reef fish spawning aggregations in komodo national park - status report 2009

8/9/2019 Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations In Komodo National Park - Status Report 2009

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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010

Reef Fish SpawningAggregations in

Komodo National Park:

Status Report 2010.

PT. PUTRI NAGA KOM DO



Kooo National Park

2



Kooo National Park

4

Th Nt Cnsnc

The mission o The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities thatrepresent the diversity o lie on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. The Conservancy

launched the Global Marine Initiative in 2002 to protect and restore the most resilient examples o oceanand coastal ecosystems in ways that beneft marine lie, local communities and economies. The Conservancyoperates over 100 marine conservation projects in more than 21 countries and 22 US states; they work withpartners across seascapes and landscapes through transormative strategies and integrated planning andaction. The ocus is on: (1) Setting priorities or marine conservation using ecoregional assessments andtools or ecosystem based management; (2) Ensuring coral ree survival by creating resilient networks o

marine protected areas; (3) Restoring and conserving coastal habitats by utilizing innovative new methods;(4) Building support or marine conservation through strategic partnerships and working to shape global and national policies. Marine conservation in The Nature Conservancy builds upon the organization’s corestrengths: achieving demonstrable results; working with a wide range o partners, including non-traditional

partners; science-based, robust conservation planning methodologies; our experience with transactions; and,perhaps most importantly, our ability and commitment to back up our strategies with human, fnancial andpolitical capital. For more inormation e-mail [email protected] or go to www.nature.org/marine.

PT Pt N Kd

PT Putri Naga Komodo is a non-or-proft tourism destination management company and holds the sole

tourism concession license to operate within Komodo National Park. Putri Naga Komodo’s mission is toachieve fnancial sustainability or park management through the development o tourism, and to supportbiodiversity conservation and compatible community development initiatives lead by the Komodo National

Park Authority. The company is a joint partnership majority owned by The Nature Conservancy, who providetechnical expertise and support to science-based management initiatives.




Published by: The Nature Conservancy and PT Putri Naga Komodo

Copyright: © 2010 The Nature Conservancy/ PT Putri Naga Komodo

Reproduction o this publication or educational or other non-commercial purposes isauthorized without prior written permission rom the copyright holders provided the sourceis ully acknowledged.

Reproduction o this publication or resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout prior written permission o the copyright holders.

Citation: Harvey A & Yusamandra H (2010), Ree Fish Spawning Aggregations in Komodo National Park: Status 2009. The Nature Conservancy & PT Putri Naga Komodo, Bali, Indonesia.

Illustrations: Donald Bason

Available rom:

The Nature Conservancy, Jl. Pengembak No. 2, Sanur, Bali 80228, Indonesia.

PT Putri Naga Komodo, Gang Mesjid, Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, NTT, Indonesia. www.gokomodo.org



Kooo National Park

6




Sumary or DeCiSioN maKerS

crtain r sh or prioi spawning aggrgations

(SPAGs), ongrgating at spi tis an plas in

orr to rpro. SPAGs ar highl lnrabl to

shing prssr, an an la to orall stok lin. In

KNP, th onoi al o SPAGs is qal to th ntir

toris al o th Park, an is opris o both spill-

or shr al an rrational al.(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N o .

i n d i v i d u a l s

0

10

20

30

40

50

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Onl on ntional spawning aggrgation was ror

in 2009. At Sit 7 aggrgations o p to 40 iniials o

epinphls sogttats orr ring ll oon

prios ro Agst to Sptbr.

(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N o .


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

In aition, so targt spis show prioi

poplation inrass, inling:

E. fuscoguttatus• at Sit 8;

P. leopardus• at Sit 8;

E. fuscoguttatus• at Sit 6; an

P. leopardus• at Sit 9.

Inrass wr too sall to n a spawning

aggrgation, an rthr bhaioral assssnts ar

rqir.

1 1 1

M a x .

i n d i v i d u a l s r e c o r d e d

0

20

40

60

80

100

E. fuscoguttatusE. polyphekadion

P. areolatus

P. leopardus

P. oligocanthus

Th siz an nbr o spawning aggrgations

raatiall ras in KNP btwn 1996 an 2009,spiall atr 2003. A on signiant aggrgation o

Pltropos arolats at Sit 8 was absnt in 2009.



Kooo National Park

8

diinish spawning aggrgations oini with aras

o high rsor s atiit in KNP, an ar likl to b

a rslt o or shing. All SPAGs ar within signat

no-tak aras, an ipro iplntation o zoning

ssts an rsor s rglations wol signiantlipro onsration o ths rsors.

R sh spawning aggrgations ha high ologial

an onoi al. Ths als ar rrntl bing lost

ro KNP. urgnt aaption o anagnt stratgis is

rqir to nsr onsration an ror o SPAGsin KNP.




abbreviaTioNS

BTNK Balai Taman Nasional Komodo (Komodo National Park Authority)

FRS Floating Ranger Station

GEF Global Environment Facility

GIS Geographic Inormation System

IFC International Finance Corporation

KNP Komodo National Park

PHKA Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (Forest Protection and Nature Conservation)

PNK PT Putri Naga Komodo

SPAG Ree Fish Spawning Aggregation



Kooo National Park

1010

aCKNowleDgemeNTS

This annal stats rport on r sh spawning aggrgations in Kooo National Park is bas on ata

ollt b BTNK, PNK an TNc btwn 1996 an 2009.

Btwn 2005 an 2009 lwork was spport b grants ro th IFc an TNc. Bor 2005, TNc an

thir onors nan lwork.

Th athors ar gratl or th orts o all BTNK, PNK an TNc sta that ha ontribt to ollting

th inoration prsnt in this rport.

W aknowlg th ritial rol o rrnt an prios irtors o Kooo National Park or rognising

th iportan o r sh spawning aggrgations, spporting onitoring, an thir oitnt to

strngthning KNP’s sss as a bioirsit rg, traitional s ara an toris stination.




exeCuTive Summary

monitoring o r sh spawning aggrgations was arri ot btwn Agst an dbr 2009,

ollowing stanar oprating prors or Kooo National Park. Onl on spawning aggrgation wasinti, at sit 7 an onsisting o Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Th siz o th aggrgation was gratst

ring ll oon prios, an prsist ro Agst to dbr. Th ollowing prioi inrass in

poplation nsit wr also ror, bt in th absn o bhaioral ata ar insint to iniat

a spawning aggrgation:

At Site 8 increased abundance o • E. fuscoguttatus was recorded in September and subsequently declined;

At Site 8 abundance o • P. leopardus increased in December;

At Site 6 abundance o •

E. fuscoguttatus was higher during October.

At Site 9 abundance o • P. leopardus was relatively high.

Th nbr an siz o r sh spawning aggrgations lin throghot KNP btwn 1996 an

2009. Aggrgations o E. fuscoguttatus at Sit 7 ar r b 50%, whil a on signiant aggrgation

o P. areolatus at Sit 8 was absnt ring 2009.

diinish spawning aggrgations oini with aras o high rsor s in KNP, an ar likl to b

a rslt o orshing. Thir trioration rprsnts a loss o bioirsit al an onoi al;

th bnt al o SPAGs has bn allat to qal th toris al o th ntir ara o KNP, an

opriss both spill-or shing al an rrational als.

SPAG sits ar within signat no-tak aras. Ipro iplntation o zoning ssts an rsor

rglations is ssntial to aintain th ologial an onoi als o r sh spawning aggrgations,

an th assoiat bnts to Wst manggarai.




CoNTeNTS

1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 15

1.1 Komodo National Park..........................................................................................161.1.1 Physical Features and Biodiversity..............................................................16

1.1.2EcosystemServicesandBenefts ................................................................17

1.1.3 Governance ..................................................................................................18

1.1.4 Marine Threats and Impacts ........................................................................18

1.2 Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations ........................................................................20

2 Methododology .................................................................................................. 212.1 Sites .......................................................................................................................22

2.2 Target species ........................................................................................................22

2.3 Monitoring methods ..............................................................................................22

2.4 Data Management .................................................................................................222.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................22

3 Results ............................................................................................................. 233.1 Site 7 .....................................................................................................................24

3.2 Site 8 .....................................................................................................................25

3.3 Sites 5, 6 and 9 ......................................................................................................26

3.4 Long term trends ...................................................................................................26

4 Dicussion .......................................................................................................... 275 Management Recommendations ............................................................................ 317 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 33Appendix A: SPAG Monitoring Proorma ..................................................................... 37Appendix B: Fish Stocks at Sites 5, 6 and 9 ............................................................... 39Appendix C: Management Eectiveness Summary ........................................................ 43Appendix D: Raw Data ............................................................................................ 45



Kooo National Park

14




Introduction 1



Kooo National Park

1616

Groprs an Napolon wrass ha high ologial

as wll as high onoi al. Th ar highl

lnrabl to shing prssr bas th ar long-

li an slow-growing. Prioiall iniials will

aggrgat in th sa loation an at th sa tito rpro (Pt t al 2005a; Sao & doir

2005).

Kooo National Park’s 25-ar mastr Plan or

managnt (PHKA & TNc 2000) ns th

ollowing goals rlat to r sh spawning

aggrgations (SPAGs):

Protect the stocks o exploited ree fsh and•

invertebrates in the reserve, thereby creating a

source o recruits to enhance fsheries on fshing

grounds in and around KNP;

Protect fsh stocks by closing all known spawning•

aggregations to fsheries; and

Coral rees and spawning aggregations are preserved•

both inside and outside KNP.

Th stablishnt o th Kooo collaboratimanagnt Initiati projt in 2005 (IFc 2004)

a th aitional targt o:

Recovery o grouper, wrasse, squid, anchovies and•

clupeids populations.

This rport prsnts th rslts o SPAG onitoring

in 2009, xains long-tr trns in SPAG spis,

an asssss anagnt an onsration orts

within KNP.

K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k1 . 1

P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s a n d1 . 1 . 1

B i o d i v e r s i t y

Kooo National Park (119° 30’

e, 8°

35’

S) is loatin th Lssr Sna islans o Inonsia, east Nsa

Tnggara proin. Ling in th Sap straits btwn

Flors an Sbawa, it opriss th thr islans

o Kooo, Rina an Paar, sallr srroning

islans, th straits btwn th ain islans an all

watrs within 1000 o shor (Figr 1). Kooo

National Park (KNP) nopasss both arin an

trrstrial nironnts, inling habitats o th

lnrabl Kooo ragon (Varanus komodoensis)

an 132,000 ha o th worl’s rihst arin

nironnts, inling oral rs, angros,sagrass aows, saonts an bas.

KNP’s arin ossts spport high bioirsit,

inling or 1,000 spis o sh, 385 spis

o r biling orals (Bgr & Trak 2005), 70

spis o spong (PHKA & TNc 2000) an 9 spis

o sagrass (Pedju 2004). Larg harisati ana,

inling 10 spis o olphin, 7 spis o whal

(Kahn 2000) an two spis o sa trtl, ontribt

to KNP’s appal as a toris stination. Thratnor nangr spis (IucN 2009) ha bn

ror within KNP’s watrs, inling gongs

(Dugong dugon), anta ras (Manta birostris),

whittip r shark (Triaenodon obesus), blaktip r

shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus), Barani o

(Cromileptes altivelis), Napolon wrass (Cheilinusundulates), hawksbill trtl (Eretmochelys imbricata) ,grn trtl (Chelonia mydas), an giant la

(Tridacna gigas) (eran 2004).

1: lctn Kd Ntn Pk, indns thn th lss Snd nd C Tn n c-n.



R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010coral Rs in an aron Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010

b 1 - mPa nfts

MPAs provide a range o global, national and local benefts (Kelle-her 1999), including:

Conservation o biodiversity, especially critical habitats o •

threatened species;

Protection o attractive habitats and species on which sustain-•

able tourism can be based;

Increased productivity o fsheries by:•

insurance against stock collapse;›

buer against recruitment ailure;›

increase in densities and average sizes o individuals;›

increase in reproductive output;›

provision o centres or dispersal o propagules and adults›

(spillover);containing more natural species composition, age struc-›ture, spawning potential and genetic variability;

Contribute to increased knowledge o marine science through:•

inormation on unctional linkages,›

implementation o the precautionary principle,›

provision o control sites or research and ecological ›benchmarks against which to measure human-inducedchange;

potential as nodes in monitoring networks;›

more “natural” systems where natural mortality can be›compared with fshing mortality;

A reuge or intensely exploited species;•

Protection o genetic diversity o heavily exploited popula-•

tions;

Protection o cultural diversity, e.g. sacred places, wrecks and•

lighthouses.

E c o s y s t e m S e r v i c e s a n d1 . 1 . 2

B e n e f i t s

KNP aintains osst goos an sris

(millnni eosst Assssnt 2005) that

proi bnts at th loal, national an global ll(Box 1). High onoi als ha bn attribt

to th tps o oastal ossts ontain within

KNP to th sris th proi: angro

ssts ar worth an stiat uS$ 4,290 annall

pr htar, sagrasss an lagoons proi

bnts o aron uS$ 73,900 pr ar pr htar,

whil oral rs ar aong th ost onoiall

alabl o all ossts at uS$ 129,000 pr ar

pr htar (TeeB 2009).

As a prott ara ontaining arin an oastalossts, KNP plas a k rol in:

Maintaining Indonesia’s healthy coasts and seas in•

order to sustain social and economic development;

and

Maintaining signifcant natural resources on behal •

o the global community (IUCN et al 2008).

At th loal ll, KNP’s arin ossts nrpin

onois, lilihoos an oo srit throgh,

or xapl:

Increased diving tourism and resulting revenues•

(Bonaire Marine Park, Netherlands Antilles);

Increased subsistence fsh catches, expanded•

tourist activity, and greater involvement o local

people in managing resorts and boats (Tai Island,Fiji);

Growth o tourism and resulting revenue through•

gate, guide, and camping ees, rental o boats and

equipment, and hotel expenses (Malindi/ Watamu,

Mobasa and Kisite/ Mpunguti National Parks and

Reserves, Kenya); and

Accrual o indirect benefts through the creation o •

jobs in hotels and or guides and boatmen (Salm

et al 2000).

Th onoi al o KNP, in trs o ino

ro shris an toris alon or th rsintso Kooo distrit is stiat at aron 60 billion

rpiah (approxiatl uSd 6 illion) pr ann

(Statistis Inonsia 2009). Th gr is possibl

n largr whn spporting instris sh as

transport ar onsir. With approxiatl 90%

o working popl in th park rling on shing as

thir priar ino (PHKA & TNc 2000), arin

osst goos an sris ar ritial to th

soial an onoi wlar o loal onitis

(mobrg & Folk 1999). Park anagnt an

gornan sks to sstain an nhan KNP’s

bioirsit, osst sris, an th bnts



Kooo National Park

18

b 2: intntn nd tts ppc t KNP

UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme 1986 – designates KNP asa UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve with three unctions: conser-vation; sustainable economic development; and provision o sitesand acilities to support research, education and training.

World Heritage Convention 1986 – designates KNP as a WorldHeritage Site under criteria:

(vii) contains superlative natural phenomena and areas o aes-thetic importance due to outstanding universal value;

(x) contains important habitats or conservation, includingthose o threatened species.

Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 – KNP contributes tocommitments made by Indonesia, as a Party to the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) to:

develop a national biodiversity strategy;•

to establish systems o protected areas to conserve biodiver-•

sity; and

to promote environmentally sound and sustainable develop-•

ment in areas adjacent to protected areas.

Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Diversity 1995 - em-phasised the importance o Marine and Coastal Protected Areas innational biodiversity strategies.

b 4: ecsst Scs

Coral rees and associated habitats provide a suite o ecosystemservices alling within our broad categories:

Provisioning services – e.g. fsheries, mariculture;•

Regulating services – e.g. protection o beaches and coastlines•

rom erosion or damage by storm surges, waves and tsuna-mis;

Cultural services – e.g. tourism, recreation and traditional •

practices;

Supporting services – e.g. nursery habitats, nutrient and car-•

bon cycling.(UNEP-WCMC 2006) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005)

th proi

G o v e r n a n c e1 . 1 . 3

KNP lis within th 45 illion ha Lssr Sna

arin o-rgion o th coral Triangl, an is

part o an intronnt ntwork o thr marin

Prott Aras (mPA) oring a obin ara o

approxiatl 3.5 illion ha (Kooo National Park,

Nsa Pnia mPA, Sa Sa mPA). Ths arin aras

ak a signiant ontribtion to national targts,

oitt to nr th conntion on Biologial

dirsit (cBd), to prott 10% o Inonsia’s

arin an oastal nironnts b 2012, an 20%

b 2020.

KNP has bn stablish an is anag within a

rawork o intrnational law an lti-national

tratis (Box 2), national poli an lgislation

(uNeP-Wcmc 2005). dsignation as a national park

orr in 1984 nr PHKA dr 46/kpts/vI-Sk/

1984, with a zoning sst an assoiat rsor

s rglations athoris in 2001 nr PHKA

dr 65/kpts/dJ-v/ 2001. Spi anagntobjtis rslt ro signation as a man an

Biosphr Rsr an Worl Hritag Sit in 1986,

ontribting to oitnts nr th cBd an

llling ronations o th Jakarta manat

on marin an coastal dirsit.

M a r i n e T h r e a t s a n d1 . 1 . 4

I m p a c t s

KNP’s high bioirsit an assoiat osst

sris ar aintain b th high arit o

habitat tps an onitions in KNP (Bgr & Trak

2005), inling oral rs, angros, sagrass

aows, saonts an bas. eosst sris

otn rl on ologial pathwas onnting

irnt habitats (Box 3). Prosss an istrbans

pstra a at th qantit an qalit o

KNP’s osst sris proi ownstra(Box 4), with rslting ipat on loal onois,

lilihoos an oo srit.

KNP’s arin ossts ha alwas bn sbjt

to natral istrbans (Box 5) that a prioiall

at or astat habitats with rslting osst-

wi rprssions. Halth habitats ar rsilint to

ths ipats an will ror with ti (Hghs &

connll 1999).

KNP’s han poplations, whih pn prinipallon shing or thir lilihoos, ha inras b

1000% sin 1930, bringing a rslting inras in

anthropogni istrbans (PHKA & TNc 2000).

Global isss sh as liat hang an oan

aiiation a to ths thrats. Th ipat o

ltipl strssors, both natral an anthropogni,

ha a ltipliati t on ossts (Brant

t al 1998), with han-aag rs or




b 3: Connectivity between coral ree, mangrove and sea grass habitats (CRMP 2004).

b 5: Dstnc t C rs

Natural disturbances to coral rees include:

disease,•

temperature extremes,•

pest outbreaks including Crown-o-Thorns Starfsh,•

cyclones,•

seismic events including earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes•

Anthropogenic disturbances to coral rees include:

Pollution• , including mine runo and sewage discharge, poi-sons ree communities, pollutes ree waters and promotes algal growth (Bjork et al 1994; Brown 1997; Richmond 1994);

Overfshing • results in shits in fsh size, abundance and speciescomposition o ree communities. The removal o key herbivore

and predator species may cause cascading eects in the trophicweb, bringing large scale changes to ecosystems and the servic-es they provide (Bohnsack 1993; Dulvy et al 2004; Jennings &

Polunin 1996; Pennisi; Pinnegar et al 2002; Roberts 1995).

Destructive fshing • practices, including bomb and cyanide fsh-ing, muroami and trawling, are non-selective, remove largenumbers o undersized target species and non-target species

and cause habitat damage. Cyanide fshing to support the liveood fsh trade has led to widespread reductions in groupers, Na-poleon wrasse and other species (Johannes & Riepen 1995).

Climate change• will increase background disturbances (throughe.g. elevated sea surace temperatures, ocean acidifcation andincreased storm requency and intensity) reducing resilience toother human disturbances (Bryant et al 1998).

Coastal development • , including reclamation and construction,alters coastal dynamics, removes important nursery grounds, andincreases terrestrial run-o and pollution (Wilkinson 2004).

Unregulated tourism• can impact on coral rees through tram-pling by swimmers and divers, anchor damage, and sewage dis-charge rom hotels (Global Environment Facility 1996).

lnrabl to natral istrbans an taking

longr to ror (Brown 1997).

Priar thrats to th osst goos an sris

ri ro KNP’s arin ossts inlstrti shing (spiall blast an ani

shing), orshing, crown-o-Thorns Starsh, ass

blahing nts an anhor aag (mos t al

2007; PHKA & TNc 2000).



Kooo National Park

20

R e e f F i s h S p a w n i n g1 . 2

A g g r e g a t i o n s

Groprs an Napolon wrass ha high

ologial as wll as high onoi al to loalonitis. man r sh gathr to rpro

an or larg sh spawning aggrgations

(doir & colin 1997), whih aks th highl

lnrabl to or harsting partilarl aron

pak prios o rprotion. An aggrgation is

n as “an inras in sh nsitis to at last

thr tis th noral nsit on th sit” (Pt t al

2005b). Spawning bhaior inls th groping

o sh in lstrs or ns than noral, rqnt

al-al aggrssion an ghting, oloration not

sn at othr tis or loations, al stoahs

boing isibl swolln, nsal arks on bo,

pronon si-to-si waggling/qiring/

shiing b als, or atal spawning (Pt

t al 2005b). Spawning sasons an th tiing

o aggrgations in rlation to lnar phass ha

alra bn inti or ost iportant gropr

an Napolon wrass spis in KNP. Th ain

spawning sason or targt spis is ro Otobr

to Janar, with sall irns btwn spis

(Pt t al 1999; Pt t al 2005a; PHKA & TNc 2000).

Groprs an Napolon wrass ar lnrabl to

shing prssrs bas th ar long-li an

slow-growing, an th a onsistntl aggrgat

in th sa loation an at th sa ti (Pt

t al 2005a; Sao & doir 2005). I shing

prssr is sr an prsistnt, gropr spawning

aggrgations a lin rapil an a b lost

altogthr (Johanns t al 1999). On o th k

anagnt objtis or KNP, as stiplat

in th 25-ar anagnt plan, is “to protect biodiversityandthebreedingstocksofcommercialsh

and invertebrate species, and maintain and replenish surroundingshinggroundsthatsustainlocalsheries”

(PHKA & TNc 2000). Th zoning sst or KNP was

oiall r in ma 2001, an was bas on

aailabl ologial ata, rrnt nrstaning

o ologial an onsration prinipls, an

th soio-onoi an ltral ns o th

loal onitis. Rglations wr orlat

or ah zon to nsr th long-tr srialo th Park’s fora an ana, its ossts an

its loal onitis. Known gropr spawning

aggrgation sits wr ‘prott’ b inling all

known sits within oral r ‘no tak’ zons o th

Park.

BTNK nr PHKA is th la agn rsponsibl

or th orall anagnt o th Park. dring th

prio 1996–2005, BTNK in ollaboration with TNc,

loal nornt agnis an loal onitis

iplnt a arin anagnt progra

to stablish an ti srillan sst that

os on ring an prnting shing within

th no-tak zons o th Park, ring or-

xploitation in pritt zons an banning all

strti an illgal shing atiitis insi th

Park. In 2005, th onsration an spport rol o TNc was takn or b th joint-ntr Inonsian

‘not-or-prot’ opan, PT. Ptri Naga Kooo

(PNK).

This rport prsnts th rslts o SPAG onitoring

in 2009, xains long-tr trns in SPAG spis,

an assss anagnt an onsration orts

within KNP.




Methodology 2



Kooo National Park

22

S i t e s2 . 1

Approxiatl 300 sits in KNP wr assss

or spawning aggrgations btwn 1995 an

2000 (Pt t al 2005a; PHKA & TNc 2000). Twlsits ha topographis assoiat with spawning

aggrgations an ight o ths sits wr slt

or onitoring twi a onth aron th ll an

nw oons ro marh 1998 to Fbrar 1999. All

spawning sits ha strong rrnts irt awa

ro th r. dtail sriptions o th sits ar

aailabl in (Pt t al 1999). O th ight, onl two

sits (Sits 7 an 8) ha sh isplaing aggrgating

bhaior an wr thror slt or long-

tr onitoring (Pt t al 2005a). To prott ths

spawning aggrgations ro bing spialltargt, th atal sit nas ha not bn

s in this rport. Fi sits wr onitor ro

Sptbr to dbr 2009 (Tabl 1).

T a r g e t s p e c i e s2 . 2

eln gropr spis (Fail: Srrania) an on

wrass (Fail: Labria) wr initiall slt or

onitoring bas on thir abnans at sits, thirlnrabilit to or-shing, an thir onoi

al, partilarl in th intrnational li r sh

tra (Tabl 1). Onl Epinephelus fuscoguttatus an

Plectropomus areolatus aggrgat in sint

nbrs or rprotion, an wr thror

slt or long-tr onitoring (Pt t al 2005a).

E. polyphekadion was also slt or long-tr

onitoring bas o its tnn to aggrgat

an spawn in los assoiation with P. areolatus an

E. fuscoguttatus whrr th or (Hailton& matawai 2006; mangbhai 2007). data wr

ollt or all ln spis ring 2009.

M o n i t o r i n g m e t h o d s2 . 3

SPAG onitoring was arri ot r two wks,

within a thr-a prio ntr aron ll an

nw oons btwn Agst an dbr 2009.

unrwatr isal nss (uvc) thos or SPAG

onitoring ollow (Pt t al 2005a; Pt t al

2005b) an SOPs (Kathrina t al 2007). Brif, two

irs ntr th watr in approxiatl th sa

loation, sn to a axi pth o 30

an or a transt ara o approxiatl 200

or a 30 int prio. dring ah i an atah o th sits, th nbr an stiat sizs

(total lngth, to th narst 1 ) o groprs an

Napolon wrass wr ror. Gin th sall

siz o aggrgations in KNP (<100 sh) all sh wr

ror an sb-sapling was not rqir. Th

prsn or absn o spawning bhaior was also

ror ring uvc. I th isibilit was low th sit

was sarh in a anring pattrn to iniiz

th possibilit o not sing an roring sh

prsnt at th sit. Annal training was arri otto nsr that obsrrs ol orrtl stiat

sh with a axi allowabl rror o 3 .

D a t a M a n a g e m e n t2 . 4

data wr ror onto nrwatr proora

in th l (Appnix A). data wr transrr to

a mirosot exl atabas on rtrn to th o.

databas rsions wr aintain b both BTNK an PNK.

D a t a A n a l y s i s2 . 5

Spatial an tporal pattrns in poplation siz o

r sh spawning aggrgations wr opar

btwn sits.

Long-tr trns wr xain b rrn to

(mangbhai 2007).




Results 3



Kooo National Park

24

S i t e 73 . 1

At sit 7, th poplation o E. fuscoguttatus was high (>30) or all srs ont ring ll oon

prios (Figr 2). Th poplation o E. fuscoguttatus was sallr btwn ll oon prios. No spawning

aggrgations o P. areolatus, E. polyphekadion, or othr targt spis (Figr 3) wr tt ring2009.

2: Cnts ) E. usgogutattus, ) E. polyphekadion, nd c) P. aereolatus cdd dn SPag s ds n St 7 n 2009.Sd tc ns ndct n.

3: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 8 n 2009. Sd tc ns nd-

ct n.

(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N o .


0

10

20

30

40

50

(b)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

(c)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

A u g

S e p

O c t

N o v

D e c

J a n

F e b

N o .


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

P. leopardusP. laevis

P. oligocanthus

V. louti

C. altivelis

C. undulatus

E. tukula

E. malabar

E. chlorostigma




S i t e 83 . 2

At sit 8, th poplation o E. fuscoguttatus rang ro 4 to 12 (Figr 4), with th highst poplation

ror ring Sptbr ll oon spring tis, an th lowst ring Otobr nap tis. No

aggrgations o P. areolatus or E. polyphekadion wr ror ring 2009, an poplations wr low(<5) ring all sr is. In dbr, 9 P. leopardus wr ror on Sit 8 (Figr 5), opar to

a ian o 2 or all othr sr is, an a b iniati o aggrgating bhaior at this ti. No

spawning aggrgations wr ror or all othr onitor spis ring 2009.(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N

o .


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

(b)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

(c)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

A u g

S e p

O c t

N o v

D e c

J a n

F e b

N o .


0

5

10

15

20

25

P. leopardus

P. laevis

P. oligocanthus

V. louti

C. altivelis

C. undulatus

E. tukula

E. malabar

E. chlorostigma

4: Cnts ) E. usgogutattus, ) E. polyphekadion, nd c) P. aereolatus cdd dn SPag s ds n St 8 n 2009.Sd c ns ndct n.

5: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 8 n 2009. Sd tc ns nd-ct n.



Kooo National Park

26

S i t e s 5 , 6 a n d 93 . 3

Poplations or all targt SPAG spis wr low (<2) at Sit 5 (Figr B1, Figr B2), with no spawning

aggrgations tt.

At Sit 6, high nbrs o E. fuscoguttatus wr ror in Otobr (15 iniials), alling to 8 bdbr (Figr B3). P. leopardus, V. louti , C. altivelis, an C. undulatus wr rqnt (>3) at Sit 6, thogh

no spawning aggrgations wr tt. On P. oligacanthus was ror, an all othr spis wr

absnt (Figr B4).

At Sit 9, abnan o P. leopardus was high in Otobr (14), alling to 8 b i Nobr (Figr B6).

E. fuscoguttatus an E. polyphekadion wr prsnt thogh in low nbrs (<4) an with no in o

spawning aggrgations (Figr B5). On P. laevis was ror in Otobr, all othr spis wr absnt.

L o n g t e r m t r e n d s3 . 4

At Sit 7, th axi nbr o E. fuscoguttatus ror pr ar ftat ro a axi o 86 in

1996 to a ini o 27 in 2003 (Figr 6a). In 2009, 44 iniials wr ror, an th poplation

appars to b in a prio o lin. Abnan o P. areolatus lin ro a axi o 25 iniials

in 1996 to 9 in 2009, an whil so ftation was tt thr appars to b a orall ngati trn.

Abnan o E. polyphekadion was low at Sit 7 or all ars.

At Sit 8, high nbrs o P. areolatus, P. leopardus, an P. oligacanthus wr ror ah ar btwn

1996 an 2002 (Figr 6b). Abnan o ths thr spis has lin raatiall sin 2002, with

no aggrgation tt in 2009. Abnan o E. fuscoguttatus an E. polyphekadion was low at Sit 8 or

all ars.

dlins in spis abnan appar to oini with a shit in poplation ographis. Btwn 1996

an 2009, th abnan o larg E. fuscoguttatus at Sit 6 lin raatiall (Figr 7).

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

M a x .


0

20

40

60

80

100E. fuscoguttatus

E. polyphekadion

P. areolatus

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

M a x .


0

20

40

60

80

100

E. fuscoguttatus

E. polyphekadion

P. areolatus

P. leopardus

P. oligocanthus

6: ln-t tnds n tn sz cdd dnnt spcs t () St 7 nd () St 8.

7: ln-t tnds n e. stts sz-qncdsttn t St 6.

1998

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 120

F r e q u e n c y

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2001

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 20

2005

Size class (cm)

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 120

2009

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 20

a

b




Discussion 4



Kooo National Park

28

dring 2009, onl on ntional spawning

aggrgation was inti. Sit 7 ontain a larg

aggrgation o E. fuscoguttatus, orring ring

ll oon prios ro Sptbr to dbr.

For all othr sits an spis, prioi poplationinrass wr tt bt, in th absn o

bhaioral ata, wr not sint to iniat a

spawning aggrgation. At Sit 8 prioi inras

in abnan o E. fuscoguttatus was ror,

an appar to pak in siz arl in th sason.

Th lin atr Sptbr a b a rslt o

shing prssr. A sall inras in P. leopardus

poplations orr at Sit 8 in dbr, an

Sit 6 host a sall aggrgation o E. fuscoguttatus

ring Otobr. Whil at Sit 9 a sall aggrgationo P. leopardus was ror.

SPAG ata ollt ring 2009 rinors th

nings rport in (mangbhai 2007), with

lining gropr an Napolon wrass poplations

throghot KNP btwn 1996 an 2008. In 2007, p

to 70 iniials o E. fuscoguttatus wr ror

at Sit 7, whras a axi o 45 iniial was

ror in 2009. Aggrgations o or than 80 P.areolatus wr ror at Sit 8 in 2001, whil lss

than 10 wr ror in 2009. Siilar pattrns wrror at all sit onitor ring 2009, with a

lin in th siz o aggrgations, an n a loss

o aggrgations at so sits. Whil a spawning

aggrgation o E. fuscogutatus was ror ring

2009, n this spis, onsir rsilint to

its prrn or pr watrs an los bnthi

assoiation (mangbhai 2007), has ras in

abnan at ost sits.

Spawning aggrgations ar a ritial li l stag,

ring whih poplations ar highl lnrabl toshing prssr. Whil aggrgations an b asil

targt b shrn, oing so rslts in roal

o stok bor it has ha a han to rpro an

rpla itsl. ultiatl, this will la to wr larg

sh, a rslting ras in rproti potntial,

an pltion o th stok.

Sh a pltion appars to b wll nrwa in KNP,

an rprsnts a loss o not jst intrinsi bioirsit

al, bt also o onoi potntial. Whil SPAG

spis ar high al shr spis, th ar also

highl pris b irs an snorklrs. At rrnt

stok lls, th al o ths aggrgations is qal

in onoi signian to th rrational al o

th park as a whol (Ritnbk 2001).

dplt SPAG sits oini with aras o high

rsor s atiit in KNP. All SPAG sits ar loat

within signat no-tak aras, howr high rats

o shing atiit ar ror ro srroning

aras (Har & ysaanra 2010). To onsr

SPAG poplations, an thir onoi, toris an

bioirsit potntial, ipro iplntation

o zoning ssts an rsor s rglations

is rqir. A riw o rrnt anagnt

plans, inling an analsis o gaps an ns

(spiall rlat to spporting national an

istrit lgislation) wol proi park anagrsan istrit gornnt with an iportant rst stp

towars this goal.

Sral SPAG targt spis ar nangr (.g. C.undulatus) or nar thratn (.g. E. fuscoguttatus)

(IucN 2009). Th halth o spawning aggrgations is

an iportant iniator o th orall stats o ths

spis in KNP, an thir onsration shol b a

priorit targt or park anagnt. consration

orts that os on ths SPAG sits ar onsistnt

with protting a rgional rsal shr on whih

an hoshols otsi o th park pn.

Whil lariation o anagnt plans an

rglations prois a ital rst stp, iplntation

o rglations is also ritial. existing patrol ssts

in KNP ar otn nabl to rspon qikl to

iolations, an ha liit orag o th ntir

park ara (Har & Pasa 2010). consqntl,

h SPAG poahing a go ntt an

nnor. Prannt or si-prannt rangrpost at SPAG sits wol proi an ti

trrnt to poahing o this alabl rsor, an

go a long wa towars hlping th ror o this

k spis.

SPAG onitoring rslts shol b bak into

anagnt planning. contin onitoring

an prottion o Sit 7 is ssntial to alat

anagnt tinss, an prsr KNP’s last

raining signiant aggrgation o E. fuscoguttatus.

monitoring an nornt o Sits 6 an 8 wolproi bnts to iporish E. fuscoguttatus




aggrgations at ths sits. P. leopardus poplations

ol b nhan ia onitoring an nornt

o Sit 8 an 9. Ths sits shol b onsir th

priorit or ongoing anagnt, onitoring an

onsration initiatis, an ar likl to proith gratst rtrn on instnt. Whil lat

poplation sizs wr tt at ths sits ring

2009, tr onitoring shol also sk to inti

bhaioral iniations o spawning.



Kooo National Park

30




Management

Recommendations

5



Kooo National Park

32

managnt intrntions ar rgntl n

to arss th ongoing rapi lin o gropr

an Napolon wrass poplations in KNP. Th

ollowing ar bas on 2009 SPAG onitoring

nings an long-tr trns, an rpat sralronations a in (mangbhai 2007).

Bttr iplntation o zoning ssts an

rsor s rglations in KNP wol hlp to

nsr that SPAG sits ar prott ro xtrati

prssrs. A riw o anagnt plans is

rgntl rqir, inling analsis o gaps an

ns (spiall rgaring national an istrit

spporting lgislation). Otpts o this riw

wol arss rrnt irns in prspti

btwn stakholrs, an proi norntors with lar gian.

Srillan an nornt stratgis1.

shol b riw to alat tinss.

Prannt or si-prannt rangr posts on

or nar iportant SPAG sits (spiall Sit 7

an Sit 8) wol tr rthr poahing. Ths

sits ar los to k toris “hot spots”, an

rangr posts wol proi aitional tikt

an toris sri al.

monitoring o iportant SPAG sits shol2.

b aintain, to alat anagnt

proran an proi arl warning o stok

trioration. Poplations o E. fuscoguttatus

at Sit 7 ar th onl ntional spawning

aggrgation in KNP, an ar a priorit or

anagnt. Othr sits show prioi

poplation inrass, bt ar insint to

n a spawning aggrgation in th absn o

bhaioral in. I rsors ar liit anonitoring o all sits an spis an not b

ahi, onitoring o th ollowing sits an

spis (in orr o priorit) shol b arri

ot aoring to rsor aailabilit.

Sit 7 –a. E. fuscoguttatus

Sit 8 –b. E. fuscoguttatus, P. leopardus

Sit 6. – E. fuscoguttatus

Sit 9 –. P. leopardus

Finings prsnt in this 2009 SPAG monitoring3.

Rport shol b pbliall oniat

to KNP stakholrs. Loal onitis ar

on iportant ain, with ths nings

haing a los ipat on lilihoos. Wir

oniation an planning with BTNK,distrit Gornnt, dKP an othr agnis

is ital to inorporat nings into appropriat

anagnt stratgis or KNP, an srroning

oastal aras.

Th lopnt an ontination o 4.

oplintar onitoring progras will

inras th al o SPAG ata whil iniizing

osts. exapls inl sh nss ring R

Halth monitoring, ath onitoring an arkt

assssnts.




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Kooo National Park

36




SPAG Monitoring

Proforma

A



Kooo National Park

38




Fish Stocks at

Sites 5,6 and 9

B



Kooo National Park

40

(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N o .


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

(b)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

(c)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

A u g

S e p

O c t

N o v

D e c

J a n

F e b

N o .


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

P. leopardus

P. laevis

P. oligocanthus

V. louti

C. altivelis

C. undulatus

E. tukula

E. malabar

E. chlorostigma

(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N o .


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

(b)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

(c)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

b 1: Cnts ) e. scttts, ) e. pphkdn, nd c) P. ts cdd dn SPag s ds n St 5 n 2009.

Sd tc ns ndct n.

b 2: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 5 n 2009. Sd tc nsndct n.

b 3: Cnts ) e. scttts, ) e. pphkdn, nd c) P. ts cdd dn SPag s ds n St 6 n 2009.Sd tc ns ndct n.




A u g

S e p

O c t

N o v

D e c

J a n

F e b

N o .


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

P. leopardus

P. laevisP. oligocanthus

V. louti

C. altivelis

C. undulatus

E. tukula

E. malabar

E. chlorostigma

(a)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

N o .


0

1

2

3

4

5

(b)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

(c)

0 1 - A u g - 0 9

0 1 - S e p - 0 9

0 1 - O c t - 0 9

0 1 - N o v - 0 9

0 1 - D e c - 0 9

0 1 - J a n - 1 0

A u g

S e p

O

c t

N o v

D e c

J a n

F e b

N o .


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

P. leopardus

P. laevis

P. oligocanthus

V. louti

C. altivelis

C. undulatus

E. tukula

E. malabar

E. chlorostigma


b 5: Cnts ) e. scttts, ) e. pphkdn, nd c) P. ts cdd dn SPag s ds n St 9 n 2009.Sd tc ns ndct n.




Kooo National Park

42




ManagementEffectiveness

Summary

C



Kooo National Park

44

Rum prois ritial biophsial an soio-onoi ata that an assist park anagrs to alat

prott ara anagnt tinss. ealation o anagnt tinss an assist anagrs

to riw an aapt anagnt stratgis, ont th proran o anagnt orts at

ahiing mPA goals an objtis an proi a rport on progrss to ision-akrs an stakholrs

(Poro t al 2004).

In this appnix, w prsnt so o th k nings o this rport rlant to alations o anagnt

tinss alation. Finings ar prsnt in a sorar orat ollowing (cartr 2010).




Raw DataD



Kooo National Park

46




SiteID DATE E .

f u s c o g u a t u s

E .

p o l y p h e k a d i o n

P . a r e o l a t u s

P .

l e o p a r d u s

P .

l a e v i s

P . o l i g o c a n t h u s

V .

l o u

C . a l v e l i s

C .

u n d u l a t u s

E .

t u k u l a

E .

m a l a b a r

E . c h l o r o s g m a

5 2-Dec-09 2 1 2 2

6 2-Oct-09 15 6 5 3

2-Dec-09 8 3 2 1 3 5 1

7 4-Sep-09 41 4 9 1 2 3 2 4

3-Oct-09 44 2 3 5 6 1 3

18-Oct-09 4 1 1 6 1 1

17-Nov-09 1 7 1 1

2-Dec-09 33 1 5

8 4-Sep-09 12 1 5

3-Oct-09 8 2 3 3 5 1 1

18-Oct-09 4 2 3 5 1

17-Nov-09 5 2 5 2

2-Dec-09 4 1 9 2 6 5 1

9 3-Oct-09 4 3 14 2

18-Oct-09

17-Nov-09 1 9



Kooo National Park

PT PUTRI NAGA KOM DO

COMMITTED TO CONSERVATION, SUPPORTIVE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ANDFOCUSED ON FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH NATURE-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK, WORLD HERITAGE SITE

reef fish spawning aggregations in komodo national park - status report 2009

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