato, T.; Yasuno, M.; Iwakuma, T.; and Takamura, N. (1984). Seasonal changes in the occurrence of Bosmina longirostris and Bosmina fatalis in relation to Microcystis bloom in Lake Kasumigaura. Jap. J. Limnol. 45(2):153-157. Keywords: Bosmina longirostris/ Bosmina fatalis/ succession/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan/ seasonal changes.

953. Hancock, J. R. and D'Agostino, P. A. (2002). Mass spectrometric identification of toxins of biological origin. Analyt. Chim. Acta 457(1):71-82. Keywords: biological and toxin weapons convention/ liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry.

954. Haney, J. F.; Forsyth, D. J.; and James, M. R. (1994). Inhibition of zooplankton filtering rates by dissolved inhibitors produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria. Arch. Hydrobiol. 132(1):1-13. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ inhibition of zooplankton feeding.

955. Haney, J. F.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Ikawa, M. (1995). Effects of products released by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and purified saxitoxin on the movements of Daphnia carinata feeding appendages. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40(2):263-272. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ saxitoxin/ affects feeding apendages/ Daphnia corinata.

956. Hannan, P. J. and Patouillet, C. (1977). Naval uses for an algal toxicity test. Naval Res. Rev. 30(6):1-10. Keywords: navy/ algal toxicity test.

957. Harada, K-I. (1996). Chemistry and detection of microcystins . In: M. F. Watanabe, K-I. Harada, W. W. Carmichael, and H. Fujiki (eds.) Toxic Microcystis. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp. 103-148, Ch. 6. 262 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis.

958. Harada, K-I. (1999). Recent advances of toxic cyanobacteria researches. J. Health Sci. 45(3):150-165. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ research advances. (Japanese)

959. Harada, K-I.; Fujii, K.; Hyashi, K.; Suzuki, M.; Ikai, Y.; and Oka, H. (1996). Application of D,L-FDLA derivatization to determination of absolute configuration of constituent amino acids in peptide by advanced Marfey's method. Tetrahed. Lett. 37(17):3001-3004. Keywords: derivatization procedure/ Marfey's method/ amino acid configuration/ aeruginopeptin.

960. Harada, K-I.; Fujii, K.; Shimada, T.; Suzuki, M.; Sano, H.; Adachi, K.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1995). Two cyclic peptides, anabaenopeptins, a third group of bioactive compounds from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525-17. Tetrahed. Lett. 36(9 ):1511-1514. Keywords: Anabaena flos-aquae/ cyclic peptides/ structure determination.

961. Harada, K-I.; Kimura, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Suzuki, M.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). A new procedure for the analysis and purification of naturally occurring anatoxin-a from the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae. Toxicon 27(12):1289-1296. Keywords: analysis/ purification/ anatoxin-a/ Anabaena flos-aquae.

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962. Harada, K-I.; Kondo, F.; and Tsuji, K. (2001). Trace analysis of microcystins in environmental samples. J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 84(5):1636-1642. Keywords: rat livers/ lake water/ cyanobacteria/ LR/ toxins/ mouse.

963. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Kimura, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Chemical analysis methods of toxic compounds produced by cyanobacterium. In: Eighth Symposium Analytical Chemistry of Biological Substances. Sept. 22-23, 1988; Nagoya, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ chemical analysis methods.

964. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Oka, H.; Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Dahlem, A. M; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Analysis and purification of toxic peptides from cyanobacteria by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromat. 448(2):275-283. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptides/ purification/ HPLC.

965. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Toxic peptides from four different Microcystis strains. In: IUPAC 7th International Symposium Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. August 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptides/ HPLC.

966. Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Isolation and characterization of the minor components associated with microcystins -LR and -RR in the cyanobacterium (blue-green algae). Toxicon 28(1):55-64. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/ isolation/ characterization.

967. Harada, K-I.; Mayumi, T.; Shimada, T.; Fujii, K.; Kondo, F.; Park, H.; and Watanabe, M. F. (2001). Co-production of microcystins and aeruginopeptins by natural cyanobacterial bloom. Environ. Toxicol. 16(4):298-305. Keywords: Microcystis/ microcystins/ aeruginopeptins/ Lake Suwa, Japan/ MS-MS.

968. Harada, K-I.; Mayumi, T.; Shimada, T.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; and Watanabe, M. F. (1993). Occurrence of four depsipeptides, aeruginopeptins, together with microcystins from toxic cyanobacteria. Tetrahed. Lett. 34(38):6091-6094. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ depsipeptides/ aeruginopeptins/ microcystins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ structure determination.

969. Harada, K-I.; Murata, H.; Qiang, Z.; Suzuki, M.; and Kondo, F. (1996). Mass spectrometric screening method for microcystins in cyanobacteria. Toxicon 34(6):701-710. Keywords: mass spectrometry/ screening/ microcystins/ cyanobacteria.

970. Harada, K-I.; Nagai, H.; Kimura, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Park, H-D.; Watanabe, M. F.; Luukkainen, R.; Sivonen, K.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1993). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric detection of anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin from cyanobacteria. Tetrahed. 49(41):9251-9260. Keywords: anatoxin-a detection/ liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry.

971. Harada, K-I.; Ogawa, K.; Kimura, Y.; Murata, H.; Suzuki, M.; Thorn, P. M.; Evans, W. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Microcystins from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4(5):535-540. Keywords: Anabaena flos-aquae/ microcystins/ isolation/ purification.

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972. Harada, K-I.; Ogawa, K.; Matsuura, K.; Murata, H.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Itezono, Y.; and Nakayama, N. (1990). Structural determination of geometrical isomers of microcystins -LR and -RR from cyanobacteria by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 3(5):473-481. Keywords: microcystin LR/ microcystin-RR/ structural determination/ NMR spectroscopic technique.

973. Harada, K-I.; Ogawa, K.; Matsuura, K.; Nagai, H.; Murata, H.; Suzuki, M.; Itezono, Y.; Nakayama, N.; Shirai, M.; and Nakano, M. (1991). Isolation of two toxic heptapeptide microcystins from an axenic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa, K-139. Toxicon 29(4-5):479-489. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxic heptapeptides/ isolation/ structure determination.

974. Harada, K-I.; Ohtani, I.; Iwamoto, K.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M. F.; Watanabe, M.; and Terao, K. (1994). Isolation of cylindrospermopsin from a cyanobacterium Umezakia natans and its screening method. Toxicon 32(1):73-84. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ isolation/ Umezakia natans.

975. Harada, K-I.; Oshikata, M.; Uchida, H.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; Sato, K.; Ueno, Y.; Yu, S-Z.; Chen, G.; and Chen, G-C. (1996). Detection and identification of microcystins in the drinking water of Haimen City, China. Natural Toxins 4:277-283. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ drinking water/ hepatocellular carcinoma/ Haimen City/ China.

976. Harada, K-I.; Suomalainen, M.; Uchida, H.; Masui, H.; Ohmura, K.; Kiviranta, J.; Niku-Paavola, M. L.; and Ikemoto, T. (2000). Insecticidal compounds against mosquito larvae from Oscillatoria agardhii strain 27. Environ. Toxicol. 15(2):114-119. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ mosquito/ unsaturated fatty acid.

977. Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1988). Improved method for purification of toxic peptides produced by cyanobacteria. Toxicon 26(5):433-439. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ purification.

978. Harada, K-I. and Tsuji, K. (1998). Persistence and decomposition of hepatotoxic microcystins produced by cyanobacteria in natural environment. J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev. 17(3):385-403. Keywords: hepatotoxic microcystins/ persistence/ decomposition.

979. Hardin, F. F. (1961). Seabather's eruption. J. Med. Assoc. (Georgia) 50:450. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis.

980. Harding, W. R.; Rowe, N.; Wessels, J. C.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1995). Death of a dog attributed to the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) hepatotoxin nodularin in South Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 66(4):256-259. Keywords: dog poisoning/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxicosis/ Nodularia/ nodularin/ South Africa.

981. Hargreaves, J. A. (2003). Ecophysiology of cyanobacteria: Implication for off-flavor management in pond aquaculture. Off-Flavors in Aquaculture. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 107-132. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series. Keywords: blue-green-algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ phytoplankton blooms/ aquatic systems/ forming cyanobacteria/ species composition/ lake phytoplankton/ chemical defenses/ relative biomass.

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982. Harrigan, G. G.; Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; Nagle, D. G.; Biggs, J.; Park, P. U.; and Paul, V. J. (1999). Tumonoic acids, novel metabolites from a cyanobacterial assemblage of Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix calcicola. J. Natural Products 62(3):464-467. Keywords: tumonoic acids/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Schizothrix calcicola.

983. Harrigan, G. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; Nagle, D. G.; Park, P. U.; Biggs, J.; Paul, V. J.; Mooberry, S. L.; Corbett, T. H.; and Valeriote, F. A. (1998). Isolation, structure determination, and biological activity of dolastatin-12 and lyngbyastatin-I from Lyngbya majuscula Schizothrix calcicola cyanobacterial assemblages. J. Natural Products 61(10):1221-1225. Keywords: isolation/ structure determination/ biological activity/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Schizothrix calcicola.

984. Harrison, S.; Page, C. P.; and Spina, D. (1999). Airway nerves and protein phosphatases. Gen. Pharmacol. 32(3):287-298. Keywords: airway nerves/ phosphatases. (Review)

985. Hart, M. E.; Eng, H.; Huang, H. B.; Nairn, A. C.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (2001). Synthesis and biological evaluation of a variety of truncated microcystin analogs. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 221(Pt. 2):U7. Keywords: microcystin/ synthesis/ evaluation.

986. Hashimoto, Y.; Fusetani, N.; and Nozawa, K. (1972). Screening of the toxic algae on coral reefs. In: Proceedings 7th Int. Seaweed Symposium. pp. 569-572. 1971; Sapporo. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ bioassay/ coral reefs.

987. Hashimoto, Y.; Kamiya, H.; Yamazato, K.; and Nozawa, K. (1975). Occurrence of a toxic blue-green alga inducing skin dermatitis in Okinawa. Toxicon 13:95-96. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ Okinawa/ Japan. (Abstract)

988. Hashimoto, Y.; Kamiya, H.; Yamazato, K.; and Nozawa, K. (1976). Occurrence of a toxic blue-green alga inducing skin dermatitis in Okinawa. In: A. Ohsaka, K. Hayashi, and Y. Sawai (eds.) Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins. Plenum Press: New York, Vol. 1, pp. 333-338. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ Okinawa/ Japan.

989. Haugen, J.E.; Skulberg, O.M.; and Underdal, B. (1982). Giftige alger i drikkevannsforsyninger. In: Noen holdepunkter om praktiske tiltak. NIVA: Oslo. Report # rapport-0-81094, 10 May 1982. 26 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Abstract — Norwegian)

990. Hauman, J. H. (1981). Is a plasmid involved in the toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa? In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 97-102. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ plasmid.

991. Hauman, J. H. (1981). A Molecular Biological Characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz. emend Elenkin. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, S.A. 101 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ molecular biology.

992. Hauman, J. H.; Coetzee, W. F.; and Scott, W. E. (1982). Isolation of plasmids from toxic Microcystis aeruginosa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):381. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ plasmids/ isolation. (Abstract)

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993. Hawkins, P. R.; Chandrasena, N. R.; Jones, G. J.; Humpage, A. R.; and Falconer, I. R. (1997). Isolation and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from an ornamental lake. Toxicon 35(3):341-346. Keywords: isolation/ toxicity/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii / Australia.

994. Hawkins, P. R. and Griffiths, D. J. (1987). Copper as an algicide in a tropical reservoir. Water Res. 21(4):475-480. Keywords: copper/ algicide/ tropical reservoir.

995. Hawkins, P. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R. (1985). Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50(5):1292-1295. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ hepatotoxin/ reservoir/ Palm Island/ Australia.

996. Hawser, S. P.; Codd, G. A.; Capone, D. G.; and Carpenter, E. J. (1991). A neurotoxic factor associated with the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Toxicon 29(3):277-278. Keywords: neurotoxic factor/ Trichodesmium. (Letter to Editor)

997. Hawser, S. P.; O'Neil, J. M.; Roman, M. R.; and Codd, G. A. (1992). Toxicity of blooms of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium to zooplankton. J. Appl. Phycol. 4(1):79-86. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blooms/ Trichodesmium/ zooplankton/ toxins.

998. Hay, M. E. and Kubanek, J. (2002). Community and ecosystem level consequences of chemical cues in the plankton. J. Chem. Ecol. 28(10):2001-2016. Keywords: aquatic chemical ecology/ biotoxin/ complex interactions/ DMS/ harmful algal bloom/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton.

999. Hayakawa, K. and Kohama, K. (1995). Reversible effects of okadaic acid and microcystin-LR on the ATP-dependent interaction between actin and myosin. J. Biochem. 117(3):509-514. Keywords: microcystin/ motility assay/ myosin ATPase/ okadaic acid/ phosphatase.

1000. Hayman, J. (1992). Beyond the Barcoo: probable human tropical cyanobacterial poisoning in outback Australia. Med. J. Aust. 157(11-12):794-796. Keywords: tropical/ human poisoning/ Australia/ outback.

1001. Hazanato, T. and Yasuno, M. (1987). Evaulation of Microcystis as food for zooplankton in an eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 144 :251-259. Keywords: Microcystis/ zooplankton/ feeding/ eutrophic lake.

1002. He, J.; He, Z.; and Guo, Q. (1997). The toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa to fishes and Daphnia. J. Lake Sci. 9(1):49-58. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ fishes/ Daphnia/ toxicity. (Chinese)

1003. He, J.; He, Z.; Yu, J.; and Yu, M. (1988). Isolation and identification of toxins contained in Microcystis aeruginosa from Donghu Lake, Wuhan. Oceanologia Limnologia Sinica 19(5):424-430. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation/ identification/ Donghu Lake, Wuhan/ China. (Chinese)

1004. He, J.; Li, L.; Guo, Q., and Liu, Y. (1998). Contents of free-microcystin in Chinese freshwaters. In: M. M. Watanabe and K. Kaya, (eds.) Advances in Microalgal & Protozoal Studies in Asia.

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1005. He, J.; Li, L.; Yu, J.; Zhao, Y.; and Liu, Y. (1996). Preliminary studies on a Chinese new record of blue-green algae—Microcystis wesenbergii and its toxicity. Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica 20(2):192-194. Keywords: Microcystis wesenbergii/ morphology character/ toxicity. (Chinese)

1006. He, Z.; He, J.; Yu, J.; and Yu, M. (1988). Study on the toxicity of blue-green algal blooms in Lake Donghu, Wuhan. Toxicon 26(1):24. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Donghu Lake, Wuhan/ China. (Abstract)

1007. He, Z.; He, J.; Yu, M.; Qiao, M.; Shen, Z.; Wu, L.; Wu, S.; Guo, Y.; Kondo, F.; and Harada, K-I. (1997). Seven microcystins from Microcystis waterbloom in Lake Dalai, China. J. Environ. Sci. 9(1):114-120 . Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ identification/ Frit-FAB LC-MS.

1008. He, Z.; Yu, J.; He, J.; Zhang, F.; and Yu, M. (1989). Study on the toxicity of blue-green algal blooms in Donghu Lake. II. Seasonal variation of toxicity and characteristics of Microcystis toxin. Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica 13(3):201-209. Keywords: blue-green algal bloom/ toxicity/ seasonal variation/ Microcystis/ Donghu Lake, Wuhan/ China.

1009. He, Z-R.; He, J.; Yu, M-J.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1994). Toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa strain M8641 isolated from East Lake, Wuhan, P.R. China. Chinese Biochem. J. 9(2):168-172. Keywords: toxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ East Lake/ Wuhan/ China. (Chinese)

1010. Healey, J. S. (1968). Water containing algae may be dangerous to stock. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 79(3):157. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock.

1011. Heaney, S. I. (1971). The toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz. from some English reservoirs. Water Treat. Exam. 20:235-244. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa / England.

1012. Heath, E. C.; Burnham, J. C.; and Fraleigh, P. C. (1987). The predatory effect of bacteria on blue-green algae. Ohio J. Sci. 87(2):50. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ bacteria. (Meeting Abstract)

1013. Heintzelman, G. R.; Fang, W. K.; Keen, S. P.; Wallace, G. A.; and Weinreb, S. M. (2002). Stereoselective total syntheses and reassignment of stereochemistry of the freshwater cyanobacterial hepatotoxins cylindrospermopsin and 7-epicylindrospermopsin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(15):3939-3945. Keywords: ionization-rearrangement reactions/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ n-sulfinyl dienophiles/ diels-alder reactions/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ triflyloxy amides/ Umezakia natans/ Lake Kinneret/ raciborskii.

1014. Heintzelman, G. R.; Fang, W. K.; Keen, S. P.; Wallace, G. A.; and Weinreb, S. M. (2001). Stereoselective total synthesis of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin 7-epicylindrospermopsin: revision of the stereochemistry of cylindrospermopsin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(36):8851-8853. Keywords: ionization rearrangement reactions/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ n-triflyloxy amides/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ Umezakia natans/ Lake Kinneret/ raciborskii/ model/ glutathione.

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1015. Heintzelman, G. R.; Weinreb, S. M.; and Parvez, M. (1996). Imino diels-alder-based construction of piperidine A-ring unit for total synthesis of the marine hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. J. Org. Chem. 61(14):4594-4599. Keywords: synthesis/ marine hepatotoxin/ cylindrospermopsin.

1016. Heinze, R. (1999). Toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR to rats after 28 days intake with the drinking water. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):57-60. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxin/ microcystin-LR/ toxicity/ subchronic/ animal experiment/ rats.

1017. Heinze, R.; Fastner, J.; Neumann, U., and Chorus, I. (2001). Testing cyanobacterial toxicity with primary rat hepatocyte and cell-line assays. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 317-324. Keywords: testing/ toxicity/ rat hepatocyte/ cell-line assays.

1018. Heise, H. A. (1949). Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. J. Allergy 20:383-385. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ allergy.

1019. Heise, H. A. (1951). Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. II. Microcystis: another form of algae producing allergenic reactions. Ann. Allergy 9:100-101. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ allergy/ Microcystis.

1020. Helms, G. L.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Tomer, K. B.; and Gross, M. L. (1988). Scytonemin-A, a novel calcium antagonist from a blue-green alga. J. Org. Chem. 53(6):1298-1307. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ scytonemin/ Scytonema.

1021. Helyhutchinson, J. R. and Schumann, E. H. (1997). The anatomy of a flash-flood in the Hartbeespoort catchment. Water S. Afr. 23(4):345-356. Keywords: South Africa/ flash flood/ Hartbeespoort.

1022. Hemscheidt, T.; Burgoyne, D. L.; and Moore, R. E. (1995). Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a(s) — (2S,4S)-4-hydroxyarginine as an intermediate. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.(2):205-206. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ biosynthesis.

1023. Hemscheidt, T.; Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; and Skulberg, O. M. (1995). Biosynthesis of anatoxin-a in Anabaena flos-aquae and homoanatoxin-a in Oscillatoria formosa. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.(13):1361-1362. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ biosynthesis/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ homonatoxin-a/ Oscillatoria formosa.

1024. Henning, K.; Cremer, J.; and Meyer, H. (1992). Cytotoxicity of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Vet. Med. B—Infect. Dis. Vet. Pub. Health 39(4):307-310. Keywords: cytotoxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1025. Henning, K.; Meyer, H.; Kraatz-Wadsack, G.; and Cremer, J. (1992). Detection of cytotoxic substance produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806: isolation and differentiation from the peptide toxin microcystin-LR by cytotoxicity assays. Curr. Microbiol. 25(3):129-134. Keywords: detection/ isolation/ differentiation/ microcystin-LR/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

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1026. Henning, M.; Hertel, H.; Wall, H.; and Kohl, J-G. (1991). Strain-specific influence of Microcystis aeruginosa on food ingestion and assimilation of some cladocerans and copepods. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76(1):37-45. Keywords: ingestion rate/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia/ Cyclops/ Eubosmina/ inhibition/ assimilation.

1027. Henning, M. and Kohl, J-G. (1981). Toxic blue-green algae and their toxins. Biologische Rudschau 19(4):217-229. Keywords: cyanotoxins. (German, translated)

1028. Henning, M. and Kohl, J-G. (1981). Toxic blue-green algae water blooms found in some lakes in the German Democratic Republic. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 66(4):553-561. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ waterblooms/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis/ Aphanizomenon/ toxicity/ Germany.

1029. Henning, M.; Rohrlack, T., and Kohl, J. G. (2001). Responses of Daphnia galeata fed with Microcystis strains with and without microcystins. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence Causes Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 266-280. Keywords: Daphnia galeata/ fed/ Microcystis.

1030. Henriksen, P. (2001). Toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in Denmark. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 49-56. 357 pp. Keywords: toxic/ cyanobacteria/ freshwater/ Denmark.

1031. Henriksen, P.; Carmichael, W. W.; An, J. S.; and Moestrup, Ø. (1997). Detection of an anatoxin-a(s)-like anticholinesterase in natural blooms and cultures of cyanobacteria/blue-green algae from Danish lakes and in the stomach contents of poisoned birds. Toxicon 35(6):901-913. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ detection/ Denmark/ poisoned birds.

1032. Henriksen, P. and Moestrup, Ø. (1997). Seasonal variations in microcystin contents of Danish cyanobacteria. Natural Toxins 5:99-106. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ Anabaena/ Microcystis/ Plankothrix/ Oscillatoria/ HPLC/ ELISA/ Denmark.

1033. Heresztyn, T. and Nicholson, B. C. (2001). A colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay for the determination of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins based on the dephosphorylation of phosvitin by recombinant protein phosphatase 1. Environ. Toxicol. 16(3):242-252. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ peptide hepatotoxins/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ PP1/ analysis/ water.

1034. Heresztyn, T. and Nicholson, B. C. (2001). Determination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins directly in water using a protein phosphatase inhibition assay. Water Res. 35(13):3049-3056. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/ phosphatase inhibition assay/ PP2A/ analysis.

1035. Heresztyn, T. and Nicholson, B. C. (1997). Nodularin concentrations in lakes and Alexandrina and Albert, South Australia, during a bloom of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Nodularia spumigena and degradation of the toxin. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 12(4):273-282. Keywords: blue-green alga/ nodularin/ degradation/ toxin/ toxic bloom/ cyanobacterium/ copper sulfate/ Nodularia spumigena/ water quality.

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1036. Hermansky, S. J.; Casey, P. J.; and Stohs, S. J. (1990). Cyclosporin-a — a chemoprotectant against microcystin-LR toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 54(2-3):279-285. Keywords: microcystin toxicity/ cyclosporin-a/ chemoprotection.

1037. Hermansky, S. J.; Markin, R. S., and Stohs, S. J. (1989). Dose and time dependent effects of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR in mice. Toxicologist. 9(1):168. Keywords: dose and time dependent effects/microcystin-LR/mice. (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 — Abstract #671)

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1039. Hermansky, S. J.; Stohs, S. J.; Eldeen, Z. M.; Roche, V. F.; and Mereish, K. A. (1991). Evaluation of potential chemoprotectants against microcystin-LR hepatotoxicity in mice. J. Appl. Toxicol. 11(1):65-74. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxicity/ chemoprotection/ cyclosporin A/ rifampin/ silymarin.

1040. Hermansky, S. J.; Stohs, S. J.; Markin, R. S.; and Murray, W. J. (1990). Hepatic lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl status, and toxicity of the blue-green algal toxin microcystin-LR in mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 31(1):71-91. Keywords: toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ mice/ hepatic lipid peroxidation.

1041. Hermansky, S. J.; Wolff, S. N.; and Stohs, S. J. (1990). Use of rifampin as an effective chemoprotectant and antidote against microcystin-LR toxicity. Pharmacology 41(4):231-236. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ rifampin/ chemoprotection/ lactic dehydrogenase.

1042. Hernandez, M.; Macia, M.; Padilla, C.; and Del Campo, F. F. (2000). Modulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence by cyanopeptide toxins. Environ. Res. 84(1):64-68. Keywords: PMN adherence/ cyanopeptide toxins/ microcystins/ nodularins/ immune system modulation.

1043. Herwaldt, B. L.; Craun, G. F.; Stokes, S. L.; and Juranek, D. D. (1992). Outbreaks of waterborne disease in the United States: 1989-90. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 84(4):129-135. Keywords: waterborne disease outbreaks/ United States.

1044. Herzig, S. and Neumann, J. (2000). Effects of serine/threonine protein phosphatases on ion channels in excitable membranes (review). Physiol. Rev. 80(1):173-210. Keywords: serine-threonine protein phosphatase/ ion channels.

1045. Hesse, K.; Dittmann, E.; and Börner, T. (2001). Consequences of impaired microcystin production for light-dependent growth and pigmentation of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 37(1):39-43. Keywords: microcystin-deficient mutant/ microcystin function/ chlorophyll/ carotenoid/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1046. Hesse, K. and Kohl, J. G. (2001). Effects of light and nutrient supply on growth and microcystin content of different strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 104-115. 357 pp. Keywords: effects/ light/ nutrient growth/ microcystin content/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

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1048. Hietala, J.; Laurén-Määttä, C.; and Walls, M. (1997). Life-history responses of Daphnia clones to toxic Microcystis at different food levels. J. Plankton Res. 19(7):917-926. Keywords: toxic Microcystis/ Daphnia response.

1049. Hietala, J.; Reinikainen, M.; and Walls, M. (1995). Variation in life history responses of Daphnia to toxic Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Plankton Res. 17(12):2307-2318. Keywords: toxic Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia response.

1050. Hikino, H. (1987). Liver protective activity of medicinal plants. In: K. Hostettmann and P. J. Lea (eds.) Biologically Active Natural Products. Clarendon Press: Oxford, U.K., pp. 143-151, Ch. 10. 283 pp. Annual Proceedings Phytochem. Soc. of Europe. v. #27. Keywords: medicinal plants/ liver protection.

1051. Himberg, K. (1989). Determination of anatoxin-a, the neurotoxin of Anabaena flos-aquae cyanobacterium, in algae and water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromat. 481:358-362. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

1052. Himberg, K.; Keijola, A-M.; Hiisvirta, L.; Pyysalo, H.; and Sivonen, K. (1989). The effect of water treatment processes on the removal of hepatotoxins from Microcystis and Oscillatoria cyanobacteria: a laboratory study. Water Res. 23(8):979-984. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis/ Oscillatoria/ toxic algal blooms/ water treatment/ HPLC analysis/ drinking water/ hepatotoxins.

1053. Hindersson, R. (1933). Poisoning of cattle by fresh-water plankton (Förgiftning av nötkreatur genom sötvattensplankton). Finsk Vet. Tidskr. 39(8-9):179-189. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cattle poisoning. (Swedish, translated)

1054. Hindman, S. H.; Favero, M. S.; Carson, L. A.; Petersen, N. J.; Schonberger, L. B.; and Solano, J. T. (1975). Pyrogenic reactions during hemodialysis caused by extramural endotoxin. Lancet 2:732-734. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hemodialysis/ pyrogenic reaction/ extramural endotoxin.

1055. Hirahashi, T.; Matsumoto, M.; Hazeki, K.; Saeki, Y.; Ui, M.; and Seya, T. (2002). Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2(4):423-434. Keywords: IL-12/ IL-18/ toll-like receptors/ IFN gamma/ cyanobacteria/ macrophages/ Spirulina platensis.

1056. Hirata, K.; Yoshitomi, S.; Dwi, S.; Iwabe, O.; Mahakhant, A.; Polchai, J.; and Miyamoto, K. (2003). Bioactivities of nostocine A produced by a freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc spongiaeforme TISTR 8169. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 95(5):512-517. Keywords: Nostoc spongiaeforme/ nostocine A/ bioactivity/ cyanobacterium/ allelochemical/ toxin.

1057. Hirayama, Y. and Hartzell, H. D. (1996). Effects of microcystin and isoproterenol on L-type Ca2+ current and camp-regulated CL-current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Biophys. J.

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1058. Hiripi, L.; Nagy, L.; Kalmár, T.; Kovács, A.; and Vörös, L. (1998). Insect (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) test monitering the toxicity of cyanobacteria. NeuroToxicol. 19(4-5):605-608. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ insect test.

1059. Hiroishi, S.; Maeda, H.; Morimoto, J.; Taniguchi, Y.; and Imai, S. (1998). Toxicity of bloom-forming blue-green algae. Nippon Suis. Gak. 64(2):295-296. Keywords: toxicity/ blue-green algae. (Japanese)

1060. Hisbergues, M.; Christiansen, G.; Rouhiainen, L.; Sivonen, K.; and Börner, T. (2003). PCR-based identification of microcystin-producing genotypes of different cyanobacterial genera. Arch. Microbiol. 180(6):402-410. Keywords: Anabaena/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Microcystis/ Nostoc/ Nodularia/ peptide synthetase/ Planktothrix/ toxin.

1061. Hitzfeld, B. C.; Hoeger, S. J.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(S1):113-122. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ ozone/ risk assessment/ toxin/ water treatment.

1062. Hitzfeld, B. C.; Lampert, C. S.; Spaeth, N.; Mountfort, D.; Kaspar, H.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2000). Toxin production in cyanobacterial mats from ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Toxicon 38(12):1731-1748. Keywords: 16s ribosomal-RNA/ blue-green algae/ protein phosphatases/ Nodularia spumigena/ microbial biomass/ microcystin-LR/ higher-plants/ genes/ inhibition/ toxicity.

1063. Hobson, P.; Burch, M.; and Fallowfield, H. J. (1999). Effect of total dissolved solids and irradiance on growth and toxin production by Nodularia spumigena. J Appl. Phycol. 11(6):551-558. Keywords: Nodularia spumigena/ growth/ hepatotoxin production/ nodularin/ salinity/ irradiance.

1064. Hobson, P. and Fallowfield, H. J. (2003). Effect of irradiance, temperature and salinity on growth and toxin production by Nodularia spumigena. Hydrobiologia 493(1-3):7-15. Keywords: Nodularia spumigena/ irradiance/ temperature/ salinity/ nodularin/ growth rate/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacterial toxins/ hepatotoxin production/ environmental-factors/ Baltic Sea/ light/ cultures/ toxicity/ strains/ blooms.

1065. Hodara, M-L.; Bré, M-H.; Bouzinba, H.; Pouphile, M.; and Lefort-Tran, M. (1991). Modulation of fibroblast motility by a cytosolic extract of cyanobacteria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 286(1):85-93. Keywords: murine fibroblasts motility modulation/ cytosolic extract/ Phormidium.

1066. Hodder, A. R. and Capon, R. J. (1991). A new brominated biindole from an Australian cyanobacterium, Rivularia firma. J. Natural Products 54(6):1661-1663. Keywords: brominated biindole/ Rivularia firma/ structure/ Australia.

1067. Hodder, A. R. and Capon, R. J. (1991). A novel brominated lipid from an Australian cyanobacterium, Lyngbya sp. J. Natural Products 54(6):1668-1671. Keywords: brominated lipid/ Australia/ Lyngbya.

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1068. Hodges, C. F. and Campbell, D. A. (1997). Nutrient salts and the toxicity of black-layer induced by cyanobacteria and desulfovibrio-desulfuricans to Agrostis palustris. Plant and Soil 195(1):53-60. Keywords: nutrient salts/ toxicity/ Agrostis palustris.

1069. Hoeger, S. J.; Dietrich, D. R.; and Hitzfeld, B. C. (2002). Effect of ozonation on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins during drinking water treatment. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(11):1127-1132. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ ozonation/ Planktothrix rubescens/ TOC/ total organic carbon.

1070. Hoeger, S. J.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; and Dietrich, D. R. (2001). Efficacy of different methods in the removal of cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water treatment and toxicity of by-products after ozonation of microcystin-LR. Toxicology 164 (1-3 Suppl.):183. Keywords: microcystin/ removal/ drinking water.

1071. Hoffmann, D.; Hevel, J. M.; Moore, R. E.; and Moore, B. S. (2003). Sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of the nostopeptolide A biosynthetic gene cluster from Nostoc sp. GSV224. Gene 311:171-180. Keywords: non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/ polyketide synthase/ 4-methylproline/ cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide/ Nostoc .

1072. Hoffmann, J. R. H. (1976). Removal of Microcystis toxins in water purification processes. Water S. Afr. 2(2):58-60. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ toxin removal.

1073. Hoiczyk, E. and Baumeister, W. (1997). Oscillin, an extracellular, Ca2+-binding glycoprotein essential for the gliding motility of cyanobacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 26(4):699-708. Keywords: oscillin/ gliding motility/ cyanobacteria.

1074. Hokama, Y. (1993). Immunological studies using monoclonal antibodies for detection of low dalton marine toxins. Food Add. Contam. 10(1):83-95. Keywords: ciguatera/ monoclonal anti-CTX/ ciguatoxin/ okadaic acid/ Stick Enzyme Immunoassay (S-EIA).

1075. Hokama, Y. (1993). Recent methods for detection of seafood toxins: recent immunological methods for ciguatoxin and related polyethers. Food Add. Contam. 10(1):71-82. Keywords: analysis/ ciguatoxin/ brevetoxin/ palytoxin/ okadaic acid/ paralytic shellfish toxins.

1076. Hold, G. L.; Smith, E. A.; Birkbeck, T. H.; and Gallacher, S. (2001). Comparison of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production by the dinoflagellates Alexandrium lusitanicum NEPCC 253 and Alexandrium tamarense NEPCC 407 in the presence and absence of bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 36(2-3):223-234. Keywords: dinoflagellate/ axenic culture/ paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)/ epifluorescence microscopy/ high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

1077. Holladay, M. W.; Lebold, S. A.; and Lin, N-H. (1995). Structure-activity relationships of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as potential treatments for dementia. Drug Dev. Res. 35(4):191-213. Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors/ nicotinic agonists/ structure-activity relationships.

1078. Holmes, C. F. B. (1991). Liquid chromatography-linked protein phosphatase bioassay; a highly sensitive marine bioscreen for okadaic acid and related diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Toxicon

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1079. Holmes, C. F. B. and Boland, M. P. (1993). Inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 and phosphatase 2A: two of the major serine threonine protein phosphatases involved in cellular regulation. Curr. Opinion Struct. Biol. 3(6):934-943. Keywords: PP1 and PP2A inhibitors/ cellular regulation.

1080. Holst, O. (ed.) (2000). Bacterial Toxins: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey. Vol. 145, 379 pp. (Methods in Molecular Biology; Keywords: toxins/ methods/ protocols.

1081. Holst, T.; Jergensen, N. O. G.; Jorgensen, C.; and Johansen, A. (2003). Degradation of microcystin in sediments at oxic and anoxic denitrifying conditions. Water Res. 37(19):4748-4760. Keywords: microcystin/ sediment/ anoxic/ PP1 assay/ degradation/ denitrification.

1082. Holte, H. R.; Eriksen, S.; Skulberg, O.; and Aas, P. (1998). The effect of water soluble cyanotoxin(s) produced by two species of Anabaena on the release of acteylcholine from the peripheral cholinergic nervous system of the rat airway. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 5(1):51-59. Keywords: acetylcholine release/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Anabaena lemmermannii/ Anabaena toxin/ Ca2+ channel blockers.

1083. Holz, J. C. (2000). Controlling pond algae with barley straw. NebFacts NF00-429:C1-C2. Keywords: pond/ algae/ barley straw/ control.

1084. Honda, D.; Yokota, A.; and Sugiyama, J. (1999). Detection of 7 major evolutionary lineages in cyanobacteria based on the 16S ribosomal-RNA gene sequence analysis with new sequences of 5 marine Synechococcus strains. J. Mol. Evol. 48(6):723-739. Keywords: evolutionary lineages/ cyanobacteria/ sequence analysis/ Synechococcus.

1085. Hong-Bing, W. and Hui-Gang, Z. (1996). Promoting activity of microcystins extracted from waterblooms in SHE cell transformation assay. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 9:46-51. Keywords: microcystins/ tumor promoters/ SHE cell transformation assay.

1086. Honkanen, R. E. (1993). Cantharidin, another natural toxin that inhibits the activity of serine/threonine protein phosphatases types 1 and 2A. FEBS Lett. 330(3):283-286. Keywords: cantharidin/ serine-thronine/ protein/ phosphatase/ inhibitor/ dephosphorylation/ toxin.

1087. Honkanen, R. E.; Caplan, F. R.; Baker, K. K.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bobzin, S. C.; Bolis, C. M.; Cabrera, G. M.; Johnson, L. A.; Jung, J. H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Moore, R. E.; Nelson, C. S.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Tschappat, K. D.; Tuang, G. D.; Boynton, A. L.; Arment, A. R.; An, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rodland, K. D.; Magun, B. E.; and Lewin, R. A. (1995). Protein phosphatase inhibitory activity in extracts of cultured blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). J. Phycol. 31(3):478-486. Keywords: protein phosphatase/ inhibitory acitivity/ extracts/ Cyanophyta.

1088. Honkanen, R. E.; Caplan, F. R.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Abercrombie, J. (1996). Development of a protein phosphatase-based assay for the detection of phosphatase inhibitors in crude whole cell/animal extracts. Toxicon 34(3):307-308. Keywords: develoment/ assay/ detection/ phosphatase inhibitors. (Abstract)

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1089. Honkanen, R. E.; Codispoti, B. A.; Tse, K.; and Boynton, A. L. (1994). Characterization of natural toxins with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Toxicon 32(3):339-350. Keywords: serine-threonine protein phosphatases/ activity inhibition/ natural toxins.

1090. Honkanen, R. E.; Dukelow, M.; Zwiller, J.; Moore, R. E.; Khatra, B. S.; and Boynton, A. L. (1991). Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases. Mol. Pharmacol. 40(4):577-583. Keywords: nodularin/ protein phosphatase inhibitor/ PP1/ PP2A.

1091. Honkanen, R. E. and Golden, T. (2002). Regulators of serine/threonine protein phosphatases at the dawn of a clinical era? Curr. Med. Chem. 9(22):2055-2075. Keywords: modified cantharidin analogs/ antitumor drug Fostriecin/ sponge Discodermia calyx/ tetratricopeptide repeat domain/ serine threonine phosphatases/ BALB/ 3T3 cell-transformation/ promoter okadaic acid/ tumor necrosis factor/ DNA strand breaks/ blue-green algae.

1092. Honkanen, R. E.; Stapleton, J. D.; Bryan, D. E.; and Abercrombie, J. (1996). Development of a protein phosphatase-based assay for the detection of phosphatase inhibitors in crude whole cell and animal extracts. Toxicon 34(11/12):1385-1392. Keywords: assay/ phosphatase inhibitor detection.

1093. Honkanen, R. E.; Zwiller, J.; Moore, R. E.; Daily, S. L.; Khatra, B. S.; Dukelow, M.; and Boynton, A. L. (1990). Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 265(32):19401-19404. Keywords: microcystin-LR characterization/ PP1/ PP2A.

1094. Hooser, H. B. (2000). Fulminant hepatocyte apoptosis in vivo following microcystin-LR administration to rats. Toxicologic Pathol. 28(5):726-733. Keywords: liver/ hepatic/ toxicity/ apoptotic index/ TEM.

1095. Hooser, S. B.; Basgall, E. J.; Beasley, V. R., and Haschek, W. M. (1988). Sequential ultrastructural hepatic, pulmonary and renal changes due to Microcystis aeruginosa hepatotoxin in the rat. Toxicologist. 8(1):219. Keywords: cyanotoxin/Microcystis aeruginosa/hepatotoxin/rat. (Annual Meeting S.O.T. Dallas, TX — Abstract)

1096. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Basgall, E. J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1990). Microcystin-LR induced ultrastructural changes in rats. Vet. Pathol. 27(1):9-15. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ changes/ rats.

1097. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Basgall, E. J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1990). Ultrastrucural changes induced by microcystin-LR in rats. Vet. Pathol. 27:9-15. Keywords: ultrastructural changes/ microcystin-LR/ rats.

1098. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Kuhlenschmidt, M. S., and Haschek, W. M. (1989). Microcystin-LR induces morphologic and cytoskeletal hepatocyte changes in vitro and in vivo. Toxicologist. 9(1):28. Keywords: microcystin-LR/hepatocyte changes. (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 — Abstract #10)

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1099. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1989). Toxicity of microcystin LR, a cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin from Microcystis aeruginosa, to rats and mice. Vet. Pathol. 26:246-252. Keywords: microcystin LR/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ rats/ mice.

1100. Hooser, S. B.; Beasley, V. R.; Waite, L. L.; Kuhlenschmidt, M. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1991). Actin filament alterations in rat hepatocytes induced in vivo and in vitro by microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Vet. Pathol. 28:259-266. Keywords: actin filament/ blue-green algae/ hepatocyte/ hepatotoxin/ microcystin-LR/ phalloidin/ rat.

1101. Hooser, S. B.; Kuhlenschmidt, M. S.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Haschek, W. M. (1991). Uptake and subcellular localization of tritiated dihydro-microcystin-LR in rat liver. Toxicon 29(6):589-601. Keywords: rat liver/ uptake and localization of tritiated dihydro-microcystin-LR/ Microcystis aerginosa.

1102. Hooser, S. B.; Waite, L. L.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Kuhlenschmidt, M. S.; and Haschek, W. M. (1989). Microcystin-a induces morphologic and cytoskeletal hepatocyte changes in vitro. Toxicon 27(1):50-51. Keywords: microcystin/ morphologic changes/ cytoskeletal changes.

1103. Horgen, F. D.; Kazmierski, E. B.; Westenburg, H. E.; Yoshida, W. Y.; and Scheuer, P. J. (2002). Malevamide D: Isolation and structure determination of an isodolastatin H analogue from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca hydnoides. J. Natural Products 65(4):487-491. Keywords: hare Dolabella auricularia/ antineoplastic agents/ dolastatin 10/ symplostatin-1/ peptides/ algae.

1104. Horgen, F. D.; Kazmierski, E. B.; Westenburg, H. E.; Yoshida, W. Y.; and Scheuer, P. J. (2003). Malevamide D: Isolation and structure determination of an isodolastatin H analogue from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca hydnoides [Correction for 2002, 65:488]. J. Natural Products 66(1):155. Keywords: isolation/ structure/ Symploca hydnoides.

1105. Horgen, F. D.; Yoshida, W. Y.; and Scheuer, P. J. (2000). Malevamides A-C, new depsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca laete-viridis. J. Natural Products 63(4):461-467. Keywords: antineoplastic agents/ onchidin/ peptides/ Lyngbya/ Symploca laete-viridis.

1106. Hormazábal, V.; Østensvik, Ø.; Underdal, B.; and Skulberg, O. M. (2000). Simultaneous determination of the cyanotoxins anatoxin-a, microcystin desmethyl-3-RR, LR, RR and YR in water using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Liq. Chromat. Related Technol. 23(20):3155-3164. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ anatoxin-a/ microcystin.

1107. Hormazábal, V.; Østensvik, Ø.; Underdal, B.; and Skulberg, O. M. (2000). Simultaneous determination of the cyanotoxins anatoxin-a, microcystin desmethyl-3, LR, RR and YR in fish muscle using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Liq. Chromat. Related Technol. 23(2):185-196. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ determination/ fish muscle/ LC-MS/ microcystin.

1108. House of Representatives Committe on Science (2003). Harmful algal blooms and hypoxia: strengthening the science. In: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology

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1109. Howard, A. (1997). Computer-simulation modeling of buoyancy change in Microcystis. Hydrobiologia 349(Aug):111-117. Keywords: computer simulation modeling/ Microcystis buoyancy.

1110. Howard, A. (2001). Modeling movement patterns of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis. Ecol. Appl. 11(1):304-310. Keywords: algal blooms/ cyanobacteria/ cyanobacterial movement/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ modeling/ cyanobacterial movement and growth.

1111. Howard, A. (1994). Problem cyanobacterial blooms: explanation and simulation modelling. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 19(2):213-224. Keywords: cyanobacteria modeling/ problems/ blue-green algae/ buoyancy/ environmental management.

1112. Howard, A. and Easthope, M. P. (2002). Application of a model to predict cyanobacterial growth patterns in response to climatic change at Farmoor Reservoir, Oxfordshire, UK. Sci. Total Environ. 282:459-469. Keywords: blue green algae/ climate change/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis/ Farmoor Reservoir/ United Kingdom.

1113. Howard, A.; Irish, A. E.; and Reynolds, C. S. (1996). A new simulation of cyanobacterial underwater movement (SCUM '96). J. Plankton Res. 18(8):1375-1385. Keywords: simulation/ cyanobacterial underwater movement.

1114. Howard, A.; Kirkby, M. J.; Kneale, P. E.; and McDonald, A. T. (1995). Modeling the growth of cyanobacteria (growscum). Hydrol. Processes 9(7):809-820. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ growth/ modeling.

1115. Howard, A.; McDonald, A. T.; Kneale, P. E.; and Whitehead, P. G. (1996). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) blooms in the U.K.: a review of the current situation and potential management options. Prog. Physical Geog. 20(1):53-61. Keywords: tumor promotion/ toxins/ environmental management/ pollution.

1116. Howard, J. and McGregor, D. (2000). Reducing nutrient enrichment of waterways through public education: a tale of two cities. Environ. Cons. 27(4):351-358. Keywords: communication/ education/ blue-green algae/ phosphorus/ Australia/ Murray-Darling Basin/ Albury-Woodonga/ Hawkesbury-Nepean Basin/ Sydney.

1117. Howard, M. H.; Sardina, F. J.; and Rapoport, H. (1990). Chirospecific synthesis of nitrogen and side-chain modified anatoxin analogs: synthesis of (1R)-anatoxinal and (1R)-anatoxinic acid derivatives. J. Org. Chem. 55(9):2829-2838. Keywords: synthesis/ anatoxin analogs.

1118. Howard, N. J. and Berry, A. E. (1933). Algal nuisances in surface waters. Can. Pub. Health J. 24(7):377-384. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ surface waters.

1119. Howarth, R. W.; Chan, F.; and Marino, R. (1999). Do top-down and bottom-up controls interact to exclude nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria from the plankton of estuaries? An exploration with a simulation model. Biogeochemistry 46(1):203-231. Keywords: Baltic Sea/

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cyanobacteria/ estuaries/ grazing/ iron/ lakes/ molybdenum/ nitrogen/ nitrogen fixation/ nitrogen limitation/ zooplankton.

1120. Hrudey, S. E.; Kenefick, S. L.; Best, N.; Gillespie, T.; Kotak, B. G.; Prepas, E. E.; and Peterson, H. G. (1992). Liver toxins and odour agents in cyanobacterial blooms in Alberta surface water supplies. In: W. Robertson, R. Tobin, and K. Kjartanson, (eds.) Disinfection Dilemma: Microbiological Control Versus By-products—Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Drinking Water. pp. 383-390. Sept. 13-15; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ geosmin/ 2-methylisoborneol/ ß-cyclocitral/ drinking water/ odor.

1121. Hu, S. and Li, P. C. H. (2001). A capillary zone electrophoretic method for the study of formation of a covalent conjugate between microcystin-LR and protein phosphatase 2A. Analyst 126(7):1001-1004. Keywords: micellar electrokinetic chromatography/ performance liquid-chromatography/ sepharose affinity-chromatography/ cyanobacterial toxins/ okadaic acid/ in vivo/ purification/ inhibitors/ motuporin/ binding.

1122. Hu, T. and Panek, J. S. (1999). Total synthesis of (-)-motuporin. J. Org. Chem. 64(9):3000-3001. Keywords: synthesis/ motuporin.

1123. Hu, W.; Yang, S. Z.; Zhai, W. Q.; Zhou, K.; and Huang, Y. (2003). Monitoring experiment and analysis of blue-green algae waterbloom in Chaohu Lake by NOAA satellite. In: R. J. Frouin, Y. Yuan, and H. Kawamura (eds.) Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications. Int. Soc. Optical Engineering:Vol. 4892, pp. 600-605. 632 pp. Proceedings of SPIE. Keywords: blue-green algae waterbloom/ NOAA satellite/ Chaohu Lake/ China.

1124. Huang, P.; Weber, J. T.; Sosin, D. M.; Griffin, P. M.; Long, E. G.; Murphy, J. J.; Kocka, F.; Peters, C.; and Kallick, C. (1995). The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States. Ann. Internal Med. 123(6):409-414. Keywords: diarrheal illness/ Cyclospora/ United States.

1125. Huber, C. S. (1972). The crystal structure and absolute configuration of 2,9-diacetyl-9-azabicyclo[4,2,1]non-2,3-ene. Acta Crystallograph. B28(8):2577-2582. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ structure.

1126. Huby, N. J. S.; Kinsman, R. G.; Lathbury, D.; Vernon, P. G.; and Gallagher, T. (1991). Synthetic and stereochemical studies directed towards anatoxin-a. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1991(1):145-155. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

1127. Huby, N. J. S.; Thompson, P.; Wonnacott, S.; and Gallagher, T. (1991). Structural modification of anatoxin-a. Synthesis of model affinity ligands for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 4:243-245. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ structural modification.

1128. Hughes, E. O.; Gorham, P. R.; and Zehnder, A. (1958). Toxicity of a unialgal culture of Microcystis aeruginosa. Can. J. Microbiol. 4:225-236. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ unialgal culture.

1129. Hummert, C.; Reichelt, M.; Weiss, J.; Liebert, H. P.; and Luckas, B. (2001). Identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria from the Bleiloch former drinking-water reservoir (Thuringia,

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1130. Humpage, A. R. and Falconer, I. R. (1999). Microcystin-LR and liver-tumor promotion—effects on cytokinesis, ploidy, and apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):61-75. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ liver-tumor promotion.

1131. Humpage, A. R. and Falconer, I. R. (2003). Oral toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in male Swiss albino mice: determination of no observed adverse effect level for deriving a drinking water guideline value. Environ. Toxicol. 18(2):94-103. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ chronic toxicity/ drinking water regulatory guideline values/ NOAEL/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ in vivo/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ Raciborskii woloszynska/ Umezakia natans/ glutathione/ inhibition/ Australia/ lakes/ mouse.

1132. Humpage, A. R.; Fenech, M.; Thomas, P.; and Falconer, I. R. (2000). Micronucleus induction and chromosome loss in transformed human white cells indicate clastogenic and aneugenic action of the cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin. Mutat. Res.–Genetic Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 472(1-2):155-161. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis/ lymphoblastoid cell-line/ carcinogenesis.

1133. Humpage, A. R.; Hardy, S. J.; Moore, E. J.; Froscio, S. M.; and Falconer, I. R. (2000). Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in drinking water enhance the growth of aberrant crypt foci in the mouse colon. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health–Part A 61(3):155-165. Keywords: tumor promotion/ LR/ aeruginosa/ carcinogen/ mice/ toxicity/ peptide/ microcystin/ colon carcinogenesis/ Microcystis.

1134. Humpage, A. R.; Rositano, J.; Baker, P. D.; Nicholson, B. C.; Steffensen, D. A.; Bretag, A. H.; and Brown, R. K. (1993). Paralytic shellfish poisons from freshwater blue-green algae. Med. J. Aust. 159(6):423. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisons/ PSP/ freshwater cyanobacteria/ Anabaena circinalis/ Australia.

1135. Humpage, A. R.; Rositano, J.; Bretag, A.; Brown, R.; Baker, P.; Nicholson, B. C.; and Steffensen, D. A. (1994). Paralytic shellfish poisons from Australian blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) blooms. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45:767-771. Keywords: PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ Australia/ cyanobacterial blooms.

1136. Humphrey, J. M.; Aggen, J. B.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1997). Synthesis of the serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LA, and progress towards the synthesis of selected analogs. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 213(Apr):107-ORGN. Keywords: synthesis/ serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor/ microcystin-LA. (Meeting Abstract)

1137. Humphrey, J. M.; Aggen, J. B.; and Chamberlin, A. R. (1996). Total synthesis of the serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:11759-11770. Keywords: synthesis/ serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor/ microcystin-LA.

1138. Hunter, P. R. (1992). Cyanobacteria and human health. J. Med. Microbiol. 36 (5):301-302. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ human health. (Editorial)

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1140. Hunter, P. R. (1994). An epidemiological critique of reports of human illness associated with cyanobacteria. In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.) Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins. Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge. pp. 11-18. The Proceed. of the First Intl. Symposium on Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993; University of Bath, UK. Keywords: human illness/ cyanobacteria/ critique.

1141. Hurst, E. (1942). The poison plants of New South Wales. In: The Poison Plants Committee. Snelling Printing works: Sydney, pp. 423-424. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ poisonous plants/ New South Wales/ Australia.

1142. Husøy, T.; Mikalsen, S-O.; and Sanner, T. (1993). Phosphatase inhibitors, gap junctional intercellular communication and [125I]-EGF binding in hamster fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis 14(11):2257-2265. Keywords: phosphatase inhibitors/ hamster fibroblasts.

1143. Hyde, E. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Anatoxin-a(s), a naturally occurring organophosphate, is an irreversible active site-directed inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (EC3.1.1.7). J. Biochem. Toxicol. 6(3):195-201. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ acetylcholinesterase/ cyanobacteria/ oxime reactivators/ electric eel.

1144. Hyde, E. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). Anatoxin-a(s) effects on isolated muscle. Toxicologist. 8(1):40. Keywords: cyanotoxin/anatoxin-a(s). (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Dallas, TX — Abstract)

1145. Hyde, E. G. and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Studies of the ionic channel properties of anatoxin-a(s). Toxicon 27(1):52-53. Keywords: properties/ ionic channel/ anatoxin-a(s).

1146. Hyenstrand, P.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by high performance liquid chromatography. Water Res. 35(14):3508-3511. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ adsorption/ plastics/ hydrophobicity.

1147. Hyenstrand, P.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Losses of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR from aqueous solution by adsorption during laboratory manipulations. Toxicon 39(4):589-594. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ adsorption/ plastics/ methanol.

1148. Hyenstrand, P.; Rohrlack, T.; Beattie, K. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Codd, G. A.; and Christoffersen, K. (2003). Laboratory studies of dissolved radiolabelled microcystin-LR in lake water. Water Res. 37(1):3299-3306. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ toxin persistence/ C-14-labelling/ biodegradation/ microcystin-LR/ lake water.

1149. Ibelings, B. W.; Vonk, M.; Los, H. F. J.; van der Molen, D. T.; and Mooij, W. M. (2003). Fuzzy modeling of cyanobacterial surface waterbloms: validation with NOAA-AVHRR satellite images. Ecol. Appl. 13(5):1456-1472. Keywords: algal blooms/ early warning/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ ecological models/ eutrophication/ fuzzy logic/ Microcystis/ remote sensing/ scums/ water management.

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1150. Ichimura, T. and Watanabe, M. M. (1977). An axenic clone of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. emend. Elenkin from Lake Kasumigaura. Bull. Jap. Soc. Phycol. 25:177-181. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ axenic clone/ Lake Kasumigaura/ Japan.

1151. Ichinose, M. I.; Endo, S.; Critz, S. D.; Shenolikar, S.; and Byrne, J. H. (1990). Microcystin-LR, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor, prolongs the serotonin and c-AMP-induced currents in sensory neurons of Apylsia californica. Brain Res. 533(1):137-140. Keywords: Apylsia californica/ microcystin-LR/ serotinin/ cAMP/ protein phosphatase/ phosphatase inhibitor/ S-channel.

1152. Ikawa, M.; Auger, K.; Mosley, S. P.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Noguchi, T.; and Hashimoto, K. (1985). Toxin profiles of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In: D. M. Anderson, A. W. White, and D. G. Baden (eds.) Toxic Dinoflagellates. Elsevier Science Publishing Co.: New York, pp. 299-304. 561 pp. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ toxin profiles.

1153. Ikawa, M.; Haney, J. F.; and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1996). Inhibition of Chorella growth by the lipids of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Hydrobiologia 331:167-170. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ Chorella pyrenoidosa/ growth inhibition/ lipids/ linoleic acid/ linolenic acid.

1154. Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Haney, J. F. (1994). Lipids of cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and inhibition of Chlorella growth. J. Chem. Ecol. 20(9):2429-2436. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Chlorella pyrenoidosa/ growth inhibition/ lipids/ fatty acids/ poriferasterol.

1155. Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Haney, J. F.; and Foxall, T. L. (1995). Pterins of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Phytochem. 38(5):1229-1232. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ pterins/ 6-L-threobiopterin.

1156. Ikawa, M.; Wegener, K.; Foxall, T. L.; and Sasner Jr., J. J. (1982). Comparison of the toxins of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae with the Gonyaulax toxins. Toxicon 20(4):747-752. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon/ Gonyaulax/ toxin comparison.

1157. Ikawa, M.; Wegener, K.; Foxall, T. L.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Carter, P. W.; and Shoptaugh, N. H. (1981). Studies on the fluorometric determination of the toxins of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 415-425. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ fluorometric determination.

1158. Ikawa, M.; Wegener, K.; Foxall, T. L.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; Noguchi, T.; and Hashimoto, K. (1982). Use of a strong cation exchange resin column for the study of paralytic shellfish poisons. J. Agric. Food Chem. 30:526-528. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisons/ PSP/ cation exchange resin column.

1159. Ikushima, I. (1987). Occurrence and control of water bloom. Toxic Blue-Green Algae. Tokai University Press: pp. 32-46. Keywords: occurrence/ control/ waterbloom. (Japanese)

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1160. Ilyaletdinova, S. G. and Dubitskii, A. M. (1972). Method of determining the toxicity of blue-green algae in relation to Culicidae larvae. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. Ser. Biol. 2:39-42. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Culicidae/ toxicity determination.

1161. Imamura, N.; Motoike, I.; Noda, M.; Adachi, K.; Konno, A.; and Fukami, H. (2000). Argimicin A, a novel anti-cyanobacterial compound produced by an algae-lysing bacterium. J. Antibiot. 53(11):1317-1319. Keywords: argimicin A/ anti-cyanobacterial compound/ algae-lysing bacterium.

1162. Inamori, Y. and Sudo, R. (1988). Decomposition of toxic substance of Microcystis viridis by smaller animals appeared in polluted lake water bio-film treatment process. In: Toxicity of Microcystins and its Effect on the Environment. Vol. 63, 12, p. 7. Keywords: decompostion/ toxicity/ Microcystis viridis/ small animals/ polluted lake/ biofilm treatment process. (Japanese)

1163. Inamori, Y.; Sugiura, N.; Iwami, N.; Matsumura, M.; Hiroki, M.; and Watanabe, M. M. (1998). Degradation of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis using predaceous micro-animals combined with bacteria. Phycol. Res. 46(Suppl.):37-44. Keywords: aggregated bacteria/ biofilm/ degradation/ micro-animals/ microcystin-RR/ Microcystis viridis/ predation.

1164. Incharoensakdi, A. and Wutipraditkul, N. (1999). Accumulation of glycinebetaine and its synthesis from radioactive precursors under salt-stress in the cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica. J. Appl. Phycol. 11(6):515-523. Keywords: Aphanothece halophytica/ cyanobacterium/ glycinebetaine/ accumulation/ synthesis/ salt stress.

1165. Inderjit and Dakshini, K. M. M. (1994). Algal allelopathy. Botan. Rev. 60(2):182-196. Keywords: algal/ allelopathy.

1166. Indrasena, W. M. and Gill, T. A. (2000). Storage stability of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Food Chem. 71(1):71-77. Keywords: thermal degredation/ hepatopancreas/ gonyautoxins/ saxitoxins.

1167. Infante, A. and Abella, S. E. B. (1985). Inhibition of Daphnia by Oscillatoria in Lake Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr. 30(5):1046-1052. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Daphnia inhibition/ Oscillatoria/ Lake Washington.

1168. Ingram, W.M. and Prescott, G.W. (1952). Illustrations of fresh water algae toxic to animals. Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Ohio-Tennessee Drainage Basins Office: Cincinnati, Ohio. 9 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ illustrations.

1169. Ingram, W. M. and Prescott, G. W. (1954). Toxic fresh-water algae. Am. Midland Nat. 52(1):75-87. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ freshwater.

1170. Ireson, J. D.; Ford, R.; and Loveday, C. (1969). The neuromuscular blocking action of suxamethonium in the anaesthetised rat. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 181(2):283-286. Keywords: neuromuscular blocking/ suxamethonium / rat.

1171. Ishibashi, M.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Xu, C. F.; and Clardy, J. (1986). Scytophycins, cyto-toxic and antimycotic agents from the cyanophyte Scytonema

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1172. Ishida, K.; Kato, T.; Murakami, M.; Watanabe, M.; and Watanabe, M. F. (2000). Microginins, zinc metalloproteases inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Tetrahed. 56(44):8643-8656. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ angiotensin-converting enzyme/ Bacillus laterosporus BMI156-14f1/ Streptomyces azureus MH663-2f6/ lens leucine aminopeptidase/ nuclear magneticresonance/ physicochemical properties/ biological activities/ amino acids/ bestatin.

1173. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; and Murakami, M. (1998). Four new microginins, linear peptides from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Tetrahed. 54(44):3475-3484. Keywords: new microginins/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1174. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; and Murakami, M. (1998). Micropeptins 88-A to 88-F, chymotrypsin inhibitors from the cyanobacerium Microcystis aeruginosa (NIES-88). Tetrahed. 54(21):5545-5556. Keywords: chymotrypsin inhibitors/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1175. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996). Kawaguchipeptin A, a novel cyclic undecapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (NIES-88). Tetrahed. 52(27):9025-9030. Keywords: cyclic undecapeptide/ Microcystis aeruginosa .

1176. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Micropeptins 478-A and -B, plasmin inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Natural Products 60(2):184-187. Keywords: plasmin inhibitors/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1177. Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Okita, Y.; and Murakami, M. (2002). Aeruginoguanidines 98-A-98-C: cytotoxic unusual peptides from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Tetrahed. 58(38):7645-7652. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ cytotoxicity.

1178. Ishida, K.; Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Micropeptin 90, a plasmin and trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa (NIES-90). Tetrahed. Lett. 36(20):3535-3538. Keywords: micropeptin/ strypsin inhibitor/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1179. Ishida, K.; Nakagawa, H.; and Murakami, M. (2000). Microcyclamide, a cytotoxic cyclic hexapeptide from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Natural Products 63(9):1315-1317. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ trypsin inhibitors/ plasmin/ micropeptin.

1180. Ishitsuka, M. O.; Kusumi, T.; Kakisawa, H.; Kaya, K.; and Watanabe, M. M. (1990). Microviridin: a novel tricyclic depsipeptide from the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112(22):8180-8182. Keywords: microviridin/ Microcystis viridis.

1181. Islam, M. M.; Begum, S.; Lin, L.; Okamura, A.; Du, M.; and Fujimura, S. (2002). Synergistic cytotoxic effect between serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitors and 5-fluorouracil: a novel concept for modulation. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 49(2):111-118. Keywords: synergism/ cytotoxicity/ 5-fluorouracil/ phosphatase inhibitors/ microcystin-LR/ thymidine kinase.

1182. Islam, M. S.; Drasar, B. S.; and Bradley, D. J. (1990). Long term persistence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 in the mucilaginous sheath of a blue-green alga, Anabaena variabilis. J.

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1183. Islam, M. S.; Drasar, B. S.; and Sack, R. B. (1994). Probable role of blue-green algae in maintaining endemicity and seasonality of cholera in Bangladesh: a hypothesis. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 12(4):245-256. Keywords: role/ blue-green algae/ cholera/ Bangladesh.

1184. Isobe, M.; Sugiyama, Y.; Ito, T.; Ohtani, I. I.; Toya, Y.; Nishigohri, Y.; and Takai, A. (1995). New analysis method for protein phosphatase type 2A inhibitors using the firefly bioluminescence system. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59(12):2235-2238. Keywords: analysis/ PP2A inhibitors/ firefly/ bioluminescence.

1185. Issinger, O-G.; Martin, T.; Richter, W. W.; Olson, M.; and Fujiki, H. (1988). Hyperphosphorylation of N-60, a protein structurally and immunologically related to nucleolin after tumour-promoter treatment. EMBO J. 7(6):1621-1626. Keywords: tumor promotion/ hyperphosphorylation/ nucleolin/ casein kinase II.

1186. Ito, E.; Kondo, F.; and Harada, K. (2001). Intratracheal administration of microcystin-LR, and its distribution. Toxicon 39(2-3):265-271. Keywords: liver/ mice/ Brazil/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity.

1187. Ito, E.; Kondo, F.; and Harada, K-I. (1997). Hepatic necrosis in aged mice by oral administration of microcystin-LR. Toxicon 35(2):231-239. Keywords: necrosis/ mice/ microcystin-LR.

1188. Ito, E.; Takai, A.; Kondo, F.; Masui, H.; Imanishi, S.; and Harada, K. (2002). Comparison of protein phosphatase inhibitory activity and apparent toxicity of microcystins and related compounds. Toxicon 40(7):1017-1025. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ MCLR-glutathione conjugate/ MCLR-cysteine conjugate/ microcystin-RR/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ accumulation and metabolism/ in vivo.

1189. Itou, Y.; Okada, S.; and Murakami, M. (2001). Two structural isomeric siderophores from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica (NIES-19). Tetrahed. 57(44):9093-9099. Keywords: iron/ sidephore/ cyanobacteria/ Anabaena cylindrica/ CAS.

1190. Itou, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Ishida, K.; and Murakami, M. (1999). Anabaenopeptins-G and anabaenopeptins-H, potent carboxypeptidase-A inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (NIES-595). Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 9(9):1243-1246. Keywords: carboxypeptidase-A inhibitors/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

1191. Iwami, N.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura, M. (2000). Control of cyanobacteria, Microcystis, using predatory microanimals inhabiting bioreactor. Environ. Technol. 21(5):591-596. Keywords: bioreactor degredation/ microanimals/ Microcystis/ predation.

1192. Jack, J. D. and Gilbert, J. J. (1994). Effects of Daphnia on microzooplankton communities. J. Plankton Res. 16(11):1499-1512. Keywords: effects/ Daphnia/ microzooplankton.

1193. Jackim, E. and Gentile, J. H. (1968). Toxins of blue-green alga: similarity to saxitoxin. Science 162:915-916. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ saxitoxin/ similarity/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

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1194. Jackson, A. R. B.; McInnes, A.; Falconer, I. R.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1984). Clinical and pathological changes in sheep experimentally poisoned by the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Vet. Pathol. 21:102-113. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1195. Jackson, A. R. B.; McInnes, A.; Falconer, I. R.; and Runnegar, M. T. C. (1983). Toxicity for sheep of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon(3 Suppl.):191-194. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ sheep.

1196. Jackson, A. R. B.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; and McInnes, A. (1985). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxicity of livestock. In: A. A. Seawright, M. P. Hegarty, L. F. James, and R. F. Keeler, (eds.) Plant Toxicology. Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee, Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 499-511. Proceedings of the Australia-U.S.A. Poisonous Plants Symposium. May 14-18 (1984); Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ livestock.

1197. Jacoby, J. M.; Gibbons, H. L.; Hanowell, R.; and Bouchard, D. D. (1994). Wintertime blue-green algal toxicity in a mesotrophic lake. J. Freshwater Ecol. 9(3):241-251. Keywords: wintertime toxicity/ mesotrophic lake.

1198. Jahnichen, S.; Petzoldt, T.; and Benndorf, J. (2001). Evidence for control of microcystin dynamics in Bautzen reservoir (Germany) by cyanobacterial population growth rates and dissolved inorganic carbon. Arch. Hydrobiol. 150(2):177-196. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxin/ Microcystis spp./ carbon-concentrating mechanism/ pH-value/ mathematical model/ Bautzen reservoir/ Germany.

1199. Jaime, E.; Hummert, C.; Hess, P.; and Luckas, B. (2001). Determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. J. Chromat. A 929(1-2):43-49. Keywords: shellfish poisoning/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry coupling/ ion-exchange/ chromatography/ toxins.

1200. Jaki, B.; Orjala, J.; Bürgi, H-R.; and Sticher, O. (1999). Biological screening of cyanobacteria for antimicrobial and molluscicidal activity, brine shrimp lethality, and cytotoxicity. Pharmaceut. Biol. 37(2):138-143. Keywords: antibacterial/ antifungal/ Artemia salina/ brine shrimp/ Caco-2-cell line/ KB cell line/ molluscicidal/ biological screening/ antimicrobial activity/ cytotoxicity.

1201. Jaki, B.; Orjala, J.; Heilmann, J.; Linden, A.; Vogler, B.; and Sticher, O. (2000). Novel extracellular diterpenoids with biological activity from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. J. Natural Products 63(3):339-343. Keywords: cyanobacteria products/ stereochemistry/ Nostoc commune.

1202. Jaki, B.; Orjala, J.; and Sticher, O. (1999). A novel extracellular diterpenoid with antibacterial activity from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. J. Natural Products 62(3):502-503. Keywords: extracellular diterpenoid/ antibacterial activity/ Nostoc commune.

1203. Jakobi, C.; Oberer, L.; Quiquerez, C.; König, W. A.; and Weckesser, J. (1995). Cyanopeptolin S, a sulfate-containing depsipeptide from a waterbloom of Microcystis sp. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129:129-133. Keywords: Microcystis sp./ waterbloom/ despsipeptide/ sulfate/ trypsin inhibition/ Auensee-Leipzig/ Germany.

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1204. Jakobi, C.; Rinehart, K. L.; Codd, G. A.; Carmienke, I.; and Weckesser, J. (1996). Occurrence of toxic water blooms containing microcystins in a German lake over a three year period. System. Appl. Microbiol. 19(2):249-254. Keywords: occurrence/ toxic waterblooms/ German lake/ Microcystis/ microcystin/ cyclic peptides/ anion exchange chromatography.

1205. Jakobi, C.; Rinehart, K. L.; Neuber, R.; Mez, K.; and Weckesser, J. (1996). Cyanopeptolin SS, a disulfated depsipeptide from a waterbloom in Leipzig (Germany): structural elucidation and biological activities. Phycologia 35:111-116. Keywords: cyanopeptolin/ depsipeptide/ Leipzig, Germany/ structure/ activity.

1206. James, H. A.; James, C. P.; and Hart, J. (1994). The analysis of microcystin-LR in water: application in water treatment studies. In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.) Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins. Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge. pp. 51-58. The Proceed. of the First Intl. Symposium on Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993; University of Bath, UK. Keywords: microcystis-LR/ water treatment.

1207. James, K. J.; Furey, A.; Sherlock, I. R.; Stack, M. A.; Twohig, M.; Caudwell, F. B.; and Skulberg, O. M. (1998). Sensitive determination of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and their degradation products by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. J. Chromat. A 798(1-2):147-157. Keywords: liquid chromatography/ determination/ anatoxin-a/ homoanatoxin-a/ degradation products/ derivatization/ LC/ water analysis/ toxins/ neurotoxins.

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1209. James, K. J.; Sherlock, I. R.; and Stack, M. A. (1997). Anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and cyanobacteria, determined using a new fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method. Toxicon 35(6):963-971. Keywords: HPLC/ anatoxin-a/ freshwater/ Ireland/ fatal canine neurotoxicosis.

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1219. Jochimsen, E. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; An, J. S.; Cardo, D. M.; Cookson, S. T.; Holmes, C. E. M.; Antunes, M. B.; Melo-Filho, D. A. de; Lyra, T. M.; Barreto, V. S. T.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and Jarvis, W. R. (1998). Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil. New Engl. J. Med. 338(13):873-878. Keywords: liver failure/ human fatalities/ microcystin exposure/ heomodialysis/ Brazil.

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1229. Jones, G. J.; Blackburn, S. I.; and Parker, N. S. (1994). A toxic bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45:787-800. Keywords: toxic bloom/ Nodularia spumigena/ Orielton Lagoon/ Tasmania.

1230. Jones, G. J.; Bourne, D. G.; Blakeley, R. L.; and Doelle, H. (1994). Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by aquatic bacteria. Natural Toxins 2:228-235. Keywords: biodegradation/ microcystin/ nodularin/ Pseudomonas/ microcystinase/ lag-phase/ kinetics.

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1263. Kalbe, L. and Recknagel, R. D. (1985). Zytotoxikologische untersuchung von schadstoffen und wasserblüten mit gefrierkonserviertem bullensperma (spermatest). Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 13(2):185-194. Keywords: sperm motility/ toxicity assay/ blue-greens. (German)

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1287. Kato, Y. and Scheuer, P. J. (1975). The aplysiatoxins. Pure Appl. Chem. 41:1-14. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin.

1288. Kato, Y. and Scheuer, P. J. (1976). The aplysiatoxins; reactions with acid and oxidants. Pure Appl. Chem. 48:29-33. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ reactions/ acid/ oxidants.

1289. Katsuyama, H. and Morgan, K. G. (1993). Mechanisms of Ca2+— independent contraction in single permeabilized ferret aorta cell [effect of microcystin-LR]. Circ. Res. 72(3):651-657. Keywords: microcystin-LR.

1290. Kawai, T.; Ichinose, T.; Endo, Y.; Shudo, K.; and Itai, A. (1992). Active conformation of a tumor promoter, teleocidin-a molecular dynamics study. J. Med. Chem. 35(12):2248-2253. Keywords: teleocidin.

1291. Kawai, T.; Ichinose, T.; Takeda, M.; Tomioka, N.; Endo, Y.; Yamaguchi, K.; Shudo, K.; and Itai, A. (1992). Prediction of ring conformations of indolactams-crystal and solution structures [teleocidin-B, lyngbyatoxin]. J. Org. Chem. 57(23):6150-6155. Keywords: lyngbyatoxin/ teleocidin/ cyanotoxins.

1292. Kaya, K. (1995). Toxic compounds in a freshwater picoplankton cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Nippon Suis. Gak. 61(6):946-947. Keywords: Synechococcus/ toxic compounds. (Japanese)

1293. Kaya, K.; Mahakhant, A.; Keovara, L.; Sano, T.; Kubo, T.; and Takagi, H. (2002). Spiroidesin, a novel lipopeptide from the cyanobacterium Anabaena spiroides that inhibits cell growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Natural Products 65(6):920-921. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Anabaena spiroides/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1294. Kaya, K. and Sano, T. (1998). A photodetoxification mechanism of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by ultraviolet irradiation. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11(3):159-163. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ photodetoxification/ ultraviolet irradiation.

1295. Kaya, K. and Sano, T. (1999). Total microcystin determination using erythro -2-methyl-3-(methoxy-d3)-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB-d3) as the internal standard. Analyt. Chim. Acta 386(1-2):107-112. Keywords: microcystin/ determination/ MMPB-d3.

1296. Kaya, K.; Sano, T.; Inoue, H.; and Takagi, H. (2001). Selective determination of total normal microcystin by colorimetry, LC/UV detection and/or LC/MS. Analyt. Chim. Acta 450(1-2):73-80. Keywords: total normal microcystin/ N-methyldehydroalanine/ glutathione/ trinitrobenzene

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sulfonate (TNBS)/ colorimetry/ liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/ liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/ Oscillatoria-agardhii/ acid/ liver/ LR.

1297. Kaya, K.; Sano, T.; Watanabe, M. M.; Shiraishi, F.; and Ito, H. (1995). Toxic compounds in a freshwater picoplankton cyanobacterium. Nippon Suis. Gak. 61(6):946-947. Keywords: picoplankton/ cyanotoxins.

1298. Kearns, K. D. and Hunter, M. D. (2000). Green algal extracellular products regulate antialgal toxin production in a cyanobacterium. Environ. Microbiol. 2(3):291-297. Keywords: phosphatase inhibition assay/ factor affecting/ Anabaena/ chemical defense.

1299. Kearns, K. D. and Hunter, M. D. (2001). Toxin-producing Anabaena flos-aquae induces settling of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a competing motile alga. Microbial Ecol. 42(1):80-86. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/ freshwater/ phytoplankton/ Daphnia/ lake/ anticholinesterase/ sedimentation/ acetylcholine.

1300. Keating, K. I. (1978). Blue-green algal inhibition of diatom growth: transition from mesotrophic to eutrophic community structure. Science 199(3):971-973. Keywords: diatom growth/ cyanotoxins.

1301. Kedar, L.; Kashman, Y.; and Oren, A. (2002). Mycosporine-2-glycine is the major mycosporine-like amino acid in a unicellular cyanobacterium (Euhalothece sp.) isolated from a gypsum crust in a hypersaline saltern pond. Fems Microbiol. Lett. 208(2):233-237. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ mycosporine-like amino acid/ mycosporine-2-glycine/ Euhalothece.

1302. Keijola, A. M.; Himberg, K.; Esala, A. L.; Sivonen, K.; and Hiisvirta, L. (1988). Removal of cyanobacterial toxins in water treatment processes: laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. Tox. Assess. 3(5):643-656. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ removal/ water treatment.

1303. Keil, C.; Forchert, A.; Fastner, J.; Szewzyk, U.; Rotard, W.; Chorus, I.; and Kratke, R. (2002). Toxicity and microcystin content of extracts from a Planktothrix bloom and two laboratory strains. Water Res. 36(8):2133-2139. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ Planktothrix/ Danio rerio/ Thamnocephalus platyurus/ secondary metabolites.

1304. Kele, N.; Orbulescu, J.; Calhoun, T. L.; Gawley, R. E.; and Leblanc, R. M. (2002). Coumaryl crown ether based chemosensors: selective detection of saxitoxin in the presence of sodium and potassium ions. Tetrahed. Lett. 43(25):4413-4416. Keywords: coumarin/ saxitoxins/ fluorescence.

1305. Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Lippy, E. C.; and Shapiro, M. A. (1979). Algae and occurrence of LPS. Lipopolysaccharide in drinking water. In: Proc. Am. Soc. for Microbiology. Los Angeles. 79th Ann. Meeting, pp. Q. 70. Keywords: LPS/ lipopolysaccharide/ drinking water.

1306. Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Lippy, E. C.; and Shapiro, M. A. (1979). Composition and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) gomont (cyanobacteria). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38(3):471-477. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Schizothrix calcicola/ composition.

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1307. Keleti, G.; Sykora, J. L.; Maiolie, L. A.; Doerfler, D. L.; and Campbell, I. M. (1981). Isolation and characterization of endotoxin from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 447-464. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ characterization/ endotoxin.

1308. Kelly, D. F. and Pontefract, R. (1990). Hepatorenal toxicity in a dog following immersion in Rutland Water. Vet. Record 127(18):453-454. Keywords: toxicity/ dog/ immersion/ Rutland water/ Leicestershire/ hepatorenal.

1309. Kenefick, S. L.; Hrudey, S. E.; Peterson, H. G.; and Prepas, E. E. (1993). Toxin release from Microcystis aeruginosa after chemical treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 27(3-4):433-440. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ copper sulfate/ lime/ microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxins/ algal blooms/ drinking waer/ reservoir treatment/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chemical treatment.

1310. Kenefick, S. L.; Hrudey, S. E.; Prepas, E. E.; Motkosky, N.; and Peterson, H. G. (1992). Odorous substances and cyanobacterial toxins in prairie drinking water sources. Water Sci. Technol. 25(2):147-154. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ neurotoxin/ microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/ hepatotoxins/ geosmin/ 2-methylisoborneol/ ß-cyclocitral/ cyanobacteria/ health/ drinking water/ prairie.

1311. Kennelly, P. J. (2002). Protein kinases and protein phosphatases in prokaryotes: a genomic perspective. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 206(1):1-8. Keywords: protein phosphorylation/ protein kinase/ protein phosphatase/ phylogeny.

1312. Kennelly, P. J. (2001). Protein phosphatases — a phylogenetic perspective. Chem. Rev. 101(8):2291-2312. Keywords: low molecular weight/ dual specificity phosphatase/ isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase phosphatase/ serine threonine phosphatases/ signal transduction pathways/ complete genome sequence/ 2-component regulatory systems/ Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)/ rabbit skeletal muscle/ sensor kinase kdpd.

1313. Kerr, L. A.; McCoy, C. P.; and Eaves, D. (1987). Blue-green algae toxicosis in five dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191(7):829-830. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ toxicosis/ dairy cows.

1314. Keshavanath, P.; Beveridge, M. C. M.; Baird, D. J.; Lawton, L. A.; Nimmo, A.; and Codd, G. A. (1994). The functional grazing response of a phytoplanktivorous fish Oreoshromis niloticus to mixtures of toxic and non-toxic strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Fish Biol. 45(1):123-129. Keywords: grazing response/ fish/ Oreoshromis niloticus/ mixed strains/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1315. Keto, J. (1985). Myrkylliset ja punaiset sinilevat Lahden Vesijarvessa. Ympär. Terv. 16:37-40. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1316. Keto, J. (1985). Sinilevahaittojen torjunta Lahdessa. Katsaus suoritettuihin toimenpiteisiin. Ympär. Terv. 16:448-450. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1317. Kfir, R. and Genthe B. (1993). Advantages and disadvantages of the use of immunodetection techniques for the enumeration of microorganisms and toxins in water. Water Sci. Technol. 27(3-4):243-252. Keywords: immunodetection techniques/ advantages/ disadvantages/ enumeration/ microorganisms/ toxins.

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1318. Kfir, R.; Johannsen, E.; and Botes, D. P. (1986). Monoclonal antibody specific for cyanoginosin-LA: preparation and characterization. Toxicon 24(6):543-552. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin/ monoclonal antibody.

1319. Kfir, R.; Johannsen, E.; and Botes, D. P. (1986). Preparation of anti-cyanoginosin-LA monoclonal antibody. In: P. S. Steyn and R. Vleggaar, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive Molecules. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 377-385. 545 pp. July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin/ monoclonal antibody.

1320. Khan, S. A.; Ghosh, S.; Wickstrom, M. L.; Miller, L. A.; Hess, R.; Haschek, W. M.; and Beasley, V. R. (1995). Comparative pathology of microcystin-LR in cultured hepatocytes, fibroblasts and renal epithelial cells. Natural Toxins 3:119-128. Keywords: pathology/ microcystin-LR.

1321. Khasdan, V.; Ben-Dov, E.; Manasherob, R.; Boussiba, S.; and Zaritsky, A. (2003). Mosquioto larvicidal activity of transgenic Anabaena PCC 7120 expressing toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 227(2):189-195. Keywords: mosquitocidal Anabaena/ delta endotoxin/ Bacillus thuringiensis.

1322. Kiely, J. S.; Moos, W. H.; Pavia, M. R.; Schwarz, R. D.; and Woodard, G. L. (1991). A silica gel plate-based qualitative assay for acetylcholinesterase activity: a mass method to screen for potential inhibitors. Analyt. Biochem. 196(2):439-442. Keywords: assay/ acetylcholinesterase activity/ potential inhibitors.

1323. Kiguchi, K.; Glesne, D.; Chubb, C. H.; Fujiki, H.; and Huberman, E. (1994). Differential induction of apoptosis in human breast tumor cells by okadaic acid and related inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A . Cell Growth & Diff. 5 (9):995-1004. Keywords: differential/ apoptosis induction/ human breast tumor cells/ inhibitors/ PP1/ PP2A.

1324. Kiirikki, M.; Inkala, A.; Kuosa, H.; Pitkanen, H.; Kuusisto, M.; and Sarkkula, J. (2001). Evaluating the effects of nutrient load reductions on the biomass of toxic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Boreal Environ. Res. 6(2):131-146. Keywords: Baltic Sea/ Finland/ summer phytoplankton/ water quality/ spring bloom/ eastern gulf/ phosphorus/ sedimentation/ dynamics/ bioavailability/ plankton.

1325. Kim, B. H.; Choi, M. K.; Chung, Y. T.; Lee, J. B.; and Wui, I. S. (1997). Blue-green alga Microcystis-aeruginosa Kutz. in natural medium. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59(1):35-43. Keywords: Microcystis-aeruginosa/ growth.

1326. Kim, H. Y.; Stein, K.; and Toogood, P. L. (1996). Synthesis towards microcystins and related toxins. Chem. Commun.(14):1683-1684. Keywords: synthesis/ microcystins.

1327. Kim, J. D.; Yoon, B. D.; and Oh, H. M. (2003). Rapid bioassay for microcystin toxicity based on feeding activity of Daphnia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 70(5):861-867. Keywords: Ceriodaphnia dubia/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ magna/ tests/ behavior/ Daphnia.

1328. Kirk, K. L. and Gilbert, J. J. (1992). Variation in herbivore response to chemical defenses: zooplankton foraging on toxic cyanobacteria. Ecology 73(6):2208-2217. Keywords:

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Anabaena/ herbivore response/ chemical defenses/ cladocerans/ copepods/ foraging patterns/ phytoplankton/ rotifers/ selective feeding/ zooplankton/ toxic cyanobacteria.

1329. Kirpenko, N. I. (1986). Phytopathic properties of the toxin of blue-green algae. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 22(1):48-50. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ properties. (Russian)

1330. Kirpenko, Yu A. and Kirpenko, N. I. (1980). Biological activity of the algotoxin of blue-green algae — pathogens of water "blooming". Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 16(6):53-57. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biological activity. (Russian)

1331. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Lukina, L. F.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and Peskov, V. A. (1976). Method of determining toxins of blue-green algae. Byull. Izobret. 16:125-126. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ determining. (Ukrainian)

1332. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Perevozchenko, I. I.; Sirenko, L. A.; and Lukina, L. F. (1975). Isolation of toxin from blue-green algae biomass and some of its physico-chemical properties. Dopov. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. RSR. Ser. B:359-361. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation.

1333. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1982). Effect of blue-green algal toxin on functions of brain, heart, and substrate oxidation procesess in cells. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. SSR Ser. B Geol. Khim. Biol. Nauki(2):56-58. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ brain/ heart/ substrate.

1334. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1981). Some aspects concerning remote after-effects of blue-green algae toxin impact on warm-blooded animals. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 257-269. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ impact/ animals.

1335. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; Lukina, L. F.; Kirpenko, N. I.; and Danilouskaya, E. N. (1976). Relation of the biological activity of toxic metabolites of blue-green algae to structural features. Form. Kontrol Kach. Poverkhn. Vod 2 :33-37. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biological activity/ structural features. (Russian)

1336. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Sirenko, L. A.; Orlovskii, V. M.; and Lukina, L. F. (1977). Toxic blue-green algae and culture of the organism. In: A. V. Topachevskiy and E. E. Kvetnetskia (eds.) Naukogo Dumka. Ukranian Scientific Publishing House: Kiev, 252 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ culture. (Russian)

1337. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Stankevich, V. V.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1982). Combined effect of toxins released by Cyanophyceae and of certain components of industrial waste on water quality. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 18(4):34-36. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ industrial waste/ water quality.

1338. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Stankevich, V. V.; Orlovskii, V. M.; Kirpenko, N. I.; Bokov, A. V.; and Karpenko, T. F. (1979). A comparative assessment of the toxic effect of biologically active substances of blue-green algae at the cellular and organismic levels. Hydrobiol. J. (Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.) 15:83-86. Keywords: comparison/ toxic effect/ cyanobacteria/ cellular/ organismic level.

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1339. Kirpenko, Yu A.; Stankevich, V. V.; Orlovskii, V. M.; Kirpenko, N. I.; Bokov, A. V.; and Karpenko, T. F. (1980). Comparative evaluation of the toxic effect of biologically active substances of blue-green algae on cellular and body levels. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 15(6):91-94. Keywords: evaluation/ toxic effect/ cyanobacteria/ cellular/ body level.

1340. Kiss, T.; Vehovszky, A.; Hiripi, L.; Kovács, A.; and Vörös, L. (2002). Membrane effects of toxins isolated from a cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, on identified molluscan neurons. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. 131(2):167-176. Keywords: anatoxin/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii extract/ phytotoxins/ molluscan neuron/ HPLC/ cylindrospermopsin/ acetylcholine (ACh) receptors/ cation channel.

1341. Kiviranta, J. (1992). Larvicidal effects of toxic cyanobacteria on yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Acta Pharmaceutica Fennica 101:105-109. Keywords: cytotoxins/ mosquito/ Aedes aegypti.

1342. Kiviranta, J. and Abdel-Hameed, A. (1994). Toxicity of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria agardhii to the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the shrimp Artemia salina. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10(5):517-520. Keywords: cytotoxin/ mosquito/ Aedes aegypti/ Artemia salina/ shrimp/ toxicity/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

1343. Kiviranta, J.; Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Structure determination and toxicity of a new microcystin from Microcytis aeruginosa strain 205. Toxicon 30(9):1093-1098. Keywords: microcystins/ Microcytis aeruginosa.

1344. Kiviranta, J.; Saario, E.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1991). Toxicity of planktonic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to mosquito larvae. 39th Annual Congress Medicinal Plant Research. Verlag Stuttgart: New York. pp. 21-22. September 1991; Saarbrücken. Keywords: mosquito/ toxicity. (Poster)

1345. Kiviranta, J.; Saario, E.; Sivonen, K.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1990). Mouse oral toxicity of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena, and inhibition of hepatotoxicity by hydrocortisone. Acta Pharmaceutica Fennica 99:69-76. Keywords: nodularin/ oral toxicity/ Nodularia spumigena/ mouse toxicity.

1346. Kiviranta, J.; Sivonen, K.; Lathi, K.; Luukkainen, R.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1991). Production and biodegradation of cyanobacterial toxins — a laboratory study. Arch. Hydrobiol. 121(3):281-294. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ biodegradation/ production.

1347. Kiviranta, J.; Sivonen, K.; Niemelä, S. I.; and Huovinen, K. (1990). Detection of toxins of cyanobacteria blue-green algae by Artemia salina bioassay. Planta Medica 56(6):643-644. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ detection/ Artemia salina.

1348. Klapes, N. A. (1990). Acute toxicity of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, to Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 20(2):167-174. Keywords: toxicity/ cyanobacterin/ Daphnia magna.

1349. Klein, D.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D.; Hoffmann, L.; and Demoulin, V. (1997). Lyngbyaloside, a novel 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-6-deoxy-alpha-mannopyranoside macrolide from

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1350. Knübel, G.; Larsen, L. K.; Moore, R. E.; Levine, I. A.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1990). Cytotoxic, antiviral indolocarbazoles from a blue-green alga belonging to the Nostocaceae. J. Antibiot. 43(10):1236-1239. Keywords: indolocarbazoles/ Nostocaceae.

1351. Knutsen, G. and Skjanes, K. (1999). Simple growth chambers for culturing microalgae with precision at different temperatures and irradiance. J. Appl.Phycol. 11(6):487-491. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ growth chambers/ microalgae/ Spirulina.

1352. Kobayashi, A.; Kajiyama S.I.; Inawaka, K.; Kanzaki, H.; and Kawazu, K. (1994). Nostodione-a, a novel mitotic spindle poison from a blue-green alga Nostoc commune. Z. Naturfo. C 49(7-8):464-470. Keywords: nostodione-a/ mitotic spindle poison/ Nostoc commune.

1353. Kobayashi, J. (1989). Pharmacologically active metabolites from symbiotic microalgae in Okinawan marine invertebrates. J. Natural Products 52(2):225-238. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dinoflagellate/ products/ phamaceutical/ symbiotic/ marine/ Oscillatoria/ Okinawa.

1354. Kobayashi, T. (1993). Filtering rates of Daphnia carinata King (Crustacea: Cladocera) on the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz and Anabaena cylindrica (Lemm.). Aust. J. Ecol. 18(2):231-234. Keywords: filtering rates/ Daphnia carinata/ Microcystis aeruginosa / Anabaena cylindrica .

1355. Kodani, S.; Ishida, K.; and Murakami, M. (1998). Aeruginosin 103-A, a thrombin inhibitor from the cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis. J. Natural Products 61(8):1046-1048. Keywords: thrombin inhibitor/ Microcystis viridis.

1356. Koehn. F.E.; Longley, R. E.; and Reed, J. K. (1992). Microcolin-a and microcolin-b, new immunosuppressive peptides from the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 55(5):613-619. Keywords: immunosuppressive peptides/ Lyngbya majuscula.

1357. Kofuji, P.; Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1989). Activation and ion channel blockade by the nicotinic agonist (+) anatoxin and derivatives. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:557. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ nicotinic agonist.

1358. Kofuji, P.; Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1990). Activation and blockade of the acetylcholine receptor-ion channel by the agonists (+)-anatoxin-a, the N-methyl derivative and the enantiomer. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 252(2):517-525. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ N-methyl anatoxin-a.

1359. Kogure, K.; Tamplin, M. L.; Simidu, U.; and Colwell, R. R. (1988). A tissue culture assay for tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and related toxins. Toxicon 26(2):191-197. Keywords: tissue culture assay/ tetrodotoxin/ saxitoxin.

1360. Kohl, J. G.; Börner, T.; Henning, M.; Schwabe, W.; and Weihe, A. (1988). Plasmid content and differences in ecologically important characteristics of different strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. Arch. Hydrobiol. 80(Suppl.):195-201. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ plasmid.

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1361. Kollman, V.H. (1982). Use of the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Wynetta Spencer Publishing Services: 5 pp. Keywords: blue-green algae/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ treatment/ Alzheimer's disease.

1362. Komárek, J. (1991). A review of water bloom forming Microcystis species, with regard to populations from Japan. Arch. Hydrobiol.–Algol. Stud. 92:115-127. Keywords: cyanophytes/ Microcystis/ phytoplankton/ morphology/ variation range/ taxonomy/ freshwater reservoirs/ Japan.

1363. Kondo, F. (2001). Analysis of microcystins in cyanobacteria, water, shellfish and fish. J. Food Hygienic Soc. Japan 42(5):289-297. Keywords: protein phosphatase bioassay/ linked immunosorbent assay/ blue-green algae/ mass spectrometry/ heptapeptide toxin/ lake water/ in vivo/ liver/ LR/ identification/ shellfish/ fish.

1364. Kondo, F. (2000). Total analysis system for tumor promoter microcystins produced by cyanobacteria (review). Yakugaku Zasshi (J. Pharmaceut. Soc. Jap.) 120(2):159-169. Keywords: microcystins/ tumor promoter/ analysis system. (Japanese)

1365. Kondo, F. and Harada, K-I. (1996). Mass spectrometric analysis of cyanobacterial toxins. J. Mass Spec. Soc. Jap. 44(3):355-376. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ analysis.

1366. Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Ishikawa, N.; Watanabe, M. F.; Watanabe, M.; Harada, K-I.; and Suzuki, M. (1992). Separation and identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria by frit-fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Toxicon 30(3):227-237. Keywords: microcystins/ separation/ identification/ LC/ MS/ atom bombardment.

1367. Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Matsumoto, H.; Yamada, S.; Ishikawa, N.; Tsuji, K.; Harada, K-I.; Shimada, T.; Oshikata, M.; and Suzuki, M. (1995). Reliable and sensitive method for determination of microcystins in complicated matrices by frit-fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Natural Toxins 3:41-49. Keywords: method/ determination/ microcystins/ LC-MS.

1368. Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Okumura, M.; Ishikawa, N.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Murata, H.; and Suzuki, M. (1992). Formation, characterization, and toxicity of the glutathione and cysteine conjugates of toxic heptapeptide microcystins. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5(5):591-596. Keywords: formation/ characterization/ toxicity/ microcystins.

1369. Kondo, F.; Ito, Y.; Oka, H.; Yamada, S.; Tsuji, K.; Imokawa, M; Niimi, Y.; Harada, K.; Ueno, Y.; and Miyazaki, Y. (2002). Determination of microcystins in lake water using reusable immunoaffinity column. Toxicon 40(7):893-899. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ reusable immunoaffinity column/ ESI-LC-MS.

1370. Kondo, F.; Matsumoto, H.; Yamada, S.; Tsuji, K.; Ueno, Y.; and Harada, K. (2000). Immunoaffinity purification method for detection and quantification of microcystins in lake water. Toxicon 38(6):813-823. Keywords: microcystins/ methods/ detection/ quantification/ lake water.

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1371. Kondo, R.; Yoshida, T.; Yuki, Y.; and Hiroishi, S. (2000). DNA-DNA reassociation among a bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus, Microcystis. Int. J. Sys. Evol. Microbiol. 50(Pt 2):767-770. Keywords: DNA hybridization/ DNA G plus C content/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis.

1372. König, G. M. and Wright, A. D. (1993). Algal secondary metabolites and their pharmaceutical potential. In: A. D. Kinghorn and M. F. Balandrin (eds.) Human Medicinal Agents from Plants. Am. Chem. Soc.: Washington, D.C., pp. 276-293, Ch. 19. ACR Symposium Series 534. Keywords: cytotoxins/ secondary metabolites.

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1459. Lankoff, A.; Banasik, A.; Obe, G.; Deperas, M.; Kuzminski, K.; Tarczynska, M.; Jurczak, T.; and Wojcik, A. (2003). Effect of microcystin-LR and cyanobacterial extract from Polish reservoir of drinking water on cell cycle progression, mitotic spindle, and apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 189(3):204-213. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ CHO-K1 cells/ mitotic spindle/ polyploid cells/ apoptosis/ Poland/ drinking water.

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1461. Lankoff, A. and Kolataj, A. (2000). Influence of microcystine-YR and nodularin on the activity of some glucosidases in mouse liver. Toxicology 146(2-3):177-185. Keywords: microcystine-YR/ nodularin/ lysosomal enzymes/ liver/ mice.

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1463. Laurén-Määttä, C.; Hietala, J.; Reinikainen, M.; and Walls, M. (1995). Do Microcystis aerginosa toxins accumulate in the food web: a laboratory study. Hydrobiologia 304:23-27. Keywords: Microcysis aeruginosa/ toxins/ accumulation/ food.

1464. Laurén-Määttä, C.; Hietala, J.; and Walls, M. (1997). Responses of Daphnia pulex populations to toxic cyanobacteria. Freshwater Biol. 37(3):635-647. Keywords: Daphnia pulex/ cyanobacteria.

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1466. Lavigne, P.; Bagu, J. R.; Boyko, R.; Willard, L.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Sykes, B. D. (2000). Structure-based thermodynamic analysis of the dissociation of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit and microcystin-LR docked complexes. Protein Sci. 9(2):252-264. Keywords: complex dissociation/ docking/ microcystin-LR/ NMR/ protein phosphatase-1/ structure-based thermodynamics.

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1470. Lawton, L. A.; Campbell, D. L.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A. (1990). Use of rapid bioluminescence assay for detecting cyanobacterial microcystin toxicity. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 11(4):205-207. Keywords: rapid bioluminescence assay/ detecting/ microcystin/ toxicity.

1471. Lawton, L. A. and Codd, G. A. (1991). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins and their significance in UK and European waters. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage. 5(4):460-465. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ significance/ UK/ Europe.

1472. Lawton, L. A. and Codd, G. A. (1988). Effects of cyanobacterial peptide toxins on the ciliate Paramecium. Br. Phycol. J. 23(3):292. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ Paramecium. (Meeting Abstract)

1473. Lawton, L. A.; Cornish, B. J. P. A.; and MacDonald, A. W. R. (1998). Removal of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) and cyanobacterial cells from drinking water using domestic water filters. Water Res. 32(3):633-638. Keywords: microcystin toxin removal/ drinking water/ domestic water filters.

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1477. Lawton, L. A.; McElhiney, J.; and Edwards, C. (1999). Purification of closely eluting hydrophobic microcystins (peptide cyanotoxins) by normal-phase and reversed-phase flash chromatography. J. Chromat. A. 848(1-2):515-522. Keywords: purification/ hydrophobic microcystins/ chromatography.

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1479. Lawton, L. A.; Robertson, P. K. J.; Cornish, B. J. P. A; and Jaspars, M. (1999). Detoxification of microcystins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins) using TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (5):771-775. Keywords: microcystins/ detoxification/ photocatalytic oxidation.

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1483. LeClaire, R. D.; Lawrence, W. B.; Bostian, K. A., and Mereish, K. A. (1988). Acute toxicity of microcystin-LR in the rat: A comparative dose-response study using serum chemistries and mortality as indices. Toxicologist. 8(1):221. Keywords: cyanotoxin/microcystin-LR/rat/dose-response. (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Dallas, TX — Abstract)

1484. LeClaire, R. D.; Parker, G. W.; and Franz, D. R. (1995). Hemodynamic and calorimetric changes induced by microcystin-LR in the rat. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15(4):303-311. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hemodynamic changes/ calorimetri changes/ rat.

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1487. Lee, E. Y. C. (1995). The enzymology of phosphorylase phosphatase (protein phosphatase-1) — a personal perspective. Zoological Stud. 34(3):149-163. Keywords: PP1/ enzymology.

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1492. Lee, T. J.; Nakano, K.; and Matsumura, M. (2002). A novel strategy for cyanobacterial bloom control by ultrasonic irradiation. Water Sci. Technol. 46(6-7):207-215. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ flow cytometry/ gas vacuoles/ Myxobacter/ ultrasonic irradiation.

1493. Leeuwangh, P.; Kappers, F. I.; Dekker, M.; and Koerselman, W. (1983). Toxicity of cyanobacteria in Dutch lakes and reservoirs. Aquat. Toxicol. 4:63-72. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Dutch lakes.

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1496. Lehtimäki, J.; Moisander, P.; Sivonen, K.; and Kononen, K. (1997). Growth, nitrogen fixation and nodularin production by two Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(5):1647-1656. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ growth/ nodularin production/ Baltic Sea.

1497. Lehtimäki, J.; Sivonen, K.; Luukkainen, R.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1994). The effects of incubation time, temperature, light, salinity, and phosphorus on growth and hepatotoxin production by Nodularia strains. Arch. Hydrobiol. 130(3):269-282. Keywords: effects/

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1498. Lehtiniemi, M.; Engström-Ost, J.; Karjalainen, M.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; and Viitasalo, M. (2002). Fate of cyanobacterial toxins in the pelagic food web: transfer to copepods or to faecal pellets? Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 241:13-21. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ toxin transfer/ copepods/ faecal pellets/ Baltic Sea.

1499. Lehtonen, K. K.; Kankaanpää, H.; Leinio, S.; Sipiä, V. O.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Sandberg-Kilpi, E. (2003). Accumulation of nodularin-like compounds from the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena and changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in the clam Macoma balthica during short-term laboratory exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 64(4):461-476. Keywords: acetylcholinesterase/ bioaccumulation/ cyanobacteria/ Macoma balthica/ Nodularia spumigena/ nodularin/ Northern Baltic Sea.

1500. Leiers, T.; Bihlmayer, A.; Ammon, H. P. T.; and Wahl, M. A. (2000). [Ca2+]i(-) and insulin-stimulating effect of the non-membranepermeable phosphatase-inhibitor microcystin-LR in intact insulin-secreting cells (RINm5F). Br. J. Pharmacol. 130(6):1406-1410. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ insulin stimulation.

1501. Lem, N. W. and Glick, B. R. (1985). Biotechnological uses of cyanobacteria. Biotechnol. Adv. 3:195-208. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ biotechnology.

1502. Lenarcic, B.; Krishnan, G.; Borukhovich, R.; Ruck, B.; Turk, V.; and Moczydlowski, E. (2000). Saxiphilin, a saxitoxin-binding protein with two thyroglobulin type 1 domains, is an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteinases. J. Biol. Chem. 275(20):15572-15577. Keywords: ray crystal structure/ cathepsin-b/ transferrin family/ molecular cloning/ Rana catesbeiana/ occluding loop/ stefin-b/ bullfrog/ reveals/ chromatography.

1503. Leon, L. De and Yunes, J. S. (2001). First report of a microcystin-containing bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in the La Plata River, South America. Environ. Toxicol. 16(1):110-112. Keywords: freshwater/ Microcystis/ La Plata River, South America.

1504. Leppänen, J-M.; Rantajärvi, E.; Hällfors, S.; Kruskopf, M.; and Laine, V. (1995). Unattended monitoring of potentially toxic phytoplankton species in the Baltic Sea in 1993. J. Plankton Res. 17(4):891-902. Keywords: monitoring/ toxic phytoplankton/ Baltic Sea/ Nodularia spumigena.

1505. Levin, R. B.; Epstein, P. R.; Ford, T. E.; Harrington, W.; Olson, E.; and Reichard, E. G. (2002). U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(1):43-52. Keywords: drinking water/ federal regulations/ global warming/ groundwater/ public infrastructure/ surface water/ waterborne disease.

1506. Lewin, W. C.; Kamjunke, N.; and Mehner, T. (2003). Phosphorus uptake by Microcystis during passage through fish guts. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48(6):2392-2396. Keywords: roach Rutilus rutilus/ perch Perca fluviatilis/ food consumption/ eutrophic lake/ selective filtration/ cyanobacteria/ algae/ consequences/ herbivory/ growth/ phosphorus uptake/ Microcystis/ fish gut.

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1507. Li, M. and Damuni, Z. (1994). Okadaic acid and microcystin-LR directly inhibit the methylation of protein phosphatase 2A by its specific methyltransferase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202(2):1023-1030. Keywords: okadaic acid/ microcystin-LR/ methylation inhibition/ PP2A.

1508. Li, P. C. H.; Hu, S.; and Lam, P. K. S. (1999). Development of a capillary zone electrophoretic method for the rapid separation and detection of hepatotoxic microcystins. Mar. Poll. Bull. 39(1-12):250-254. Keywords: microcystins/ detection/ separation/ method development.

1509. Li, R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Brittain, S.; Eaglesham, G. K.; Shaw, G. R.; Mahakhant, A.; Noparatnaraporn, N.; Yongmanitchai, W.; Kaya, K.; and Watanabe, M. M. (2001). Isolation and identification of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from a Thailand strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria). Toxicon 39(7):973-980. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ cyanotoxin/ Thailand/ Seenaya et Subba Raju.

1510. Li, R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Liu, Y.; and Watanabe, M. M. (2000). Taxonomic re-evaluation of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5 based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Hydrobiologia 438(1):99-105. Keywords: taxonomy/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ 16S rRNA.

1511. Li, R. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; Brittain, S.; Eaglesham, G. K.; Shaw, G. R.; Liu, Y-D.; and Watanabe, M. M. (2001). First report of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin from Raphidiopsis curvata (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 37(6):1121-1126. Keywords: China/ cyanotoxins/ cylindrospermopsin (CYN)/ deoxycylindrospermopsin (deoxy-CYN)/ cyanobacteria/ Raphidiopsis curvata.

1512. Li, R. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Pereira, P. (2003). Morphological and 16S rRNA gene evidence for reclassification of the paralytic shellfish toxin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae LMECYA 31 as Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (Cyanophyceae). J. Phycol. 39(4):814-818. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi/ cyanotoxin/ 16S rDNA/ morphology/ gene sequences/ taxonomy.

1513. Li, W. I.; Berman, F. W.; Okino, T.; Gerwick, W. H.; and Murray, T. F. (2000). Antillatoxin, a neurotoxin from the cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula, modulates [H-3]batrachotoxin a 20-alpha-benzoate (BTX-B) binding in intact cerebellar granule cells. FASEB J. 14(8):944, A1476. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ antillatoxin/ cytotoxin. (Meeting Abstract)

1514. Li, X. Y.; Liu, Y. D.; Song, L. R.; and Liu, H. T. (2003). Responses of antioxidant systems in the hepatocytes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to the toxicity of microcystin-LR. Toxicon 42(1):85-89. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ antioxidant system/ common carp/ hepatocyte/ glutathione/ superoxide dismutase/ catalase/ glutathione peroxide/ glutathione S-transferase/ reactive oxygen species/ Dianchi Lake/ China/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Cyprinus carpio L.

1515. Li, Y.; Llewellyn, L.; and Moczydlowski, E. (1993). Biochemical and immunochemical comparison of saxiphilin and transferrin, two structurally related plasma proteins from Rana catesbeiana. Mol. Pharmacol. 44(4):742-748. Keywords: comparison/ saxiphilin/ transferrin/ Rana catesbeiana.

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1516. Liebig, J. R. (1997). Feeding behavior of zebra mussels in Saginaw Bay: selection for change. 40th Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research. International Association for Great Lakes Research: pp. 71. June 1-5, 1997; Buffalo, New York. Keywords: assimilation rates/ feeding behavio/ filtering rates/ food intake rates/ seasonality/ selective rejection mechanism.

1517. Lightner, D. V. (1978). Possible toxic effects of the marine blue-green alga, Spirulina subsalsa, on the blue shrimp, Panaeus stylirostris. J. Invert. Pathol. 32:139-150. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Spirulina subsalsa/ Lyngbya/ Panaeus stylirostris/ blue shrimp.

1518. Lilleheil, G.; Andersen, R. A.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Alexander, J. (1997). Effects of homoanatoxin-a containing extract from Oscillatoria formosa (Cyanophyceae/cyanobacteria) on neuromuscular transmission. Toxicon 35(8):1275-1289. Keywords: homoanatoxin-a/ Oscillatoria formosa/ effects/ neurouscular transmission.

1519. Lin, J. R. and Chu, F. S. (1994). In vitro neutralization of the inhibitory effect of microcystin-LR to protein phosphatase 2A by antibody against the toxin. Toxicon 32(5):605-613. Keywords: neutralization/ inhibitory effect/ microcystin-LR/ PP2A/ antibody.

1520. Lin, J. R. and Chu, F. S. (1994). Kinetics of distribution of microcystin-LR in serum and liver cytosol of mice: an immunochemical analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42(4):1035-1040. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ serum/ liver/ mice.

1521. Lincoln, E. P. and Carmichael, W. W. (1981). Preliminary tests of toxicity of Synechocystis sp. grown on wastewater medium. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 223-230. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Synechocystis.

1522. Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K.; and Walker, J. M. (1991). Bioactive compounds from algae. Life Chem. Rep. 8:97-183. Keywords: bioactive compounds/ cytotoxins.

1523. Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K.; and Walker, J. M. (1990). Use of an isolated guinea-pig ileum assay to detect bioactive compounds in microalgal cultures. J. Appl. Phycol. 2:83-88. Keywords: bioactive compounds/ guinea-pig ileum.

1524. Lincoln, R. A.; Strupinski, K.; and Walker, J. M. (1996). The use of Artemia nauplii (brine shrimp larvae) to detect toxic compounds from microalgal cultures. Int. J. Pharmacog. 34(5):384-389. Keywords: Artemia nauplii/ brine shrimp/ microalgae.

1525. Lind, M. G.; Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lundberg, R.; and Nilsson, P. O. (1983). Risken for algforgiftning har okat - hundar avled efter bad i sodra Ostersjoen. Läkartidningen 80(28-29):2734-2737. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

1526. Lindgren, B.; Stjernlöf, P.; and Trogen, L. (1987). Synthesis of anatoxin-a, a constituent of blue-green freshwater algae. Acta Chem. Scand. B41:180-183. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ synthesis.

1527. Lindholm, T. (1991). Från Havsvik till Insjö. Miljö för laget: Åbo. 160 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

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1528. Lindholm, T. (1987). Giftiga alger - ett aktuellt vattenvardsproblem. Finsk Tidskr. 7:395-402. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1529. Lindholm, T. (1988). Toxic cyanobacteria, water quality criteria and monitoring problems. In: Toxinproducing Algae. Oct. 20-21, 1988; Olso, Norway. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ water quality/ criteria/ monitoring. (Meeting Abstract)

1530. Lindholm, T.; Al-Layl, K. J.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Codd, G. A. (1989). Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater mussels. In: Fourth International Conference Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. June 26-30, 1989; Lund, Sweden. Keywords: bioaccumulation/ freshwater mussels. (Poster)

1531. Lindholm, T.; Degerlund, M.; Spoof, L.; and Meriluoto, J. (2002). A century of water quality changes in a coastal lake with toxic Planktothrix. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 28:984-987. Keywords: water quality changes/ century/ coastal lake/ Planktothrix.

1532. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1985). Giftiga alger aven i Finland. Skärgård 1:35-38. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Finland. (Swedish)

1533. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Giftiga alger hotar varldens kustvatten. Skärgård 2:44-45. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1534. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Ongelmalliset myrkylliset sinilevat. Tiedepolitiikka 1:31-32. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1535. Lindholm, T. and Eriksson, J. E. (1985). Problemalger och fiskdod i alandska vattentakter. Ympär. Terv. 16:41-44. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1536. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; Bylund, G.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1987). Orsakar toxiska cyanobakterier fisk-och fageldod? In: Biotieteen Paivat. May 26-27, 1987; Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish — Poster)

1537. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1988). Distribution of Oscillatoria agardhii and its toxin in a eutrophic lake. In: VI International Symposium, Photosynthetic Prokaryotes. Aug. 8-13, 1988; Noordwijkerhout, Holland. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ eutrophic lakes. (Meeting Abstract)

1538. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1989). Toxic cyanobacteria and water-quality problems—examples from a eutrophic lake on Åland, South West Finland. Water Res. 23(4):481-486. Keywords: toxic cyanobacteria/ water quality/ eutrophic lake/ Åland Islands/ South West Finland/ phytoplankton/ peptide toxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ HPLC. (Finnish)

1539. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1989). Toxiner fran blagronalger anrikas i musslor. Fauna Flora 84:21-25. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1540. Lindholm, T.; Eriksson, J. E.; Reinikainen, M.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1992). Ecological effects of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 7(1):87-93. Keywords: effects/ ecological/ hepatotoxic cyanobacteria.

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1542. Lindholm, T. and Lahti, K. (1988). Raportti Olson myrkkylevakokouksesta. Ympär. Terv. 9-10:648-650. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

1543. Lindholm, T. and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1991). Recurrent depth maxima of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48(9):1629-1634. Keywords: depth maxima/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

1544. Lindholm, T.; Vesterkvist, P.; Spoof, L.; Lundberg-Niinisto, C.; and Meriluoto, J. (2003). Microcystin occurrence in lakes in Åland, SW Finland. Hydrobiologia 505(1-3):129-138. Keywords: microcystin/ toxin/ cyanobacteria/ lakes/ HPLC/ TR-FIA/ PPIA/ Åland/ Finland.

1545. Lindstrom, E. (1976). Et udbrud af algeforgiftning blandt hunde. Danst Vet. Tidsskr. 59:637-641. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Danish)

1546. Lippy, E. C. and Erb, J. (1976). Gastrointestinal illness at Sewickley, Pa. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 68:606-610. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ illness/ Sewickley, PA.

1547. Lirås, V.; Lindberg, M.; Nyström, P.; Annadotter, H.; Lawton, L. A.; and Graf, B. (1998). Can ingested cyanobacteria be harmful to the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)? Freshwater Biol. 39(2):233-242. Keywords: Pacifastacus leniusculus/ crayfish/ Oscillatoria sancta/ hepatotoxic.

1548. Liu, I.; Lawton, L. A.; Cornish, B.; and Robertson, P. K. J. (2002). Mechanistic and toxicity studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 148(1-3 SP ISS):349-354. Keywords: microcystins/ protein phosphatase 1/ PP1/ photocatalytic oxidation/ TiO 2/ water treatment.

1549. Liu, I.; Lawton, L. A.; and Robertson, P. K. J. (2003). Mechanistic studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR: an investigation of byproducts of the decomposition process. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(14):3214-3219. Keywords: blue-green algae/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ toxins/ removal/ water/ microcystin-LR.

1550. Liu, Y. D.; Song, L. R.; Li, X. Y.; and Liu, T. M. (2002). The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on embryo-larval and juvenile development of loach, Misguruns mizolepis Gunthe. Toxicon 40(4):395-399. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ Misguruns mizolepis Gunthe/ teratogenesis/ toxicity/ protein phosphatase inhibition.

1551. Liu, Y. D.; Song, L. R.; Shen, Y. W.; Li, D. H.; Hu, C. X.; Huang, Z. B.; Hu, Z. L.; and Zhu, Y. Z. (2001). Potential of terrestrial microalgae and cyanobacteria in environmental technology. In: H. Kojima and Y. K. Lee (eds.) Photosynthetic Microorganisms in Environmental Biotechnolology. Springer: Hong Kong/New York, pp. 195-216, Ch. 13. 310 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Nostoc/ Anabaena/ ecology.

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1553. Llewellyn, L. E.; Doyle, J.; Jellett, J.; Barrett, R.; Alison, C.; Bentz, C.; and Quilliam, M. (2001). Measurement of paralytic shellfish toxins in molluscan extracts: comparison of the microtitre plate saxiphilin and sodium channel radioreceptor assays with mouse bioassay, HPLC analysis and a commercially available cell culture assay. Food Add. Contam. 18(11):970-980. Keywords: shellfish/ saxitoxin/ sodium channel/ saxiphilin/ mouse bioassay/ HPLC/ cell culture/ PST/ PSP.

1554. Llewellyn, L. E.; Doyle, J.; and Negri, A. P. (1998). A high throughput, microtiter plate assay for paralytic shellfish poisons using the saxitoxin-specific receptor, saxiphilin. Analyt. Biochem. 261(1):51-56. Keywords: assay/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ saxiphilin.

1555. Lluisma, A. O.; Karmacharya, N.; Zarka, A.; Ben-Dov, E.; Zaritsky, A.; and Boussiba, S. (2001). Suitability of Anabaena PCC7120 expressing mosquitocidal toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for biotechnological application. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57(1-2):161-166. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis/ larvicidal activity/ cyanobacterium/ PCC-7120/ combinations/ PCC-7942/ strains/ cloning/ PCR/ Anabaena.

1556. Lo, K. K. W.; Ng, D. C. M.; Lau, J. S. Y.; Wu, R. S. S.; and Lam, P. K. S. (2003). Derivatisation of microcystin with a redox-active label for high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection. New J. Chem. 27(2):274-279. Keywords: cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins/ cytochrome P450(cam)/ electronic detection/ toxic peptides/ chromatography/ purification/ protein/ assay/ oligonucleotide/ waters.

1557. Locke, S. J. and Thibault, P. (1994). Improvement in detection limits for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish tissues using capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry and discontinuous buffer systems. Analyt. Chem. 66(20):3436-3446. Keywords: detection limits/ improvement/ PSP determination/ capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry.

1558. Loizzo, A.; Sechi, N.; Volterra, L.; and Contu, A. (1988). Some features of a bloom of Oscillatoria rubescens D.C. registered in two Italian reservoirs. Water Air Soil Poll. 38(3-4):263-271. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria rubescens/ reservoirs/ Italy.

1559. Long, B. M. and Carmichael, W. W. (2003). Marine cyanobacterial toxins. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.) Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO Publishing: Paris, pp. 279-296. 793 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxins/ marine.

1560. Long, B. M.; Jones, G. J.; and Orr, P. T. (2001). Cellular microcystin content in N-limited Microcystis aeruginosa can be predicted from growth rate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(1):278-283. Keywords: blue-green-algae/ toxin production/ hepatotoxin/ production/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ light/ Anabaena/ strains/ acid/ cyanobacteria/ temperature.

1561. Long, E. G.; Ebrahimzadeh, A.; White, E. H.; Swisher, B.; and Callaway, C. S. (1990). Alga associated with diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travelers.

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1562. Long, E. G.; White, E. H.; Carmichael, W. W.; Quinlisk, P. M.; Raja, R.; Swisher, B. L.; Daugharty, H.; and Cohen, M. T. (1991). Morphologic and staining characteristics of a cyanobacterium-like organism associated with diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 164(1):199-202. Keywords: characteristics/ organism/ diarrhea.

1563. Longley, R. E. and Koehn, F. E. (1991). Microcolin A and B: novel immunosuppressive lipopeptides derived from marine blue-green algae. FASEB J. 5(5):1206. Keywords: immunosuppressive lipopeptides/marine/blue-green algae. (Abstract)

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1569. Louw, P. G. J. (1950). The active constituent of the poisonous algae Microcystis toxica Stephens. S. Afr. Ind. Chem. 4:62-66. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis toxica/ constituent.

1570. Louzao, M. C.; Vieytes, M. R.; Cabado, A. G.; Baptista de Sousa, J. M. V.; and Botana, L. M. (2003). A fluorimetric microplate assay for detection and quantitation of toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16 (4):433-438. Keywords: fluorometric detection/ liquid-chromatography/ sodium-channels/ saxitoxins/ binding/ cells/ tetrodotoxin/ brevetoxins/ bioassay/ receptor.

1571. Lovell, R. A.; Holmes, K. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R. (1989). Hemodynamic and pathologic effects of microcystin-LR administered intravenously to swine. Toxicon 27(1):60. Keywords: effects/ microcystin-LR/ swine.

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1572. Lovell, R. A.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Hooser, S. B.; Dahlem, A. M.; Haschek, W. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R. (1989). Toxicity of intraperitoneal doses of microcystin-LR in two strains of male mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 9(3):221-237. Keywords: toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ male mice.

1573. Lu, C. M.; Chau, C. W.; and Zhang, J. H. (2000). Acute toxicity of excess mercury on the photosynthetic performance of cyanobacterium, S. platensis — assessment by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Chemosphere 41(1-2):191-196. Keywords: inactive photosystem-II/ sublethal concentrations/ Spirulina platensis/ electron transport/ inhibition/ physiology/ evolution/ cadmium/ Euglena/ protein.

1574. Luckas, B. (1992). Phycotoxins in seafood-toxiological and chromatographic aspects. J. Chromat. 624:439-456. Keywords: phycotoxins/ seafood.

1575. Luesch, H.; Harrigan, G. G.; Goetz, G.; and Horgen, F. D. (2002). The cyanobacterial origin of potent anticancer agents originally isolated from sea hares. Curr. Med. Chem. 9(20):1791-1806. Keywords: marine cyanobacteria/ Lyngbya/ Symploca/ sea hares/ Dolabella auricularia/ dolastatins/ secondary metabolites/ cytotoxins.

1576. Luesch, H.; Pangilinan, R.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2001). Pitipeptolides A and B, new cyclodepsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 64(3):304-307. Keywords: philinopsis-speciosa/ inhibition/ assemblage/ mollusk/ toxins/ Lyngbya majuscula.

1577. Luesch, H.; Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002). Ulongamides A-F, new beta-amino acid-containing cyclodepsipeptides from Palauan collections of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. J. Natural Products 65(7):996-1000. Keywords: Lyngbya majuscula/ cyclodepsipeptides/ Palau.

1578. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Harrigan, G. G.; Doom, J. P.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002). Lyngbyaloside B, a new glycoside macrolide from a Palauan marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya sp. J. Natural Products 65(12):1945-1948. Keywords: polycavernoside-a/ Lyngbya majuscula/ sponge/ alga.

1579. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2000). Apramides A-G, novel lipopeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 63(8):1106-1112. Keywords: Philinopsis speciosa/ peptides/ mollusk/ marine cyanobacterium/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Apra Harbor, Guam.

1580. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2000). Isolation and structure of the cytotoxin lyngbyabellin B and absolute configuration of lyngbyapeptin A from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 63(10):1437-1439. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Lyngbya majuscula/ isolation/ structure.

1581. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002). New apratoxins of marine cyanobacterial origin from Guam and Palau. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 10(6):1973-1978. Keywords: Lyngbya majuscula/ marine/ Guam/ Palau.

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1582. Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; Paul, V. J.; Mooberry, S. L.; and Corbett, T. H. (2002). Symplostatin 3, a new dolastatin 10 analogue from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp. VP452. J. Natural Products 65(1):16-20. Keywords: hare Dolabella-auricularia/ advanced solid tumors/ antineoplastic agents/ nsc-376128/ hydnoides/ peptides/ Symploca.

1583. Lukac, M. and Aegerter, R. (1993). Influence of trace metals on growth and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 31(3):293-305. Keywords: influence/ trace metals/ growth/ toxin production/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1584. Lukondeh, T. (2002). Absence of cyanotoxin carryover into milk [Correction for 2001, 56(2):132]. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 57(1):52. Keywords: milk/ cyanotoxin.

1585. Lukondeh, T.; Neilan, B. A.; Moffitt, M. C.; Burns, B. P.; Naidoo, D.; Della Vedova, J.; Gooden, J.; and Feitz, A. J. (2001). Absence of cyanotoxin carryover into milk. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 56(2):132. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria/ water/ milk.

1586. Lundberg, R.; Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lind, M. G.; and Nilsson, P. O. (1983). Algforgiftning hos hund. Svensk Vet. 35(10):509-516. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1587. Lung, W. S. and Paerl, H. W. (1988). Modeling blue green algal blooms in the lower Neuse River. Water Res. 22(7):895-905. Keywords: models/ blooms/ Neuse River/ North Carolina.

1588. Lunt, G. G.; Wonnacott, S.; Thorne, B.; Rapoport, H.; Aracava, Y.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1987). Anatoxin-a acts at central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 13 Keywords: anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine receptors. (Abstract)

1589. Lurling, M. (2003). Daphnia growth on microcystin-producing and microcystin-free Microcystis aeruginosa in different mixtures with the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48(6):2214-2220. Keywords: life history/ fatty acids/ cyanobacteria/ zooplankton/ inhibition/ food/ survival/ PCC7806/ Daphnia/ growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Scenedesmus obliquus/ mixtures.

1590. Lurling, M. (2003). Effects of microcystin-free and microcystin-containing strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on growth of the grazer Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. 18(3):202-210. Keywords: clearance rate/ cyanobacteria/ Daphnia growth/ feeding inhibition/ microcystin/ natural toxins/ plankton interactions/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia magna.

1591. Lurling, M. and van der Grinten, E. (2003). Life-history characteristics of Daphnia exposed to dissolved microcystin-LR and to the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with and without microcystins. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(6):1281-1287. Keywords: clearance rate/ Daphnia growth/ feeding inhibition/ natural toxins/ plankton interactions/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin-LR.

1592. Luu, H. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; Magoon, J.; Worms, J.; Smith, J.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1993). Quantification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins and identification of novel protein phosphatase inhibitors in marine phytoplankton and mussels. Toxicon 31(1):75-83. Keywords: shellfish toxins/ protein phosphatase.

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1594. Luukkainen, R.; Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Färdig, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1993). Isolation and identification of eight microcystins from thirteen Oscillatoria agardhii strains and structure of a new microcystin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59(7):2204-2209. Keywords: isolation/ identification/ microcystins/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ structure.

1595. Lyck, S. and Christoffersen, K. (2003). Microcystin quota, cell division and microcystin net production of precultured Microcystis aeruginosa CYA 228. Phycologia 42(6):667-674. Keywords: biosynthesis/ toxicity/ Brazil/ growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1596. M-Hamvas, M.; Máthé, C.; Molnár, E.; Vasas, G.; Grigorszky, I.; and Borbély, G. (2003). Microcystin-LR alters the growth, anthocyanin content and single-stranded DNase enzyme activities in Sinapis alba L. seedlings. Aquat. Toxicol. 62(1):1-9. Keywords: anthocyanin/ growth/ microcystin-LR/ Sinapis alba L./ ssDNase.

1597. Maagd, P. G-J. de; Hendriks, A. J.; Seinen, W.; and Sijm, D. T. H. M. (1999). pH-Dependent hydrophobicity of the cyanobacteria toxin microcystin-LR. Water Res. 33(3):677-680. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria/ n-octanol/ water distribution ratio/ pH/ bioconcentration/ hydrophobicity.

1598. Maatouk, I.; Bouaïcha, N.; Fontan, D.; and Levi, Y. (2002). Seasonal variation of microcystin concentrations in the Saint-Caprais reservoir (France) and their removal in a small full-scale treatment plant. Water Res. 36(11):2891-2897. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ neuro-2A cell line/ PP2A inhibition test/ water processing/ Saint Caprais reservoir, France.

1599. Macallan, D. R. E.; Lunt, G. G.; Wonnacott, S.; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1988). Methyllycaconitine and (+)-anatoxin-a differentiate between nicotinic receptors in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. FEBS Lett. 226(2):357-363. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ nicotinic receptors.

1600. MacDonald, D. W. (1960). Algal poisoning in beef cattle. Can. Vet. J. 1:108. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ beef cattle.

1601. Macías-Silva, M. and García-Sáinz, J. A. (1994). Inhibition of hormone-stimulated inositol phosphate production and disruption of cytoskeletal structure. Effects of okadiac acid, microcystin, chlorpromazine, W7 and nystatin. Toxicon 32(1):105-112. Keywords: microcystin/ cytoskeleton.

1602. Mackenthun, K. M.; Herman, E. F.; and Bartsch, A. F. (1948). A heavy mortality of fishes resulting from the decomposition of algae in the Yahara River, Wisconsin. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 75:175-180. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish mortality/ algae decomposition/ Yahara River, Wisconsin.

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1603. MacKinnon, A. F. (1950). Report on algae poisoning. Can. J. Comp. Med. 14:208. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

1604. MacKintosh, C. (1992). Regulation of spinach-leaf nitrate reductase by reversible phosphorylation [microcystin-LR]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1137(1):121-126. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase inhibitor.

1605. MacKintosh, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Klumpp, S.; Cohen, P.; and Codd, G. A. (1990). Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants. FEBS Lett. 264(2):187-192. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ inhibitor/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ mammals/ higher plants/ toxin/ protein kinase/ okadaic acid.

1606. MacKintosh, C. and MacKintosh, R. W. (1994). Inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases (review). Trends Biochem. Sci. 19(11):444-448. Keywords: inhibitors/ protein kinases/ phosphatases.

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1608. MacKintosh, R. W.; Dalby, K. N.; Campbell, D. G.; Cohen, P. T. W.; Cohen, P.; and MacKintosh, C. (1995). The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin binds covalently to cysteine-273 on protein phosphate 1. FEBS Lett. 371(3):236-240. Keywords: microcystin/ binds covalently/ PP1.

1609. Maclean, J. L. (1993). Developing country aquaculture and harmful algal blooms. In: R. S. V. Pullin, H. Rosenthal, and Maclean. J.L. (eds.) Environment and Aquaculture in Developing Countries. ICLARM Conf. Proc.:Vol. 31, pp. 252-284. 359 pp. Keywords: harmful algae blooms/ aqua cultures/ developing countries.

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1611. Maeda, H.; Sasaki, S.; Mima, H.; Yano, S.; Suzuki, T.; and Marumoto, M. (1999). Potential water-improvement by zeolite rocks from the Ikutahara district in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan: significance for the prevention of water bloom in Lake Abashiri. Resource Geology Sp. Iss. 20:151-159. Keywords: zeolite/ zeolite rock/ cation exchange capacity/ mineral composition/ hydrothermal alteration/ hydrothermal zeolitization/ environmental improvement/ Lake Abashiri/ Japan.

1612. Magalhães, V. F. de and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (1998). Ecological implications of hepatotoxic Microcystis aeruginosa in Jacarepaguá Lagoon, RJ-Brazil. In: B. Reguera, J. Blanco, Ma. L. Fernández, and T. Wyatt, (eds.) Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia Intergovernmental

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1613. Magalhães, V. F. de; Soares, R. M.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (2001). Microcystin contamination in fish from the Jacarepagúa Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): ecological implication and human health risk. Toxicon 39(7):1077-1085. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ Tilapia/ fish/ human health/ Rio de Janeiro/ Jacarepagúa Lagoon/ Brazil.

1614. Mahakhant, A.; Sano, T.; Ratanachot, P.; Tong-a-ram, T.; Srivastava, V. C.; Watanabe, M. M.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Detection of microcystins from cyanobacterial water blooms in Thailand fresh water. Phycol. Res. 46(Suppl.):25-29. Keywords: microcystins/ waterblooms/ Thailand.

1615. Mahar, J.; Lukacs, G. L.; Li, Y.; Hall, S.; and Moczydlowski, E. (1991). Pharmacological and biochemical properties of saxiphilin, a soluble saxitoxin-binding protein from the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Toxicon 29(1):53-71. Keywords: saxiphilin/ properties/ Rana catesbeiana.

1616. Mahmood, N. A. (1985). Neurotoxins from the Cyanobacteria Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525- 17 and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5 . Ph.D. Thesis. Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. 166 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ neurotoxin.

1617. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1987). Anatoxin-a(s), an anticholinesterase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17. Toxicon 25(11):1221-1227. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin.

1618. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1987). Anatoxin-a(s), an irreversible anticholinesterase from the blue-green algae Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17. Toxicon 25(2):148. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anticholinesterase. (Meeting Abstract)

1619. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1985). Chemical studies of freshwater cyanobacteria neurotoxins. Toxicon 23(1):33. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ neurotoxins. (Abstract)

1620. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Paralytic shellfish poisons produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5. Toxicon 24(2):175-186. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ PSP.

1621. Mahmood, N. A. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). The pharmacology of anatoxin-a(s), a neurotoxin produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525-17. Toxicon 24(5):425-434. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena/ anatoxin/ neurotoxin.

1622. Mahmood, N. A.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Pfahler, D. (1988). Anticholinesterase poisonings in dogs from a cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) bloom dominated by Anabaena flos-aquae. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49(4):500-503. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin/ neurotoxin/ dog poisoning.

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1623. Maier, H. R.; Burch, M. D.; and Bormans, M. (2001). Flow management strategies to control blooms of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena circinalis, in the River Murray at Morgan, South Australia. Regul. Rivers: Res. & Manage. 17(6):637-650. Keywords: Anabaena circinalis/ cyanobacterial bloom/ flow management/ River Murray/ rivers/ thermal stratification/ wind speed/ artificial neural networks/ lower Ebro River/ temperature/ Australia.

1624. Maier, H. R.; Sayed, T.; and Lence, B. J. (2000). Forecasting cyanobacterial concentrations using B-spline networks. J. Computing Civil Eng. 14(3):183-189. Keywords: feedforward neural networks/ River Murray/ algorithms/ ASMOD/ Australia.

1625. Maier, H. R.; Sayed, T.; and Lence, B. J. (2001). Forecasting cyanobacterium Anabaena spp. in the River Murray, South Australia, using B-spline neurofuzzy models. Ecol. Model. 146(1-3):85-96. Keywords: B-spline associative memory network/ fuzzy neural network/ water quality/ Anabaena/ cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)/ forecasting/ River Murray/ Australia.

1626. Main, D.C. (1994). Toxic algal blooms. Western Australia Dept. Agriculture Bull. Report # Farmnote 43/94. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ waterblooms.

1627. Main, D. C.; Berry, P. H.; Peet, R. L.; and Robertson, J. P. (1977). Sheep mortalities associated with the blue-green alga Nodularia spumigena. Aust. Vet. J. 53:578-581. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ sheep mortalities.

1628. Malbrouck, C.; Trausch, G.; Devos, P.; and Kestemont, P. (2003). Hepatic accumulation and effects of microcystin-LR on juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. 135(1):39-48. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ goldfish/ liver/ aminotransferases/ glutathione-S-transferase (GST)/ protein phosphatase/ lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/ Carassius auratus L.

1629. Maloney, T. E. and Carnes, R. A. (1966). Toxicity of a Microcystis waterbloom from an Ohio pond. Ohio J. Sci. 66(5):514-517. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Ohio.

1630. Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1984). Effect of extreme factors of the environment on the metabolism of substances in fish [effect of blue-green toxins on fish]. In: M. Shatunovskii, (ed.) Biol. Osn. Rybovod, Aktuol. Probl. Ekol. Fiziol. Biokhim. pp. 116-133. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish. (Russian)

1631. Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1983). Influence of anthropogenic eutrophication: effects on fish in the form of blue-green algae mass development (toxicity of blue-greens to fish). Arch. Hydrobiol. 97(4):417-424. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish.

1632. Malyarevskaya, A. Y. (1979). On causes of fish kills under the influence of blue-green algae. In: S.I.L. Worshop on Hypertrophic Ecosystems. Sept. 10-14; Vaxjo, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fish kills. (Abstract)

1633. Man, B. K. W.; Lam, M. H. W.; Lam, P. K. S.; Wu, R. S. S.; and Shaw, G. (2002). Cloud-point extraction and preconcentration of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) from natural waters using a cationic surfactant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36(18):3985-3990. Keywords: performance liquid chromatography/ protein phosphatase bioassay/ micelle-mediated extraction/ phase

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1635. Mankelow, D. P. and Neilan, B. A. (2000). Non-ribosomal peptide antibiotics. Expert Opin. Therapeut. Patents 10(10):1583-1591. Keywords: biosynthetic engineering/ combinatorial biosynthesis/ cyanobacteria/ non-ribosomal peptide/ peptide synthetase/ polyketide synthase.

1636. Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; Fladmark, K. E.; Døskeland, S. O.; Walter, Z.; and Zalewski, M. (2001). Apoptotic effect of cyanobacterial extract on rat hepatocytes and human lymphocytes. Environ. Toxicol. 16(3):225-233. Keywords: cyanobacterial extract/ microcystin-LR/ human lymphocytes/ rat hepatocytes/ apoptosis.

1637. Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; Jurczak, T.; Wojtysiak-Staniaszczyk, M.; and Zalewski, M. (2003). Test with luminescent bacteria for the toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom samples. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 12(8):861-864. Keywords: microcystins/ cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ Vibrio fischeri/ ToxAlert.

1638. Mankiewicz, J.; Walter, Z.; Tarczynska, M.; Palyvoda, O.; Wojtysiak-Staniaszczyk, M.; and Zalewski, M. (2002). Genotoxicity of cyanobacterial extracts containing microcystins from Polish water reservoirs as determined by SOS chromotest and comet assay. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):341-350. Keywords: cyanobacterial extract with microcystins/ standard microcystin-LR/ Escherichia coli PQ37/ human lymphocytes/ SOS Chromotest/ comet assay/ genotoxicity/ Poland/ water supplies.

1639. Mann, N. H. (2003). Phages of the marine cyanobacterial picophytoplankton. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27(1):17-34. Keywords: bacteriophage/ phage/ cyanophage/ marine/ Synechococcus/ Prochlorococcus/ picoplankton.

1640. Mansell, H. L. (1996). Synthetic approaches to anatoxin-a. Tetrahed. Lett. 52(17):6025-6061. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

1641. Marner, F-J. and Moore, R. E. (1977). Majusculamides A and B, two epimeric lipodipeptides from Lyngbya majuscula Gomont. J. Org. Chem. 42:2815-2818. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula/ toxic/ nontoxic.

1642. Marquez, B.; Verdier-Pinard, P.; Hamel, E.; and Gerwick, W. (1998). Curacin D, an antibiotic agent from the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula. Phytochem. 49(8):2387-2389. Keywords: Lyngbya majuscula/ curacin D/ marine/ cytotoxin.

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1646. Martin, C.; Codd, G. A.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Weckesser, J. (1989). Lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides of the cell envelope of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strains. Arch. Microbiol. 152(1):90-94. Keywords: lipopolysaccharides/ polysaccharides/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chemotype/ lipid A/ cell envelope/ cell wall.

1647. Martin, C.; Oberer, L.; Ino, T.; König, W. A.; Busch, M.; and Weckesser, J. (1993). Cyanopeptolins, new depsipeptides from the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. PCC 7806. J. Antibiot. 46(10):1550-1556. Keywords: depsipeptides/ Microcystis/ cyanopeptolins.

1648. Martin, C.; Sivonen, K.; Matern, U.; Dierstein, R.; and Weckesser, J. (1990). Rapid purification of the peptide toxins microcystin-LR and nodularin. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 68(1-2):1-6. Keywords: purification/ microcystin-LR/ nodularin.

1649. Martin, C.; Weckesser, J.; Ino, T.; and König, W. A. (1992). 7-desmethyl-microcystin-RR, a hepatotoxin from a waterbloom of Microcystis aeruginosa. Z. Naturfo. C 47(5-6):335-340. Keywords: hepatotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1650. Martin, J. F.; Izaguirre, G.; and Waterstrat, P. (1991). A planktonic Oscillatoria species from Mississippi catfish ponds that produces the off-flavor compound 2-methylisoborneol. Water Res. 25(12):1447-1451. Keywords: Oscillatoria/ Mississippi/ catfish ponds/ off-flavor/ planktonic aglae/ aquaculture/ isolation/ MIB/ 2-methylisoborneol.

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1652. Mason, C. P.; Edwards, K. R.; Carlson, R. E.; Pignatello, J.; Gleason, F. K.; and Wood, J. M. (1982). Isolation of chlorine-containing antibiotic from the freshwater cyanobacterium Scytonema hofmanni. Science 215:400-402. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Scytonema hofmanni/ antibiotic/ pharmaceutical/ isolation.

1653. Mason, M. F. and Wheeler, R. E. (1942). Observations upon the toxicity of blue-green algae. In: Fed. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. 36th Ann. Meeting. Vol. 1, pp. 124. Boston. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

1654. Matern, U.; Oberer, L.; Erhard, M.; Herdman, M.; and Weckesser, J. (2003). Hofmannolin, a cyanopeptolin from Scytonema hofmanni PCC 7110. Phytochem. 64(6):1061-1067. Keywords: Scytonema hofmanni/ cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptolins/ cyclic depsipeptides/ hofmannolin.

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1656. Matern, U.; Schleberger, C.; Jelakovic, S.; Weckesser, J.; and Schulz, G. E. (2003). Binding structure of elastase inhibitor scyptolin A. Chem. Biol. 10(10):997-1001. Keywords: porcine pancreatic elastase/ marine cyanobacteria/ depsipeptides/ cyanopeptolins/ peptides.

1657. Mathew, J. M. (1930). Hume Reservoir and algal infestation. Commonw. Eng. 17:401-405. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Hume Reservoir.

1658. Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996). Aeruginosins 102-A and B, new thrombin inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis (NIES-102). Tetrahed. 52(46):14501-14506. Keywords: thrombin inhibitor/ Microcystis viridis.

1659. Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996). Radiosumin, a trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga Plectonema radiosum. J. Org. Chem. 61(24):8648-8650. Keywords: trypsin inhibitor/ Plectonema radiosum.

1660. Matsunaga, H.; Harada, K-I.; Senma, M.; Ito, Y.; Yasuda, N.; Ushida, S.; and Kimura, Y. (1999). Possible cause of unnatural mass death of wild birds in a pond in Nishinomiya, Japan: sudden appearance of toxic cyanobacteria. Natural Toxins 7(2):81-84. Keywords: wild bird deaths/ toxic cyanobacteria/ Nishinomiya, Japan/ pond.

1661. Matsunaga, S.; Fujiki, H.; Sakata, D.; and Fusetani, N. (1991). Calyculins E, F, G, and H, additional inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx. Tetrahed. Lett. 47(18/19):2999-3006. Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibitors/ Discodermia calyx.

1662. Matsunaga, S.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Anatoxin-a(s), a potent anticholinesterase from Anabaena flos-aquae. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111(20):8021-8023. Keywords: anatoxin-a(s)/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anticholinesterase.

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1668. Mattsson, C. and Puu, G. (1979). Toxiska blagrona alger. In: FOA Rapport. Report # C 40098 - Cl . 8 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1669. Mattsson, R. and Willén, T. (1986). Toxin producing algae in Swedish lakes 1985 (Toxinbildande blagrona alger i svenska insjoar 1985). In: Naturvardsverket Rapport Laboratoriet for Miljokontroll. Uppsala. Report # 3096. 26 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

1670. Matveev, V.; Matveeva, L.; and Jones, G. J. (1994). Study of the ability of Daphnia carinata King to control phytoplankton and resist cyanobacterial toxicity: implications for biomanipulation in Australia. Aust. J. Mar Freshwater Res. 45:889-904. Keywords: Daphnia carinata/ biomanipulation.

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1672. May, V. (1988). Algae of Carcoar Dam, New South Wales, Australia. Cunninghamia 2(1):1-8. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Australia.

1673. May, V. (1978). Areas of recurrence of toxic algae within Burrinjuck Dam, New South Wales, Australia. Telopea 1(5):295-313. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

1674. May, V. (1972). Blue-green algal blooms at Braidwood, New South Wales, Australia. Sci. Bull. 82:1-45. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia/ waterbloom. (N.S.W. Dept. Agric.)

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1677. May, V. (1978). Ferric alum can reduce toxic algae in farm dams. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 89(4):6-7. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ ferric alum/ Australia.

1678. May, V. (1971). Forecasts of poisonous alga outbreaks? Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 82(3):116. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

1679. May, V. (1981). The occurrence of toxic cyanophyte blooms in Australia. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 127-142. 491 pp. Keywords: waterblooms/ Australia.

1680. May, V. (1974). Suppression of blue-green algal blooms in Braidwood Lagoon with alum. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 40:54-57. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ suppression/ Braidwood Lagoon/ Australia. (Technical Note)

1681. May, V. (1970). A toxic alga in New South Wales and its distribution. Contrib. N.S.W. Natl. Herb. 4(3):84-86. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ New South Wales/ Australia.

1682. May, V. and Baker, H. (1978). Reduction of Toxic Algae in Farm Dams by Ferric Alum. Bulletin #19, 16 pp. N.S.W. Dept. Agric. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ ferric alum/ Australia. (Technical Bulletin)

1683. May, V. and McBarron, E. J. (1973). Occurrence of the blue-green alga Anabaena circinalis Rabenh., in New South Wales and toxicity to mice and honey bees. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 39(4):264-266. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena circinalis/ New South Wales/ Australia/ toxicity/ mice/ honey bees.

1684. May, V. and Powell, J. M. (1986). Algae of the Peel River and the newly constructed Chaffey Dam, New South Wales, Australia. Cunninghamia 1(4):503-536. Keywords: waterblooms/ Australia.

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1686. McBarron, E. J. (1983). Algal Waterblooms. In: E. J. McBarron (au.) Poisonous Plants Handbook for Farmers and Graziers. N.S.W. Dept. Agric., Inkata Press: Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-2. 150 pp. Keywords: algal blooms/ poisonous/ Australia.

1687. McBarron, E. J. (1976). In: Medical and Veterinary Aspects of Plant Poisons in New South Wales. N.S.W. Dept. Agric.: Sydney, Australia, 243 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Australia.

1688. McBarron, E. J. and May, V. (1966). Poisoning of sheep in New South Wales by the blue-green alga, Anacystis cyanea (Küetz.) Dr. and Dail. Aust. Vet. J. 42:449-453. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anacystis cyanea/ sheep/ New South Wales/ Australia.

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1704. McLachlan, J. and Gorham, P. R. (1961). Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. in a precipitate-free medium buffered with Tris. Can. J. Microbiol. 7:869-882. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ culture/ ASM-1.

1705. McLachlan, J.; Hammer, U. T.; and Gorham, P. R. (1963). Observations on the growth and colony habits of ten strains of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Phycologia 2(4):157-168. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ culture/ growth.

1706. McLeod, J. A. and Bondar, G. F. (1952). A case of suspected algal poisoning in Manitoba. Can. J. Pub. Health 43:347. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ algal poisoning/ Manitoba/ Canada.

1707. McPhail, K. L. and Gerwick, W. H. (2003). Three new malyngamides from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 66(1):132-135. Keywords: Amide/ Papua, New Guinea/ Lyngbya majuscula.

1708. Meckler, H. (1983). The Total Synthesis of Anatoxin-a and Loline. Ph.D. Thesis. State Univ. of New York, Buffalo. 239 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ synthesis. (Diss. Abst. Int. B 1984, 44(7), 2161—Univ. Microfilms Int. Order # DA8325087)

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1710. Mehrotra, A. P. and Gani, D. (1996). Synthesis of functionalized cyclic pentapeptides analogues of the serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor nodularin. Tetrahed. Lett. 37(38):6915-6918. Keywords: nodularin/ protein phosphatase inhibition.

1711. Mehrotra, A. P.; Webster, K. L.; and Gani, D. (1997). Design and preparation of serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors based upon the nodularin and microcystin toxin structures. Part 1. Evaluation of key inhibitory features and synthesis of a rationally stripped-down nodularin macrocycle. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1997(17):2495-2511. Keywords: nodularin/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase inhibitors.

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1713. Meißner, K.; Dittmann, E.; and Börner, T. (1996). Toxic and non-toxic strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa contain sequences homologous to peptide synthetase genes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 135(2-3):295-303. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide synthetase genes.

1714. Meissner, K.; Dittmann, E.; and Börner, T. (1996). Toxic and nontoxic strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa contain sequences homologous to peptide synthetase genes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 135(2-3):295-303. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ sequences/ peptide synthetase genes.

1715. Mellgren, G.; Bruland, T.; Døskeland, A. P.; Flatmark, T.; Vintermyr, O. K.; and Døskeland, S. O. (1997). Synergistic antiproliferative actions of cyclic adensosine 3,5-monophasphate, interleukin-1ß, and activators of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in primary hepatocytes. Endocrinology 138(10):4373-4383. Keywords: protein kinase/ hepatocytes/ microcystin.

1716. Mellgren, G.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Bøe, R.; and Døskeland, S. O. (1993). Hepatocyte DNA replication is abolished by inhibitors selecting protein phosphatase 2A rather than phosphatase 1. Exp. Cell Res. 205:293-301. Keywords: hepatocyte/ DNA/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ PP1/ PP2A.

1717. Menear, K. A.; Dunnet, K. E.; Hastewell, J. G.; Eichler, H. G.; Gibson, J. C.; Kimble, E. F.; Kump, W.; and Taylor, P. W. (1992). Hypolipidaemic activity of a novel acylic ansamycin derivative. Arzneim.-Forsch.—Drug Res. 42(II No. 9):1125-1129. Keywords: ansamycin/ cyanotoxins.

1718. Mereish, K. A.; Bunner, D. L.; Ragland, D. R.; and Creasia, D. A. (1991). Protection against microcystin-LR induced hepatotoxicity by silmarin—biochemistry, histopathology and lethality. Pharmacol. Res. 8(2):273-277. Keywords: protection/ hepatotoxicity/ microcystin-LR.

1719. Mereish, K. A. and Solow, R. (1990). Effect of antihepatotoxic agents against microcystin-LR toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Pharmacol. Res. 7(3):256-259. Keywords: rat hepatocytes/ microcystin/ hepatotoxicity.

1720. Mereish, K. A. and Solow, R. (1989). Interaction of microcystin-LR with superchar: water decontamination and therapy. Clin. Toxicol. 27(4-5):271-280. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ water decontamination.

1721. Mereish, K. A.; Solow, R.; Singh, Y.; Bhatnager, R., and Wannemacher Jr., R. W. (1989). Comparative toxicity of cyclic polypeptides and depsipeptides on cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicologist. 9(1):68. Keywords: toxicity/cyclic polypeptides and depsipeptides/cultured rat hepatocytes. (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 — Abstract #272)

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1723. Meriluoto, J.; Härmälä-Braskén, A. S.; Eriksson, J.; Toivola, D.; and Lindholm, T. (1996). Choosing analytical strategy for microcystins. Phycologia 35(6 Suppl.):125-132. Keywords: microcystins/ analytical strategy.

1724. Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1997). Chromatography of microcystins (review). Analyt. Chim. Acta 352(1-3):277-298. Keywords: microcystins/ chromatography.

1725. Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1990). Liquid chromatographic analysis of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. Ph.D Thesis. Dept. Biochemistry & Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. 216 pp. Keywords: microcystins/ liquid chromatography.

1726. Meriluoto, J. A. O. (1990). Liquid chromatography analysis of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. Acta Academiae Aboensis 50(6):1-33. Keywords: microcystins/ hepatotoxins/ liquid chromatography.

1727. Meriluoto, J. A. O. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Internal surface reversed phase chromatography of cyanobacterial peptide toxins. In: Toxinproducing Algae. Oct. 20-21, 1988; Oslo, Norway. Keywords: HPLC/ reverse phase chromatography. (Meeting Abstract)

1728. Meriluoto, J. A. O. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Rapid analysis of peptide toxins in cyanobacteria. J. Chromat. 438(1):93-99. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ peptide/ analysis.

1729. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; Harada, K-I.; Dahlem, A. M.; Sivonen, K.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Internal surface reversed-phase high-performance liquid chormatographic separation of the cyanobacterial peptide toxins microcystin-LA, -LR, -YR, -RR and nodularin. J. Chromat. 509(2):390-395. Keywords: HPLC/ microcystin-LA/ microcystin-LR/ microcystin-YR/ microcystin-RR/ nodularin.

1730. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Kronberg, L. (1986). Isolering av och egenskaper hos piptidtoxiner hos chanobakterier. In: Nordiskt Mote on Organiska Miljogifter. Sept. 9-12, 1986; Braviken, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish — Poster)

1731. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Kronberg, L. (1986). Preparative isolering av och toxicitet hos tva peptidtoxiner fran blagronalger (cyanobakterier). In: Nordiskt Mote om Organiska Miljogifter 1986. Sept. 9-12, 1986; Braviken, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish — Poster)

1732. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Lindholm, T. (1987). Syanobakteerien hepatotoksiinien kemiasta. In: Biotieteen Paivat. May 26-27, 1987; Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish — Poster)

1733. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Isaksson, K.; Soini, H.; Nygård, S. E.; and Eriksson, J. E. (1990). Retention mechanisms and selectivity in internal-surface reversed-phase liquid chromatography—studies with cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Chromatographia 30(5-6):301-308. Keywords: peptide toxin studies/ retention mechanisms/ selectivity/ chromatography.

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1735. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Lawton, L.; and Harada, K. (2000). Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. In: O. Holst (ed.) Bacterial Toxins: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey, Vol. 145, pp. 65-87. 379 pp. Methods in Molecular Biology. Keywords: microcystins/ nodularins/ hepatotoxins/ isolation/ detection.

1736. Meriluoto, J. A. O. and Nygård, S. (1989). Internal surface reversed phase liquid chromatography of cyanobacterial peptide toxins—a low pH approach. In: Nordic Symposium Organic Environmental Chemicals. Sept. 11-14, 1989; Joensuu. Keywords: microcystins/ HPLC/ liquid chromatography. (Poster)

1737. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Nygård, S. E.; Dahlem, A. M.; and Eriksson, J. E. (1990). Synthesis, organotropism and hepatocellular uptake of two tritium-labeled epimers of dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyanobacterial peptide toxin analog. Toxicon 28(12):1439-1446. Keywords: synthesis/ uptake/ epimers/ dihydromicrocystin-LR.

1738. Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Sandström, A.; Eriksson, J. E.; Remaud, G.; Craig, A. G.; and Chattopadhyaya, J. (1989). Structure and toxicity of a peptide hepatotoxin from the cyanobacterium Oscilllatoria agardhii. Toxicon 27(9):1021-1034. Keywords: structure/ toxicity/ hepatotoxin/ Oscilllatoria agardhii.

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1740. Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; Ressler, J.; Gerbersdorf, S.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Codd, G. A. (2002). Cross-reactivity and performance assessment of four microcystin immunoassays with detoxication products of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR. J. Water Supply Res. Technol.–Aqua 51(3):145-151. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ ELISA/ immunoassays/ microcystin.

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1802. Moore, R. E. (1981). Constituents of blue-green algae. In: P. J. Scheuer (ed.) Marine Natural Products: Chemical and Biological Perspectives. Academic Press: New York, Vol. IV, pp. 1-52, Ch. 1. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

1803. Moore, R. E. (1992). Cyanobacterial toxins. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 203:482. Keywords: toxins/ cyanobacterial. (Meeting Abstract)

1804. Moore, R. E. (1996). Cyclic peptides and depsipeptides from cyanobacteria: a review. J. Ind. Microbiol. 16(2):134-143. Keywords: natural products/ hepatotoxins/ fungicides/ antitumor agents/ enzyme inhibitors/ cyclic peptides/ depsipeptides.

1805. Moore, R. E. (1984). Public health and toxins from marine blue-green algae. In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.) Seafood Toxins. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp. 369-376. v. Symposium Series 262. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/ public health.

1806. Moore, R. E. (1984). Structure-activity studies of aplysiatoxin-type tumor promoters. In: H. Fujiki, E. Heeker, R. E. Moore, T. Sugimura, and I. B. Weinstein (eds.) Cellular Interactions by Environmental Tumor Promoters. Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo/VNU Science Press: Utrecht, pp. 49-57. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ tumor promoters.

1807. Moore, R. E. (1982). Toxins, anticancer agents, and tumor promoters from marine prokaryotes. Pure Appl. Chem. 54:1919-1934. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/ pharmaceuticals/ products/ anticancer/ toxin.

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1808. Moore, R. E. (1977). Toxins from blue-green algae. Bioscience 27(12):797-802. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

1809. Moore, R. E. (1981). Toxins from marine blue-green algae. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 15-23. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ Schizothrix/ Oscillatoria/ lyngbyatoxin/ aplsiatoxin/ teleocidin/ dermatitis/ tumor promoter.

1810. Moore, R. E.; Banarjee, S.; Bornemann, V.; Caplan, F. R.; Chen, J-L.; Corley, D. G.; Larsen, L. K.; Moore, B. S.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Paul, V. J.; Stewart, J. B.; and Williams, D. E. (1989). Novel cytotoxins and fungicides from blue-green algae and marine animals possessing algal symbionts. Pure Appl. Chem. 61(3):521-524. Keywords: cytotoxins/ fungicides/ algal symbionts.

1811. Moore, R. E.; Blackman, A. J.; Cheuk, C. E.; Mynderse, J. S.; Matsumoto, G. K.; Clardy, J.; Woodard, R. W.; and Craig, J. C. (1984). Absolute stereochemistries of the aplysiatoxins and oscillatoxin A. J. Org. Chem. 49:2484-2489. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ oscillatoxin/ structure/ stereochemistry.

1812. Moore, R. E.; Bornemann, V.; Niemczura, W. P.; Gregson, J. M.; Chen, J-L.; Norton, T. R.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Helms, G. L. (1989). Puwainaphycin C, a cardioactive cyclic peptide from the blue-green alga Anabaena BQ-16-1. Use of two-dimensional 13C-13C and 13C-15N correlation spectroscopy in sequencing the amino acid units. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111(16):6128-6132. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena/ cardioactive/ mass spectrometry.

1813. Moore, R. E.; Chen, J-L.; Moore, B. S.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1991). Biosynthesis of microcystin-LR—origin of the carbons in the Adda and Masp units. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113(13):5083-5084. Keywords: biosynthesis/ microcystin-LR/ Adda/ Masp.

1814. Moore, R. E.; Cheuk, C.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1984). Hapalindoles: new alkaloids from the blue-green alga Hapalosiphon fontinalis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:6456-6457. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Hapalosiphon/ haplindoles/ alkaloids.

1815. Moore, R. E.; Cheuk, C.; Yang, X-Q. G.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Mynderse, J. S.; Foster, R. S.; Jones, N. D.; Swartzendruber, J. K.; and Deeter, J. B. (1987). Hapalindoles, antibacterial and antimycotic alkaloids from the cyanophyte Hapalosiphon fontinalis. J. Org. Chem. 52(6):1036-1043. Keywords: cyano/ toxin/ marine/ products/ anticancer/ antibacterial/ Hapalosiphon/ hapalindoles/ antibacterial/ antimycotic/ alkaloids.

1816. Moore, R. E.; Corbett, T. H.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Valeriote, F. A. (1996). The search for new antitumor drugs from blue-green algae. Curr. Pharmaceut. Design 2(3):317-330. Keywords: search/ antitumor drugs/ blue-green algae.

1817. Moore, R. E. and Entzeroth, M. (1988). Majusculamide D and deoxymajusculamide D, two cytotoxins from Lyngbya majuscula. Phytochem. 27(10):3101-3103. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/ Lyngbya/ cytotoxin/ antifungal/ HPLC.

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1818. Moore, R. E.; Ohtani, I.; Moore, B. S.; Koning, C. B. de; Yoshida, W. Y.; Runnegar, M. T.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1993). Cyanobacterial toxins. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 123(6):329-336. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ cyanobacterial.

1819. Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1988). New pharmaceuticals from cultured blue-green algae. In: D. G. Fautin (ed.) Biomedical Importance of Marine Organisms. California Academy of Sciences: San Francisco, Vol. 13, pp. 143-150. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ pharmaceuticals/ marine/ products.

1820. Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Entzeroth, M.; Morimoto, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hakii, H.; Fujiki, H.; and Sugimura, T. (1986). Binding studies of [3H]lyngbyatoxin A and [3H]debromoaplysiatoxin to the phorbol ester receptor in a mouse epidermal particulate fraction. Carcinogenesis 7(4):641-644. Keywords: cyano/ toxin/ Lyngbya/ lyngbyatoxin/ aplysiatoxin.

1821. Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Mynderse, J. S.; Barchi Jr., J. J.; Norton, T. R; Furusawa, E.; and Furusawa, S. (1986). Toxins from cyanophytes belonging to the Scytonemataceae. Pure Appl. Chem. 58(2):263-271. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Scytonema/ cytotoxins.

1822. Moore, R. E.; Yang, X-Q. G.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1987). Fontonamide and anyhdrohapaloxindole A, two new alkaloids from the blue-green alga Hapalosiphon fontinalis. J. Org. Chem. 52:3733-3777. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Hapalosiphon/ fontonamide/ anyhdrohapaloxindole/ antifungal/ NMR.

1823. Moorhead, G.; MacKintosh, C.; Morrice, N.; and Cohen, P. (1995). Purification of the hepatic glycogen-associated form of protein phosphatase 1 by microcystin-sepharose affinity chromatography. FEBS Lett. 362(2):101-105. Keywords: purification/ protein phosphatase 1/ chromatography.

1824. Moorhead, G.; MacKintosh, R. W.; Morrice, N.; Gallagher, T.; and MacKintosh, C. (1994). Purification of type-1 protein (serine/threonine) phosphatases by microcystin-sepharose affinity-chromatography. FEBS Lett. 356(1):46-50. Keywords: purification/ phosphatases/ microcystin-sepharose affinity-chromatography.

1825. Mori, T.; Gustafson, K. R.; Pannell, L. K.; Shoemaker, R. H.; Wu, L.; McMahon, J. B.; and Boyd, M. R. (1998). Recombinant production of cyanovirin-N, a potent human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein derived from a cultured cyanobacterium. Protein Expres. Pur. 12(2):151-158. Keywords: production/ cyanovirin-N/ human immunodeficiency virus.

1826. Mori, Y.; Kohchi, Y.; Noguchi, H.; Suzuki, M.; Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Isotactic polymethoxy-1-aldenes from the terrestrial blue-green alga Scytonema ocellatum: structure and synthesis. Tetrahed. 47(27):4889-4904. Keywords: Scytonema ocellatum/ cytotoxins.

1827. Mori, Y.; Kohchi, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1991). Isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkenes from blue-green algae: synthesis and absolute stereochemistry. J. Org. Chem. 56(2):631-637. Keywords: synthesis/ stereochemistry/ cytotoxins.

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1828. Mosulishvili, L. M.; Kirkesali, E. I.; Belokobylsky, A. I.; Khizanishvili, A. I.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Pavlov, S. S.; and Gundorina, S. F. (2002). Experimental substantiation of the possibility of developing selenium- and iodine-containing pharmaceuticals based on blue-green algae Spirulina platensis. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 30(1):87-97. Keywords: blue-green algae/ Spirulina platensis/ selenium/ iodine/ neutron activation analysis.

1829. Mouchet, P. and Bonnélye, V. (1998). Solving algae problems: French expertise and world-wide applications. J. Water Supply Res. Technol.–Aqua 47(3):125-141. Keywords: algae problems/ French.

1830. Muir, J. C.; Pattenden, G.; and Ye, T. (1998). A concise total synthesis of (+)-curacin A, a novel cyclopropyl substituted thiazoline from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Tetrahed. Lett. 39(18):2861-2864. Keywords: synthesis/ curacin A/ Lyngbya majuscula.

1831. Muir, J. C.; Pattenden, G.; and Ye, T. (2002). Total synthesis of (+)-curacin A, a novel antimitotic metabolite from a cyanobacterium. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002(20):2243-2250. Keywords: ascidian lissoclinum-patella/ alpha-amino aldehydes/ curacin A/ Lyngbya majuscula/ thioacylating agents/ natural product/ enantioselective synthesis/ absolute configuration/ organoboron compounds/ secondary alcohols.

1832. Muittari, A.; Kuusisto, P.; Virtanen, P.; Sovijarvi, A.; Gronroos, P.; Harmoinen, A.; Antila, P.; and Kellomaki, L. (1980). An epidemic of extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by tap water. Clin. Allergy 10:77-90. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ allergic. (Finnish)

1833. Muittari, A.; Rylander, R.; and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1980). Endotoxin and bathwater fever. Lancet II:C89. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ endotoxin/ bathwater fever.

1834. Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; and Cano, M. M. S. de. (1996). Bioactive substances from Spirulina platensis (cyanobacteria). Phyton–Int. J. Exp. Bot. 58(1-2):93-96. Keywords: bioactive substances/ Spirulina platensis .

1835. Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; and Halperín, D. R. de. (1991). Bioactive compounds from Nostoc muscorum (cyanobacteria). Cytobios 66:169-172. Keywords: bioactive compounds/ Nostoc muscorum/ cyanobacteria.

1836. Mulhearn, C. J. (1959). Beware algae! They can poison livestock. J. Agric. S. Aust. 62(9):406-408. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock poisoning.

1837. Mulholland, M. R. and Capone, D. G. (2000). The nitrogen physiology of the marine N-2-fixing cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Trends Plant Sci. 5(4):148-153. Keywords: Trichodesmium/ north Atlantic Ocean/ dissolved organic nitrogen/ nonheterocystous cyanobacterium/ diazotrophiccyanobacteria/ glutamine synthetase/ natural populations/ Pacific Ocean/ Anabaena cylindrica/ circadian rhythm/ gene expression.

1838. Mullor, J. B. (1945). Toxic algae (Algas toxicas). Rev. Sanid., Asist. Social Trabajo 1:95. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Spanish)

1839. Mullor, J.B. and Wachs, A.M. (1950). Algas toxicas. In: 1948 Reports of the South American Congress of Chemistry. Keywords: toxic algae. (Spanish)

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1840. Mullor, J. B. and Wachs, A. M. (1948). Some characteristics of toxic alga Anabaena venenosa (Algunas caracteristicas del alga toxica Anabaena venenosa). In: Contreso Sudamericano Quimica, 4th Trabajos Presentados. Vol. 1, pp. 326-327. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena venenosa. (Spanish)

1841. Mundt, S.; Effmert, U.; Granitzka, V.; Novotny, A.; and Teuscher, E. (1991). Immunosuppressive substances from blue-green algae. Agents Actions 32(1-2):117-118. Keywords: immunosuppressive substances/ blue-green algae.

1842. Mundt, S.; Kreitlow, S.; and Jansen, R. (2003). Fatty acids with antibacterial activity from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria redekei HUB 051. J. Appl. Phycol. 15(2-3):263-267. Keywords: alpha-dimorphecolic acid/ agar plate diffusion test/ antibacterial activity/ coriolic acid/ cyanobacteria/ hydroxy fatty acids/ Limnothrix redekei/ minimal inhibition concentration/ Oscillatoria redekei .

1843. Mundt, S. and Teuscher, E. (1988). Blue algae as a source of pharmacologically active compounds (Blaualgen als quelle pharmakologish aktiver verbindurgen). Pharmazie 43(12):809-815. Keywords: cytotoxins/ cyanotoxins. (German)

1844. Mundt, S. and Teuscher, E. (1987). Cyanobacteria, a source of pharmacological-active compounds. Pharmazie 42(3):218. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ pharmaceutical/ cytotoxins. (German — Meeting Abstract)

1845. Murakami, M.; Ishida, K.; Okino, T.; Okita, Y.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Aeruginosins 98 A and B, trypsin inhibitors from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa (NIES-98). Tetrahed. Lett. 36(16):2785-2788. Keywords: trypsin inhibitors/ Microcystis aeruginosa .

1846. Murakami, M.; Kodani, S.; Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Micropeptin 103, a chymotrypsin inhibitor from the cyanobactrium Microcystis viridis (NIES-103). Tetrahed. Lett. 38(17):3035-3038. Keywords: cytotoxins/ micropeptin/ Microcystis viridis.

1847. Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; Makabe, K.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1991). Oscillariolide, a novel macrolide from a blue-green alga Oscillatoria sp. Tetrahed. Lett. 32(21):2391-2394. Keywords: macrolide/ Oscillatoria.

1848. Murakami, M.; Okita, Y.; Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1994). Aeruginosin 298 A, a thrombin and trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa (NIES 298). Tetrahed. Lett. 35(19):3129-3132. Keywords: aeruginosin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ thrombin inhibitor.

1849. Murakami, M.; Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Ishida, K.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). A cyclic peptide, anabaenopeptin-B, from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii. Phytochem. 44(3):449-452. Keywords: anabaenopeptin/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

1850. Murakami, M.; Sun, Q.; Ishida, K.; Matsuda, H.; Okino, T.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Microviridins, elastase inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Nostoc minutum (NIES-26). Phytochem. 45(6):1197-1202. Keywords: microviridins/ Nostoc minutum.

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1852. Murakami, N.; Imamura, H.; Sakakibara, J.; and Yamada, N. (1990). Seven new monogalactosyl diacylglycerols isolated from the axenic cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 38(12):3497-3499. Keywords: axenic/ cyanobacterium/ Phormidium tenue / galactolipid/ monogalactosyl diacylglycerol/ enzymatic hydrolysis/ lipase/ lysis.

1853. Murakami, N.; Morimoto, T.; Imamura, H.; Ueda, T.; Nagai, S.; Sakakibara, J.; and Yamada, N. (1991). Studies on glycolipids. III. Glyceroclycolipids from an axenically cultured cyanobacterium, Phormidium tenue. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 39(9):2277-2281. Keywords: glyceroclycolipids/ Phormidium tenue/ glycolipids.

1854. Murakami, N.; Shirahashi, H.; Sakakibara, J.; and Tsuchida, Y. (1992). A novel glyceroglycolipid from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae f. flos-aquae. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 40(1):285-287. Keywords: glyceroglycolipid/ Anabaena flos-aquae.

1855. Murata, H.; Shoji, H.; Oshikata, M.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; and Goto, H. (1995). High-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection of derivatized microcystins. J. Chromat. A 693(2):263-270. Keywords: HPLC/ microcystins/ detection.

1856. Murphy, P. J. and Thomas, C. W. (2001). The synthesis and biological activity of the marine metabolite cylindrospermopsin. Chem. Soc. Rev. 30(5):303-312. Keywords: cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ Lake Kinneret/ hepatotoxin/ cylindrospermopsin/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ enantioselective synthesis/ Umezakia natans raciborskii/ toxicity/ toxins.

1857. Murphy, R. C. and Stevens Jr., S. E. (1995). Development of a cyanobacterial biolarvicide. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz 90(1):109-113. Keywords: development/ cyanobacterial/ biolarvicide.

1858. Murphy, T. (2003). Global perspectives and limitations of lake restoration. In: M. Kumagai and W. F. Vincent, (eds.) Freshwater Management. Springer: Tokyo/New York, pp. 83-98. Keywords: climate change/ atmospheric mercury/ algal blooms/ Great Lakes/ phosphorus/ water/ cyanobacteria/ sulfate/ eutrophication/ groundwater.

1859. Murphy, T.; Lawson, A.; Nalewajko, C.; Murkin, H.; Ross, L.; Oguma, K.; and McIntyre, T. (2000). Algal toxins — initiators of avian botulism? Environ. Toxicol. 15(5):558-567. Keywords: algal toxins/ microcystins/ avian botulism/ Clostridium/ biogeochemistry.

1860. Murphy, T. P.; Irvine, K.; Guo, J.; Davies, J.; Murkin, H.; Charlton, M.; and Watson, S. B. (2003). New microcystin concerns in the lower Great Lakes. Water Quality Res. J. Canada 38(1):127-140. Keywords: microcystin/ Microcystis/ botulism/ algal toxins/ blue-green algae/ Danio rerio/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ cyanobacteria/ LR/ water/ decomposition/ accumulation/ aeruginosa/ zebrafish/ Hamilton Harbour, Ontario.

1861. Murphy, T. P.; Lean, D. R. S.; and Nalewajko, C. (1976). Blue-green algae: their excretion of iron-selective chelators enables them to dominate other algae. Science 192(28):900-903. Keywords: iron/ chelators/ dominance.

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1862. Murthy, J. R. and Capindale, J. B. (1970). A new isolation and structure for the endotoxin from Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1. Can. J. Biochem. 48(4):508-510. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation/ structure.

1863. Murthy, J. R.; Crompton, C. M.; Hainey, S.; Codd, G. A.; and Hutchison, C. J. (1995). The role of protein phosphorylation in the assembly of a replication competent nucleus: investigations in Xenopus egg extracts using the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. J. Cell Sci. 108:235-244. Keywords: role/ protein phosphorylation/ microcystin-LR/ DNA replication/ nuclear assembly.

1864. Mynderse, J. S. and Hunt, A. H. (1988). 57-normajusculamide C, a minor cyclic depsipeptide isolated from Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 51(6):1299-1301. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ marine/ Lyngbya majuscula/ antifungal/ NMR.

1865. Mynderse, J. S. and Moore, R. E. (1978). Toxins from blue-green algae: structures of oscillatoxin A and three related bromine-containing toxins. J. Org. Chem. 43:2301-2303. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ oscillatoxin/ structure.

1866. Mynderse, J. S.; Moore, R. E.; Kashiwagi, M.; and Norton, T. R. (1977). Antileukemia activity in the Oscillatoriaceae: isolation of debromoaplysiatoxin from Lyngbya. Science 196:538-540. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ oscillatoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ antileukemia/ anticancer.

1867. Naegeli, H.; Sahin, A.; Braun, U.; Hauser, B.; Mez, K.; Hanselmann, K.; Preisig, H. R.; Bivetti, A.; and Eitel, J. (1997). Sudden deaths of cattle on alpine pastures in South-eastern Switzerland. Schw. Arch. Tier. 139(5):201-209. Keywords: cattle/ poisoning/ Switzerland. (German)

1868. Nagai, H.; Satake, M.; Murata, M.; and Yasumoto, T. (1990). Screening of marine phytoplankton for antifungal substances. In: E. Granéli, B. Sundstrom, L. Edler, and D. Anderson, (eds.) Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier Science Publishing: St. Louis, Missouri. pp. 385-390. 554 pp. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. June 26-30, 1989; Lund, Sweden. Keywords: cytotoxins/ marine.

1869. Nagai, H.; Yasumoto, T.; and Hokama, Y. (1996). Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin as the causative agents of a red alga: Gracilaria coronopifolia poisoning in Hawaii. Toxicon 37(7):753-761. Keywords: aplysiatoxin/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ Gracilaria coronopifolia/ red algae/ Hawaii.

1870. Nagashima, Y.; Noguchi, T.; and Hashimoto, K. (1989). Detection of paralytic shellfish poisons by HPLC. In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins '88, a Collection of Invited Papers Presented at the 7th International IUPAC Symposium. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam, Netherlands. 484 pp. Bioactive Molecules. Vol. 10. August 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: saxitoxins/ HPLC/ detection.

1871. Nagata, S.; Soutome, H.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Sekijima, M.; Sugamata, M.; Harada, K-I.; Suganuma, M.; and Ueno, Y. (1995). Novel monoclonal antibodies against microcystin and their protective activity for hepatotoxicity. Natural Toxins 3:78-86. Keywords: Microcystis/ blue-green algae/ hepatocytes/ protein phosphatase/ ELISA/ microcystin/ antibodies/ monoclonal/ hepatotoxicity.

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1872. Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Watanabe, M. F.; and Ueno, Y. (1995). Determination of microcystin in environmental water by highly sensitive immunoassay. Jap. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 41:10. Keywords: immunoassay/ microcystin. (Proc. 20th Symposium on Toxicology & Environ. Health, Sept. 21-22, 1994, Tokyo, Japan)

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1874. Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Yoshida, F.; and Ueno, Y. (1999). A new type sandwich immunoassay for microcystin—production of monoclonal antibodies specific to the immune-complex formed by microcystin and an anti-microcystin monoclonal antibody. Natural Toxins 7(2):49-55. Keywords: immunoassay/ microcystin/ monoclonal antibody.

1875. Nagatsu, A.; Kajitani, H.; and Sakakibara, J. (1995). Muscoride A: a new oxazole peptide alkaloid from freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Tetrahed. Lett. 36(23):4097-4100. Keywords: muscoride A/ alkaloid/ Nostoc muscorum/ cytotoxin.

1876. Nagle, D. G. and Gerwick, W. H. (1995). Nakienones A-C and nakitriol, new cytotoxic cyclic C11 metabolites from an Okinawan cyanobacterial (Synechocystis sp.) overgrowth of coral. Tetrahed. Lett. 36(6):849-852. Keywords: cytotoxic metabolites/ Synechocystis sp./ Okinawa/ coral.

1877. Nagle, D. G. and Inderjit (2002). The chemistry and chemical ecology of biologically active cyanobacterial metabolites. In: Chemical Ecology of Plants: Allelopathy in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. pp. 33-56. Keywords: ecology/ metabolites.

1878. Nagle, D. G. and Paul, V. J. (1998). Chemical defense of a marine cyanobacterial bloom. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 225(1):29-38. Keywords: marine/ cyanobacterial bloom/ chemical defense/ cytotoxins.

1879. Nagle, D. G.; Sultana, G. N. N.; Schrader, K. K.; Hossain, C. F.; Stanikunaite, R.; Hamann, M. T.; and Rajbhandari, I. (2003). Secondary metabolites from plants and marine organisms as selective anti-cyanobacterial agents. In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.) Off-Flavors in Aquaculture. American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 179-194. 268 pp. ACS Symposium Series. Keywords: seaweed chemical defenses/ blue-green alga/ absolute configuration/ Fischerella muscicola/ natural algicide/ udoteatrial hydrate/ Scytonema hofmanni/ photosystem-II/ herbivores.

1880. Nagle, D. G. and Wedge, D. E. (2002). Antifungal properties of cyanobacteria and algae: ecological and agricultural implications. In: Chemical Ecology of Plants: Allelopathy in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. pp. 7-32. Keywords: antifungal properties/ cytotoxins.

1881. Nagle, D. G.; Zhou, Y-D.; Park, P. U.; Paul, V. J.; Rajbhandari, I.; Duncan, C. J. G.; and Pasco, D. S. (2000). A new indanone from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula that inhibits hypoxia-induced activation of the VEGF promoter in Hep3B cells. J. Natural Products 63(10):1431-1436. Keywords: Schizothrix calcicola/ symploca hydnoides/ metabolites/ analog/ Lyngbya majuscula/ cytotoxins.

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1882. Nakai, S.; Inoue, Y.; and Hosomi, M. (2001). Algal growth inhibition effects and inducement modes by plant-producing phenols. Water Res. 35(7):1855-1859. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ growth inhibition/ shikimate pathway/ autoxidation/ phenol/ polyphenol.

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1885. Nakano, M.; Nakano, Y.; Saitotaki, T.; Mori, N.; Kojima, M.; Ohtake, A.; and Shirai, M. (1989). Toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa K-139 strain. Microbiol. Immunol. 33(9):787-792. Keywords: toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ mice. (Technical Note)

1886. Nakano, Y.; Shirai, M.; Mori, N.; and Nakano, M. (1991). Neutralization of microcystin shock in mice by tumor necrosis factor alpha antiserum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(1):327-330. Keywords: microcystin shock/ neutralization/ mice/ antiserum/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1887. Nakayasu, M.; Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Sugimura, T.; and Moore, R. E. (1981). Teleocidin, lyngbyatoxin A and their hydrogenerated derivatives, possible tumor promoters induce terminal differentiation in HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett. 12:271-277. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ lyngbyatoxin/ tumor promoters.

1888. Nalecz-Jawecki, G.; Tarczynska, M.; and Sawicki, J. (2002). Evaluation of the toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs with microbiotests. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 11(7):347-351. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ drinking water/ reservoirs/ Spirotox/ Thamnotoxkit F/ Daphtoxkit F.

1889. Namera, A.; So, A.; and Pawliszyn, J. (2002). Analysis of anatoxin-a in aqueous samples by solid phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and on-fiber derivatization. J. Chromat. A 963(1-2):295-302. Keywords: solid phase microextraction/ anatoxins/ toxins/ fluorometric detection/ mass spectrometry/ cyanobacteria.

1890. Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sakai, R.; Jareserijman, E. A.; Kaup, A. M; and Rinehart, K. L. (1993). 9-Deazaadenosine and its 5'-alpha-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the cyanobacterium Anabaena affinis strain VS-1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115(6):2504-2505. Keywords: Anabaena affinis/ cytotoxins.

1891. Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sakai, R.; Jareserijman, E. A.; Kaup, A. M.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1993). 9-deazaadenosine and its 5'-alpha-d-glucopyranoside from the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena affinis strain VS-1. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 205:252. Keywords: 9-deazaadenosine/ Anabaena affinis/ cytotoxins. (Meeting Abstract)

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1892. Namikoshi, M.; Choi, B. W.; Sakai, R.; Sun, F.; Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; Cruz, P.; Munro, M. H. G.; and Blunt, J. W. (1994). New nodularins: a general method for structure assignment. J. Org. Chem. 59:2349-2357. Keywords: nodularins/ structure.

1893. Namikoshi, M.; Choi, B. W.; Sun, F. R.; Rinehart, K. L.; Evans, W. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1993). Chemical characterization and toxicity of dihydro derivatives of nodularin and microcystin-LR, potent cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 6(2):151-158. Keywords: nodularin/ microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxins.

1894. Namikoshi, M.; Murakami, T.; Watanabe, M. F.; Oda, T.; Yamada, J.; Tsujimura, S.; Nagai, H.; and Oishi, S. (2003). Simultaneous production of homoanatoxin-a, antitoxin-a, and a new non-toxic 4-hydroxyhomoanatoxin-a by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja. Toxicon 42(5):533-538. Keywords: Raphidiopsis mediterranea/ homoanatoxin-a/ 4-hydroxyhomoanatoxin-a/ antitoxin-a/ cyanobacterium/ neurotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ biosynthesis.

1895. Namikoshi, M. and Rinehart, K. L. (1996). Bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria. J. Ind. Microbiol. 17(5-6):373-384. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

1896. Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1989). Total synthesis of Adda, the unique C20 amino acid of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins. Tetrahed. Lett. 30(33):4349-4352. Keywords: synthesis/ Adda.

1897. Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Sakai, R.; Sivonen, K.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Structures of three new cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Nostoc sp. strain 152. J. Org. Chem. 55(25):6135-6139. Keywords: structures/ cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins/ Nostoc.

1898. Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Sakai, R.; Stotts, R. R.; Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Evans, W. R. (1992). Identification of 12 hepatotoxins from a Homer Lake bloom of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis viridis, and Microcystis wesenbergii: nine new microcystins. J. Org. Chem. 57(3):866-872. Keywords: identification/ hepatotoxins/ Homer Lake, Illinois/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Microcystis viridis/ Microcystis wesenbergii/ microcystins.

1899. Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rouhiainen, L.; Luukkainen, R.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Structures of three new homotyrosine-containing microcystins and a new homophenylalanine variant from Anabaena sp. strain 66. Chem Res Toxicol. 5(5):661-666. Keywords: structure/ microcystins/ Anabaena.

1900. Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun, F.; Rouhiainen, L.; Luukkainen, R.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Two new L-serine variants of microcystins-LR and -RR from Anabaena sp. strains 202 A1 and 202 A2. Toxicon 30(11):1457-1464. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR/ Anabaena.

1901. Namikoshi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Evans, W. R.; Sun, F.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Isolation and structures of microcystins from a cyanobacterial water bloom (Finland). Toxicon 30(11):1473-1479. Keywords: microcystins/ isolation/ structure/ Finland.

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1902. Namikoshi, M.; Sun, F. R.; Choi, B. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; and Beasley, V. R. (1995). Seven more microcystins from Homer Lake cells: application of the general method for structure assignment of peptides containing --dehydroamino acid unit(s). J. Org. Chem. 60(12):3671-3679. Keywords: microcystins/ Homer Lake/ Ilinois/ peptides.

1903. Namikoshi, M.; Yuan, M.; Sivonen, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; Rouhiainen, L.; Sun, F.; Brittain, S.; and Otsuki, A. (1998). Seven new microcystins possessing two L-Glutamic acid units, isolated from Anabaena sp. strain 186. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11(2):143-149. Keywords: microcystins/ Anabaena.

1904. Nandini, S. (2000). Responses of rotifers and cladocerans to Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae): a demographic study. Aquat. Ecol. 34:227-242. Keywords: responses/ rotifers/ cladocerans/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1905. Nandini, S.; Sarma, S. S. S.; and Ramirez-Garcia, P. (2000). Life table demography and population growth of Daphnia laevis (Cladocera, Anomopoda) under different densities of Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa. Crustaceana 73(10):1273-1286. Keywords: toxic cyanobacterium/ zooplankton/ rotifers/ food/ Chlorella vulgaris/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

1906. Naseem, S. M.; Hines, H. B.; and Creasia, D. A. (1990). Inhibition of microcystin-induced release of cyclooxygenase products from rat hepatocytes by anti-inflammatory steroids. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 195(3):345-349. Keywords: inhibition/ microcystin/ cyclooxygenase products release/ rat hepatocytes/ steroids.

1907. Naseem, S. M.; Mereish, K. A.; Solow, R.; and Hines, H. B. (1991). Microcystin-induced activation of prostaglandin synthesis and phospholipid metabolism in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol. in Vitro 5(4):341-345. Keywords: microcystin/ activation/ prostaglandin/ phospholipid/ rat hepatocytes.

1908. Navrátil, S.; Palíkova, M.; and Vajcova, V. (1998). The effects of pure microcystin-LR and biomass of blue-green on blood indices of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Acta Vet. Brno 67(4):273-279. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ biomass/ blood/ carp/ Cyprinus carpio L.

1909. Negri, A.; Llewellyn, L.; Doyle, J.; Webster, N.; Frampton, D.; and Blackburn, S. (2003). Paralytic shellfish toxins are restricted to few species among Australia's taxonomic diversity of cultured microalgae. J. Phycol. 39(4):663-667. Keywords: saxitoxin/ screen/ diversity/ microalgae/ paralytic shellfish toxin/ radioreceptor assays/ Anabaena circinalis/ sodium channel/ cyanobacterium/ saxiphilin/ saxitoxin/ receptor/ poisons/ waters/ HPLC/ Australia.

1910. Negri, A. P. and Jones, G. J. (1995). Bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis by the freshwater mussel Alathyria condola. Toxicon 33(5):667-678. Keywords: bioaccumulation/ PSP/ Anabaena circinalis/ mussel/ Alathyria condola.

1911. Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J.; and Blackburn, S. (1998). Paralytic shellfish toxins in Australian strains of the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. In: B. Reguera, J. Blanco, Ma. L. Fernández, and T. Wyatt, Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO: Galicia, Spain. pp. 345-348. 635 pp. Proceedings of the VIIIth

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International Conference on Harmful Algae. June 25-29, 1997; Vigo, Spain. Keywords: PSP toxins/ PST/ Anabaena circinalis/ Australia.

1912. Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J.; Blackburn, S. I.; Oshima, Y.; and Onodera, H. (1997). Effect of culture and bloom development and of sample storage on paralytic shellfish poisons in the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. J. Phycol. 33(1):26-35. Keywords: Anabaena circinalis/ cyanobacteria/ neurotoxin/ paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP toxins/ saxitoxin.

1913. Negri, A. P.; Jones, G. J.; and Hindmarsh, M. (1995). Sheep mortality associated with paralytic shellfish poisons from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. Toxicon 33(10):1321-1329. Keywords: sheep mortality/ PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ Anabaena circinalis.

1914. Nehring, S. (1991). Lethal effects of a Nodularia spumigena bloom at the North Sea coast. Red Tide Newsl. 4(2&3):8-9. Keywords: Nodularia spumigena/ North Sea.

1915. Nehring, S. (1993). Mortality of dogs associated with a mass development of Nodularia spumigena (Cyanophyceae) in a brackish lake at the German North Sea coast. J. Plankton Res. 15(7):867-872. Keywords: mortality/ dogs/ brackish lake/ North Sea/ German coast/ Nodularia spumigena.

1916. Nehring, S. (1991). Toxic algae — the cyanophycee Nodularia spumigena. Mikrokosmos 80:321-327. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena.

1917. Neiger, R. D.; Johnson, T. J.; Hurley, D. J.; Higgins, K. F.; Rottinghaus, G. E.; and Stahr, H. (1994). The short-term effect of low concentrations of dietary anatoxin and T-2 toxin on mallard ducklings. Avian Dis. 38(4):738-743. Keywords: anatoxin/ effect/ mallard ducklings.

1918. Neilan, B. A. (1995). Identification and phylogenetic analysis of toxigenic cyanobacteria by multiplex randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(6):2286-2291. Keywords: identification/ analysis/ polymorphic DNA.

1919. Neilan, B. A.; Cox, P. T.; Hawkins, P. R.; and Goodman, A. E. (1994). 16S ribosomal-RNA gene sequence and phylogeny of toxic Microcystis sp. (cyanobacteria). DNA Seq. 4(5):333-337. Keywords: gene sequence/ toxic/ Microcystis.

1920. Neilan, B. A.; Dittmann, E.; Rouhiainen, L.; Bass, R. A.; Schaub, V.; Sivonen, K.; and Börner, T. (1999). Nonribosomal peptide synthesis and toxigenicity of cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 181(13):4089-4097. Keywords: nonribosomal peptide synthesis/ cyanotoxins.

1921. Neilan, B. A.; Jacobs, D.; Deldot, T.; Blackall, L. L.; Hawkins, P. R.; Cox, P. T.; and Goodman, A. E. (1997). Ribosomal-RNA sequences and evolutionary relationships among toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis. Int. J. Sys Bacteriol. 47(3):693-697. Keywords: Microcystis/ ribosomal-RNA/ sequences.

1922. Neilan, B. A.; Jacobs, D.; and Goodman, A. E. (1995). Genetic diversity and phylogeny of toxic cyanobacteria determined by DNA polymorphisms within the phycocyanin locus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(11):3875-3883. Keywords: genetic diversity/ phylogeny/ DNA.

1923. Neilan, B. A.; Saker, M. L.; Fastner, J.; Torokne, A.; and Burns, B. P. (2003). Phylogeography of the invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Mol. Ecol. 12(1):133-140.

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Keywords: biogeography/ cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ human health/ PCR-fingerprinting/ toxins/ molecular characterization/ northern Australia/ Palm Island/ Queensland/ DNA/ PCR/ identification/ Cyanophyceae/ Nostocales.

1924. Nekles, H. A.; Wetzel, R. L.; and Orth, R. J. (1993). Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte (Zostera marina L.) dynamics. Oecologia 93:285-295. Keywords: epiphyte/ Zostera marina/ nutrient enrichment.

1925. Nelson, N. P. B. (1903). Observations upon some algae which cause "water bloom". Minn. Botan. Ser. IV 3:51-56. Keywords: observations/ algae/ waterbloom.

1926. Neogy, B. P. and Kachroo, P. (1956). Observations on association of blue-green algae with Anophelies. Proceedings & Papers of the 24thAnnual Conference of the California Mosquito Control Association. Department of Agriculture: pp. 50-52. January 16-18, 1956; Stockton, California. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anophelies.

1927. Neumann, U.; Campos, V.; Cantarero, S.; Urrutia, H.; Heinze, R.; Weckesser, J.; and Erhard, M. (2000). Co-occurrence of non-toxic (cyanopeptolin) and toxic (microcystin) peptides in a bloom of Microcystis sp. from a Chilean Lake. System. Appl. Microbiol. 23(2):191-197. Keywords: cyanopeptolin/ enzyme inhibition/ Microcystis/ peptides/ microcystin/ bloom/ cyanobacteria/ Lake Tres Pascualas, Chile/ MALDI-TOF.

1928. Neumann, U. and Weckesser, J. (1998). Elimination of microcystin peptide toxins from water by reverse osmosis. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 13(2):143-148. Keywords: microcystin toxins/ elimination/ reverse osmosis.

1929. Neumdorfer, J. V. and Kemp, W. M. (1993). Nitrogen versus phosphorus enrichment of brackish water: responses of the submerged plant Potamogeton perfoliatus and its associated algal community. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 94:71-82. Keywords: nitrogen/ phosphorus/ nutrient enrichment/ Potamogeton perfoliatus.

1930. Newcombe, G. (2002). Removal of Algal Toxins from Drinking Water using Ozone and GAC. AWWA Res. Found. & AWWA: Denver, CO. 133 pp. Keywords: removal/ algal toxins/ drinking water.

1931. Newcombe, G.; Cook, D.; Brooke, S.; Ho, L.; and Slyman, N. (2003). Treatment options for microcystin toxins: similarities and differences between variants. Environ. Technol. 24(3):299-308. Keywords: water treatment/ microcystins/ activated carbon/ algal toxins .

1932. Newcombe, G. and Nicholson, B. (2002). Treatment options for the saxitoxin class of cyanotoxins. 3rd World Water Congress: Drinking Water Treatment. Vol 2, Issue 5-6, pp. 271-275. Keywords: algal toxins/ blue-green algae/ drinking water treatment/ saxitoxins.

1933. Newcombe, N. J. and Simpkins, N. S. (1995). A concise asymmetric synthesis of (-)-anatoxin-a using an enantioselective enolization strategy. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comp.(8):831-832. Keywords: synthesis/ anatoxin-a/ enantioselective enolization.

1934. Newell, S. W.; Perchellet, E. M.; Gao, X. M.; Chen, G.; and Perchellet, J. P. (1996). Ability of okadaic acid and other protein phosphatase inhibitors to mimic the stimulatory effects of 12-O-

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tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on hydroperoxide production in mouse epidermis in vivo. Cancer Lett. 98(2):241-251. Keywords: protein phosphatase inhibitors/ mimic/ effects/ hydroperoxide production/ mouse epidermis/ in vivo/ okadaic acid/ calyculin A/ tumor promotion.

1935. Newman, J. R. and Barrett, P. R. F. (1993). Control of Microcystis aeruginosa by decomposing barley straw. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 31:203-206. Keywords: control/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ barley straw/ blue-green algae/ growth inhibition.

1936. Nhoato, A.; Vassilieff, I.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (2001). Assay for toxicity of Microcystis spp. bloom collected in Jurumirim Dam, town of Itai - SP, Brazil. Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):183. Keywords: Microcystis/ Brazil/ Jurumirim Dam.

1937. Nhoato, A.; Vassilieff, I.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O. (2001). Preventive treatment for intoxication by Microcystis spp. collected in Jurumirim Dam, town of Itai-SP, Brazil. Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):44. Keywords: Microcystis/ Brazil/ Jurumirim Dam.

1938. Nicholson, B. C. and Burch, M. D. Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Detection and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Relation to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment: Salisbury, South Australia. 57 pp. Keywords: analytical methods/ detection/ quantification/ cyanotoxins/ drinking water/ guidelines/ Australia.

1939. Nicholson, B. C.; Rositano, J.; and Burch, M. D. (1994). Destruction of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins by chlorine and chloramine. Water Res. 28(6):1297-1303. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ chlorine/ chloramine/ decomposition.

1940. Nicholson, B. C.; Shaw, G. R.; Morrall, J.; Senogles, P-J.; Woods, T. A.; Papageorgiou, J.; Kapralos, C.; Wickramasinghe, W.; Davis, B. C.; Eaglesham, G. K.; and Moore, M. R. (2003). Chlorination for degrading saxitoxins (paralytic shellfish poisons) in water. Environ. Technol. 24(11):1341-1348. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ removal/ water treatment/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ degradation.

1941. Nicholson, R. A.; Li, G. H.; Buenaventura, E.; and Graham, D. (2002). A rapid and sensitive assay for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) toxins using mouse brain synaptoneurosomes. Toxicon 40(6):831-838. Keywords: PSP toxin assay/ saxitoxins/ CD1 mouse brain synaptoneurosomes/ membrane potential/ rhodamine 6G.

1942. Niemi, R. M.; Knuth, S.; and Lundstrom, K. (1982). Actinomycetes and fungi in surface waters and in potable water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43(2):378-388. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fungi/ actinomycetes/ surface waters/ potable water.

1943. Nishibe, Y.; Kawabata, Z.; and Nakano, S. (2002). Grazing on Microcystis aeruginosa by the heterotrophic flagellate Collodictyon triciliatum in a hypertrophic pond. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 29(2):173-179. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ heterotrophic flagellate/ Collodictyon triciliatum/ digestion/ grazing rate.

1944. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; Fujiki, H.; Harada, K.; Taylor, C.; and Quinn, R. J. (1992). The role of arginine in interactions of microcystins with protein phosphatase 1 and phosphatase 2A.

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1945. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; Nishiwaki, S.; Ohta, T.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suganuma, M.; Harada, K-I.; Watanabe, M. F.; and Fujiki, H. (1991). Structure-function relationships of microcystins, liver tumor promoters, in interaction with protein phosphatase. Jap. J. Cancer Res. 82(9):993-996. Keywords: microcystins/ structure-function relationships/ protein phosphatase 2A/ liver tumor promoter/ 6(Z)-Adda microcystin.

1946. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; Ohta, T.; Nishiwaki, S.; Suganuma, M.; Kohyama, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Fujiki, H. (1992). Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 118:420-424. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ tumor promotion.

1947. Nishiwaki, R.; Ohta, T.; Sueoka, E.; Suganuma, M.; Harada, K.; Watanabe, M. F.; and Fujiki, H. (1994). Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity. Cancer Lett. 83(1-2):283-289. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ specific binding/ liver specificity.

1948. Nishiwaki, S.; Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R.; and Sugimura, T. (1991). Rapid purification of protein phosphatase 2A from mouse brain by microcystin-affinity chromatography. FEBS Lett. 279(1):115-118. Keywords: protein phosphatase 2A/ microcystin/ affinity chromatography.

1949. Nishizawa, T.; Asayama, M.; Fujii, K.; Harada, K.; and Shirai, M. (1999). Genetic analysis of the peptide synthetase genes for a cyclic heptapeptide microcystin in Microcystis spp. J. Biochem. 126(3):520-529. Keywords: microcystin/ Microcystis sp./ genetic analysis/ peptide/ synthetase genes.

1950. Nishizawa, T.; Asayama, M.; and Shirai, M. (2001). Cyclic heptapeptide microcystin biosynthesis requires the glutamate racemase gene. Microbiology–SGM 147(5):1235-1241. Keywords: amino acid racemase/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis/ peptide synthetase gene/ microcystin biosynthesis.

1951. Nishizawa, T.; Ueda, A.; Asayama, M.; Fujii, K.; Harada, K.; Ochi, K.; and Shirai, M. (2000). Polyketide synthase gene coupled to the peptidesynthetase module involved in the biosynthesis of the cyclic heptapeptide microcystin. J. Biochem. 127(5):779-789. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin biosynthesis/ multifunctional enzyme complex/ peptide synthetase gene/ polyketide synthase gene.

1952. Nivsarkar, M.; Acharya, J.; Rao, P. V. L.; and Kaushik, M. P. (2002). Simultaneous detection of anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR from cyanobacterial strains using high-performance liquid chromatography and LC-ESI-MS method. Indian J. Chem. Section A—Inorg. Bio-Inorg. Physical Theoret. Analyt. Chem. 41(9):1867-1870. Keywords: Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin-a/ microcystin-LR/ mass spectrometry/ toxins/ algae/ water.

1953. Nivsarkar, M. and Kaushik, M. P. (2002). Liquid chromatography determination and LC-ESI-MS analysis of microcystin-LR from PCC strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Liq. Chromat. Related Technol. 25(6):865-875. Keywords: toxins/ microcystin-LR/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ liquid chromatography.

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1954. Nizan, S.; Dimentman, C.; and Shilo, M. (1986). Acute toxic effects of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on Daphnia magna. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31(3):497-502. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis.

1955. Nobre, A. C. L.; Coelho, G. R.; Coutinho, M. C. M.; Silva, M. M. M.; Angelim, E. V.; Menezes, D. B.; Fonteles, M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S. A. (2001). The role of phospholipase A(2) and cyclooxygenase in renal toxicity induced by microcystin-LR. Toxicon 39(5):721-724. Keywords: microcistin-LR/ perfused kidney/ dexamethasone/ indomethacin.

1956. Nobre, A. C. L.; Coutinho, M. C. M.; Silva, M. M. M.; Fonteles, M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S. (1998). Determination of the acute toxicity, study of the renal alterations and histopathologic evaluation of the effects of the microcystin. Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 358(1):P557. Keywords: microcystin/ determination/ acute toxicity. (Meeting Abstract)

1957. Nobre, A. C. L.; Jorge, M. C. M.; Menezes, D. B.; Fonteles, M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S. A. (1999). Effects of microcystin-LR in isolated perfused rat kidney. Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res. 32(8):985-988. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ kidney/ perfused kidney.

1958. Nobre, A. C. L.; Martins, A. M. C.; Havt, A.; Benevides, C.; Lima, A. A. M.; Fonteles, M. C.; and Monteiro, H. S. A. (2003). Renal effects of supernatant from rat peritoneal macrophages activated by microcystin-LR: role protein mediators. Toxicon 41(3):377-381. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ macrophages/ kidney/ rat.

1959. Noda, K.; Shimohigashi, Y.; and Izumiya, N. (1983). --dehydroamino acids and peptides. In: The Peptides. Academic Press:Vol. 5, pp. 285-339, Ch. 5. Keywords: --dehydroamino acids/ peptides/ microcystins.

1960. Nogle, L. M. and Gerwick, W. H. (2002). Somocystinamide A, a novel cytotoxic disulfide dimer from a Fijian marine cyanobacterial mixed assemblage. Org. Lett. 4(7):1095-1098. Keywords: Lyngbya majuscula/ natural products/ agent/ cytotoxin.

1961. Nogle, L. M.; Okino, T.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2001). Antillatoxin B, a neurotoxic lipopeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 64(7):983-985. Keywords: ichthyotoxic cyclic lipopeptide/ kalkitoxin/ revision/ toxins/ cytotoxin.

1962. Noguchi, H.; Aoyama, T.; and Shioiri, T. (1997). Determination of the absolute configuration and total synthesis of radiosumin, a trypsin inhibitor from a freshwater blue-green alga. Tetrahed. Lett. 38(16):2883-2886. Keywords: radiosumin/ trypsin inhibitor/ cytotoxin.

1963. Noguchi, H.; Aoyama, T.; and Shioiri, T. (2002). Total synthesis and absolute configuration of radiosumin, a strong trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga Plectonema radiosum. Heterocycles 58:471-504. Keywords: dipeptide/ hetero Diels-Alder reaction/ unusual amino acid/ Plectonema radiosum.

1964. Nonneman, D. and Zimba, P. V. (2002). A PCR-based test to assess the potential for microcystin occurrence in channel catfish production ponds. J. Phycol. 38(1):230-233. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Microcystis/ PCR/ toxin.

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1965. Noronha, I. L.; Schor, N.; Coelho, S. N.; Jorgetti, V.; Romao, J. E.; Zatz, R.; and Burdmann, E. A. (1997). Nephrology, dialysis and transplantation in Brazil. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl.. 12(11):2234-2243. Keywords: dialysis/ nephrology/ microcystins.

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2059. Pandey, G.; Laha, J. K.; and Lakshmaiah, G. (2002). Stereoselective construction of X-azabicyclo[m.2.1]alkanes by [3+2]-cycloaddition of non-stabilized cyclic azomethine ylides: synthesis of enantiopure constrained amino acids and formal total synthesis of optically active epibatidine. Tetrahed. 58(18):3525-3534. Keywords: non-stabilized/ azomethine ylides/ constrained/ enantiopure.

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2063. Panosso, R.; Carlsson, P.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and Granéli, E. (2003). Effect of grazing by a neotropical copepod, Notodiaptomus, on a natural cyanobacterial assemblage and on toxic and non-toxic cyanobacterial strains. J. Plankton Res. 25(9):1169-1175. Keywords: blue-green algae/ Microsystis aeruginosa/ Nodularia spumigena/ lake/ zooplankton/ food/ phytoplanton/ size/ Notodiaptomus iheringi.

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2065. Papendorf, O.; König, G. M.; and Wright, A. D. (1998). Hierridin B and 2,4-dimethoxy-6-heptadecyl-phenol, secondary metabolites from the cyanobacterium Phormidium ectocarpi with antiplasmodial activity. Phytochem. 49(8):2383-2386. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ biological activity/ antimalaria/ Phormidium ectocarpi/ aromatic lipids.

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2067. Park, A.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1992). Fischerindole L, a new isonitrile from the terrestrial blue-green alga Fischerella muscicola. Tetrahed. Lett. 33(23):3257-3260. Keywords: Fischerella muscicola/ fischerindole L/ isonitrile.

2068. Park, H.; Namikoshi, M.; Brittain, S. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Murphy, T. (2001). [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR, a new microcystin isolated from waterbloom in a Canadian prairie lake. Toxicon 39(6):855-862. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystin/ [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR/ Lake Pakowki/ Canada.

2069. Park, H-D. (2001). Cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial blooms in South Korean lakes. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 68-75. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ South Korea/ waterblooms.

2070. Park, H-D.; Iwami, C.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Okino, T.; and Hayashi, H. (1998). Temporal variabilities of the concentrations of intra- and extracellular microcystin and toxic Microcystis species in a hypertrophic lake, Lake Suwa, Japan. (1991-1994). Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 13(1):61-72. Keywords: extracellular microcystin/ intracellular microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ Lake Suwa/ microcystin/ Microcystis species/ temporal variation of microcystin/ Japan.

2071. Park, H-D.; Kim, B.; Kim, E.; and Okino, T. (1998). Hepatotoxic microcystins and neurotoxic anatoxin-a in cyanobacterial blooms from Korean lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 13:225-234. Keywords: microcystin/ hepatotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ neurotoxin/ cyanotoxin/ cyanobacteria bloom/ Korean lakes.

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2073. Park, H-D.; Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Nagai, H.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, M.; and Hayashi, H. (1993). Hepatotoxin (microcystin) and neurotoxin (anatoxin-a) contained in natural blooms and strains of cyanobacteria from Japanese freshwaters. Natural Toxins 1:353-360. Keywords: Anabaena/ anatoxin-a/ neurotoxin/ Microcystis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxin/ natural bloom/ strain/ Japanese freshwaters/ simultaneous analysis of anatoxin-a and microcystin/ Japan.

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2077. Parker, D. L. (1982). Improved procedures for the cloning and purification of Microcystis cultures (Cyanophyta). J. Phycol. 18:471-477. Keywords: axenic (pure) culture/ capsule/ cation effects/ Chroococcales/ cyanobacteria/ cyanophyta/ Microcystis/ sheath/ sulfide/ sulfite.

2078. Parker, D. L.; Kumar, H. D.; Rai, L. C.; and Singh, J. B. (1997). Potassium salts inhibit growth of the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in pond water and defined media: implications for control of microcystin-producing aquatic blooms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(6):2324-2329. Keywords: potassium salts/ growth inhibition/ India/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Microcystis flos-aquae.

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2083. Pashkevich, Y. A. (1979). The etiology of skin lesions developed after contact with blue-green algae. Vest. Dermatol. Venerol.:47-51. Keywords: blue-green algae/ etiology/ skin lesions.

2084. Pattenden, G. and Thom, S. M. (1992). Cytotoxic alkaloids from blue-green algae: a total synthesis of (-)-didehydromirabazole-A. Synlett 6:533-534. Keywords: cytotoxic/ alkaloids/ blue-green algae/ didehydromirabazole A/ Scytonema mirabile/ cytotoxin.

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2086. Patterson, G. M. L.; Baker, K. K.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.; Caplan, F. R.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Moore, R. E.; Nelson, C. S.; Tschappat, K. D.; Tuang, G. D.; Boyd, M. R.; Cardellina II, J. H.; Collins, R. P.; Gustafson, K. R.; Snader, K. M.; Weislow, O. S.; and Lewin, R. A. (1993). Antiviral activity of cultured blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). J. Phycol. 29(1):125-130. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Scytonemataceae/ Stigonemataceae/ biotech/ antiviral/ antiherpes/ antimicrobial/ antifungal/ antibacterial.

2087. Patterson, G. M. L.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.; Caplan, F. R.; Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Moore, R. E.; Nelson, C. S.; Tschappat, K. D.; Tuang, G. D.; Furusawa, E.; Furusawa, S.; Norton, T. R.; and Raybourne, R. B. (1991). Antineoplastic activity of cultured blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). J. Phycol. 27(4):530-536. Keywords: anticancer/ cyanobacteria/ microalgae/ natural products/ pharmaceutical.

2088. Patterson, G. M. L.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.; Caplan, F. R.; Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Nelson, C. S.; Tuang, G. D.; and Moore, R. E. (1990). Antiviral and antimicrobial activity of cultured cyanobacteria. In: 1990 ASM Annual Meeting. May 13-17, 1990; Anaheim, California. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Scytonemataceae/ Stigonemataceae/ biotech/ antiviral/ antiherpes/ antimicrobial/ antifungal/ antibacterial.

2089. Patterson, G. M. L. and Bolis, C. M. (1997). Fungal cell-wall polysaccharides elicit an antifugal secondary metabolite (phytoalexin) in the cyanobacterium Scytonema ocellatum. J. Phycol. 33(1):54-60. Keywords: antibiotic/ chitin/ cyanophyte/ cytotoxin/ elicitor/ polyketide/ Scytonema ocellatum.

2090. Patterson, G. M. L. and Bolis, C. M. (1995). Regulation of scytophycin accumulation in cultures of Scytonema ocellotum. II. Nutrient requirements. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43(4):692-700. Keywords: scytophycin/ Scytonema ocellatum/ nutrient effects.

2091. Patterson, G. M. L. and Carmeli S. (1992). Biological effects of tolytoxin (6-hydroxy-7-O-methyl-scytophycin b), a potent bioactive metabolite from cyanobacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 157(5):406-410. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ secondary metabolite/ antifungal/ cytotoxin.

2092. Patterson, G. M. L.; Larsen, L. K.; and Moore, R. E. (1994). Bioactive natural products from blue-green algae. J. Appl. Phycol. 6(2):151-157. Keywords: antibiotic/ anticancer/ biotechnology/ cytotoxic.

2093. Patterson, G. M. L.; Norton, T. R.; Furusawa, E.; Furusawa, S.; Kashiwagi, M.; and Moore, R. E. (1984). Antineoplastic evaluation of marine algal extracts. Botanica Marina 27:485-488. Keywords: antitumor/ Palau, Western Caroline Islands/ Marshall Islands/ Puerto Rico/ Hawaiian Islands/ marine/ pharmaceutical/ antineoplastic agents.

2094. Payne, B. W. and Williams, E. D. F. (1977). An investigation of virus-like inclusions in Microcystis toxica by means of digital image analysis. Proceedings Electron Microscopy Society of Southern Africa. Vol. 7, pp. 107-108. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ virus/ image analysis.

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2096. Pearson, M. J.; Bateman, I. J.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Measuring the recreational and amenity values affected by toxic cyanobacteria: a contingent valuation study of Rutland water, Leicestershire. In: R. K. Turner, I. J. Bateman, and W. N. Adger (eds.) Economics of Coastal and Water Resources: Valuing Environmental Functions. Kluwer, Dordrecht: The Netherlands, pp. 67-89, Ch. 3. Keywords: toxic cyanobacteria/ recreational values/ amenity values/ Rutland water/ Leicestershire/ economics.

2097. Peary, J. A. and Gorham, P. R. (1966). Influence of light and temperature on growth and toxin production by Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. In: Proceedings of Phycological Society of America. Phycolog. Soc. Am.: Maryland College Park. pp. 3-4. Aug. 14-19, 1966; Maryland. Keywords: Anabaena flos-aquae/ toxin production/ NRC-44-1.

2098. Pechar, L. (1992). Water blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae — an ecological study of fish pond populations. Arch. Hydrobiol.–Monogr. Beit. 90(3 Suppl.):339-418. Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ ecological study.

2099. Peinador, M. (1999). Cyanobacteria as bioindicators of organic pollution (Las cianobacterias como indicadores de contaminación orgánica). Rev. Biol. Trop. 47(3):381-391. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Cyanophyta/ pollution/ water quality/ bioindicators/ waste water/ blue-green algae. (Spanish)

2100. Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; Lahti, K.; Niinivaara, K.; and Vuori, E. (2000). Visual detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by thin-layer chromatography and application to water analysis. Water Res. 34(10):2643-2652. Keywords: microcystin/ nodularin/ TLC/ screening/ detection/ visualization.

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2102. Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; and Vuori, E. (1998). Analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by overpressured layer chromatography. J. Planar Chromat. 11(5):365-369. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ analysis/ chromatography.

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2104. Peñaloza, R.; Rojas, M.; Vila, I.; and Zambrano, F. (1990). Toxicity of a soluble peptide from Microcystis sp. to zooplankton and fish. Freshwater Biol. 24(2):233-240. Keywords: Microcystis sp./ toxicity/ zooplankton/ phytoplankton.

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2109. Perez-Linares, J.; Cadena, M.; Rangel, C.; Urizueta-Bustamante, M. L.; and Ochoa, J. L. (2003). Effect of Schizothrix calcicola on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Penaeus vannamei). postlarvae. Aquaculture 218(1-4):55-65. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Litopenaeus vannamei/ Schizothrix calcicola/ shrimp/ shrimp culture/ Lyngbya majuscula/ cyanobacterial/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ blooms/ water.

2110. Pergament, I. and Carmeli, S. (1994). Schizotrin-a — a novel antimicrobial cyclic peptide from a cyanobacterium. Tetrahed. Lett. 35(45):8473-8476. Keywords: Schizotrin-a/ antimicrobial cyclic peptide/ cytotoxin.

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2114. Persson, P-E. (1985). Sinilevien haittavaikutuksista vesistoissa: myrkyt ja hajut. Ymparistojuridiikka- Miljojuridik 3/4:1-5. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

2115. Persson, P-E.; Sivonen, K.; Keto, J.; Kononen, K.; Niemi, M.; and Viljamaa, H. (1984). Potentially toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Finnish natural waters. Aqua Fennica 14(2):147-154. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Finland/ toxic blue-green algae.

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2118. Peterson, H. (1991). Algae problems in dugouts and fighting water blooms. Prairie Water News 1(1):4-5. Keywords: algae control/ dugouts/ Canada.

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2135. Pilotto, L. S.; Douglas, R. M.; Burch, M. D.; Cameron, S.; Beers, M.; Rouch, G. J.; Robinson, P.; Kirk, M.; Cowie, C. T.; Hardiman, S.; and Moore, S. (1997). Health effects of exposure to cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) during recreational water-related activities. Aust. NZ J. Pub. Health 21(6):562-566. Keywords: exposure/ cyanobacteria/ health effects/ water recreational activities.

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2307. Ross, M.M. and Kidwell, D.A. (1987). Rapid screening and structural characterization of toxins by mass spectrometry. In: Annual Report for USAMRIID. U.S. Govt. Printing Office: Virginia. Report # Contract No. 86MM6502 (March 1986 to March 1987). 10 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ mass spectrometry analysis.

2308. Ross, M. M.; Kidwell, D. A.; and Callahan, J. H. (1989). Mass-spectrometric analysis of anatoxin-a. J. Analyt. Toxicol. 13(6):317-321. Keywords: SIMS/ GC-MS/ DCI-MS/ TSP-MS/ analysis comparison/ anatoxin-a/ MS-MS.

2309. Rossi, J. V.; Roberts, M. A.; Yoo, H. D.; and Gerwick, W. H. (1997). Pilot-scale culture of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula for its pharmaceutically-useful natural metabolite curacin A. J. Appl. Phycol. 9(3):195-204. Keywords: culture/ marine cyanobacterium/ Lyngbya majuscula/ curacin A.

2310. Rothhaupt, K. O. (1989). The influence of toxic and filamentous blue-green algae on feeding and population growth of the rotifer Brachionus rubens. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24(5):2760. Keywords: Brachionus rubens/ toxic/ filamentous/ blue-green algae/ feeding/ population. (Proceedings XXIV Congress Int. Assoc. Limnology — Abstract)

2311. Rothhaupt, K. O. (1991). The influence of toxic and filamentous blue-green algae on feeding and population growth of the rotifer Brachionus rubens. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76(1):67-72. Keywords: influence/ blue-green algae/ feeding/ population growth/ rotifer/ Brachionus rubens.

2312. Rouhiainen, L.; Sivonen, K.; Buikema, W. J.; and Haselkorn, R. (1995). Characterization of toxin-producing cyanobacteria by using an oligonucleotide probe containing a tandemly repeated heptamer. J. Bacteriol. 177(20):6021-6026. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxin/ oligonucleotide probe/ hepatotoxic/ neurotoxic.

2313. Rowell, P. P.; Albuquerque, E. X.; and Wonnacott, S. (1990). Subchronic administration of the nicotinic agonist (+) anatoxin-a produces up-regulation of [3H]-nicotine binding sites in rat striatal synaptosomes. FASEB J. 4(1108):A457. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ rat striatal synaptosomes/ receptor up-regulation. (Abstract)

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2314. Rowell, P. P. and Wonnacott, S. (1990). Evidence for functional activity of up-regulated nicotine binding sites in rat striatal synaptosomes. J. Neurochem. 55(6):2105-2110. Keywords: nicotine/ dopomine release/ (+)-anatoxin-a/ receptor up-regulation.

2315. Ruberu, S. R.; Liu, Y. G.; Wong, C. T.; Perera, S. K.; Langlois, G. W.; Doucette, G. J.; and Powell, C. L. (2003). Receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: optimization and interlaboratory comparison. J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 86(4):737-745. Keywords: mouse bioassay/ saxitoxin/ standardization/ synaptosomes/ PSP.

2316. Rudi, K.; Larsen, F.; and Jakobsen, K. S. (1998). Detection of toxin-producing cyanobacteria by use of paramagnetic beads for cell concentration and DNA purification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(1):34-37. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ toxin/ detection/ paramagnetic beads/ cell concentration/ DNA purification.

2317. Rudi, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Jakobsen, K. S. (1998). Evolution of cyanobacteria by exchange of genetic material among phyletically related strain. J. Bacteriol. 180(13):3453-3461. Keywords: evolution of cyanobacteria/ phyletically related strains.

2318. Rudi, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Larsen, F.; and Jakobsen, K. S. (1998). Quantification of toxic cyanobacteria in water by use of competitive PCR followed by sequence-specific labeling of oligonucleotide probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(7):2639-2643. Keywords: nucleic acid based assay/ quantification/ toxic cyanobacteria/ oligonucleotide probe.

2319. Rudolph-Böhner, S.; Mierke, D. F.; and Moroder, L. (1994). Molecular structure of the cyanobacterial tumor-promoting microcystins. FEBS Lett. 349(3):319-323. Keywords: microcystin/ three-dimensional structure/ NMR/ distance geometry/ structure-function relationship/ cyanobacteria.

2320. Rudolph-Böhner, S.; Wu, J-T.; and Moroder, L. (1993). Identification and characterization of microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa (strain 298). Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374(8):635-640. Keywords: Microcystis aeurginosa/ cyanobacterium/ hepatotoxin/ NMR/ structure determination.

2321. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Andrews, J.; Gerdes, R. G.; and Falconer, I. R. (1987). Injury to hepatocytes induced by a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 25(11):1235-1239. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.

2322. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; and Kaplowitz, N. (1991). Identification of hepatic protein phosphatases as novel critical targets for the hepatotoxicity of microcystin in vivo. Hepatology 14(4):A159. Keywords: hepatic protein phosphatases/ identification/ targets/ microcystin. (Meeting Abstract)

2323. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; and Kaplowitz, N. (1995). Microcystin uptake and inhibition of protein phosphatases: effects of chemoprotectants and self-inhibition in relation to known hepatic transporters. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134(2):264-272. Keywords: microcystin/ protein phostatases/ chemoprotectants/ hepatic transporters/ PP inhibition.

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2324. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; Kong, S-M.; Lee, E. Y. C; and Zhang, L. F. (1995). In vivo and in vitro binding of microcystin to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216(1):162-169. Keywords: microcystin/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ binding.

2325. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Deleve, L. D.; and Berndt, N. (1994). The effects of the protein phosphatase inhibitors and microcystin and calyculin A differ in hepatocytes and hepatic endothelial cells. FASEB J. 8(7):1231. Keywords: different effects/ microcytsin/ calyculin A/ hepatocytes/ hepatic endothelial cells. (Meeting Abstract)

2326. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1986). Effect of toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on ultrastructural morphology and actin polymerization in isolated hepatocytes. Toxicon 24(2):109-115. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ hepatotoxin.

2327. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1982). The in vivo and in vitro biological effects of the peptide hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78:363-366. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.

2328. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1981). Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 325-342. 491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis.

2329. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1975). Isolation of toxin from a naturally occurring algal bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea). Proceedings of the Australian Biochemical Society. Vol. 8, pp. 5. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Anacystis. (Abstract)

2330. Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R. (1980). Variation with temperature of toxin production in cultures of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. In: Aust. Soc. Aquat. Bot. Phycol. Inaugural Meeting. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ temperature. (Abstract)

2331. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Buckley, T.; and Jackson, A. R. B. (1986). Lethal potency and tissue distribution of 125I-labelled toxic peptides from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 24(5):506-509. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ tissue distribution.

2332. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and McInnes, A. (1983). Toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa cultures. Toxicon(3 Suppl.):377-380. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxin production.

2333. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; and Silver, J. (1981). Deformation of isolated rat hepatocytes by a peptide hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 317(3):268-272. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.

2334. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Gerdes, R. G.; and Falconer, I. R. (1991). The uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicon 29(1):43-51. Keywords: cyanobacterial hepatotoxin/ microcystin/ uptake/ rat/ hepatocytes.

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2335. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R. (1988). Toxicity of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens. Toxicon 26(2):143-151. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ toxicity.

2336. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R. (1988). Toxicity to mice and sheep of a bloom of the cynaobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena circinalis. Toxicon 26(6):599-602. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena circinalis/ mice/ sheep/ toxicity.

2337. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; and Berndt, N. (1993). Protein phosphatase inhibition and in vivo hepatotoxicity of microcystins. Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 265(2):G224-G230. Keywords: liver/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ PP inhibition/ hepatotoxicity/ in vivo.

2338. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; Zhong, Y-Z.; Ge, J. L.; and Lu, S. C. (1994). The role of glutathione in the toxicity of a novel cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201(1):235-241. Keywords: glutathione/ toxicity/ cylindrospermopsin/ rat hepatocytes.

2339. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; Zhong, Y-Z; and Lu, S. C. (1995). Inhibition of reduced glutathione synthesis by cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49(2):219-225. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ GSH synthesis/ cyanobacterial toxin/ rat/ hepatocytes.

2340. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kuhlenkamp, J.; and Hamm-Alvarez, S. (2001). Microcystin and motor function. Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):177. Keywords: microcystin/ motor function.

2341. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Maddatu, T.; Deleve, L. D.; Berndt, N.; and Govindarajan, S. (1995). Differential toxicity of the protein phosphatase inhibitors microcystin and calyculin A. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 273(1):545-553. Keywords: microcystin/ toxicity/ calyculin A.

2342. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Seward, D. J.; Ballatori, N.; Crawford, J. M.; and Boyer, J. L. (1999). Hepatic toxicity and persistence of SER/THR protein phosphatase inhibition by microcystin in the Little Skate Raja erinacea. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 161(1):40-49. Keywords: microcystin/ Raja erinacea/ protein phosphatase inhibition/ hepatotoxicity/ liver transport/ marine vertebrate.

2343. Runnegar, M. T. C.; Xie, C. Y.; Snider, B. B.; Wallace, G. A.; Weinreb, S. M.; and Kuhlenkamp, J. (2002). In vitro hepatotoxicity of the cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin and related synthetic analogues. Toxicol. Sci. 67(1):81-87. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ GSH synthesis inhibition/ hepatocyte toxicity/ protein synthesis inhibition/ toxic cyanobacteria.

2344. Ruseva, E.; Pietsch, A.; Fichtner, S.; Imhof, L.; and Schmidt, W. (2003). Determination of cyanobacterial hepato- and neurotoxins in water samples by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Chimia 57(1-2):32. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ neurotoxins.

2345. Rützler, K. (1988). Mangrove sponge disease induced by cyanobacterial symbionts: failure of a primitive immune system? Dis. Aquat. Org. 5:143-149. Keywords: mangrove/ cyanobacteria/ Belize/ Geodia papyracea/ sponge.

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2346. Ryan, E. F. and Hamilton, D. P. (2003). Recent occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Waikato Lakes of New Zealand. NZ. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 37(4):829-836. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ lakes/ Waikato Lakes/ New Zealand.

2347. Saario, E.; Abdel-Hameed, A.; and Kiviranta, J. (1994). Larvicidal microcystin toxins of cyanobacteria affect midgut epithelial cells of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Med. Vet. Entomol. 8(4):398-400. Keywords: Aedes aegypti/ Anabaena / Oscillatoria/ microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ larvicide.

2348. Sabour, B.; Loudiki, M.; Oudra, B.; Oubraim, S.; Fawzi, B.; Fadlaoui, S.; Chlaida, M.; and Vasconcelos, V. (2002). First results on Microcystis ichthyoblabe Kütz. toxic bloom in the hypertrophic Oued Mellah Reservoir (Morocco). Ann. Limnol. 38(1):13-22. Keywords: blooms/ Microcystis ichthyoblabe/ microcystins/ HPLC-PDA/ ELISA/ Oued Mellah Reservoir/ Morocco.

2349. Sabour, B.; Loudiki, M.; Oudra, B.; Vasconcelos, V.; Martins, R.; Oubraim, S.; and Fawzi, B. (2002). Toxicology of a Microcystis ichthyoblabe waterbloom from Lake Oued Mellah (Morocco). Environ. Toxicol. 17(1):24-31. Keywords: toxicology/ Microcystis ichthyoblabe/ microcystins/ Artemia test/ mouse bioassay/ high performance liquid chromatography/ HPLC/ Lake Oued Mellah/ Morocco.

2350. Sahin, A.; Tencalla, F. G.; Dietrich, D. R.; Mez, K.; and Naegeli, H. (1995). Enzymatic analysis of liver samples from rainbow trout for diagnosis of blue-green algae-induced toxicosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56(8):1110-1115. Keywords: rainbow trout/ liver/ blue-green algae/ toxicosis.

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2352. Saint, C. P. and Fergusson, K. M. (2001). Molecular identification of toxic cyanobacteria. In: H. Kojima and Y. K. Lee (eds.) Photosynthetic Microorganisms in Environmental Biotechnolology. Springer: Hong Kong/New York, pp. 225-242, Ch. 15. 310 pp. Keywords: cyclic heptapeptide/ microcystin/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ PCR/ gene/ biosynthesis/ synthetases/ Australia/ water.

2353. Saint George-Grambauer, T. D. (1957). Plants poisonous to livestock. J. Agric. S. Aust. 60(7):298. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ livestock/ Australia.

2354. Saito, K.; Ishii, H.; Nishida, F.; Saito, H.; Abe, T.; and Toyota, Y. (2002). Purification of microcystins by DEAE and C-18 cartridge chromatography. Toxicon 40(1):97-101. Keywords: microcystin/ liquid chromatography/ hydrophobic/ microcystin/ Japanese Microcystis/ cyanobacteria/ Brazil.

2355. Saito, K.; Konno, A.; Ishii, H.; Saito, H.; Nishida, F.; Abe, T.; and Chen, C. Y. (2001). Nodularin-Har: A new nodularin from Nodularia. J. Natural Products 64(1):139-141. Keywords: protein phosphatase/ toxic cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ Nodularia/ inhibitor/ potent/ Brazil/ death.

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2356. Saito, S.; Nakano, Y.; Kushida, K.; Shirai, M.; Harada, K-I.; and Nakano, M. (1994). Cross reactivity and neturalizing ability of monoclonal antibodies against microcystins. Microbiol. Immunol. 38(5):389-392. Keywords: microcystin/ monoclonal antibody.

2357. Saito, T.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura, M. (2003). Biodegradation of Microcystis and microcystins by indigenous nanoflagellates on biofilm in a practical treatment facility. Environ. Technol. 24(2):143-151. Keywords: biofilm/ microcystin/ Microcystis/ water treatment facility.

2358. Saitou, T.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura, M. (2003). Degradation characteristics of microcystins by isolated bacteria from Lake Kasumigaura. J. Water Supply Res. Technol.–Aqua 52(1):13-18. Keywords: 16 s rRNA/ microcystin/ Sphingomonas/ blue-green algae/ LR/ aeruginosa/ Lake Kasumigaura.

2359. Saitou, T.; Sugiura, N.; Itayama, T.; Inamori, Y.; and Matsumura, M. (2002). Degradation of microcystin by biofilm in practical treatment facility. Water Sci. Technol. 46:11-12. Keywords: biofilm/ degradation/ microcystin/ Microcystis/ Monia/ LR.

2360. Sakabe, N.; Harada, H.; Hirata, Y.; Tomiie, Y.; and Nitta, I. (1966). X-ray structure determination of dihydroteleocidin B monobromoacetate. Tetrahed. Lett. 23:2523-2525. Keywords: structure/ dihydroteleocidin B.

2361. Sakamoto, H.; Terada, M.; Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Sugimura, T.; and Weinstein, I. B. (1981). Stimulation of prostaglandin production and choline turnover in HeLa cells by lyngbyatoxin A and dihydroteleocidin B. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 102(1):100-107. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ lyngbyatoxin A/ Lyngbya/ dihydroteleocidin B.

2362. Sakamoto, M. and Okino, T. (2001). Self-regulation of cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic lake. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(3):1243-1249. Keywords: phosphorus/ nitrogen/ shallow/ simulation/ dominance/ shift.

2363. Saker, M. L. and Eaglesham, G. K. (1999). The accumulation of cylindrospermopsin from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in tissues of the redclaw crayfish Cherax quandricarinatus. Toxicon 37(7):1065-1077. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ accumulation/ crayfish tissues/ Cherax quandricarinatus.

2364. Saker, M. L. and Griffiths, D. J. (2001). Occurrence of blooms of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju in a north Queensland domestic water supply. Mar. Freshwater Res. 52(6):907-915. Keywords: water column stability/ temperature.

2365. Saker, M. L. and Neilan, B. A. (2001). Varied diazotrophies, morphologies, and toxicities of genetically similar isolates of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanophyceae) from northern Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(4):1839-1845. Keywords: Palm Island/ cyanobacteria/ PCR/ Microcystis.

2366. Saker, M. L.; Neilan, B. A.; and Griffiths, D. J. (1999). Two morphological forms of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) isolated from Soloman Dam, Palm Island,

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2367. Saker, M. L.; Nogueira, I. C. G.; Vasconcelos, V. M.; Neilan, B. A.; Eaglesham, G. K.; and Pereira, P. (2003). First report and toxicological assessment of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from Portuguese freshwaters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 55(2):243-250. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ Portugal/ toxicity/ Northern Australia/ Palm Island/ Seenaya et Subba Raju/ Cyanophyceae/ Woloszynska/ Nostocales/ Queensland/ identification/ shellfish/ toxicity.

2368. Saker, M. L.; Thomas, A. D.; and Norton, J. H. (1999). Cattle mortality attributed to the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in an outback region of North Queensland. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):179-182. Keywords: cattle deaths/ toxic/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ Queensland/ Australia.

2369. Sakevich, A. I.; Osipov, L. F.; and Tchernajenko, V. M. (1979). Organic compounds in blue-green algae culture media. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 15(6):61-65. Keywords: culture media/ blue-green algae.

2370. Sako, Y.; Kim, C-H; and Ishida, Y. (1956). Mendelian inheritance of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 4:692-694. Keywords: PSP/ marine/ Alexandrium catenella.

2371. Salcedo-Olavarrieta, N.; Ortega, M. M.; Marín-García, M. E.; and Zavala-Moreno, C. (1978). Study of edible algae of the valley of Mexico. III. Comparative amino acid analysis (Estudio de las algas comestibles del Valle de México III. Análisis comparativo de aminoácidos). Rev. Lat. Amer. Microbiol. 20:215-217. Keywords: Mexico/ amino acid/ analysis/ edible algae/ Spirulina maxima/ Phormidium tenue/ nutritive value. (Spanish)

2372. Salcedo-Olavarrieta, N.; Ortega, M. M.; Marín-García, M. E.; and Zavala-Moreno, C. (1978). Study of edible algae of the valley of Mexico. II. Comparative chemical analysis (Estudio de las algas comestibles del Valle de México. II. Análisis químico comparativo). Rev. Lat. Amer. Microbiol. 20:211-214. Keywords: Mexico/ chemical analysis/ edible algae/ Phormidium tenue/ Spirulina maxima. (Spanish)

2373. Salomon, P. S.; Yunes, J. S.; Matthiensen, A.; and Codd, G. A. (2001). Does salinity affect toxicity and toxin content of an estuarine strain of Microcystis aeruginosa? In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium. W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 537-548. 574 pp. Proceedings of Xth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin/ Patos Lagoon/ salinity.

2374. Sams, W. M. (1949). Seabather's eruption. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 60:227. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis.

2375. Samy, R.; Kim, H. Y.; Brady, M.; and Toogood, P. L. (1999). Total synthesis of motuporin and 5-[L-ALA]-motuporin. J. Org. Chem. 64(8):2711-2728. Keywords: motuporin/ synthesis.

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2376. Sanders, C. A.; Rodriguez Jr., M.; and Greenbaum, E. (2001). Stand-off tissue-based biosensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents using photosynthetic fluorescence induction. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 16(7-8):439-446. Keywords: biosensor/ fluorescence/ algae/ cyanobacteria/ chemical warfare/ photosynthesis/ stand-off detection/ tabun/ sarin/ tributylamine/ dibutyl sulfide.

2377. Sandström, A.; Glemarec, C.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Chattopadhyaya, J. (1990). Structure of a hepatotoxic pentapeptide from the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. Toxicon 28(5):535-540. Keywords: structure/ Nodularia spumigena/ hepatotoxic/ peptide.

2378. Sangthongpitag, K.; Delaney S.F.; and Rogers, P. L. (1996). Evaluation of four fresh-water unicellular cyanobacteria as potential hosts for mosquitocidal toxins. Biotechnol. Lett. 18(2):175-180. Keywords: biocontrol of mosquitoes/ cyanobacteria/ Synechococcus/ cloning/ hosts/ mosquitocidal toxins.

2379. Sano, T.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Two (Z)-dehydrobutyrine-containing microcystins from a hepatotoxic bloom of Oscillatoria agardhii from Soulseat Loch, Scotland. J. Natural Products 61(6):851-853. Keywords: microcystins/ hepatotoxic bloom/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ Scotland/ freshwater.

2380. Sano, T.; He, J.; Liu, Y.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Isolation of bioactive compounds in cyanobacteria from Chinese fresh water. 1. Trypsin inhibitor. Phycol. Res. 46(Suppl.):13-17. Keywords: 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone/ cyclic peptide/ depsipeptide/ freshwater cyanobacteria/ oscillapeptin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ trypsin inhibitor/ cytotoxin.

2381. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1995). A 2-amino-2-butenoic acid (Dhb)-containing microcystin isolated from Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahed. Lett. 36(47):8603-8606. Keywords: microcystin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ isolates/ NMR analysis/ structure.

2382. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1995). Oscillamide Y, a chymotrypsin inhibitor from toxic Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahed. Lett. 36(33):5933-5936. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii/ toxic/ oscillamide Y/ isolate/ structure/ cytotoxin.

2383. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1996). Oscillapeptin G, a tyrosinase inhibitor from toxic Oscillatoria agardhii. J. Natural Products 59(1):90-92. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii/ oscillapeptin G/ tyronsinase inhibitor/ isolate/ structure/ cytotoxin.

2384. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1996). Oscillatorin, a chymotrypsin inhibitor from toxic Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahed. Lett. 37(38):6873-6876. Keywords: chymotrypsin/ toxic Oscillatoria agardhii/ isolate/ structure/ cytotoxin.

2385. Sano, T. and Kaya, K. (1998). Two new (E)-2-amino-2-butenoic acid (Dhb)-containing microcystins isolated from Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahed. 54(3-4):463-470. Keywords: microcystin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ isolate/ structure/ Dhb.

2386. Sano, T.; Nohara, K.; Shiraishi, F.; and Kaya, K. (1992). A method for micro-determination of total microcystin content in waterblooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Int. J. Environ. Analyt. Chem. 49(3):163-170. Keywords: microcystins/ 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid/ GC/ HPLC/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green aglae.

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2387. Sano, T.; Usui, T.; Ueda, K.; Osada, L.; and Kaya, K. (2001). Isolation of new protein phosphatase inhibitors from two cyanobacteria species, Planktothrix spp. J. Natural Products 64(8):1052-1055. Keywords: toxic Oscillatoria agardhii/ cyclic peptides/ microcystins/ Nostoc.

2388. Santikarn, S.; Williams, D. H.; Smith, R. J.; Hammond, S. J.; Botes, D. P.; Tuinman, A.; Wessels, P. L.; Viljoen, C. C.; and Kruger, H. (1983). A partial structure for the toxin BE-4 from the blue-green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 12:652-654. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ BE-4/ amino acid sequence/ microcystin.

2389. Sanvoisin, J.; Pollard, J. R.; Hormozdiari, P.; Ward, W. H. J.; and Gani, D. (2001). A generic medium throughput activity assay procedure for serine-threonine protein phosphatases using 14C labelled N-acetyl-Arg-Arg-Ala-Thr(P)-Val-Ala. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2001(14):1709-1715. Keywords: microcystin toxin structures/ catalytic subunit/ calyculin A/ nodularin macrocycle/ okadaic acid/ inhibition/ glycogen/ binding/ identification/ motuporin.

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2475. Shi, L. and Carmichael, W. W. (1996). Identification of protein serine/threonine phosphatase family I genes from cyanobacteria with polymerase chain reaction. In: Abstracts of the General Meeting — American Society for Microbiology. pp. 526. May 1996; New Orleans, Louisiana. Keywords: identification/ genes/ cyanobacteria/ polymerase chain reaction. (Abstract)

2476. Shi, L. and Carmichael, W. W. (1997). PP1-cyano2, a protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1 gene from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX 2063. Arch. Microbiol. 168(6):528-531. Keywords: protein serine/ threonine phosphatase 1/ cyanobacterium/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ PP1-cyano2.

2477. Shi, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Kennelly, P. J. (1999). Cyanobacterial PPP family protein phosphatases possess multifunctional capabilities and are resistant to microcystin-LR. J. Biol. Chem. 274(15):10039-10046. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ PPP/ phosphatases/ microcystin-LR .

2478. Shi, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Miller, I. (1995). Immuno-gold localization of hepatotoxins in cyanobacterial cells. Arch. Microbiol. 163(1):7-15. Keywords: immuno-gold localization/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Nodularia spumigena.

2479. Shi, L.; Kehres, D. G.; and Maguire, M. E. (2001). The PPP-family protein phosphatases PrpA and PrpB of Salmonella entetica serovar typhimurium possess distinct properties. J. Bacteriol. 183(24):7053-7057. Keywords: Escherichia coli/ serine threonine phosphatase/ microcystin-LR/ expression/ threonine/ archaeon/ cloning/ serine/ membrane/ kinases/ Salmonella entetica.

2480. Shih, S. R.; Tsai, K. N.; Li, Y. S.; Chueh, C. C.; and Chan, E. C. (2003). Inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis by allophycocyanin isolated from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. J. Med. Virol. 70(1):119-125. Keywords: cytopathic effect/ antiviral activity/ phycobiliprotein/ cell cycle/ Spirulina platensis.

2481. Shilo, M. (1967). Formation and mode of action of algal toxins. Bacteriol. Rev. 31(3):180-193. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ formation/ mode of action.

2482. Shilo, M. (1964). Review on toxigenic algae. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 15:782-795. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ review.

2483. Shilo, M. (1972). Toxigenic algae. In: O. J. D. Hockenhull (ed.) Progress in Industrial Microbiology. Churchill Livingstone Press: Edinburgh, Vol. 11, pp. 233-265. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

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2485. Shimizu, Y. (1993). Culturing microalgae for bioactive compounds. J. Phycol. 29(3 Suppl.):14. Keywords: culturing microalgae/ bioactive compounds.

2486. Shimizu, Y. (1993). Microalgal metabolites. Chem. Rev. 93(5):1685-1698. Keywords: metabolites/ microalgal.

2487. Shimizu, Y. (1996). Microalgal metabolites: a new perspective. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 50:431-465. Keywords: metabolites/ microalgal.

2488. Shimizu, Y.; Norte, M.; Hori, A.; Genenah, A.; and Kobayashi, M. (1984). Biosynthesis of saxitoxin analogues: the unexpected pathway. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:6433-6434. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ saxitoxin/ neosaxitoxin/ pathway/ Aphanizomenon/ PSP.

2489. Shimojo, R. Y. and Iwaoka, W. T. (2000). A rapid hemolysis assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific marine toxins. Toxicology 154(1-3):1-7. Keywords: saxitoxin/ ciguatoxin/ veratridine/ ouabain/ hemolysis.

2490. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Aeruginosins 205A and -B, serine-protease inhibitory glycopeptides from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (NIES-205). J. Org. Chem. 62 (6):1810-1813. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii/ serine protease inhibitors.

2491. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996). Agardhipeptins A and B, two new cyclic hepta- and octapeptide, from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (NIES-204). Tetrahed. 52(41):13129-13136. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii/ peptides/ isolated.

2492. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Anabaenopeptins E and F, 2 new cyclic peptides from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (NIES-204). J. Natural Products 60(2):139-141. Keywords: new cyclic peptides/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

2493. Shin, H. J.; Matsuda, H.; Murakami, M.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1997). Circinamide, a novel papain inhibitor from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis (NIES-41). Tetrahed. 53(16):5747-5754. Keywords: circinamide/ papain inhibitor/ Anabaena circinalis/ cytotoxin.

2494. Shin, H. J.; Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; Ishida, K.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1995). Oscillapeptin: an elastase and chymotrypsin inhibitor from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (NIES, 204). Tetrahed. Lett. 36(29):5235-5238. Keywords: oscillapeptin/ elastase inhibitor/ chymotrypsin inhibitor/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

2495. Shin, H. J.; Murakami, M.; Matsuda, H.; and Yamaguchi, K. (1996). Microviridins D-F, serine protease inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii (NIES-204). Tetrahed. 52(24):8159-8168. Keywords: microviridins D-F/ serine protease inhibitors/ Oscillatoria agardhii .

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2496. Shin, H. W.; Llobet, E.; Gardner, J. W.; Hines, E. L.; and Dow, C. S. (2000). Classification of the strain and growth phase of cyanobacteria in potable water using an electronic nose system. IEE Proc.–Sci. Measure. Technol. 147(4):158-164. Keywords: gas/ Microcystis.

2497. Shirahashi, H.; Morimoto, T.; Nagatsu, A.; Murakami, N.; Tatta, K.; Sukakibara, J.; Tokuda, H.; and Nishino, H. (1996). Antitumor-promoting activities of various synthetic 1-O-Acyl-3-O(6'-O-Acyl--D-Galactopyranosyl)-sn-Glycerols related to natural product from freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae f. flos-aquae. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 44(7):1404-1406. Keywords: glyceroglycolipid/ antitumor-promoter/ Epstin-Barr virus/ Anabaena flos-aquae f. flos-aquae.

2498. Shirahashi, H.; Murakami, N.; Watanabe, M.; Nagatsu, A.; Sakakibara, J.; Tokuda, H.; Nishino, H.; and Iwashima, A. (1993). Isolation and identification of anti-tumor-promoting principles from the fresh-water cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 41(9):1664-1666. Keywords: Phormidium tenue/ glyceroglycolipid/ anti-tumor promoter/ monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG)/ digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG)/ Epstein-Barr virus.

2499. Shirai, M.; Ohtake, A.; Sano, T.; Matsumoto, S.; Sakamoto, T.; Sato, A.; Aida, T.; Harada, K-I.; Shimada, T.; Suzuki, M.; and Nakano, M. (1991). Toxicity and toxins of natural blooms and isolated strains of Microcystis spp. (cyanobacteria) and improved procedure for purification of cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(4):1241-1245. Keywords: Japan/ toxicity/ Microcystis/ improved culture purification procedure.

2500. Shirai, M.; Takamura, Y.; Sakuma, H.; Kojima, M.; and Nakano, M. (1986). Toxicity and delayed type hypersensitivity caused by Microcystis blooms from Lake Kasumigaura. Microbiol. Immunol. 30(7):731-735. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Japan/ Lake Kasumigaura.

2501. Shoptaugh, N. H. (1978). Fluorometric studies on the toxins of Gonyaulax tamarensis and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Ph.D. Thesis. University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Gonyaulax/ Aphanizomenon.

2502. Short, S. B. and Edwards, W. C. (1990). Blue-green algae toxicosis in Oklahoma. Vet. Human Toxicol. 32(6):558-560. Keywords: Oklahoma/ cattle deaths/ blue-green algae/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

2503. Shurin, J. B. and Dodson, S. I. (1997). Sublethal toxic effects of cyanobacteria and nonylphenol on environmental sex determination and development in Daphnia. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 16(6):1269-1276. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ Daphnia/ developmental effects/ environmental sex determination/ nonylphenol.

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2506. Siegl, G.; MacKintosh, C.; and Stitt, M. (1990). Sucrose-phosphate synthase is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A in spinach leaves, evidence from the effects of okadaic acid and microcystin. FEBS Lett. 270(1-2):198-202. Keywords: microcystin/ okadaic acid/ sucrose phosphate synthase dephosphorylation.

2507. Sielaff, H.; Dittmann, E.; Tandeau de Marsac, N.; Bouchier, C.; von Döhren, H.; Börner, T.; and Schwecke, T. (2003). The mcyF gene of the microcystin biosynthetic gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa encodes an aspartate racemase. Biochem. J. 373(3):909-916. Keywords: aspartate racemase/ cyanobacteria/ glutamate racemase/ microcystin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ non-ribosomal peptide.

2508. Silbergeld, E. K.; Grattan, L.; Oldach, D; and Morris, J. G. (2000). Pfiesteria: harmful algal blooms as indicators of human ecosystem interactions. Environ. Res. 82(2):97-105. Keywords: ambush-predator/ dinoflagellate/ estuarine fish/ kills.

2509. Sili, C.; Ena, A.; Materassi, R.; and Vincenzini, M. (1994). Germination of desiccated aged akinetes of alkaliphilic cyanobacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 162(1-2):20-25. Keywords: akinete/ akinete germination/ cell differentiation/ cyanobacteria/ Cyanospira/ extreme environments/ heterocyst.

2510. Silva, E. D. de; Williams, D. E.; Andersen, R. J.; Klix, H.; Holmes, C. F. B; and Allen, T. M. (1992). Motuporin, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor isolated from the Papua New Guinea sponge Theonella swinhoei Gray. Tetrahed. Lett. 33(12):1561-1564. Keywords: Paupua, New Guinea/ sponge/ Theonella swinhoei/ motuporin/ protein phosphatase inhibitor.

2511. Silva, L. M. T.; Dos Santos, C. P.; and Chaloub, R. M. (2001). Effect of the respiratory activity on photoinhibition of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Photosyn. Res. 68(1):61-69. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ nitrogen starvation/ photoinhibition/ photosynthesis/ respiration/ Synechocystis.

2512. Sim, A. T. R.; Baldwin, M. L.; Rostas, J. A. P.; Holst, J.; and Ludowyke, R. I. (2003). The role of serine/threonine protein phosphatases in exocytosis. Biochem. J. 373(3):641-659. Keywords: beta-cell/ exocytosis/ mast cell/ neuron/ phosphatase/ signal transduction.

2513. Sim, A. T. R. and Mudge, L. M. (1993). Protein phosphatase activity in cyanobacteria: consequences for microcystin toxicity analysis. Toxicon 31(9):1179-1186. Keywords: protein phosphatase/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin toxicity analysis.

2514. Simpson, B. and Gorham, P. R. (1958). Source of the fast-death factor produced by unialgal Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1. Phycol. Soc. Am. News Bull. 11:59-60. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ fast-death factor. (Abstract)

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2515. Simpson, J. (1977). Microcystis aeruginosa SS-17: its Endotoxin and in vitro Detection . Report # Eli Lilly — report summary of project on antibiotic activity for toxic M. aeruginosa. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ detection. (Unpublished)

2516. Sims, J. K. and Zandee Van Rilland, R. D. (1981). Escharotic stomatitis caused by the "stinging seaweed" Microcoleus lyngbyaceus (formerly Lyngbya majuscula): case report and literature review. Hawaii Med. J. 40(9):243-248. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula/ dermatitis.

2517. Singh, D. P.; Tyagi, M. B.; Kumar, A.; Thakur, J. K.; and Kumar, A. (2001). Antialgal activity of a hepatotoxin-producing cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17(1):15-22. Keywords: antialgal/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Microcystis toxin.

2518. Singh, I. P.; Milligan, K. E.; and Gerwick, W. H. (1999). Tanikolide, a toxic and antifungal lactone from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 62(9):1333-1335. Keywords: Lyngbya majuscula/ anikolide/ antifungal lactone.

2519. Singh, R. N. (1955). Limnological relations of Indian inland waters with special reference to waterblooms. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 12:831-836. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ India/ inland waters/ waterblooms.

2520. Sings, H. L. and Rinehart, K. L. (1996). Compounds produced from potential tunicate-blue-green algal symbiosis: a review. J. Ind. Microbiol. 17(5-6):385-396. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ ascidian/ Synethocystis/ Prochloron/ marine natural product.

2521. Sinha, R. P.; Klisch, M.; Helbling, E. W.; and Hader, D. P. (2001). Induction of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAS) in cyanobacteria by solar ultraviolet-B radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B-Biol. 60(2-3):129-135. Keywords: Anabaena sp./ high performance liquid chromatography/ mycosporine-like amino acids/ Nostoc commune/ photosynthetic active radiation/ Scytonema sp./ spectroscopy/ ultraviolet.

2522. Sipiä, V.; Kankaanpää, H.; Lahti, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Meriluoto, J. (2001). Detection of Nodularin in flounders and cod from the Baltic Sea. Environ. Toxicol. 16(2):121-126. Keywords: nodularin/ Nodularia spumigena/ tissues/ flounder/ cod/ Baltic Sea.

2523. Sipiä, V.; Kankaanpää, H.; and Meriluoto, J. (2000). The first observation of okadaic acid in flounder in the Baltic Sea. Sarsia 85:471-475. Keywords: okadaic acid/ flounder/ Baltic Sea.

2524. Sipiä, V. O.; Kankaanpää, H. T.; Flinkman, J.; Lahti, K.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2001). Time-dependent accumulation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in flounders (Platichthys flesus) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the northern Baltic Sea. Environ. Toxicol. 16(4):330-336. Keywords: hepatotoxin/ nodularin/ microcystin/ flounder/ mussel/ Baltic Sea.

2525. Sipiä, V. O.; Kankaanpää, H. T.; Pflugmacher, S.; Flinkman, J.; Furey, A.; and James, K. J. (2002). Bioaccumulation and detoxication of nodularin in tissues of flounder (Platichthys flesus), mussels (Mytilus edulis, Dreissena polymorpha), and clams (Macoma balthica) from the northern Baltic Sea. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 53(2):305-311. Keywords: hepatotoxin/ nodularin/ flounder/ Platichthys flesus/ mussel/ Mytilus edulis/ Dreissena polymorpha/ clam/ Macoma balthica/ Baltic Sea/ bioaccumulation/ biotransformation.

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2526. Sipiä, V. O.; Lahti, K.; Kankaanpää, H. T.; Vuorinen, P. J.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O. (2002). Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in herring and salmon from the Baltic Sea. Aquat. Ecosys. Health Manage. 5:451-456. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxins/ screening/ herring/ salmon/ Baltic Sea.

2527. Sirén, A. L. and Feuerstein, G. (1990). Cardiovascular effects of anatoxin-a in the conscious rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 102(1):91-100. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ cardiovascular effects/ rat.

2528. Sirén, H.; Jussila, M.; Liu, H. W.; Peltoniemi, S.; Sivonen, K.; and Riekkola, M-L. (1999). Separation, purity testing and identification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins with capillary-electrophoresis and electrospray mass-spectrometry. J. Chromat. A 839(1-2):203-215. Keywords: hepatotoxins/ separation/ purity testing/ identification/ mass spectrometry/ microcystin.

2529. Sirenko, L. A. (1987). The effects of blue-green algae on formation of algal communities and on water quality in the Dnieper reservoirs. Arch. Hydrobiol.–Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 25:39-49. Keywords: Dnieper reservoirs/ Ukraine/ blue-green algae/ proportional representation/ water quality.

2530. Sirenko, L. A. (1986). Some chemicobiological aspects of the development of the composition of natural water. In: A. E. Shilov (ed.) Fundamental Research in Homogeneous Catalysis. Gordon & Breach: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 1263-1272. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ composition of natural water.

2531. Sirenko, L. A. (1980). Toxicity fluctuations and factors determining them. In: J. Varica and L. R. Mur, (eds.) Hypertrophic Ecosystems/S.I.L. Workshop on Hypertrophic Ecosystems, Växjö. Kluwer: The Hague/Boston. 2, pp. 231-234. 330 pp. Sept. 10-14, 1979; Växjö, Sweden. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fluctuations/ factors/ Ukraine/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

2532. Sirenko, L. A. (1981). Toxicity fluctuations and factors determining them. Dev. Hydrobiol.:P231-234. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fluctuations/ factors.

2533. Sirenko, L. A.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; and Kirpenko, N. I. (1997). Biologically active metabolites of blue-green algae and their role in the epidemiology. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 33(3):51-62. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ metabolites/ role/ epidemiology.

2534. Sirenko, L. A.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Lukina, L. F.; Kovalenko, O. V.; and Zimovets, L. M. (1978). Toxicity of blue-green algae causative agents of water bloom. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 12:22-28. Keywords: cyanotoxin . (Ukrainian)

2535. Sirenko, L. A.; Kirpenko, Yu A.; Lukina, L. F.; Kovalenko, O. V.; and Zimovets, L. M. (1976). Toxicity of blue-green algae the causative agents of the blooming of water. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 12:13-18. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Ukrainian)

2536. Sirenko, L. A.; Malyarevskaya, A. Y.; Birger, T.; and Kirpenko, Yu A. (1979). Ecological metabolites. In: E. V. Krasnov, (ed.) Vzaimodeistne Vodoi Zhiuym Veshchestuom, Tr. Conf.

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2537. Sirenko, L. A. and Parshikova, T. V. (1989). Algae toxicity and difficulties in determining its natural water, a review. Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 24(5):48-58. Keywords: toxicity/ algae.

2538. Sitachitta, N. and Gerwick, W. H. (1998). Grenadadiene and grenadamide cyclopropyl-containing fatty acid metabolites from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 61(5):681-684. Keywords: Grenada/ Lyngbya majuscula/ fatty acid metabolites/ structure/ cytotoxin.

2539. Sitachitta, N.; Marquez, B. L.; Williamson, R. T.; Rossi, J.; Roberts, M. A.; Gerwick, W. H.; Nguyen, V. A.; and Willis, C. L. (2000). Biosynthetic pathway and origin of the chlorinated methyl group in barbamide and dechlorobarbamide, metabolites from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Tetrahed. 56(46):9103-9113. Keywords: biosynthesis/ peptide/ polyketide/ trichloromethyl group/ biological chlorination/ Lyngbya majuscula.

2540. Sitachitta, N.; Williamson, R. T.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2000). Yanucamides A and B, two new depsipeptides from an assemblage of the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix species. J. Natural Products 63(2):197-200. Keywords: Philinopsis speciosa/ brine shrimp/ constituents/ mollusk/ cytotoxin.

2541. Sivonen, K. (1996). Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production. Phycologia 35(6):12-24. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ production.

2542. Sivonen, K. (1990). Effects of light, temperature, nitrate, orthophosphate, and bacteria on growth of and hepatotoxin production by Oscillatoria agardhii strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56(9):2658-2666. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii/ factors affecting growth and toxicity.

2543. Sivonen, K. (2000). Freshwater cyanobacterial neurotoxins: ecobiology, chemistry and detection. In: L. M. Botana (ed.) Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, pp. 567-558. 798 pp. Keywords: freshwater toxins/ pharmacology/ physiology/ toxicology/ ecology.

2544. Sivonen, K. (1985). Syanobakteeritoksiinit ja niiden toteamismenetalmat. Ympär. Terv. 16:443-447. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

2545. Sivonen, K. (1990). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Finnish Fresh Waters and the Baltic Sea. Ph.D Thesis in Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Finland/ freshwater/ Baltic Sea. (Finnish)

2546. Sivonen, K. (1998). Toxins produced by cyanobacteria. In: M. Miraglia, H. van Egmond, C. Brera, and J. Gilbert (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins-Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Safety. USA, pp. 547-568. 56 pp. Keywords: phycotoxins/ Microcystis/ Anabaena/ Oscillatoria/ Nodularia/ Nostoc/ Cylindrospermopsis/ Aphanizomenon/ Lyngbya.

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2547. Sivonen, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Namikoshi, M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Dahlem, A. M.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1990). Isolation and characterization of hepatotoxic microcystin homologs from the filamentous freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56(9):2650-2657. Keywords: Finalnd/ Nostoc/ hepatotoxic microcystin homologs/ isolation/ characterization.

2548. Sivonen, K.; Himberg, K.; Luukkainen, R.; Niemelä, S. I.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A. (1989). Preliminary characterization of neurotoxic cyanobacteria blooms and strains from Finland. Tox. Assess. 4(3):339-352. Keywords: Finland/ neurotoxic cyanobacterial blooms.

2549. Sivonen, K.; Himberg, K.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1986). Toxins of cyanobacteria (Syanobakteeritoksiinit). Kemia-Kemi 13(4):396-400. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish, English summary)

2550. Sivonen, K. and Jones, G. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: I. Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.) Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. E & FN Spon: London, pp. 41-111. 416 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins.

2551. Sivonen, K.; Kononen, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Dahlem, A. M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Kiviranta, J.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1989). Occurrence of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea and the structure of the toxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(8):1990-1995. Keywords: Nodularia spumigena/ Baltic Sea/ occurrence/ structure.

2552. Sivonen, K.; Kononen, K.; Esala, A-L.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1989). Toxicity and isolation of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena from the southern Baltic Sea in 1986. Hydrobiologia 185(1):3-8. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ Baltic Sea/ toxicity/ isolation/ hepatotoxicity/ algal blooms.

2553. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun, F.; Rouhiainen, L.; Luukkainen, R.; and Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven strains of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(8):2495-2500. Keywords: Anabaena/ microcystins/ isolation/ characterization.

2554. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Färdig, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Rhinehart, K. L. (1992). Three new microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, from Nostoc sp. strain 152. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5(4):464-469. Keywords: Nostoc/ microcystins/ heptapeptide hepatotoxins/ isolates.

2555. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Gromov, B. V.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Rhinehart, K. L. (1992). Short Communications: Isolation and structures of five microcystins from a Russian Microcystis aeruginosa strain CALU 972. Toxicon 30(11):1481-1485. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation and structure/ Russian.

2556. Sivonen, K.; Namikoshi, M.; Luukkainen, R.; Färdig, M.; Rouhiainen, L.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Niemelä, S. I. (1995). Variation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in Finland. In: M. Munawar and M. Luotola (eds.) The Contaminants in the Nordic Ecosystem: Dynamics, Processes and Fate. SPB Academic Publishing: Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 163-169. Ecovision World Mono. Series. Keywords: Finland/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ variation/ Anabaena/ Microcystis/ Oscillatolria/ Nostoc.

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2557. Sivonen, K.; Niemelä, S. I.; Niemi, R. M.; Lepistö, L.; Luoma, T. H.; and Räsänen, L. A. (1990). Toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Finnish fresh and coastal waters. Hydrobiologia 190(3):267-275. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ toxic blooms/ Anabaena/ Aphanizomenon/ Gomphosphaeria/ Microcystis/ Nodularia/ Oscillatoria/ Finland.

2558. Sivonen, K. and Persson, P-E. (1986). Myrkylliset sinilevat. In: K. Tyystjarvi and H. Ahola (eds.) Aqua 86. Vedesta vesistotutkimukseen: Helsinki, pp. 52-54. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Finnish)

2559. Sivonen, K. and Rapala, J. (1998). Assessment of environmental conditions that favor hepatotoxic and neurotoxic Anabaena spp. strains cultured under light limitations at different temperatures. Microbial Ecol. 36:181-192. Keywords: Anabaena/ culture/ environmental conditions.

2560. Sivonen, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Namikoshi, M.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Rhinehart, K. L. (1992). Two methyl ester derivatives of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, isolated from Anabaena flos-aquae strain CYA 83/1. Toxicon 30(11):1465-1471. Keywords: Norway/ microcystins/ derivatives/ Anabaena flos-aquae.

2561. Sjöholm, A.; Honkanen, R. E.; and Berggren, P-O. (1995). Inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases by secretagogues in insulin-secreting cells. Endocrinology 136(8):3391-3397. Keywords: serine/ threonine protein phosphatases/ inhibition.

2562. Skrinjar, M.; Nilsson, C.; and Wistrand, L. G. (1992). An efficient synthesis of (+)-anatoxin-a. Tetrahed.-Asymmetry 3(10):1263-1270. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2563. Skulberg, O. M. (1972). Blue-green algae in Norwegian Inland waters: the possible health consequences for humans and animals. (Blagronnalger i norske vannforekomster, mulige konsekvenser av sunnhetsmessig betydning for mennesker og dyr). Tidsskr. Norske Laegefor. 92(12):851-854. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Norwegian inland waters/ health consequences. (Norwegian, English translation)

2564. Skulberg, O.M. (1984). Directory to Toxic Cyanophyte Literature from Norden. Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA): Oslo. Report # F-83462, 26 Sept, 1984. 4 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Norway/ directory.

2565. Skulberg, O.M. (1984). Giftproduscerende Blågronnalger Ivannblomst — Problemer for Helse og Trivsel. NIVA (Norsk institutt for vannforskning): Oslo. Report # F-83462. 18 pp. Keywords: blue-green algae. (Norwegian)

2566. Skulberg, O. M. (1984). Landbruksforurensninger og problemer med masseutvikling av blagronnalger. In: Jordbrukets Fororening av Vattenmiljon, 20. Nordiska Symposiet om Vattenforskning Hagerstein. Publ. 2, pp. 183-194. May 8-10, 1984; Nordforsk, Miljovardsserien. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2567. Skulberg, O.M. (1989). Toksinproduserende blagronnalger i norske vanforekomster. Rapporter og Publikasjoner. NIVA: 6 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

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2568. Skulberg, O.M. (1979). Toxic effects of blue-green algae—first case of Microcystis poisoning reported from Norway (Giftvirkninger av blågronnalger—forste tilfelle av Microcystis forgiftning registrert i Norge). In: Temarapport. Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA): Oslo. Report # 4. 42 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Norway. (Norwegian, English summary)

2569. Skulberg, O. M. (1956). Vannblomst av blagronne alger some arsak til forgiftning av dyr og mennesker. Fauna 9(1):19-26. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2570. Skulberg, O. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Andersen, R. A.; Matsunaga, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Skulberg, R. (1992). Investigations of a neurotoxic oscillatorialean strain (Cyanophyceae) and its toxin. Isolation and characterization of homoanatoxin-a. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11(3):321-329. Keywords: Cyanophyceae/ Oscillatoria formosa/ phycotoxin/ homoanatoxin-a/ neuromuscular block.

2571. Skulberg, O. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Codd, G. A.; and Skulberg, R. (1993). Taxonomy of toxic Cyanophyceae (cyanobacteria). In: I. R. Falconer (ed.) Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press: London, pp. 145-164, Ch. 9. 224 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ taxonomy.

2572. Skulberg, O. M.; Codd, G. A.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1984). Toxic blue-green algal blooms in Europe: a growing problem. Ambio 13(4):244-247. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Europe.

2573. Skulberg, O. M. and Skulberg, R. (1985). Planktic species of Oscillatoria (Cyanophyceae) from Norway: characterization and classification. Arch. Hydrobiol.–Algol. Stud. 71(1-2 Suppl.):157-174. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria/ clone cultures/ biogeography/ morphology/ phycobilins/ carotenoids/ allelopathic agents/ provisional system of classification/ Norway.

2574. Skulberg, O.M. and Underdal, B. (1987). Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Akersvatnet, Resultater av Undersokelser i 1986 for Vestfold Interkommunale Vannverk (VIV). Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA): Oslo. Report # 0-84135. 32 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2575. Slaga, T. J.; Fischer, S. M.; Nelson, K.; and Gleason, G. L. (1980). Studies on the mechanism of skin tumor promotion. Evidence for several stages in promotion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77(6):3659-3663. Keywords: skin tumor promotion.

2576. Slater, G. P. and Blok, V. C. (1983). Volatile compounds of the Cyanophyceae—a review. Water Sci. Technol. 15:181-190. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ products/ geosmin/ methylisoborneol.

2577. Slatkin, D. N.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, W. H.; Kycia, J. H.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1983). Atypical pulmonary thrombosis caused by a toxic cyanobacterial peptide. Science 220:1383-1385. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ pulmonary thrombosis/ peptide/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ liver damage/ mouse.

2578. Sleire, B. (1980). Oppblomstringer av alger og cyanobakterier. Innvirkning pa drikkevann. In: Rapport Statens Institutt for Folkehelse. 149 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

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2579. Smirnov, N. N. and Feokistova, O. (1965). Influence of blue-green algae on aquatic animals and plants. In: Ecology and Physiology of Blue-Green Algae [Ekol. i Fisicol. Cenezel Vodoi]. Akad. Nauk. SSSR: Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 212-223. Keywords: blue-green algae/ aquatic animals and plants/ influence. (Russian)

2580. Smirnov, N. N. and Feokistova, O. I. (1963). Toxicity of blue-green algae. Trudy Inst. Biol. Vodokhr. 8:10-20. Keywords: blue-green algae/ toxicity.

2581. Smit, J. D. (1950). Experimental cases of algae poisoning in small animals. S. Afr. Ind. Chem. 4:66. Keywords: cases/ algal poisoning/ small animals.

2582. Smith, A. D. and Gilbert, J. J. (1995). Relative susceptibilities of rotifers and cladocerans to Microcystis aeruginosa. Arch. Hydrobiol. 132(3):309-336. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ rotifers/ cladocerans/ susceptibility.

2583. Smith, A. D. and Gilbert, J. J. (1995). Spatial and temporal variability in filament length of a toxic cyanobacterium (Anabaena affinis). Freshwater Biol. 33(1):1-11. Keywords: Vermont/ Anabaena affinis/ variability/ filament length.

2584. Smith, C. D.; Prinsep, M. R.; Caplan, F. R.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1994). Reversal of multiple drug resistance by tolyporphin, a novel cyanobacterial natural product. Oncol. Res. 6(4-5):211-218. Keywords: tolyporphin/ MDR/ P-glycoprotein/ chemosensitizers.

2585. Smith, M. T.; Thor, H.; and Orrenius, S. (1981). Toxic injury to isolated hepatocytes is not dependent on extracellular calcium. Science 213:1257-1259. Keywords: liver cell death/ extracellular calcium.

2586. Smith, R. A. and Lewis, D. (1987). A rapid analysis of water for anatoxin-a, the unstable toxic alkaloid from Anabaena flos-aquae, the stable non-toxic alkaloids left after bioreduction and a related amine which may be nature's precursor to anatoxin-a. Vet. Human Toxicol. 29(2):153-154. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ alkaloid.

2587. Smith, T. A. and Hoover, J. P. (1995). Investigating a case of suspected cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) intoxication in a dog [Correction for 1995, 90(11):1028]. Vet. Med. 90(12):1130. Keywords: case/ cyanobacteria intoxication/ dog.

2588. Smith, V. H. (2003). Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems — a global problem. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 10(2):126-139. Keywords: algae/ coastal marine ecosystems/ estuaries/ eutrophication/ harmful algal blooms/ nitrogen/ nutrients/ lakes/ reservoirs/ rivers/ phosphorus/ phytoplankton/ shallow lakes/ wetlands.

2589. Smitka, T. A.; Bonjouklian, R.; Doolin, L.; Jones, N. D.; Deeter, J. B.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Prinsep, M. R.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1992). Ambiguine isonitriles, fungicidal hapalindole-type alkaloids from three genera of blue-green algae belonging to the Stigonemataceae. J. Org. Chem. 57(3):857-861. Keywords: Fischerella ambigua/ Hapalosiphon hibernicus/ Westiellopsis prolifica/ isolation/ structure.

2590. Smitka, T. A.; Bonjouklian, R.; Doolin, L.; Malloy, R. M.; Debono, M.; Shaffer, S. A.; Stewart, J. B.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1990). Tipanazoles—new antifungal agents from the blue-green

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2591. Snell, T. W. (1980). Blue-green algae and selection in rotifer populations. Oecologia (Berl.) 46:343-346. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Florida/ rotifer population.

2592. Snider, B. B. and Harvey, T. C. (1995). Synthesis of a bicyclic model for the marine hepatotoxins cylindrospermopsin. Tetrahed. Lett. 36(26):4587-4590. Keywords: synthesis/ marine hepatotoxins/ cylindrospermopsin.

2593. Snider, B. B. and Xie, C. Y. (1998). Model studies for the synthesis of the marine hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin—preparation of a bicyclic guanidine with the hydrosymethyluracil side-chain. Tetrahed. 39(39):7021-7024. Keywords: studies/ synthesis/ cylindrospermopsin.

2594. Snyder, G. S.; Goodwin, A. E.; and Freeman, D. W. (2002). Evidence that channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), mortality is not linked to ingestion of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR. J. Fish Dis. 25(5):275-285. Keywords: channel catfish/ cyanobacteria/ HCTC/ microcystin/ toxicosis/ Ictalurus punctatus.

2595. Soave, R. (1996). Cyclospora —an overview. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23(3):429-437. Keywords: Cyclospora/ review.

2596. Solé, A.; Gaju, N.; Méndez-Alvarez, S.; and Esteve, I. (2001). Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a tool to determine cyanobacteria biomass in microbial mats. J. Microscopy 204(3):258-262. Keywords: biomass/ confocal laser scanning microscopy/ cyanobacteria/ microbial mats/ microorganisms/ soil/ enumeration/ UV. (Technical Note)

2597. Soliakov, L.; Gallagher, T.; and Wonnacott, S. (1995). Anatoxin-a evoked H3 dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes. Neuropharmacol. 34(11):1535-1541. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ dopamine release/ rat/ synaptosomes.

2598. Soll, M. D. and Williams, M. C. (1985). Mortality of a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) suspected to be associated with the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 56(1):49-51. Keywords: white rhinoceros/ cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ mortality/ hepatic necrosis/ South Africa.

2599. Solly, W. W. (1966). A bloom of the alga Nodularia. Newsl. Aust. Soc. Limnol. 5(2):28-29. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia/ bloom/ Australia.

2600. Solomon, A. E. and Stoughton, R. B. (1978). Dermatitis from purified sea algae toxin (debromoaplysiatoxin). Arch. Dermatol. 114:1333-1335. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ aplysiatoxin/ Hawaii.

2601. Solow, R.; Mereish, K.; Anderson Jr., G. W.; Hewetson, J., and Wannemacher Jr., R. W. (1989). Effect of microcystin-LR on cultured rat endothelial cells. Toxicologist. 9(1):160. Keywords: microcystin-LR/rat endothelial cells. (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 — Abstract #637)

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2603. Solter, P. F.; Wollenberg, G. K.; Huang, X.; Chu, F. S.; and Runnegar, M. T. (1998). Prolonged sublethal exposure to the protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR results in multiple dose-dependent hepatotoxic effects. Toxicol. Sci. 44:87-96. Keywords: apoptosis/ histopathology/ immunohistochemistry/ liver/ microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase/ rats/ serum biochemistry/ toxin.

2604. Somfai, P. and Åhman, J. (1992). A short and enantioselective synthesis of (+)-anatoxin-a. Tetrahed. Lett. 33(26):3791-3794. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis.

2605. Song, L.; Sano, T.; Li, R.; Watanabe, M. M.; Liu, Y.; and Kaya, K. (1998). Microcystin production of Microcystis viridis (cyanobacteria) under different culture conditions. Phycol. Res. 46(Suppl.):19-23. Keywords: culture conditions/ cyanobacteria/ Dianchi Lake/ China/ microcystin production/ Microcystis viridis.

2606. Sönnichsen, J. D.; Jacoby, J.; and Welch, E. B. (1997). Response of cyanobacterial migration to alum treatment in Green Lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. 140(3):373-392. Keywords: Washington/ cyanobacteria/ migration/ alum treatment.

2607. Soong, F. S.; Maynard, E.; Kirke, K.; and Luke, C. (1992). Illness associated with blue-green algae. Med. J. Aust. 156(1):67. Keywords: Australia/ cyanobacteria/ illness.

2608. Southcott, R. V. (1992). Illness associated with blue-green algae. Med. J. Aust. 156(1):67. Keywords: illness/ blue-green algae. (Comment)

2609. Souza, R. C. R. de; Carvalho, M. C.; and Truzzi, A. C. (1998). Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz.) Seenaya and Subba Raju (Cyanophyceae) dominance and a contribution to the knowledge of Rio Pequeno Arm, Billings Reservoir, Brazil. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 13(1):73-81. Keywords: phytoplankton/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ water quality/ toxicity/ Billings reservoir/ Brazil.

2610. Spassova, M.; Mellor, I. R.; Petrov, A. G.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; Vais, H.; and Usherwood, P. N. R. (1995). Pores formed in lipid bilayers and in native membranes by nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin. Eur. Biophys. J. 24(2):69-76. Keywords: patch-clamp/ lipid monolayers/ lipid bilayers/ locust muscle membranes/ Nodularia spumigena/ cyanobacterial toxins/ nodularin/ membrane pores/ edge energy.

2611. Spivak, C. E.; Albuquerque, E. X.; Aronstam, R. S.; Eldefrawi, M. E.; and Witkop, B. (1979). A study of the pre-and postsynaptic reactions of a potent agonist of the nicotinic receptor. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 5:489. Keywords: anatoxin/ nicotinic receptor. (Poster Abstract #1661)

2612. Spivak, C. E.; Gonzales-Rudo, R.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1984). Stereoselectivity of nicotinic receptors and their single channel properties induced by anatoxin-a. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 10(1):562. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ nicotinic receptors. (Abstract)

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2613. Spivak, C. E.; Waters, J.; Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1983). Potencies and channel properties induced by semirigid agonists at frog nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 23:337-343. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ frog nicotinic receptors.

2614. Spivak, C. E.; Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1980). Anatoxin-a: a novel, potent agonist at the nicotinic receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 18:384-394. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ nicotinic receptor.

2615. Spoerke, D. G. and Rumack, B. H. (1985). Blue-green algae poisoning. J. Emerg. Med. 2:353-355. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ neurotoxins.

2616. Spoof, L.; Karlsson, K.; and Meriluoto, J. (2001). High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of microcystins and nodularin, cyanobacterial peptide toxins, on C-18 and amide C-16 sorbents. J. Chromat. A 909(2):225-236. Keywords: stationary phases/ LC/ mobile phase/ composition/ microcystins/ toxins/ nodularin.

2617. Spoof, L.; Klimova, S.; Mikhailov, A.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Meriluoto, J. (2003). Synthesis and organotropism of H-3-dihydro derivatives of the cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxin nodularin. Toxicon 41(2):153-162. Keywords: nodularin/ cyanobacteria/ toxin/ radio labeling/ organotropism/ blue-green algae/ trout Oncorhynchus mykiss/ microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase-1/ dihydromicrocystin-LR/ in vivo/ immunohistochemical localization/ tritiated dihydromicrocystin/ tissue distribution/ tumor promotion.

2618. Spoof, L. and Meriluoto, J. (2002). Rapid separation of microcystins and nodularin using a monolithic silica C-18 column. J. Chromat. A 947(2):237-245. Keywords: stationary phases/ LC/ monolithic columns/ microcystins/ nodularin/ peptides/ toxins.

2619. Spoof, L.; Vesterkvist, P.; Lindholm, T.; and Meriluoto, J. (2003). Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin in environmental water samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J. Chromat. A 1020(1):105-119. Keywords: water analysis/ environmental analysis/ bacteria/ hepatotoxins/ toxins/ microcystins/ nodularin.

2620. Springer, P. (1962). Literature references on blue-green algae in relation to mosquito breeding. Keywords: mosquito/ blue-green algae/ references.

2621. Stafford, R. G.; Mehta, M.; and Kemppainen, B. W. (1992). Comparison of the partition coefficient and skin penetration of a marine algal toxin (lyngbyatoxin A). Food Chem. Toxicol. 30(9):795-801. Keywords: lyngbyatoxin A/ skin penetration/ partition coefficient.

2622. Stal, L. J.; Staal, M.; and Villbrandt, M. (1999). Nutrient control of cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 18(2):165-173. Keywords: Baltic Sea/ cyanobacteria/ bloom/ picoplankton/ nutrients/ iron/ nitrogen/ nitrogen fixation/ molybdate/ sulfate.

2623. Stalker, M. (1887). On the Waterville cattle's disease. In: Department of Agriculture Report 1881/86. Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota. Report # Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, pp. 105-108. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cattle.

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2624. Stangenberg, M. (1968). Toxic effects of Microcystis aeruginosa Kg. extracts on Daphnia longispina O.F. Müller and Eucypris virens Jurine. Hydrobiologia 32:81-88. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia longispina/ Eucypris virens.

2625. Stanier, R. Y.; Kunisawa, R.; Mandel, M.; and Cohen-Bazire, G. (1971). Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales). Bacteriol. Rev. 35(2):171-205. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ purification.

2626. Starkweather, P. L. (1981). Trophic relationships between the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the blue-green algae Anabaena flos-aquae. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 21:1507-1514. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Brachionus calyciflorus/ relationship.

2627. Stavric, B. and Gorham, P. R. (1966). Toxic factors from Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) de Bréb. clone NRC-44h. In: Proceedings Canadian Society Plant Physiology Annual Meeting. Vol. 7, pp. 21. June 1-3, 1966; University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae. (Abstract)

2628. Steffensen, D.; Burch, M.; Nicholson, B.; Drikas, M.; and Baker, P. (1999). Management of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Australia. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):183-195. Keywords: management/ toxic cyanobacteria/ Australia.

2629. Stein, J. R. and Borden, C. A. (1984). Causative and beneficial algae in human disease conditions: a review. Phycologia 23:485-501. Keywords: algae/ human disease.

2630. Steiner, J. L. R.; Murakami, M.; and Tulinsky, A. (1998). Structure of thrombin inhibited by aeruginosin 298-A from a blue-green alga. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120(3):597-598. Keywords: blue-green alga/ thrombin inhibition/ structure.

2631. Stephen, C.; Kent, M. L.; and Dawe, S. C. (1993). Hepatic megalocytosis in wild and farmed chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in British Columbia, Canada. Dis. Aquat. Org. 16(1):35-39. Keywords: salmon/ Oncorhynchus tshawytscha/ British Columbia/ hepatic megalocytosis.

2632. Stephens, E. L. (1945). Microcystis toxica sp. Nov.: a poisonous alga from the Transvaal and Orange Free state. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 32:105-112 [Also published (1948) Hydrobiologia 1:14]. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis toxica/ South Africa.

2633. Stephenson, T. (1991). Blue-green algal blooms. Chem. Britain 27(2):131. Keywords: blooms/ blue-green algae.

2634. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1988). Analysis of anatoxin-a by GC/ECD. J. Analyt. Toxicol. 12(3):126-131. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ analysis/ GC.

2635. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1991). Effect of route of exposure and repeated doses on the acute toxicity in mice of the cyanobacterial nicotinic alkaloid anatoxin-a. Toxicon 29(1):134-138. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ mice toxicity/ exposure route.

2636. Stevens, D. K. and Krieger, R. I. (1990). N-methylation of anatoxin-a abolishes nicotinic cholinergic activity. Toxicon 28(2):133-134. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ nicotinic cholinergic acitivity. (Letter to Editor)

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2638. Stevens Jr., S. E.; Murphy, R. C.; Lamoreaux, W. J.; and Coons, L. B. (1994). A genetically engineered mosquitocidal cyanobacterium. J. Appl. Phycol. 6:187-197. Keywords: Agmenellum quadruplicatum/ Synechococcus PCC 7002/ cyanobacteria/ Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis/ mosquitocidal/ larvacide.

2639. Stewart, A. G.; Barnum, D. A.; and Henderson, J. A. (1950). Algal poisoning in Ontario. Can. J. Comp. Med. 14(6):197-202. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Ontario.

2640. Stewart, I.; Webb, P. M.; Schluter, P. J.; Shaw, G. R.; and Moore, M. R. (2001). The epidemiology of recreational exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria — an observational study of recreational water users in Queensland and New South Wales. Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):174. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ epidemiology/ recreational waters.

2641. Stewart, J. B.; Bornemann, V.; Chen, J-L.; Moore, R. E.; Caplan, F. R.; Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; and Patterson, G. M. L. (1988). Cytotoxic and fungicidal nucleosides from blue-green algae belonging to the Scytonemataceae. J. Antibiot. 41(8):1048-1056. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Scytonema/ Plectonema/ Tolypothrix/ antifungal/ nucleoside/ NMR/ bioassay/ antitumor.

2642. Steyn, D. G. (1944). Poisoning by algae on dams and pans (Vergiftiging deur slyk (algae) op damme en panne). S. Afr. Med. J. 18:378. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Afrikaans)

2643. Steyn, D. G. (1945). Poisoning of animals and human beings by algae. S. Afr. J. Sci. 41:243-244. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ animal and human poisoning/ South Africa.

2644. Steyn, D. G. (1943). Poisoning of animals by algae on dams and pans. Farming S. Afr. 18:489-510. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ South Africa/ animal poisonings/ algae.

2645. Steyn, D.G. (1945). Poisoning of Animals by Algae (Scum or Waterbloom) in Dams and Pans. Union of S. Afr, Dept. of Agric. and Forestry, Government Printer: Pretoria. 9 pp. Keywords: South Africa/ animal poisonings/ algae.

2646. Steyn, D. G. (1944). Poisonous and non-poisonous algae (waterbloom, scum) in dams and pans. Farming S. Afr. 56(19):465-466. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ South Africa.

2647. Steyn, D. G. (1949). Poisonous fresh-water algae. African Regional Scientific Conference. pp. 1-3. Johannesburg. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ fresh-water. (Communication No. C{1} 5)

2648. Stirling, D. J. and Quilliam, M. A. (2001). First report of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in New Zealand. Toxicon 39(8):1219-1222. Keywords: cylindrospermopsin/ Wellington region of New Zealand.

2649. Stjernlöf, P.; Trogen, L.; and Andersson, A. (1989). Synthesis of (+)- and (-)-anatoxin-a via classical diastereomeric salt resolution. Acta Chem. Scand. 43(9):917-918. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis. (Letter)

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2651. Stolerman, I. P.; Albuquerque, E. X.; and Garcha, H. S. (1992). Behavioural effects of anatoxin, a potent nicotinic agonist, in rats. Neuropharmacol. 31(3):311-314. Keywords: nicotine/ anatoxin/ mecamylamine/ locomotor activity/ drug discrimination.

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2653. Stoner, R. D.; Adams, W. H.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1990). Cyclosporine A inhibition of microcystin toxins. Toxicon 28(5):569-573. Keywords: microcystin inhibition/ cyclosporine A.

2654. Stoner, R. D.; Adams, W. H.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W. (1989). The effects of single L-amino acid substitutions on the lethal potencies of microcystins. Toxicon 27(7):825-828. Keywords: microcystins/ potencies/ L-amino acid substitutions.

2655. Stotts, R. R.; Namikoshi, M.; Haschek, W. M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Dahlem, A. M.; and Beasley, V. R. (1993). Structural modifications imparting reduced toxicity in microcystins from Microcystis spp. Toxicon 31(6):783-789. Keywords: microcystins/ structural modifications/ reduced toxicity.

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2658. Stowe, C. M.; Monson, E.; Abdullah, A. S.; and Barnes, D. (1981). Blue-green algae poisoning (Microcystis aeruginosa) in a dairy herd. Bovine Clin. 1:6-8. Keywords: blue-green algae/ cattle deaths.

2659. Stratmann, K.; Belli, J.; Jensen, C. M.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. (1994). Aulosirazole, a novel solid tumor selective cytotoxin from the blue-green alga Aulosire fertilissima. J. Org. Chem. 59(21):6279-6281. Keywords: aulosirazole/ tumor selective cytotoxin/ Aulosire fertilissima.

2660. Stratmann, K.; Burgoyne, D. L.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Smith, C. D. (1995). Hapalosin, a cyanobacterial cyclic depsipeptide with multidrug-resistance reversing activity [Correction for 1994, 59(24):7222]. J. Org. Chem. 60(9):2950. Keywords: hapalosin/ cyanobacteria/ multidrug-resistance reversing activity.

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2662. Stratmann, K.; Moore, R. E.; Bonjouklian, R.; Deeter, J. B.; Patterson, G. M.; Shaffer, S.; Smith, C. D.; and Smitka, T. A. (1994). Welwitindolinones, unusual alkaloids from the blue-green algae Hapalosiphon welwitschii and Westiella intricata: relationship to fischerindoles and hapalindoles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116(22):9935-9942. Keywords: alkaloids/ Hapalosiphon welwitschii/ Westiella intricata/ relationship/ fischerindoles/ hapalindoles.

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2664. Suganuma, M.; Fujiki, H.; Okabe, S.; Nishiwaki, S.; Brautigan, D.; Ingebritsen, T. S.; and Rosner, M. R. (1992). Structurally different members of the okadaic acid class selectively inhibit protein serine/threonine but not tyrosine phosphatase activity. Toxicon 30(8):873-878. Keywords: structure/ members/ okadaic acid/ inhibit/ protein serine/ threonine.

2665. Suganuma, M.; Fujiki, H.; Tahira, T.; Cheuk, C.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T. (1984). Estimation of tumor promoting activity and structure-function relationships of aplysiatoxins. Carcinogenesis 5(3):315-318. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ tumor promoting.

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2668. Swanson, K. L. and Albuquerque, E. X. (1992). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and low molecular weight toxins. In: H. Herken and F. Hucho (eds.) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Selective Neurotoxicity. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, Vol. 102, pp. 611-658, Ch. 17. Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors/ toxins/ low molecular weight.

2669. Swanson, K. L. and Albuquerque, E. X. (1992). Progress in understanding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function at central and peripheral nervous system synapses through toxin interactions. Maryland Med. J. 41(7):623-631. Keywords: toxin/ interaction/ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ nervous system synapses.

2670. Swanson, K. L.; Allen, C. N.; Aronstam, R. S.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1986). Molecular mechanisms of the potent and stereospecific nicotinic receptor agonist (+)-anatoxin-a. Mol. Pharmacol. 29:250-257. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ nicotinic receptor.

2671. Swanson, K. L.; Aracava, Y.; Sardina, F. J.; Rapoport, H.; Aronstam, R. S.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1989). N-methylanatoxinol isomers: derivatives of the agonist (+)-anatoxin-a block the

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2673. Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.; Wonnacott, S.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1991). Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs. I. Side chain structure-activity relationships at peripheral agonist and noncompetitive antagonist sites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 259(1):377-386. Keywords: anatoxin analogs/ nicotinic pharmacology.

2674. Swanson, K. L.; Aronstam, R. S.; Wonnacott, S.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1989). Nicotinic potency of anatoxin analogues with modifications of the acetyl moiety. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:557. Keywords: anatoxin analogs/ nicotinic potency. (Abstract)

2675. Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H.; Aronstam, R. S.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1990). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function studied with synthetic (+)-anatoxin-a and derivatives. In: S. Hall and G. Strichartz (eds.) Marine Toxins: Origin, Structure and Molecular Pharmacology. American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., pp. 107-118, Ch. 7. ACS Symposium Series #418. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

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2677. Swayze, E. E.; Drach, J. C.; Wotring, L. L.; and Townsend, L. B. (1997). Synthesis, antiproliferative and antiviral activity of imidazo[4,5-d]isothiazole nucleosides as 5:5 fused analogs of nebularine and 6-methylpurine ribonucleoside. J. Med. Chem. 40(5):771-784. Keywords: cytotoxin/ synthesis/ antiproliferative activity/ antiviral activity.

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2682. Takahashi, O.; Oishi, S.; and Watanabe, M. F. (1995). Defective blood coagulation is not causative of hepatic haemorrhage induced by microcystin-LR. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 76(4):250-254. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ hepatic hemorrhage.

2683. Takai, A. and Mieskes, G. (1991). Inhibitory effect of okadaic acid on the p-nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase activity of protein phosphatases. Biochem. J. 275:233-239. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ okadaic acid/ inhibitory effect.

2684. Takai, A.; Sasaki, K.; Nagai, H.; Mieskes, G.; Isobe, M.; Isono, K.; and Yasumoto, T. (1995). Inhibition of specific binding of okadaic acid to protein phosphatase 2A by microcystin-LR, calyculin A and tautomycin: method of analysis of interactions of tight-binding ligands with target protein. Biochem. J. 306:657-665. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ binding/ protein phosphatase.

2685. Takai, A.; Sasaki, K.; Nagai, H.; Mieskes, G.; Isobe, M.; Isono, K.; and Yasumoto, T. (1995). Inhibition of specific binding of okadaic acid to protein phosphatase 2A by microcystin-LR, calyculin A and tautomycin: method of analysis of interactions of tight-binding ligands with target protein [Correction for 1995, Vol. 306:657]. Biochem. J. 308:1039. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ binding/ protein phosphatase.

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2687. Takamura, N. and Watanabe, M. (1987). Seasonal changes in the biomass of four species of Microcystis in Lake Kasumigaura. Jap. J. Limnol. 48(Special Issue):S139-S144. Keywords: microcystins/ seasonality/ Lake Kasumigaura/ distribution/ waterbloom/ Japan.

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2689. Takenaka, S. (1998). Formation of 3-amino-2, 6, 8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E, 6E-dienoic acid from microcystin-LR by the treatment with various proteases, and its detection in mouse liver. Chemosphere 36(10):2277-2282. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ trypsin/ microcystin-LR metabolism/ mice.

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2695. Tan, L. T.; Okino, T.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2000). Hermitamides A and B, toxic malyngamide-type natural products from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Natural Products 63(7):952-955. Keywords: brine shrimp/ stylocheilamide/ amide/ algae/ acid/ Lyngbya majuscula/ cytotoxin.

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2697. Tanaka, Y.; Takenaka, S.; Matsuo, H.; Kitamori, S.; and Tokiwa, H. (1993). Levels of microcysins in Japanese lakes. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 39:21-27. Keywords: microcycstin-RR/ microcystin-LR/ lake water/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/ HPLC/ Japan.

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2699. Tandeau de Marsac, N. and Houmard, J. (1993). Adaptation of cyanobacteria to environmental stimuli: new steps towards molecular mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 104:119-190. Keywords: photosynthesis/ nitrogen starvation or assimilation/ sulphur starvation or assimilation/ carbon starvation or assimilation/ regulation/ light response/ chromatic adaptation/ cell differentiation/ metal ion resistance/ stress/ cyanobacteria.

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2719. Theiss, W. C. (1984). Hepatotoxicity of the blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) Microcystis aeruginosa. Ph.D. Thesis. Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. 121 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

2720. Theiss, W. C. and Carmichael, W. W. (1986). Physiological effect of a peptide toxin produced by the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Microcystis aeruginosa strain 7820. In: P. S. Steyn and R. Vleggaar, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive Molecules. Elsevier: Amsterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 353-364. 545 pp. IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aerguinosa/ peptide.

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2722. Theiss, W. C.; Carmichael, W. W.; Mullins, M. M.; Bruner, R. H.; and Wyman, J. E. (1985). Direct rapid hepatotoxicity of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 23(1):40-41. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin. (First American Symposium Animal, Plant Microbial Toxins — Abstract)

2723. Theiss, W. C.; Carmichael, W. W.; Wyman, J.; and Bruner, R. (1988). Blood pressure and hepatocellular effects of the cyclic heptapeptide toxin produced by Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC-7820. Toxicon 26(7):603-613. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ blood pressure.

2724. Thiel, P. G. (1998). The role of natural toxins in environmental pollution. S. Afr. J. Sci. 94(9):419-422. Keywords: pollution/ natural toxins/ role.

2725. Thiel, S. U.; Wiltshire, R. J.; and Davies, L. J. (1995). Automated object recognition of blue-green algae for measuring water quality—a preliminary study. Water Res. 29(10):2398-2404. Keywords: automatic detection/ blue-green algae/ image processing/ object recognition/ pattern recognition/ water quality measurement.

2726. Thiel, T.; Bramble, J.; and Rogers, S. (1989). Optimum conditions for growth of cyanobacteria on solid media. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 61(1-2):27-31. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ colony growth/ optimum conditions.

2727. Thiery, I.; Nicolas, L.; Rippka, R.; and Tandeau de Marsac, N. (1991). Selection of cyanobacteria isolated from mosquito breeding sites as a potential food source for mosquito larvae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(5):1354-1359. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ food source/ mosquito larvae.

2728. Thomas, A.; Saker, M. L.; Norton, J. H.; and Olsen, R. D. (1998). Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii as a probable cause of death in cattle in northern Queensland. Aust. Vet. J. 76(9):592-594. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cattle deaths/ Queensland/ Australia.

2729. Thomas, N. J.; Meteyer, C. U.; and Sileo, L. (1998). Epizootic vacuolar myelinopathy of the central nervous system of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and American coots (Fulica americana). Vet Pathol. 35:479-487. Keywords: American coot/ bald eagle mortality/ birds/ central nervous system/ Fulica americana/ Haliaeetus leucocephalus/ intramyelinic edema/ vacuolar myelinopathy/ Arkansas.

2730. Thomas, P.; Stephens, M.; Wilkie, G.; Amar, M.; Lunt, G. G.; Whiting, P.; Gallagher, T.; Pereira, E.; Alkondon, M.; Albuquerque, E. X.; and Wonnacott, S. (1993). (+)-Anatoxin-a is a potent agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Neurochem. 60(6):2308-2311. Keywords: neuronal nicotinic receptors/ presynaptic nicotinic autoreceptor/ hippocampal neurons/ synaptosomes/ Xenopus oocytes/ anatoxin-a/ nicotine.

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2732. Thompson, W. L.; Allen, M. B.; and Bostian, K. A. (1988). The effects of microcystin on monolayers of primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicon 26(1):44. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxin/ rat. (Abstract)

2733. Thompson, W. L. and Pace, J. G. (1992). Substances that protect cultured hepatocytes from the toxic effects of microcystin-LR. Toxicol. in Vitro 6(6):579-587. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ toxic effects/ hepatocyte protection.

2734. Thomson, W.K. (1958). (V.) Study of toxic bacterial contaminants. In: Toxic Algae. Can. Defense Research Board, Defense Research Kingston Laboratory: Ottawa. Report # No. 63, Project No. D52-20-20-18. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2735. Thomson, W.K.; Laing, A.C.; and Grant, G.A. (1957). (IV.) Isolation of toxic bacterial contaminant. In: Toxic Algae. Can. Defense Research Board, Defense Research Kingston Laboratory: Ottawa. Report # No. 51, Project No. D52-20-20-18. 9 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

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2737. Tidestrom, H. and Rennerfelt, J. (1986). Delrapport I — Rensingsforsok, & Delrapport II — Litteraturstudie. Statens Naturvardsverk. In: Removal of Algal Toxins from Potable Water (Rening av algtoxinhaltigt vatten ). 45 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ drinking water. (Swedish)

2738. Tillett, D.; Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; Börner, T.; and Neilan, B. A. (2000). Structural organization of microcystin biosynthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806: an integrated peptide-polyketide synthetase system. Chem. Biol. 7(10):753-764. Keywords: cyanobacterium/ microcystin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ nonribosomal peptide synthetase/ polyketide synthetase.

2739. Tillett, D.; Parker, D. L.; and Neilan, B. A. (2001). Detection of toxigenicity by a probe for the microcystin synthetase A gene (mcyA) of the cyanobacterial genus Microcystis, comparison of toxicities with 16S rRNA and phycocyanin operon (phycocyanin intergenic spacer) phylogenies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(6):2810-2818. Keywords: genomic DNA/ strains/ aeruginosa/ algae/ toxin/ LR/ polymorphisms/ intoxication.

2740. Tisdale, E. S. (1931). The 1930-31 drought and its effect upon public water supply. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:1203-1215. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ water supply/ drought.

2741. Tisdale, E. S. (1931). Epidemic of intestinal disorders in Charleston, W. Va., occurring simultaneously with unprecedented water supply conditions. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:198-200. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ West Virginia/ water supply/ intestinal disorders.

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2742. Tiwari, O. N.; Prasanna, R.; Yadav, A. K.; Dhar, D. W.; and Singh, P. K. (2001). Growth potential and biocide tolerance of non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacterial isolates from rice fields of Uttar Pradesh, India. Biol. Fertility Soils 34(4):291-295. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ rice fields/ growth/ non-heterocystous/ biocide tolerance/ India.

2743. Todd, E. C. D. (1994). Emerging diseases associated with seafood toxins and other water-borne agents. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 740:77-94. Keywords: diseases/ seafood toxins.

2744. Todorova, A. K.; Jüttner, F.; Linden, A.; Plüss, T.; and von Philipsborn, W. (1995). Nostocyclamide: a new macrocyclic, thiazole-containing allelochemical from Nostoc sp. 31 (cyanobacteria). J. Org. Chem. 60(24):7891-7895. Keywords: Nostoc/ notsocyclamide.

2745. Toerien, D. F.; Scott, W. E.; and Pitout, M. J. (1976). Microcystis toxins: isolation, identification, implications. Water S. Afr. 2(4):160-162. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ isolation/ identification/ implications.

2746. Toivola, D. and Eriksson, J. E. (1989). Formation of plasma membrane protrusions and cell death of isolated rat hepatocytes treated with various hepatotoxic compounds. In: 10 th Annual Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology. May 19-20, 1989; Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Keywords: hepatotoxic compounds/ rat hepatocytes/ plasma membrane protrusions. (Poster)

2747. Toivola, D. and Eriksson, J. E. (1988). Ultrastructural morphology in isolated rat hepatocytes treated with various hepatoxic compounds. In: Eurotox '88. Sept. 4-7, 1988; Munchen, BRD. Keywords: morphology/ rat hepatocytes/ hepatoxic compounds. (Poster)

2748. Toivola, D.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Brautigan, D. L. (1994). Identification of protein phosphatase 2A as the primary target for microcystin-LR in rat liver homogenates. FEBS Lett. 344(2-3):175-180. Keywords: protein phosphatase 2A/ microcystin-LR/ rat liver/ hepatotoxin/ protein phosphorylation.

2749. Toivola, D.; Eriksson, J.E.; and Meriluoto, J.A.O. (1988). Forekomsten av toxiska blagronalger i alandska insjoar. In: Forskningsrapport till Alands Landskapsstyrelse nr 63. 28 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

2750. Toivola, D. M.; Goldman, R. D.; Garrod, D. R.; and Eriksson, J. E. (1997). Protein phosphatases maintain the organization and structural interactions of hepatic keratin intermediate filaments. J. Cell. Sci. 110(Jan):23-33. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ organization/ structure/ hepatic keratin.

2751. Tokuda, H.; Nishino, H.; Shirahashi, H.; Murakami, N.; Nagatsu, A.; and Sakakibara, J. (1996). Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promoted mouse skin papilloma by digalactosyl diacylglycerols from the fresh water cyanobacteria Phormidium tenue. Cancer Lett. 104:91-95. Keywords: Phormidium tenue/ digalactosyl diacglycerol/ glyceroglycolipid/ antitumor-promoting activity/ two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis/ cytotoxin.

2752. Torchon, T. M.; Morton, D.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1990). Effect of microcystin-LR on viability, morphology, adherence and phagocytosis of salt-damaged erythrocytes in rat exudate peritoneal macrophages. Assoc. S.E. Biol. Bull. 37(2):127. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ viability/ morphology/ salt-damaged erythrocytes/ rat. (Abstract)

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2753. Torokne, A. K. (1999). A new culture-free microbiotest for routine detection of cyanobacterial toxins. Environ. Toxicol. 14(5):466-472. Keywords: microbiotest/ toxin detection/ cyanobacteria.

2754. Torokne, A. K. (2000). The potential of the Thamnotoxkit microbiotest for routine detection of cyanobacterial toxins. In: G. Persoone, C. Janssen, and W. de Coen New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring. Kluwar Academic/Plenum Publishing: New York, pp. 533-539. 550 pp. Keywords: toxicity tests/ Thamnotoxkit.

2755. Torokne, A. K.; Laszlo, E.; Chorus, I.; Fastner, J.; Heinze, R.; Padisak, J; and Barbosa, F. A. R. (2000). Water quality monitoring by Thamnotoxkit F (TM) including cyanobacterial blooms. Water Sci. Technol. 42(1-2):381-385. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins/ Thamnocephalus platyurus/ monitoring.

2756. Torokne, A. K.; Laszlo, E.; Chorus, I.; Sivonen, K.; and Barbosa, F. A. R. (2000). Cyanobacterial toxins detected by Thamnotoxkit (a double blind experiment). Environ. Toxicol. 15(5):549-553. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins/ anatoxin-a/ Thamnocephalus platyurus/ monitoring/ Thamnotoxkit F (TM).

2757. Towner, R. A.; Sturgeon, S. A.; and Hore, K. E. (2002). Assessment of in vivo oxidative lipid metabolism following acute microcystin-LR-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Free Radical Res. 36(1):63-71. Keywords: electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy/ spin trapping/ free radicals/ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy/ hepatotoxicity/ microcystins.

2758. Towner, R. A.; Sturgeon, S. A.; Khan, N.; Hou, H.; and Swartz, H. M. (2002). In vivo assessment of nodularin-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat using magnetic resonance techniques (MRI, MRS and EPR oximetry). Chem-Biol. Inter. 139(3):231-250. Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)/ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry/ nodularin/ cyanobacteria/ hepatotoxicity/ liver.

2759. Trainer, V. L. and Poli, M. A. (2000). Assays for dinoflagellate toxins, specifically brevetoxin, ciguatoxin, and saxitoxin. In: H. Rochat and M-F. Martin-Eauclaire (eds.) Animal Toxins: Facts and Protocols. Birkhauser Verlag: Basel/Boston, pp. 1-19. 365 pp. Keywords: saxitoxin/ dinoflagellate.

2760. Trimurtulu, G.; Ohtani, I.; Patterson, G. M.; Moore, R. E.; Corbett, T. H.; Valeriote, F. A.; and Demchik, L. (1994). Total structures of cryptophycins, potent antitumor depsipeptides from the blue-green alga Nostoc sp. strain GSV-224. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116(11):4729-4737. Keywords: structure/ cryptophycins/ antitumor depsipeptides/ Nostoc.

2761. Trogen, G-B.; Annila, A.; Eriksson, J. E.; Kontteli, M.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Sethson, I.; Zdunek, J.; and Edlund, U. (1996). Conformational studies of microcystin-LR using NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics calculations. Biochem. 35(10):3197-3205. Keywords: studies/ microcystin-LR/ NMR/ molecular dynamics.

2762. Trogen, G-B.; Edlund, U.; Larsson, G.; and Sethson, I. (1998). The solution NMR structure of a blue-green algae hepatotoxin, microcystin-RR. A comparison with the structure of microcystin-LR. Eur. J. Biochem. 258(2):301-312. Keywords: microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ protein phosphatase/ three-dimensional structure/ simulated annealing.

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2763. Trost, B. M. and Oslob, J. D. (1999). Asymmetric synthesis of (-)-anatoxin-a via an asymmetric cyclization using a new ligand for PD-catalyzed alkylations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121(13):3057-3064. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ synthesis/ ligand/ alkylations.

2764. Troutt, H-F.; Munnel, J.; Hatch, R.; and Mitchell, F. (1976). A possible pathogenesis of hepatic and other lesions caused by the alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. In: 9e Congrès Internationel sur les Maladies du Bétail, Paris, Rapports et Résumés. Société Française de Buiatria: Boigneville. Tome 2, pp. 1143-1147. Bétail, Paris. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

2765. Trubetskova, I. L. and Haney, J. F. (2000). The impact of the toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa. In: J. C. von Laupel Klein and F. R. Schram, The Biodiversity Crisis and Crustacea: Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress. Rotterdam: Brookfield, Vermont. Vol. 2, pp. 457-462. 848 pp. Crustacean Issues, 0168-6356; 12. July 20-24, 1998; Amsterdam, Netherlands. Keywords: egg size/ cyanobacteria/ food/ survival/ products/ blooms/ pulex/ Daphnia magna/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

2766. Tsuchiya, Y. and Watanabe, M. (1997). Disk type solid-phase extraction of microcystin in environmental water. Jap. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 43(3):190-196. Keywords: microcystin/ Microsystis aeruginosa/ toxin/ waterbloom/ solid phase extraction/ styrene divinyl benzene polymer (SDB). (Japanese)

2767. Tsuji, K.; Masui, H.; Uemura, H.; Mori, Y.; and Harada, K. (2001). Analysis of microcystins in sediments using MMPB method. Toxicon 39(5):687-692. Keywords: microcystins/ detoxification/ ozonolysis/ sediment/ MMPB.

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2769. Tsuji, K.; Naito, S.; Kondo, F.; Watanabe, M. F.; Suzuki, S.; Nakazawa, H.; Suzuki, M.; Shimada, T.; and Harada, K-I. (1994). A clean-up method for analysis of trace amounts of microcystin in lake water. Toxicon 32(10):1251-1259. Keywords: microcystin/ clean-up method/ analysis/ lake water.

2770. Tsuji, K.; Setsuda, S; Watanuki, T.; Kondo, F.; Nakazawa, H.; Suzuki, M.; and Harada, K-I. (1996). Microcystin levels during 1992-1995 for lakes Sagami and Tsukui-Japan. Natural Toxins 4:189-194. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ determination/ Microcystis/ Japan.

2771. Tsuji, K.; Watanuki, T.; Kondo, F.; Watanabe, M. F.; Nakazawa, H.; Suzuki, M.; Uchida, H.; and Harada, K-I. (1997). Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria: IV. Effect of chlorination of decomposition. Toxicon 35(7):1033-1041. Keywords: microcystins/ decomposition/ chlorination.

2772. Tsuji, K.; Watanuki, T.; Kondo, F.; Watanabe, M. F.; Suzuki, S.; Nakazawa, H.; Suzuki, M.; Uchida, H.; and Harada, K-I. (1995). Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria. II. Effect of UV light on decompostion and isomerization. Toxicon 33(12):1619-1631. Keywords: microcystins/ stability/ UV light/ decomposition/ effect.

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2775. Tsukuda, T.; Kakisawa, H.; Painuly, P.; and Shimizu, Y. (1989). The absolute configurations at 8 and 9-carbons of Adda, an amino acid component of a hepatotoxin, cyanoviridin-RR. Tetrahed. Lett. 30(32):4245-4248. Keywords: cyanoviridin-RR/ hepatotoxin/ configurations.

2776. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Hasegawa, A.; and Ueno, Y. (2000). Immunoaffinity column as clean-up tool for determination of trace amounts of microcystins in tap water. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38(7):593-597. Keywords: microcystins/ anti-microcystins / monoclonal antibody/ immunoaffinity column/ tap water.

2777. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Yoshida, F.; Harada, K-I.; and Ueno, Y. (2000). Development and application of highly sensitive anti-immune complex ELISAs for microcystins in tap water. Food Agric. Immunol. 12(3):231-241. Keywords: microcystin/ environmental tumor promoter/ anti-immune complex antibody/ sandwich ELISA/ tap water.

2778. Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Yoshida, F.; and Ueno, Y. (1998). Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies against anti-microcystin antibody and their use in enzyme immunoassay. Toxicon 36(2):235-245. Keywords: antibodies/ microcystin/ enzyme immunoassay.

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2784. Turrel, M. J. and Middlebrook, J. L. (1988). Mosquito inoculation—an alternative bioassay for toxins. Toxicon 26(11):1089-1094. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ bioassay/ mosquito inoculation.

2785. Tustin, R. C.; vanRensburg, S. J.; and Eloff, J. N. (1973). Hepatic damage in the primate following ingestion of toxic algae. In: S. J. Saunders and J. Terblanche, (eds.) Liver: Proceedings International Liver Conference. Pitman Medical: London. pp. 383-385. Jan. 22-26, 1973; Keywords: cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ South Africa/ primate.

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2787. Tyagi, M. B.; Thakur, J. K.; Singh, D. P.; Kumar, A.; Prasuna, E. G.; and Kumar, A. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins—the current status (review). J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9(1):9-21. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxins/ review.

2788. Uda, T.; Itoh, Y.; Nishimura, M.; Usagawa, T.; Murata, M.; and Yasumoto, T. (1989). Enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibody specific for diarrhetic shellfish poisons. In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno, Seventh International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam. 335-342 pp. Aug. 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan. Keywords: enzyme immunoassay/ diarrhetic shellfish poisons (DSP).

2789. Ueno, Y.; Makita, Y.; Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Yoshida, F.; Tamura, S-I.; Sekijima, M.; Tashiro, F.; Harada, T.; and Yoshida, T. (1999). No chronic oral toxicity of a low-dose of microcystin-LR, a cyanobacerial hepatotoxin, in female Balb/C mice. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):45-55. Keywords: oral toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ female mice/ hepatotoxin/ chronic toxicity/ drinking waer/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

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2791. Ueno, Y.; Nagata, S.; Tsutsumi, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Yoshida, F.; Suttajit, M.; Mebs, D.; Pütsch, M.; and Vasconcelos, V. (1996). Survey of microcystins in environmental water by a highly sensitive immunoassay based on monoclonal antibody. Natural Toxins 4:271-276. Keywords: microcystins/ blue-green algae/ environmental water/ ELISA/ Japan/ Thailand/ Germany/ Portugal.

2792. Underdal, B.; Nordstoga, K.; and Skulberg, O. M. (1999). Protracted toxic effects caused by saline extracts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanophyceae/cyanobacteria). Aquat. Toxicol. 46(3-4):269-278. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ Aphanizomenon/ protracted toxic effects/ histopathology/ hepatocytic damage/ broncho-interstitial lesion/ Norway.

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2793. Underdal, B. and Skulberg, O.M. (1982). Giftproduserende blagronnalger i vannblomst. In: SFT arsrapport 1982. Report # TA-588, pp. 87-92. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2794. Underdal, B.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Østensvik, Ø. (1979). Problemer med masseforekomst av blagronnalger — nye tilfeller sommeren 1979? Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift nr. 6:375-377. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Norwegian)

2795. Usleber, E.; Dietrich, R.; Burk, C.; Schneider, E.; and Martlbauer, E. (2001). Immunoassay methods for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 84(5):1649-1656. Keywords: linked immunosorbent assay/ enzyme immunoassay/ saxitoxin/ antibodies/ neosaxitoxin/ radioimmunoassay/ chromatography/ ELISA.

2796. Utkilen, H. and Gjolme, N. (1995). Iron-stimulated toxin production in Microcystis aeruginosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(2):797-800. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxin production.

2797. Utkilen, H. and Gjolme, N. (1992). Toxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa as a function of light in continuous cultures and its ecological significance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(4):1321-1325. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxin production.

2798. Utkilen, H.; Skulberg, O. M.; Skulberg, R.; Gjolme, N.; and Underdal, B. (2001). Toxic cyanobacterial blooms of inland waters in southern Norway. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 49-56. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ blooms/ inland waters/ Norway.

2799. Vaishampayan, A.; Sinha, R. P.; Hader, D. P.; Dey, T.; Gupta, A. K.; Bhan, U.; and Rao, A. L. (2001). Cyanobacterial biofertilizers in rice agriculture. Botan. Rev. 67(4):453-516. Keywords: blue-green-alga/ methionine-DL-sulfoximine/ nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria/ azolla-anabaena relationship/ triticum-vulgare L/ oryza-sativa-L/ sp strain ATCC-33047/ Nostoc muscorum/ wetland rice/ N2-fixing cyanobacteria.

2800. Vaitomaa, J.; Rantala, A.; Halinen, K.; Rouhiainen, L.; Tallberg, P.; Mokelke, L.; and Sivonen, K. (2003). Quantitative real-time PCR for determination of microcystin synthetase E copy numbers for Microcystis and Anabaena in lakes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(12):7289-7297. Keywords: 16S ribosomal-RNA/ cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ TAQ nuclease assays/ cyanobacerial hepatotoxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anabaena.

2801. Vajcova, V.; Navrátil, S.; and Palíkova, M. (1998). The effect of intraperitoneally applied pure microcystin-LR on haematological, biochemical and morphological indices of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.). Acta Vet. Brno 67(4):281-287. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ plasma enzymes/ red blood cells/ histo-pathological changes.

2802. Vakeria, D.; Codd, G. A.; Bell, S. G.; Beattie, K. A.; and Priestley, I. M. (1985). Toxicity and extrachromosomal DNA in strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 29(1-2):69-72. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ DNA/ plasmid/ hepatotoxin.

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2803. Valentine, W. M.; Schaeffer, D. J., and Beasley, V. R. (1991). Electromygraphic assessment of the neuromuscular blockade produced in vivo by anatoxin-a in the rat. Toxicon. 29(3):347-357. Keywords: assessment/neuromuscular blockade/anatoxin-a/rat. (Abstract)

2804. van den Top, H. J.; Boenke, A.; Burdaspal, P. A.; Bustos, J.; van Egmond, H. P.; Legarda, T.; Mesego, A.; Mouriño, A.; Paulsch, W. E.; and Salgado, C. (2000). The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel: interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis. Food Add. Contam. 17(6):419-433. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/ saxitoxin .

2805. van den Top, H. J.; Boenke, A.; Burdaspal, P. A.; Bustos, J.; van Egmond, H. P.; Legarda, T.; Mesego, A.; Mouriño, A.; Paulsch, W. E.; and Salgado, C. (2001). The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II. Certification study. Food Add. Contam. 18(9):810-824. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/ saxitoxin/ decarbamoyl saxitoxin/ shellfish/ interlaboratory/ reference material/ phycotoxin/ standardization/ regulatory level/ certification.

2806. van der Grinten, E.; Lurling, M.; and Burger-Wiersma, T. (2001). Is Microcystis really toxic to Daphnia? International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings. Stuttgart. 27(Pt 5), pp. 3226-3229. Keywords: Microcystis/ Daphnia.

2807. Van der Westhuizen, A. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1983). Effect of culture age and pH of culture medium on the growth and toxicity of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 110(S):157-163. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ blue-green algae/ culture age/ culture pH/ cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ South Africa.

2808. Van der Westhuizen, A. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1985). Effect of temperature and light on the toxicity and growth of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa (UV-006). Planta 163:55-59. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ temperature/ light.

2809. Van der Westhuizen, A. J. and Eloff, J. N. (1982). Toxin extraction from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa by different extraction media. J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 8(2):76-77. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extraction.

2810. Van der Westhuizen, A. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Krüger, G. H. J. (1988). Effect of culture age and pH of the culture medium on the composition of the toxin of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (UV-006). S. Afr. J. Bot. 54(4):372-374. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ age/ pH.

2811. Van der Westhuizen, A. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Krüger, G. H. J. (1986). Effect of temperature and light (fluence rate) on the composition of the toxin of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (UV-006). Arch. Hydrobiol. 108(2):145-154. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ temperature/ light/ South Africa.

2812. Van der Westhuizen, A. J.; Eloff, J. N.; and Krüger, G. H. J. (1988). Isolation of several toxins from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa UV-006. S. Afr. J. Sci. 84:70-71. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation/ South Africa.

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2813. van Dijk, G. M. (1993). Dynamics and attenuation characteristics of periphyton upon artificial substratum under various light conditions and some additional observations on periphyton upon Potamogeton pectinatus L. Hydrobiologia 252:143-161. Keywords: periphyton/ light climate/ attenuation/ artificial substratum/ Potamogeton pectinatus.

2814. Van Dok, W and Hart, B. T. (1996). Akinete differentiation in Anabaena circinalis (Cyanophyta). J. Phycol 32:557-565. Keywords: akinete/ Anabaena circinalis/ cyanobacteria/ differentiation/ inclusions/ phosphorus metabolism.

2815. Van Dok, W. and Hart, B. T. (1997). Akinete germination in Anabaena circinalis (Cyanophyta). J. Phycol. 33(1):12-17. Keywords: Anabaena circinalis/ akinete germination.

2816. Van Dolah, F. M. (2000). Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(1):133-141. Keywords: marine/ cyanobacteria/ health effects/ increased occurrence/ amnesic shellfish poisoning/ diarrhetic shellfish poisoning/ dinoflagellates/ domoic acid/ global climate change/ harmful algal blooms/ marine toxins/ neurotoxic/ okadaic acid/ paralytic shellfish poisoning.

2817. Van Dolah, F. M. and Ramsdell, J. S. (2001). Review and assessment of in vitro detection methods for algal toxins. J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 84(5):1617-1625. Keywords: phosphatase inhibition assay/ linked immunosorbent assay/ shellfish poisoning toxins/ fluorescent microplate assay/ sensitive sodium channels/ receptor binding assay/ tissue culture assay/ okadaic acid/ domoic acid/ enzyme immunoassay.

2818. Van Dolah, F. M.; Roelke, D.; and Greene, R. M. (2001). Health and ecological impacts of harmful algal blooms: Risk assessment needs. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 7(5):1329-1345. Keywords: algal toxins/ harmful algal blooms/ phytoplankton/ PSP/ NSP/ ASP/ DSP/ PEAS/ ciguatera/ risk assessment.

2819. van Egmond, H. P.; Mouriño, A.; Burdaspal, P. A.; and Boenke, A. (2001). Development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 84(5):1668-1676. Keywords: paralytic shellfish poisoning.

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2821. Van Halderen, A.; Harding W.R.; Wessels, J. C.; Schneider, D. J.; Heine, E. W. P.; Van der Merwe, J.; and Fourie, J. M. (1995). Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) poisoning of livestock in the Western Cape province of South Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 66(4):260-264. Keywords: cyanobacterial toxicosis/ Microcystis/ Nodularia/ cattle/ sheep/ hepatotoxicosis/ photosensitization/ South Africa.

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2823. Vanderploeg, H. A.; Johengen, T. H.; Nalepa, T. F.; Liebig, J. R.; and Carmichael, W. W. (1997). Mechanisms of ecosystem change: the role of zebra mussels in Saginaw Bay. In: 40th

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2825. Vardi, A.; Schatz, D.; Beeri, K.; Motro, U.; Sukenik, A.; Levine, A.; and Kaplan, A. (2002). Dinoflagellate-cyanobacterium communication may determine the composition of phytoplankton assemblage in a mesotrophic lake. Curr. Biol. 12(20):1767-1772. Keywords: oxidative burst/ marine phytoplankton/ okadaic acid/ cell death/ stress/ limitation/ apoptosis/ Kinneret/ phosphorylation/ photosynthesis/ Peridinium gatunense/ Microcystis/ Sea of Galilee.

2826. Varkonyi, Z.; Zsiros, O.; Farkas, T.; Garab, G.; and Gombos, Z. (2000). The tolerance of cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii to low-temperature photo-inhibition affected by the induction of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28(6):892-894. Keywords: enviromental stress/ fatty acid desaturation/ lipids/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii .

2827. Vasas, G.; Gáspár, A.; Surányi, G.; Batta, G.; Gyémánt, G.; M-Hamvas, M.; Máthé, C.; Grigorszky, I.; Molnár, E.; and Borbély, G. (2002). Capillary electrophoretic assay and purification of cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial toxin from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, by plant test (blue-green Sinapis test). Analyt. Biochem. 302(1):95-103. Keywords: Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ cyanotoxin/ capillary electrophoretic assay/ cylindrospermopsin/ Sinapsis assay/ Umezakia natans/ raciborskii.

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2831. Vasconcelos, V. M. (1994). Toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Portuguese fresh waters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 130(4):439-451. Keywords: Portugal/ toxic cyanobacteria/ freshwater.

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2834. Vasconcelos, V. M.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M. (1993). Isolation of microcystin-LR from a Microcystis (cyanobacteria) waterbloom collected in the drinking water reservoir for Porto, Portugal. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A–Toxic/Hazardous Substances Environ. Eng. 28(9):2081-2094. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ isolation/ Microcystis/ waterbloom/ drinking water/ Porto/ Portugal.

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2851. Vezie, C.; Sivonen, K.; Brient, L.; Bertru, G.; and Lefeuvre, J-C. (1996). Development of toxic cyanobacteria in western France: detection of toxicity with Artemia salina tests. Ann. Limnol. 32(2):123-128. Keywords: toxic cyanobacteria/ western France/ Artemia salina tests.

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2861. Vuori E.; Pelander, A.; Himberg, K.; Waris, M.; and Niinivaara, K. (1997). Removal of nodularin from brackish water with reverse-osmosis or vacuum distillation. Water Res. 31(11):2922-2924. Keywords: nodularin/ removal/ brackish water.

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2892. Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Kawai, H.; and Suzuki, M. (1988). Toxins contained in Microcystis species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 26(11):1017-1025. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis .

2893. Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; and Nakao, T. (1981). Toxic characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 21(3):1441-1443. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ characteristics.

2894. Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Watanabe, Y.; and Watanabe, M. (1986). Strong probability of lethal toxicity in the blue-green alga Microcystis viridis lemmermann. J. Phycol. 22(4):552-556. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis viridis/ lethal/ waterbloom. (Technical Note)

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2896. Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H. D.; Kondo, F.; Harada, K-I.; Hayashi, H.; and Okino, T. (1997). Identification and estimation of microcystins in freshwater mussels. Natural Toxins 5:31-35. Keywords: microcystin/ Microcystis/ mussel/ fish/ accumulation/ waterbloom.

2897. Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H. D.; and Nakajima, T. (2001). Composition of Microcystis and microcystins in Lake Biwa. International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings. Stuttgart. 27(Pt 5), pp. 2899-2903. Keywords: Microcystis/ microcystins/ Lake Biwa.

2898. Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H.-D.; and Watanabe, M. (1994). Compositions of Microcystis species and heptapeptide toxins. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25:2226-2229. Keywords: composition/ Microcystis/ heptapeptide toxin.

2899. Watanabe, M. F.; Watanabe, M.; Kato, T.; Harada, K-I; and Suzuki, M. (1991). Composition of cyclic peptide toxins among strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae, cyanobacteria). Bot. Mag. Tokyo 104(1073):49-57. Keywords: blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide/ Microcystis/ strain/ toxin.

2900. Watanabe, M. M.; Kaya, K.; and Takamura, N. (1992). Fate of the toxic cyclic heptapeptides, the microcystins, from blooms of Microcystis (cyanobacteria) in a hypertrophic lake. J. Phycol. 28:761-767. Keywords: accumulation/ Bosmina fatalis/ cyanobacteria/ fate of toxins/ leakage/ microcystins/ Microcystis/ toxins/ zooplankton.

2901. Water Quality Bureau Environmental Sciences Division (1984). Toxic algae. In: Montana Water Quality; The 1984 Montana 305 (b) Report. pp. 55-59. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Montana.

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2903. Webster, K. L.; Maude, A. B.; O'Donnell, M. E.; Mehrotra, A. P.; and Gani, D. (2001). Design and preparation of serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors based upon the nodularin and microcystin toxin structures. Part 3. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2001(14):1673-1695. Keywords: (2s,3s,8s,9s,4e,6e)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic/ amino-acid/ aspartic-acid/ allyl esters/ synthetic peptides/ catalytic subunit/ protecting group/ mild conditions/ beta/ identification.

2904. Weckesser, J.; Katz, A.; Drews, G.; Mayer, H.; and Fromme, I. (1974). Lipopolysaccharide containing L-acofriose in the filamentous blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol. 120:672-678. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena/ acofriose.

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2905. Weckesser, J.; Martin, C.; and Jakobi, C. (1996). Cyanopeptolins, depsipeptides from cyanobacteria. System. Appl. Microbiol. 19(2):133-138. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ depsipeptides/ cyanopeptolins.

2906. Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; and Seitz, G. (2000). A new and efficient synthetic route to enantiopure (+)-anatoxin-a from (-)-cocaine hydrochloride. Tetrahed.-Asymmetry 11(6):1405-1410. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ asymmetric synthesis/ (-)-anatoxin-a/ ligand/ ring.

2907. Weiss, J.; Liebert, H. P.; and Braune, W. (2000). Influence of microcystin-RR on growth and photosynthetic capacity of the duckweed Lemna minor L. J. Appl. Bot. 74(3-4):100-105. Keywords: protein phosphatases/ spray irrigation/ enzyme activity/ hepatotoxins/ cyanotoxins/ higher plants.

2908. Weithoff, G. and Walz, N. (1995). Influence of the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii on population growth and reproductive pattern of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Hydrobiologia 313:381-386. Keywords: Planktothrix agardhii/ population growth/ reproductive pattern/ Brachionus calyciflorus.

2909. Welker, M.; Bickel, H.; and Fastner, J. (2002). HPLC-PDA detection of cylindrospermopsin — opportunities and limits. Water Res. 36(18):4659-4663. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ HPLC/ photo diode array detection/ cyanotoxin.

2910. Welker, M.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and von Döhren, H. (2002). Applications of MALDI-TOF MS analysis in cyanotoxin research. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):367-374. Keywords: flight mass spectrometry/ assisted laser desorption ionization/ desorption ionization time/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin production/ matrix/ cyanobacteria/ identification/ Planktothrix.

2911. Welker, M. and Steinberg, C. (1999). Indirect photolysis of cyanotoxins: one possible mechanism for their low persistence. Water Res. 33(5):1159-1164. Keywords: photolytical degradation/ microcystins/ elimination.

2912. Welker, M. and Steinberg, C. (2000). Rates of humic substance photosensitized degradation of microcystin-LR in natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (16):3415-3419. Keywords: cyanobacterial hepatotoxin/ photooxidation/ bacterial binding/ carbon.

2913. Welker, M.; Steinberg, C.; and Jones, G. (2001). Release and persistence of microcystins in natural waters. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 83-101. 357 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ microcystins.

2914. Welker, M.; von Döhren, H.; Tauscher, H.; Steinberg, C. E. W.; and Erhard, M. (2003). Toxic Microcystis in shallow lake Muggelsee (Germany) - dynamics, distribution, diversity. Arch. Hydrobiol. 157(2):227-248. Keywords: microcystin/ Microcystis/ biodiversity/ cyanotoxin/ temporal dynamics/ blue-green algae/ phytoplankton community structure/ mass-spectrometry/ aeruginosa/ blooms/ phosphorus/ nitrogen/ reservoir/ Daphnia/ Muggelsee/ Germany.

2915. Weller, M. G.; Zeck, A.; Eikenberg, A.; Nagata, S.; Ueno, Y.; and Niessner, R. (2001). Development of a direct competitive microcystin immunoassay of broad specificity. Analyt. Sci. 17(12):1445-1448. Keywords: linked immunosorbent assay/ blue-green algae/ enzyme

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2917. Wheeler, R. E.; Lackey, J. B.; and Schott, S. A. (1942). A contribution on the toxicity of algae. Pub. Health Rep. 57(45):1695-1701. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2918. Wheeler, R. E.; Lackey, J. B.; and Schott, S. A. (1943). A contribution on the toxicity of algae. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 102:230. Keywords: cyanotoxin.

2919. White, A. W. (ed.) (1990). Toxic Algal Blooms: an International Directory of Experts in Toxic and Harmful Algal Blooms and Their Effects on Fisheries and Public health. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 216 pp. Keywords: toxic algal blooms/ experts/ international/ directory.

2920. White, J. D.; Kim, T-S.; and Nambu, M. (1995). Synthesis of curacin A: a powerful antimitotic from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117(20):5612-5613. Keywords: synthesis/ curacin A/ Lyngbya majuscula.

2921. White, S. H.; Fabbro, L. D.; and Duivenvoorden, L. J. (2003). Changes in cyanoprokaryote populations, Microcystis morphology, and microcystin concentrations in Lake Elphinstone (central Queensland, Australia). Environ. Toxicol. 18(6):403-412. Keywords: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ Lyngbya/ periodicity/ cylindrospermopsin/ nutrients/ iron/ shallow lakes/ Lake Elphinstone/ central Queensland/ Australia.

2922. Wickramasinghe, W. A.; Senogles, P-J.; Eaglesham, G. K.; Moore, M. R.; and Shaw, G. R. (2001). Identification of possible toxic byproducts of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis after chlorination. Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):175. Keywords: identification/ toxic byproducts/ cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis/ chlorination . (Abstract)

2923. Wicks, R. J. and Thiel, P. G. (1990). Environmental factors affecting the production of peptide toxins in floating scums of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a hypertrophic African reservoir. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24(9):1413-1418. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ environmental factors/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ South Africa.

2924. Wickstrom, M. L.; Khan, S. A.; Haschek, W. M.; Wyman, J. E.; Eriksson, J. E.; Schaeffer, D. J.; and Beasley, V. R. (1995). Alterations in microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments induced by microcystin-LR in cultured cells. Toxicologic Pathol. 23(3):326-337. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ cytoskeleton/ hepatocytes.

2925. Wiedner, C.; Chorus, I.; Fastner, J.; Gude, H.; Hoehne, L.; Kohler, A.; Koch, S.; Koschel, R.; Krienitz, L.; Melzer, B.; Meyer, B.; Nixdorf, B.; Nusch, E.; Oehms, M.; Portugal, L.; Rönicke, H.; Schuster, H. H.; Stottmeister, S.; Vareschi, E.; Walz, N.; Wanka, R.; Wege, H.; Kruspe, U.; and Willmitzer, H. (2001). The waterbodies surveyed for cyanotoxins in Germany. In: I.

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2926. Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J. (2002). Regulation of cyanobacteria and microcystin dynamics in polymictic shallow lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 155(3):383-400. Keywords: oscillatoriales/ microcystin production/ light adaptation/ competition.

2927. Wiedner, C.; Visser, P. M.; Fastner, J.; Metcalf, J. S.; Codd, G. A.; and Mur, L. R. (2003). Effects of light on the microcystin content of Microcystis strain PCC 7806. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(3):1475-1481. Keywords: Oscillatoria agardhii strains/ toxin production/ natural blooms/ growth rates/ aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria/ cultures/ biosynthesis/ temperature/ population.

2928. Wiegand, C.; Peuthert, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Carmeli, S. (2002). Effects of microcin SF608 and microcystin-LR, two cyanobacterial compounds produced by Microcystis sp., on aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):400-406. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ cyanobacterial compound/ microcin SF608/ microcystin-LR/ glutathione S-transferase/ glutathione peroxidase/ peroxidase/ photosynthesis/ chlorophyll a-b/ Microcystis.

2929. Wiegand, C. and Pflugmacher, S. (2001). Effects of microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 253-257. 357 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ detoxication/ enzymes.

2930. Wiegand, C. and Pflugmacher, S. (2001). Uptake of microcystin-LR in aquatic organisms. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 249-252. 357 pp. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ uptake.

2931. Wiegand, C.; Pflugmacher, S.; Oberemm, A.; Meems, N.; Beattie, K. A.; Steinberg, C. E.; and Codd, G. A. (1999). Uptake and effects of microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes of early-life stages of the zebra fish (Danio rerio). Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):89-95. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ uptake/ effects/ zebra fish/ Danio rerio.

2932. Wilkins, D. (October, 1988). Waging war agains algae. Country Guide: Farm Mag. 107(10), pp. 18-20. Keywords: algae control/copper sulfate treatment/Canada/dugouts.

2933. Willen, E. (1976). Phytoplankton and environmental factors in Lake Hjalmaren. Report # SNV PM 718/NLU Rapport 87, pp. 69-70. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ environmental factors/ Sweden.

2934. Willen, E. (1981). Vattenblomning. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 75:345-355. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Lake Hjalmaren. (Swedish)

2935. Willen, E.; Ahlgren, G.; and Soderhielm, A. C. (2000). Toxic cyanophytes in three Swedish lakes. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(Pt. 1):560-564. Keywords: liquid chromatographic method/ neurotoxic/ anatoxin-a/ waters/ fresh/ microcystins/ blooms/ Sweden.

2936. Willen, E. and Tiren, T. (1984). Lilla Ullfjarden - en sjobeskrivning. Report # SNV PM 1798 Rapport Mk - lab, 121 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin. (Swedish)

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2937. Willén, T. and Mattsson, R. (1997). Water-blooming and toxin-producing cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh and brackish waters, 1981-1995. Hydrobiologia 353:181-192. Keywords: cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ toxicity/ mouse bioassay/ hepatotoxin/ Sweden.

2938. Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Andersen, R. J.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1997). 14C-labeled microcystin-LR administered to Atlantic salmon via intraperitoneal injection provides in vivo evidence for covalent binding of microcystin-LR in salmon livers. Toxicon 35(6):985-989. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ covalent binding/ salmon livers/ intraperitoneal.

2939. Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Andersen, R. J. (1997). Evidence for a covalently bound form of microcystin-LR in salmon liver and Dungeness crab larvae. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10(4):463-469. Keywords: microcystin-LR/ covalently bound/ salmon liver/ Dungeness crab larvae.

2940. Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Andersen, R. J. (1996). Ferintoic acid-a and acid-b, new cyclic hexapeptides from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Natural Products 59(6):570-575. Keywords: ferintoic acid-a/ ferintoic acid-b/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

2941. Williams, D. E.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Andersen, R. J; Craig, M.; and Holmes, C. F. B. (1997). Bioaccumulation and clearance of microcystins from salt water mussels, Mytilus edulis, and in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues. Toxicon 35(11):1617-1625. Keywords: microcystins/ Mytilus edulis/ mussels/ bioaccumulation/ covalently bound microcystins.

2942. Williams, D. H. (1983). Application of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry to structural problems in organic chemistry. Int. J. Mass Spec. Ion Physics 53:37-44. Keywords: Microcystis/ fast atom bombardment/ mass spectrometry.

2943. Williams, P. G.; Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2003). Continuing studies on the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp.: isolation and structure determination of 15-norlyngbyapeptin a and lyngbyabellin D. J. Natural Products 66(5):595-598. Keywords: configuration/ hectochlorin/ majuscula/ Lyngbya.

2944. Williams, P. G.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2003). Isolation and structure determination of lyngbyastatin 3, a lyngbyastatin 1 homologue from the marine cyanobacterium Lynbgya majuscula. Determination of the configuration of the 4-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoic acid unit in majusculamide C, dolastatin 12, lyngbyastatin 1, and lyngbyastatin 3 from cyanobacteria. J. Natural Products 66(10):1356-1363. Keywords: constituent amino acids/ absolute configuration/ cyclic depsipeptide/ stereochemistry/ peptide/ collection/ dolabella/ analogs/ LC-MS/ Lynbgya majuscula.

2945. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002). Isolation and structure determination of obyanamide, a novel cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides. J. Natural Products 65(1):29-31. Keywords: hare Dolabella auricularia/ strain gsv-224/ biological activity/ majuscula/ cryptophycins/ dolastatin-12/ hexapeptide/ agents/ Lyngbya confervoides/ Saipan, Mariana Islands.

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2946. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2002). Tasiamide, a cytotoxic peptide from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp. J. Natural Products 65(9):1336-1339. Keywords: Tasiamide/ peptide/ marine cyanobacterium/ Symploca.

2947. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2003). Tasipeptins A and B: new cytotoxic depsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp. J. Natural Products 66(5):620-624. Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ protease inhibitors/ Lyngbya majuscula/ analog/ dolastatin-13/ peptides/ elastase/ viridis/ Symploca .

2948. Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Quon, M. K.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J. (2003). The structure of Palau'amide, a potent cytotoxin from a species of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya. J. Natural Products 66(12):1545-1549. Keywords: structure/ cytotoxin/ marine/ cyanobacterium/ Lyngbya/ coupling-constants/ NMR/ configuration.

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2951. Williamson, R. T.; Boulanger, A.; Vulpanovici, A.; Roberts, M. A.; and Gerwick, W. H. (2002). Structure and absolute stereochemistry of phormidolide, a new toxic metabolite from the marine cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. J. Org. Chem. 67(23):7927-7936. Keywords: pulsed field gradients/ coupling constants/ configuration analysis/ secondary alcohols/ NMR/ assignment/ derivatives/ macrolide/ adequate/ MTPA/ Indonesian isolate/ Phormidium .

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2953. Wilmot Enterprise. Farmer tells some news (on stock poisoning in Big Stone Lake). (1925, Oct. 1). Wilmot Enterprise. Wilmot, South Dakota. Keywords: cattle deaths/ South Dakota.

2954. Wilmot Enterprise. One hundred twenty seven hogs, 4 cows die after drinking water from (Big Stone) lake, stock stricken, last Saturday, all die in short time, lake water sent in for analysis. (1925, Oct. 1). Wilmot Enterprise. Wilmot, South Dakota. Keywords: cattle deaths/ pig deaths/ South Dakota.

2955. Wilson, K. M.; Schembri, M. A.; Baker, P. D.; and Saint, C. P. (2000). Molecular characterization of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and design of a species-specific PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(1):332-338. Keywords: characterization/ toxic/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ design/ PCR.

2956. Wirsing, B.; Flury, T.; Wiedner, C.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J. (1999). Estimation of the microcystin content in cyanobacterial field samples fom German lakes using the colorimetric protein-phosphatase inhibition assay and RP-HPLC. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):23-29. Keywords: microcystin content/ estimation/ colorimetric PPIA/ RP-HPLC/ German lakes.

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2959. Woitke, P.; Heinze, R.; Dewender, M.; Henning, M., and Kohl, J. G. (2001). Can the primary rat hepatocyte assay replace the mouse assay for microcystin testing? Validation with "historic" samples from the first survey on cyanobacterial toxicity in Germany. In: I. Chorus, (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 324-330. Keywords: microcystin/ assay/ hepatocyte/ Germany.

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2964. Wonnacott, S.; Jackman, S.; Cockcroft, V. B.; Aronstam, R. S.; Rapoport, H.; Swanson, K. L.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1989). Interactions of anatoxin-a analogues with neuronal acetylcholine receptors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:678. Keywords: anatoxin-a/ analogs/ interaction/ neuronal acetylcholine receptors.

2965. Wonnacott, S.; Jackman, S.; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X. (1991). Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs. II. Side chain structure-activity relationships at neuronal nicotinic ligand binding sites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 259(1):387-391. Keywords: anatoxin analogs/ nicotinic pharmacology/ structure-activity relationships.

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