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REDD+ Training Supply and Needs in the Democratic Republic of Congo

A report by members of The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity

This report is part of a multi-country assessment of REDD+ training that was funded with a grant from the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC). The AGRC is a partnership between 16 organizations that are committed to enhancing the quality and availability of training on REDD+ worldwide. This study on REDD+ training in the DRC was led by AGRC member Conservation International (CI).

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Acronyms AGRC Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity

CBO Community-Based Organization

CI Conservation International

CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research

CODELT Council for Environmental Defense

COP Conference of the Parties

FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade

FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent

GHG Greenhouse Gas

LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PDD Project Design Documents

REDD+ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation

(+ includes forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks)

RELs Reference Emission Levels

R-PIN Readiness-Project Idea Note

RPP Readiness Preparation Proposal

UN-REDD United Nations REDD+ Programs

UNDP United Nation Development Programme

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

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Executive Summary This study aims to assess current REDD+ training supply and demand in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and to identify training needs and gaps. A sample of nine training providers was included in the study, participating through an online survey and/or a telephone interview. The overall conclusion is that the supply of REDD+ training does not yet meet the demand in the DRC. This report describes recent training activity in the country and highlights some of the priorities for future REDD+ training initiatives. Respondents described more than 14 different training initiatives that conducted at least 80 separate events between January, 2010 and May, 2012. These were targeted primarily at the staff of government agencies, non-governmental organizations, organizations developing REDD+ projects, and to local communities. In-person training events were the most widely used format, were thought to have reached the greatest number of people, estimated at 2500. Posters and flyers were thought to have reached nearly 2000 people, and other training formats were believed to have reached far smaller numbers of people. A wide range of thematic areas were covered through these initiatives. The most commonly cited topics included the basic elements of climate change science, the REDD+ readiness process and policy, social and environmental safeguards, and the drivers of deforestation and degradation. The majority of training events were held in Kinshasa (48), though at least 31 were held in 16 other cities around the country. All interviewees indicated that there is a need for additional investment in REDD+ training in the DRC. They indicated that the highest priority is to train government representatives at all levels, but also NGO’s, local communities and private sector REDD+ project developers. A majority of the interviewees indicated that additional and more in-depth training is needed on safeguards, the rights of indigenous peoples, land tenure, and gender equity. Some of the respondents indicated a need to expand the supply of in-depth training on subjects that have so far been covered only at an introductory level. Respondents indicated that much of the demand for additional training is in the interior of the country, in cities like Lubumbashi, Goma, Boma, Kisangani and Kananga. This points to the need for a decentralized approach to capacity building, and a respondent suggested that new approaches that can reach a broader audience are needed, like television or radio, and to use local languages.

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1. Introduction REDD+1 is a complex climate change mitigation option that requires the participation of a broad range of stakeholders, from local communities to national governments. Because of its novelty and complexity, informed participation cannot take place without substantial investments in training and other forms of capacity building. The international community has recognized the need for investment in capacity building for REDD+, beginning with COP 13 (UNFCCC, 2008). Ongoing efforts to support REDD+ Readiness through the UN-REDD Program, the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and bilateral investments have all put a strong emphasis on capacity building. There is little data, however, that describe the type of capacity building and the number of people that are reached with these initiatives in REDD+ countries. The lack of information makes it difficult to determine where additional investments in capacity building are needed. This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between January, 2010 and May, 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs. This report was prepared through a collaboration of members of the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity2, which is a group of institutions that are working to expand the scope and quality of capacity building efforts in this field. Similar studies were conducted in 5 other countries and the results from those studies are available in separate reports.

1 REDD+ refers to “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the

role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries” (UNFCCC 2007) 2 The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC) is a distributed global network of respected organizations

committed to providing the expertise, training, and tools required by REDD+ stakeholders. The AGRC currently has 16 members with the expectation of growth in the coming months. The members are Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, Rainforest Alliance, UNREDD, World Bank Institute, and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, Center for People and Forests- RECOFTC, Yale-Smithsonian Environmental Leadership Training Initiative -ELTI, Forum for Readiness on REDD, Forest Trends and the Katoomba Group, CATIE, IUCN, GIZ, Conservation Strategy Fund, International Education Institute of Brazil – IIEB, Global Canopy Programme, the Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance and OTS

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2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and a detailed interview that was done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through a review of the DRC’s Readiness Preparation Proposal and other key documents that describe the country’s REDD+ process and also through referrals from other contacts in the country. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.

2.1 Online Survey

The online survey was administered between February and June, 2012. To promote higher response rates, the survey was short and included brief questions regarding five categories of information. These categories are described below and the complete survey can be found in Appendix 1. Respondents were asked to indicate all of the audience types that they target in their trainings. Audience types included the general public, NGOs, government, donors, REDD+ project developers, academic institutions, indigenous peoples, local communities, representatives of land use industries, or other stakeholders. Training formats were presented as a list that included in-person workshops or courses, long term mentoring and technical support, training manuals and guides, internet-based training courses, study tours, radio/TV programs, posters/flyers or other formats. Respondents were asked to mark each of the formats that their organization had used and to estimate the number of people reached using each format. The list of thematic areas included:

The basic elements of climate change

International climate change policy and the UNFCCC process

Awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge dissemination

Support for the REDD+ readiness process

REDD+ policy development and planning (i.e. Forest governance)

Forest inventories and carbon accounting

Calculating reference/reference emission levels

Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV)

Benefit sharing

Social safeguards

Environmental safeguards

REDD+ finance

Analysis of key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and strategies for reducing deforestation and degradation

How to develop REDD+ or Afforestation/Reforestation Projects

Greenhouses gas inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines)

Other

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Respondents were asked to select all that applied and to provide additional details if they selected “Other”. Respondents also estimated the number of people that had been reached using each of the different training formats used.

2.2 Structured Interview

Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in the DRC but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2. The structured interview contained questions addressing the ‘Supply of Training’ and ‘Interviewee Perceptions of Supply and Demand’. The ‘Supply of Training’ refers to the target audiences, training formats, subject matter, geographies where training was implemented, and training materials. ‘Interviewee Perceptions of Supply and Demand’ summarizes the opinions and perceptions of interviewees regarding the adequacy of supply of training as well as any additional requests made of their organizations for future training events. Participants from organizations that conduct REDD+ training were asked for detailed descriptions of the training provided, including the place where the training was conducted, the source of funding, and the cost. They were also asked to describe the demand for training as indicated by the number and types of requests that their organizations had received. In addition, these interviewees were asked to describe the barriers that limit their ability to expand the supply of training. All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in the DRC, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved. Participants were asked about which training formats had been used in the country (using the same categories presented in the online survey). Among these, they were asked which had been most successful, and to identify the formats which are underused. The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings in the DRC. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved. Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in the DRC, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

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2.3 Country Profile

The deforestation rate in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is comparatively low, at .25% annually (DRC Ministry of the Environment, Conservation of Nature and Tourism, 2010). However, the country ranks second only to Brazil in terms of tropical forest cover (FAO, 2010) and is therefore a major focus of efforts to design and implement a REDD+ scheme. DRC is a participant in both the UN-REDD Programme and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility of the World Bank, and is expected to receive technical and financial support worth nine million dollars3 from these sources. UN-REDD and FCPC support are designed to help the country to prepare for REDD+, including the implementation of multi-stakeholder consultations, the design of a national REDD+ Strategy, the preparation of a national reference scenario and the creation of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems and systems on information for safeguards. The country is also receiving significant funding for REDD+ and related forest sector activities through the Congo Basin Forest Fund4. DRC’s Readiness Preparation Plan describes key audiences for capacity building efforts, including representatives from government and civil society who participate in REDD+ coordination units at the national and provincial levels. It includes plans to raise the general level of knowledge regarding REDD+ issues, and to specifically build the capacity in technical areas like measurement reporting and verification (MRV) and social and environmental impact assessment.

3. Results

3.1 Survey and Interview participation

We contacted 17 people in total to fill out both the online survey and/or the structured interview and nine people representing seven organizations responded: United Nation Development Programme (UNDP), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Conservation International (CI), two representatives of the Council for Environmental Defense by Legality and Traceability (CODELT), Reseau des Communicateurs de L’Environnement (RCEN) (a local NGO), Office National des Forêts Internationale (a French consulting firm) and the National REDD+ Coordination team which is supervised by the Director of Sustainable Development of the Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Nature and Tourism.

3 5.5M USD from UN-REDD http://www.un-

redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/DemocraticRepublicofCongo/tabid/1027/language/en-

US/Default.aspx and 3.4M USD from FCPF

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Apr2011/2

nd_Grant_Agreement_DRC_RPP.pdf 4 The Congo Basin Forest Fund website: http://www.cbf-fund.org/en

http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/DemocraticRepublicofCongo/tabid/1027/language/en-US/Default.aspx



http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Apr2011/2nd_Grant_Agreement_DRC_RPP.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Apr2011/2nd_Grant_Agreement_DRC_RPP.pdf

http://www.cbf-fund.org/en

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Of the nine respondents, seven filled out the online survey and of these seven, six agreed to the longer, structured interview. Two additional members of the National REDD Coordination agreed to the longer, structured interview (though they had not filled out the survey), bringing the total to eight people interviewed. Findings from data gathered from the online questionnaire, and quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered during the interview process are presented together.

3.2 Training Supply

The following section provides a general overview of the results regarding REDD+ training supply. These findings are divided among:

Audience groups

Training/awareness raising formats

Thematic areas Audience groups

Six of the seven respondents to the survey indicated that REDD+ training activities in the DRC have been aimed at NGOs, governments, REDD+ project developers and local communities. Academic institutions, indigenous peoples and land use industries were also frequently mentioned (4/7 respondents each), while donors (3/7 respondents) and the general public (2 /7 respondents) were groups that were less frequently targeted. Other audience types mentioned include journalists, legal/law specialists and non-traditional donors such as financial institutions (Table 1). Table 1. Target audiences of REDD+ training activities in the DRC, as indicated by respondents to an online survey (7 respondents)

Audience groups Number of responses

NGOs 6 (86%)

Government 6 (86%)

REDD+ project developers 6 (86%)

Local communities 6 (86%)

Academic institutions 4 (57%)

Indigenous peoples 4 (57%)

Land-use industries 4 (57%)

Donors 3 (43%)

General public 2 (29%)

Others 2 (29%)

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The respondents indicated that in-person delivery of training has reached the largest number of people, approximately 2,500 people, or nearly half of the roughly 5,875 people reached by all formats combined (Figure 1). Posters and flyers were cited as having reached 1,850 people. Introductory guides and training manuals were thought to have reached 380 and 350 people respectively. Long term mentoring was cited as having benefited about 265 people In the DRC, ONF International, a private sector consulting firm, was the only organization interviewed that had provided long term mentoring on REDD+. TV/Radio was not considered to have been used to reach a large number of people, Respondents estimated that this medium had reached a total of 350 people. Respondents indicated that study tours or field trips were also considered a good opportunity for participants to visualize the reality on-the-ground and to provide “hands on training” but this approach had been used to reach approximately 150 people. Internet based courses were thought to have been used by the smallest number of people (30). Figure 1. Estimates of the number of people reached by different training formats, as indicated by survey and interviews (7 respondents)

Thematic areas

Respondents indicated that a wide range of themes were included in their training events. The frequency of inclusion of these themes is shown in Table 2. Many topics were widely covered. Certain topics were less frequently covered, including awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge dissemination and REDD+ finance (3/7 respondents each), how to develop REDD+ and-or Reforestation/Afforestation Projects (2/7 respondents) and Greenhouses gases inventories. Additional themes mentioned that were not specified in the survey list include: the FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs)5, REDD+ project PDD development, socio-economic and biodiversity inventory methodologies, leakage prevention, carbon rights, legal land tenure issues and REDD+ justice (including gender justice) and land use planning.

5Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade for Voluntary Partnership Agreements website:

http://www.euflegt.efi.int/portal/

2500

1850

380 350 350 265 150 30 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

http://www.euflegt.efi.int/portal/

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A high number of respondents mentioned that a wide range of thematic areas covered during training event can be explained due to the strong presence of multiple NGO’s and the support of international agencies such as UNDP (See section 3.2 F for more details). Table 2. Thematic areas addressed in training (7 respondents)

Thematic area addressed in training Number of respondents indicating that the theme was

included in their training

The basics of climate change science (i.e. what is climate change, what causes it) 5 (71%)

Supporting the REDD+ readiness process 5 (71%)

Government REDD+ policy development and planning (i.e. Forest governance) 5 (71%)

Social safeguards 5 (71%)

Environmental safeguards 5 (71%)

Analysis of key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and strategies for reducing deforestation and degradation 5 (71%)

International climate change policy and UNFCCC processes 4 (57%)

Forest inventories and carbon accounting 4 (57%)

Calculating reference/reference emission levels 4 (57%)

Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) 4 (57%)

Benefit sharing 4 (57%)

Awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge dissemination 3 (43%)

REDD+ finance 3 (43%)

How to develop REDD+ and-or Reforestation/Afforestation Projects 2 (29%)

Greenhouses gases inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines) 1 (14%)

Others 1 (14%)

3.2.1 Interviewee Perceptions of Training Supply

The following sub-section summarizes the responses provided by interviewees about the adequacy of the supply of REDD+ training in the Democratic Republic. All respondents indicated that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet the demand as they perceive it. The results of the interviews are presented in regards to several key dimensions of training:

Audience groups, thematic areas

Training/awareness raising formats (Successful and underused training formats)

Geographic coverage

Barriers to training supply

Barriers to participation in training

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A wide range of topics has been offered to different type of groups audiences. The government was listed as among the most important, especially the national Ministry of Environment, Conservation of Nature and Tourism and the Forestry Department (Direction Inventaire et Amenagement Forestiers known as DIAF). Indigenous groups such as Pygmies were also identified as a priority target audience, but because they live deep within remote regions of the forest, access to training is a barrier. Through the longer interviews we were able to gather more detailed information about each training event supplied per organization since 2010 such as the title of each training and its corresponding format, the number of training events per organization, and the duration, location, number in attendance, dates and any specific audience members and funders who supported the training (Table 3). In some cases the respondents were not able to provide complete information. Table 3. Detailed Description of REDD+ Training initiatives implemented since 2010

Name and Type of Organization

Title or Themes of Training Description of Training Training format

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)

Analysis of deforestation drivers and REDD+ project development

Duration: 6 day workshop Location: La Lope, Gabon Total # in attendance: 12 Dates: February 06- 13 2011 Audience: 3 participants from DRC, Congo, Cameroon and Gabon each; representatives from the government, private sector and civil society involved in REDD+ project development and/or implementation Funders: co-funded by WCS, USAID and AfD

In person delivery of training/workshops for all four training events

Forest Carbon Inventory Methods: practical workshop on forest carbon inventory techniques

Duration: 3-4 days each Location: Epulu and Kisangani Total # in attendance: 30 participants each event Dates: early 2011 Audience: participants mainly from the forest administration (DIAF) Funders: Co-funded by WCS and AfD (Epulu) and ITTO (Kisangani)

General REDD+ workshop: Two general information workshop about Climate Change and REDD+ on national and project level

Duration: 2 days each Location: Kisangani and Mambasa Total # in attendance: 20-30 participants each event Dates: early 2011

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Audience: participants from the regional administration, private sector and civil society of the Oriental Province Funders: co-funded by WCS and AfD

REDD Revenue Sharing: Contributions to several workshops on the theme of equitable and transparent REDD revenue sharing, based mainly on experience of the Makira REDD project in Madagascar.

Duration: 2-3 days each Location: DRC, Mozambique and Madagascar Total # in attendance: 30-50 participants each event Dates: in 2011 and 2012 Funders: WCS (DRC and Madagascar) and FCPF (Mozambique)

ONF International

Technical assistance for R-PP writing and preparation

Duration: 2008-2010 Location: Kinshasa and on the ground Audience: Institutional support Funders: Congo Basin Forest Partnership (100,000-150,000 euros)

Long term mentoring and technical reports

Carbon technical assistance to the Ibibateke and South Kwamouth project and Novacel, the developer- also to restore the landscape and agroforestry plantations

Duration: 2010- ongoing Location: Kinshasa and in the field: Ibibateke and South Kwamouth Audience: Project developers Funders: Congo Basin Forest Fund (140,000 euros

Technical support to WWF-DRC and the National REDD Coordination in DRC for a REDD project in Bolobo territory (Mai Ndombe) in cooperation with Novacel and South Kwamouth

Duration: N/A Location: Kinshasa, Paris and in the field: Bolobo territory Audience: Project developers Funders: WWF and FCPF- CN REDD (?)- (35,000-40,000 euros)

Technical support to WWF-DRC and the National REDD Coordination in DRC for a REDD project in Bolobo territory (Mai Ndombe) in cooperation with Novacel and South Kwamouth

Duration: N/A Location: Djolu territory Audience: Project developers Funders: AWF (50,000 euros

Technical support to WWF Belgium in Luki territory

Duration: N/A Location: Luki territory

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Audience: Project developers Funders: WWF (100,000 euros) Number trained in total: 10-50

CODELT MRV training for civil society on how a system could be applied

Duration: 2 days Location: Kinshasa Audience: civil society Dates: April 2011 Number of people in attendance: 25

Seminars and in person delivery of training/ workshops General information

session for the Parliament, the Commission on Environment and Nature Conservation on climate change and REDD

Duration: 3 days Location: Kinshasa Audience: parliament members Dates: October 2010 Number of people in attendance: 50

“Forests for Climate in the Congo Basin: Questions and Answers for Understanding the Challenges and Opportunities of REDD+”: workshops in each city (one for indigenous people and another for parliament members in each city)

Duration: 2 dsys for each city Location: Kisangani, Mbandaka, Bandundu Audience: indigenous people and parliament members Dates: January, February and March 2010 Number of people in attendance: 150 Funders: World Resources Institute

Capacity building for civil society

Duration: 1 dsy for each city Location: Mbujimayi, Lubumbashi, Goma, Kisangani, Mbandaka, Boma Audience: civil society and local government representatives Dates: August, September, October and November 2011 Funders: Rainforest Foundation Norway ($5,000 for each city so $31,000

Conservation International

Methodology of biomass inventory; Methodology of collecting socio-economic data; Training local team on GIS; Training local interlocutors about methods to sensitize local communities about climate change and REDD+; Training national journalist on communication about REDD+; Training stakeholders representatives at national level on green economy; Training stakeholders on participatory methodology to identify drivers of deforestation and actions to address them

In person delivery of training/workshops and long term mentoring

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UNDP and National REDD Coordination Team

60 training events were held. See Table 3 for more details on each training event

A synthesis of themes covered: Basics of climate change science, UNFCCC processes, REDD+ awareness and knowledge dissemination, REDD readiness support, Government REDD policy development and planning, REDD+ finance, a couple of training events on MRV and briefly touching upon analyzing key drivers of deforestation and strategies to stop them; notably absent are technical topics such as national forest inventories, carbon accounting, baseline calculations, project development as well as issues such as benefit sharing, social safeguards and environmental safeguards.

In person delivery of training/workshops and presentations

Training/awareness raising formats (successful and underutilized training formats)

When asked to name the top three most successful training formats for providing REDD+ training, respondents most frequently identified the delivery of in-person training/workshops and training manuals and introductory guides (4/6 respondents), followed by radio and TV (3/6 respondents). Long-term mentoring, PowerPoint based slides and booklets, and internet based training were each mentioned twice. When asked to rank the top three yet under-utilized, formats for providing REDD+ training and awareness, radio and TV was mentioned by four of seven interviewees, followed by training manuals and introductory guides (3/7 respondents). This order is similar to the results for the total number of people reached per training format (Figure 1), which found that radio and TV as well as training manuals and introductory guides haven’t been used much. A couple of respondents mentioned posters and flyers as under-utilized and these can be a good format for REDD+ knowledge dissemination. Interviewees mentioned the potential for using several formats that were not listed in the survey, including village meetings or focus groups, a national REDD+ communications campaign, community or public consultations, technical reports and one respondent cleverly thought of the idea of comic strips in newspapers as a useful avenue for delivering the REDD+ message. Geographic coverage The seven interviewees provided data on where they delivered REDD+ training. Kinshasa was the leading location for training. A map in Figure 2 summarizes this information.

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Figure 2. Distribution of training areas

Kinshasa (48) Kisangani (6) Mbandaka (4) Matadi (3) Cassiopee (3) Bandundu (3) Lubumbashi (2) Mbujumaji (1) Goma (1) Boma (1) Kisantu (1) Djolu (1) Luki (1) Epulu (1) Ibi Bateke (1) Mai Ndombe (1) Mambasa (1)

Source: Google Maps


Respondents chose from a list of five potential barriers to the provision of REDD+ training (see Table 4). Most respondents thought resources in the broad sense of the word, were a hindrance to providing more quality trainings. Human resources was mentioned as the most important barrier due to a lack of personnel to organize more trainings (5/6 respondents), and that the availability of training materials in local languages was scarce (5/6 respondents). Moreover, respondents stated that they did not have enough resources to pay instructors, house participants, pay for workshop space or travel to communities (4/6 respondents). The lack of In-country experts to provide the training and elaborated dedicated training materials were also considered a barrier (3/6 respondents). Table 4. Barriers to training supply (6 respondents)

Barrier to training supply Number of respondents

Training materials in local language 5 (83%)

Human resources to organize more trainings 5 (83%)

Resources to organize trainings – pay instructors, house participants, pay for space, travel to communities

4 (67%)

In-country experts to provide training 3 (50%)

Dedicated training materials 3 (50%)

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Barriers to participation in training We asked the interviewees to list the barriers to participation in REDD+ trainings and the results are presented in Table 5. Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of the training available was the number one obstacle named (5/6 respondents) followed by the costs to participants to attend trainings (4/6 respondents) as a barrier -which is likely due to transportation costs which in a country as large as the DRC can be exorbitant-. The length of the time commitment and access to technology were also perceived as obstacles but by only two respondents each. None of them considered the following three to be relevant: permission from their employer, the topics not being aligned with specific needs and participants not being aware of their need for training. Table 5. Barriers to participation in training (6 respondents)

Barrier to participation in training Number of respondents

Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of training available

5 (83%)

Cost to participants 4 (67%)

Technology to access training – computers for online training 2 (33%)

Too long a time commitment required of participants 2 (33%)

Participants not aware of need for training 0 (0%)

Topic not aligned with specific needs 0 (0%)

Permission from employer 0 (0%)

3.3 Training Demand

3.3.1 Interview perceptions of training demand

The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the interviewees regarding the demand for training in DRC, divided between:

Audience groups

Thematic areas

Additional requests for training

Geographic coverage

Improvements to REDD+ training to better contribute to readiness

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Audience groups

Interviewees were asked which of the audience groups need greater access to REDD+ trainings. NGO’s were listed by five of six respondents, especially those working at the local and provincial levels. REDD+ project developers (3/6 respondents), the private sector, indigenous people, community based organizations (2/6 respondents), and finally provincial and local government representatives (1/6 respondents) were also mentioned. Thematic areas

When asked to prioritize themes for future training, social and environmental safeguards came in first place (4/6 respondents), and it was suggested that topics related to rights of indigenous peoples, land tenure and gender equity are critical. Other themes such as benefit sharing, REDD+ project development and reference/baseline scenarios were also important for the respondents (3/6). The perceived need for more training on the themes mentioned above, match the previous sampling of frequency with which respondents surveyed online considered them less covered. There is a need to increase training in REDD+ project development with strong focus on how to write project design documents based on the requirement of different project carbon standards. Some respondents also mentioned the need to incorporate more technical elements or more advanced courses on the same set of themes currently being done at introductory levels. The following is the list of thematic areas cited as being in demand (those themes indicated by more than one respondent show the number of respondents in parentheses):

REDD feasibility for pilot initiatives

Biomass inventories/carbon stock assessments (2)

Reference levels/baselines (2)

Monitoring, reporting and verification including community forest management (3)

Safeguards

Revenue sharing

Drivers of deforestation

Rights of indigenous peoples such as pygmies and other forest dwellers (also land tenure/land rights of communities living near forests)

Manual with methodology to collect socio-economic data (for baseline scenarios)

Multi-sectoral design of REDD+ (coordination with other government departments or ministries)

Communication strategy for REDD+ Benoit Mathe, the Conservation International Country Director for the DRC, listed the following detailed ideas for future training courses as requested by the Ministry of Environment, Conservation of Nature and Tourism, civil society actors and the ICCN (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature or the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature), a public agency in charge of protected areas:

Developing sustainable agricultures models;

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Methodologies for biodiversity and botanic inventory and biomonitoring;

Training local interlocutors about methods to conduct a Free, Prior, Informed, Consent (FPIC) requested by civil society;

Methodology to convene stakeholders to assess the potential risks and positive impacts of the country’s REDD+ strategy;

Methodology to identify the key social and environmental indicators for the REDD+ program that can be assessed and monitored;

Methodology for stakeholders engagement assessment (SEA);

Methods for measuring, evaluating and monitoring stakeholders engagement;

Collecting, storing and analyzing the data for Safeguards Information System (SIS) and for transparent and consistent reporting of data;

Methodology for data collection, analysis and synthesis on SIS;

Land use planning and zoning;

Leakage prevention;

Legal production of commodities;

Engaging with private sector;

Assess and monitor Local governance performance in managing natural resources;

Carbon Benefit sharing Additional requests for training

All respondents identified national and local government representatives as priority audience groups in need of further REDD+ training (6/6 respondents). The other priority groups were NGO’s (4/6 respondents), local communities and the private sector (3/6 respondents). Other audience groups such as civil society and indigenous people’s were mentioned as groups that may also be seeking more training, but because most of them live in the interior of the country outside of Kinshasa and other eastern cities, respondents felt that they did not have a clear appreciation of their needs.

When asked to describe in more detail the nature of these additional requests, such as if they involved different themes/content, geography, format, duration or audiences, respondents indicated that there are a range of needs. These results are summarized in the Table 6.

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Table 6. Additional requests, rationale for training certain audience groups and suggested course of action as

reported during interviews.

Audience Groups

Reasoning Suggested Course of Action

Leaders in all sectors of the government to guarantee inter-ministerial coordination and cooperation; provincial deputies

Empower leaders in different government departments to take the initiative for implementing or supporting the REDD+ strategy developed in the R-PP and enable decentralization of REDD+ knowledge to other heavily forested provinces and their representatives

Long term mentoring

The private sector (such as the forest industry and other land use industries)

The forestry industry has resources, political connections and concessions to exploit forests. This sector also confront conflicts regarding land use rights of indigenous communities So they have to be made aware of the REDD+ mechanism and how they can benefit from changing the paradigm profitably to a more sustainable use of the forest

Organize a dialogue between the forest industry and communities about rights and conflicts of land uses and concessions starting with an introduction to REDD+ and how they can share revenue from the mechanism

Local communities representatives or associations and indigenous groups

They need to know what the stakes are for them and how they will be affected or stand to benefit from any REDD+ projects near them; need for transparency in managing carbon credits

Develop specific training manuals according to their level of education and awareness of REDD+; engage and coordinate with the following community associations: UGADEC: Union des associations communautaires pour la Conservation des Gorilles et le Developpement a l'Est du Congo (network of 8 local community associations in collaboration with CI and CARPE in Landscape 10 management RGT: Reserve des Gorilles de Tayna (Local community association) and CI's collaborator in a REDD Project in Tayna; RECOPRIBA: Reserve Communautaire des Primates de Bakambule (another community association and CI's collaborator in a REDD Project in Kisimba-Ikobo)

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GTCR, a national registry of community based organizations6

Geographic coverage

The respondents were asked about were particular geographies of the country where there was a greater deficit for training than other parts. Most agreed that a lot of training and technical assistance is already reaching Kinshasa (in particular) and other major cities, but that there is a deficit at the provincial and local level especially in communities in the interior. Cities such as Lubumbashi, Goma, Boma, Kisangani and Kananga were identified as needing training. Provinces that include major forested regions cited were the Orientale, Equator, Kivu and the center of Kasai province as well as the Eastern part of the country. One respondent offered that the Eastern part of the country is a critical area where REDD+ could be implemented; this because a booming demographic growth that carries the “resource curse” due to its natural capital wealth (minerals and other renewable energy resources) which could increase threats to the forest. Providing more training in cities will be important, but providing trainings in forest peoples’ villages should also need to be increased, but this would be a challenge for the reason that accessing to rural areas is a problem due to the lack of availability of flights and lack of adequate road that can make public ground transportation possible. Figure 3. Areas identified in need of more REDD+ training (6 respondents)

Source: Google Maps

6http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Jul2010/Bullet

in%20n%C2%B01%20du%20GTCR.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Jul2010/Bulletin%20n%C2%B01%20du%20GTCR.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Jul2010/Bulletin%20n%C2%B01%20du%20GTCR.pdf

20


Respondents also offered general recommendations for improving REDD+ training in the DRC so that it better contributes to the readiness process. The main theme that emerged was a need for decentralization of information to be able to reach audience in the countryside. In this regard, the suggestion was to use TV and radio and make short movies to inform a broader audience about the importance on forest in climate change. This type of film or radio program could be also part of a national awareness campaign that could include the 144 territories. One participant from the National REDD Coordination team estimated that a national REDD campaign would cost more than $1 million. The same participant also thought funders should invest more in capacity building through current and future projects. His reasoning was that in areas surrounding projects people are more aware of the concept and civil society can step in and support community benefits. The private sector will invest at the project level and ultimately implementation will happen because those are the leaders who are carrying the REDD+ mechanism forward. Finally, another recurring recommendation was to make REDD+ knowledge dissemination more cross-cutting or multi-sectoral by transferring information to other sectors of the government such as the Education, Energy, Agriculture and Mining Ministries.

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4. Conclusions REDD+ training events have been offered in the Democratic Republic of Congo by international and national NGO’s with the support of multilateral agencies such as UNDP, but the perception is that this training supply does not meet the demand. Training events have mostly targeted NGOs, governments, REDD+ project developers and local communities, followed by academic institutions, local communities, indigenous peoples and the private sector, but there is a strong need for these audiences to have access to a greater supply of REDD+ trainings. The REDD+ training events were supplied through a range of formats, with in-person delivery of training/workshops long-term mentoring the most used. Most interviewees mentioned that long-term mentoring, albeit more expensive, was an extremely efficient method, but it is important to target the right people and strategically necessary to include academic centers to deliver REDD+ trainings under this format. Radio and TV, training manuals, posters/flyers and introductory guides are training formats that have been under-utilized, and there is a strong opinion that this format should be included in future trainings. There is a strong to need to have training materials translated into local languages. A wide range of REDD+ themes areas have been offered but there is still a need to expand the range and depth of the topics that are covered in trainings. Some of the most covered themes mentioned by the respondents (Table 3) were introductory topics such as the basics of climate change, REDD+ readiness process, safeguards, REDD+ policies, MRV and carbon accounting. But other topics regarding awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge dissemination, REDD+ finance, how to develop REDD+ projects and greenhouses gases inventories, are topics that still need to be reinforced. Based on the results of the interviews, it seems that many of these trainings have been an introduction to the topics, but that attempts at more technical or advance training has been made (10 of the 80 training events identified, some examples are national forest carbon inventories, project development, MRV, analysis of deforestation). There remains a perception that more advance technical trainings are needed. There are a series of gaps and barriers the need to be addressed to improve the supply and the access to trainings. The lack of resources which include funding to organize training and produce materials in local context and local languages, and the lack human resources such as trainers and local experts were most important barriers to training supply mentioned by the respondents. Beside to this, the inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of the training available and the costs to participants to attend trainings that are mostly cost in major cities, are barriers that reduce the access to training events especially for people living in remote areas.

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5. Recommendations The information presented in this report shows that there is a strong need for additional capacity building for REDD+. Additional funding is needed, and rigorous needs assessment will be needed to ensure that future training initiatives address the highest priority needs. The survey and interview participants named a number of specific actions that would improve the effectiveness of REDD+ training in the DRC. These are presented in Table 7. Table 7. Challenges and recommended actions

Challenge Recommended action(s)

1. Audience groups Lack of trainings targeted to local communities, indigenous peoples, and NGOs and governments at the local level.

Increase the collaboration between training providers based in Kinshasa with training providers in other major cities and local communities. The National REDD Coordination Team could play a key role in improving the communication among training providers by creating a national training registry/database (with materials available and contact details of all organizations providing the training). Integrating the University of Kinshasa and the University of Kisangani among others, could result in specific semester or yearlong training modules for university students and other targeted audiences. This can also address the need of forming in-country experts. Training of provincial governments, with a focus on forest officer representatives is also critical considering the size of the country and its political divisions.

The private sector was sometimes targeted (land use based industries such as mining and logging companies) but few of them demonstrated interest.

REDD+ awareness raising activities through training could be important for attracting the private sector to engage with REDD+.

2. Thematic areas There are strong requests to reinforce certain themes currently covered in REDD+ trainings and to add additional themes

Topics such as and environmental safeguards, benefit sharing, project development and RELs/baseline calculations have high demands and these should be reinforce when training activities are being designed. There is a need to include extra themes into training programs, especially those mentioned in section 3.2.1. An analysis of priority new themes to include could be prepared.

3. Training/awareness raising formats A bigger effort to develop trainings based on long-term mentoring should be a priority.

Academic center such as University if Kinshasa could be well positioned to assure long term training activities through this training format.

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The diversity of local languages is a barrier that could affect the success of the implementation of different kind of training formats.

It is necessary to assess what are the languages where more intense REDD+ activities such as projects are happening and to start working on developing training materials for these groups. A clear recommendation is to translate to local languages training materials already available

4. Geographic areas and national coordination

The geography, diversity of local languages, the lack of communication structures and general economic conditions in the DRC create barriers for local people to attend trainings events and to access to materials is difficult

Finding a way to reach indigenous groups by travelling to where they live with translators and training materials in local languages will be crucial to ensure their participation but also taking into account their local knowledge of best practices for sustainable forest management.

1

REDD+ Training Supply and Needs in Cambodia


This report is part of a multi-country assessment of REDD+ training that was funded with a grant from the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC). The AGRC is a partnership between 16 organizations that are committed to enhancing the quality and availability of training on REDD+ worldwide. This study on REDD+ training in Cambodia was led by AGRC member RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests.

2

Acronyms

AGRC Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity

CCBA Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance

CCBEN Cambodia Community-Based Ecotourism Network


CORD Cambodian Organization for Research and Development

CPA Community Protected Area

ELC Economic Land Concession


FFI Fauna and Flora International


GHG Greenhouse Gas

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency




RECOFTC The Center for People and Forests

REDD+ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (+ includes forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks)


RGC Royal Government of Cambodia

ToT Training of Trainers

TNA Training Needs Assessment

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

3

Executive Summary

This study aims to assess current REDD+ training supply and demand in Cambodia, and to identify training needs and gaps. A sample of 8 training providers was included in the study, participating through an online survey and/or phone interview. The overall conclusion was that the supply of REDD+ training does not yet meet the demand in Cambodia. Training is insufficient both in existing REDD+ demonstration sites and in areas outside those sites, especially populated forestland at high risk of deforestation and with a low presence of NGOs.

NGOs, local communities and government are the most commonly targeted audiences for REDD+ training and local government was identified as the audience group most in need of additional training. However, a generally low understanding of the need for training was identified as barrier to the progress of REDD+ training in Cambodia.

There was reported to be a degree of disillusionment with REDD+ amongst stakeholders, as carbon finance has not yet materialized at the scale expected (a pattern shared across the region). Some interviewees expressed that this has reduced motivation from target participants to engage with REDD+ training. It was recommended that trainings should address this expectation imbalance by portraying the REDD+ process as accurately as possible and making clear its uncertainties, opportunities and costs.

The most common training theme delivered was reported to be forest inventories and carbon accounting. This contrasts with the finding that the broader topic of MRV was one of the least frequently covered topics. This can be partly attributed to the popularity of community carbon accounting as a training and awareness raising tool. Land tenure is another prominent issue and several training activities are aimed at the establishment of Community Protected Areas (CPAs).

Unique amongst the Asia-Pacific study countries (including Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) longer-term mentoring was reported to be the training format reaching the largest number of people in Cambodia, and was unanimously identified as a successful format. Interviewees also agreed that trainings are best when practical, field-based, visual and participatory. Formats identified as both successful and underutilized, such as longer-term mentoring and video media, should be scaled-up.

A lack of financial resources, in-country experts and training materials in Khmer were most frequently identified as barriers to the supply of training. Illiteracy and a low level of background knowledge mean simplified language and standardized terminology are essential. Furthermore, training facilitators should have an understanding of REDD+ in local, national and international contexts, including lessons learned. There is a need for the development of a national REDD+ training strategy and the coordination of training activities and materials at the national level. For example this may be achieved with support from the UN-REDD National Programme.

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1. Introduction

REDD+1 is a complex climate change mitigation option that requires the participation of a broad range of stakeholders, from local communities to national governments. Because of its novelty and complexity, informed participation cannot take place without substantial investments in training and other forms of capacity building. The international community has recognized the need for investment in capacity building for REDD+, beginning with COP 13 (UNFCCC, 2008). Ongoing efforts to support REDD+ Readiness through the UN-REDD Program, the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and bilateral investments have all put a strong emphasis on capacity building.

There is little data, however, that describe the type of capacity building and the number of people that are reached with these initiatives in REDD+ countries. The lack of information makes it difficult to determine where additional investments in capacity building are needed.

This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in Cambodia between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs.

This report was prepared through a collaboration of members of the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity2, which is a group of institutions that are working to expand the scope and quality of capacity building efforts in this field. Similar studies were conducted in 5 other countries and the results from those studies are available in separate reports.

1 REDD+ refers to “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of

conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries” (UNFCCC 2007)

2 The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC)2, a distributed global network of respected organizations committed to providing

the expertise, training, and tools required by REDD+ stakeholders. The AGRC currently has 16 members with the expectation of growth in the coming months. The members are Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, Rainforest Alliance, UNREDD, World Bank Institute, and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, Center for People and Forests- RECOFTC, Yale-Smithsonian Environmental Leadership Training Initiative -ELTI, Forum for Readiness on REDD, Forest Trends and the Katoomba Group, CATIE, IUCN, GIZ, Conservation Strategy Fund, International Education Institute of Brazil – IIEB, Global Canopy Programme, the Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance and OTS

5

2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and a detailed interview that was done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through RECOFTC Cambodia’s network and key documents that describe the country’s REDD+ process. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.

2.1 Online Survey

The online survey was administered between February and June 2012. To promote higher response rates, the survey was short and included brief questions regarding five categories of information. These categories are described below and the complete survey can be found in Appendix 1.

Respondents were asked to indicate all of the audience types that they target in their trainings. Audience types included the general public, NGOs, government, donors, REDD+ project developers, academic institutions, indigenous peoples, local communities, representatives of land use industries, or other stakeholders.

Training formats were presented as a list that included in-person workshops or courses, long term mentoring and technical support, training manuals and guides, internet-based training courses, study tours, radio/TV programs, posters/flyers or other formats. Respondents were asked to mark each of the formats that their organization had used and to estimate the number of people reached using each format.

The list of thematic areas included:









Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance




Other

Respondents were asked to select all that applied and to provide additional details if they selected “Other”.

6


Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in Cambodia but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2.

The structured interview contained questions addressing the ‘Supply of Training’ and ‘Interviewee Perceptions of Supply and Demand’. The ‘Supply of Training’ refers to the target audiences, training formats, subject matter, geographies where training was implemented, and training materials. ‘Interviewee Perceptions of Supply and Demand’ summarizes the opinions and perceptions of interviewees regarding the adequacy of supply of training as well as any additional requests made of their organizations for future training events.

Participants from organizations that conduct REDD+ training were asked for detailed descriptions of the training provided, including the place where the training was conducted, the source of funding, and the cost. They were also asked to describe the demand for training as indicated by the number and types of requests that their organizations had received. In addition, these interviewees were asked to describe the barriers that limit their ability to expand the supply of training.

All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in Cambodia, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved.

Participants were asked about which training formats had been used in the country (using the same categories presented in the online survey). Among these, they were asked which had been most successful, and to identify the formats which are underused.

The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings in Cambodia. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved.

Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in Cambodia, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

2.3 Country Profile

Over half of Cambodia’s land area is covered in forests (10 million hectares), 31% of which are in protected areas3. Cambodia has one of Asia's highest rates of forest loss and has therefore been classified as a ‘high forest cover, high deforestation country’4. Between 2005 and 2010 the country lost over 1% (127,000 hectares) of its forest area per year (ibid1).

The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is an early mover on REDD+ compared to other countries in the

3 FAO (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment. Available online: http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/en/. (Last accessed 26/6/12).

4 UN-REDD (2010). National Programme Document – Cambodia. UN-REDD Programme 5

th Policy Board Meeting, November 4-5

th,

2010.

http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/en/

7

Greater Mekong region, having approved the first REDD+ demonstration site in the Oddar Meanchey community forests in 2008 (ibid2). Cambodia’s second designated REDD+ demonstration site in the Seima Protection Forest was approved in 20095. UN-REDD convened an inter-ministry Government REDD+ Task Force in January 2010 to produce the REDD+ Roadmap for Cambodia. This was chaired by the Forestry Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and included two civil society observers (RECOFTC and the Clinton Climate Initiative). Having signed its UN-REDD National Programme Document in August 2011 with an estimated budget of $4,201,350 (for 2011 to 2013)6, Cambodia is now in the implementation stage of the REDD+ Roadmap. The objective of the UN-REDD National Programme is to support Cambodia to become ready for national REDD+ implementation, which includes development of the necessary institutions, policies and capacities. In order to meet this objective, four outcomes will be pursued:

Readiness Management arrangements in place and stakeholder engagement in accordance with the roadmap principles

Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework

Improved capacity to manage REDD+ at sub-national levels

National Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system developed7

UN-REDD, the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), among other donors, are supporting Cambodia’s REDD+ Readiness process. FCPF approved Cambodia’s Readiness Preparation Proposal in March 2011 and allocated a readiness grant of $3.6 million8. However key issues were identified in the proposal, including the need to improve existing policies on community forest land tenure and resource use rights, address cross-border trade of illegal forest products, and clearly identify Economic Land Concessions (ELCs; long-term leases that allow private companies to clear land for industrial agriculture) as a driver of deforestation9. In the face of growing public protest and conflict with local communities, the Cambodian Prime Minister announced in May 2012 that Cambodia would temporarily suspend new ELCs10.

5 WCS (2009). Seima Protection Forest Declared. Available online: http://www.wcscambodia.org/saving-wild-places/seima-

forest/seima-protection-forest-declared.html. (Last accessed 26/6/12). 6 UN-REDD (2011). UN-REDD National Programme – Cambodia. Available online:

http://www.un.org.kh/undp/media/files/Cambodia%20UN-REDD%20National%20Programme.pdf. (Last accessed 26/6/12). 7 UN-REDD (2010). National Programme Document – Cambodia. UN-REDD Programme 5

th Policy Board Meeting, November 4-5

th,

2010. 8 FCPF (2011). Summary of Eighth Meeting of Participants Committee (PC8), March 23-25, 2011. Available online:

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Apr2011/Summaries_of_PC8.pdf. (Last accessed 4/7/12). 9 FCPF (2011). Resolution PC/8/2011/6: Cambodia’s Readiness Preparation Proposal, March 23-25, 2011. Available online:

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Mar2011/Resolution%206%20Cambodia%20R-PP.pdf. (Last accessed 4/7/12). 10

Hance, Jeremy (2012). Cambodia suspends economic land concessions. Available online: http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0507-hance-cambodia-land-concessions.html#ixzz1yrkKKk6L. (Last accessed 26/6/12).

http://www.wcscambodia.org/saving-wild-places/seima-forest/seima-protection-forest-declared.html

http://www.wcscambodia.org/saving-wild-places/seima-forest/seima-protection-forest-declared.html

http://www.un.org.kh/undp/media/files/Cambodia%20UN-REDD%20National%20Programme.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Apr2011/Summaries_of_PC8.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Apr2011/Summaries_of_PC8.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Mar2011/Resolution%206%20Cambodia%20R-PP.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Mar2011/Resolution%206%20Cambodia%20R-PP.pdf

http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0507-hance-cambodia-land-concessions.html#ixzz1yrkKKk6L

http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0507-hance-cambodia-land-concessions.html#ixzz1yrkKKk6L

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3. Results

3.1 Survey and interview participation

We surveyed eight organizations, including seven organizations providing REDD+ training11 in Cambodia (one national NGO, four international NGOs and two private sector organizations; Table 1), and one national NGO not yet providing REDD+ training. The latter organization responded to questions based on its general observations of REDD+ training across Cambodia. Representatives from four organizations participated in an online survey; while five organizations participated in more in-depth phone interviews (one of which had also participated in the online survey). Table 1. Organizations included in the study

Name Type of Organization

Phone interview

Online survey

Mlup Baitong (Cambodia Community-Based Ecotourism Network (CCBEN))

National NGO X

RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests International NGO X

Fauna and Flora International (FFI) International NGO X

Wildlife Alliance International NGO X

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) International NGO X X

Terra Global Capital Private Sector X

DC Research/CORD (Cambodian Organization for Research and Development)

National NGO X

ONF International Private Sector X

For the ‘Training Supply’ section, findings are split between data gathered from the online survey, and quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered during the interview process. A sub-section under ‘Training Supply’ describes the training materials identified during the interview process. The ‘Training Demand’ section includes quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered from the interview process only, as questions in this area were not covered in the online questionnaire.

3.2 Training Supply

The following section provides an overview of the online survey results regarding REDD+ training supply. These findings are divided among:

Audience groups


Thematic areas

11

The term “training” used throughout this report encompasses a range of training formats which may include: workshops, internet-based courses, longer-term mentoring, study tours, the production of training manuals, radio/TV and posters/flyers.

9

Audience groups

As is evident from Table 2, the main audience groups for REDD+ training activities provided by the eight organizations surveyed are NGOs, local communities and government (7/8 respondents each). REDD+ project developers and indigenous peoples were also frequently mentioned (4/8 respondents each). The private sector and academic institutions are not considered main targets (only 2/8 respondents each).

The focus on NGOs as a target audience may be explained by the fact that approximately half of the organizations surveyed are also REDD+ project developers, for whom training for local NGOs is often an important element of the project development process. Furthermore, as forest conservation and the protection of local community rights often fall within their mandate, it is expected that national and local NGOs would be generally more aware of their need for REDD+ training and actively request or attend training sessions.

Targeting of local communities may also be attributed to REDD+ project developers providing training for local communities and indigenous groups, to strengthen their projects and meet the requirements of voluntary certification bodies such as the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA). One organization interviewed specified that local communities include CPAs in wildlife sanctuaries, such as Phnom Samkos where there are 13 CPAs. This organization is providing training for over 18 local communities and indigenous groups on land tenure, sustainable management of land and the 8-step process for the establishment of CPAs.

Government officials are a targeted audience as their comprehension of REDD+ and successful policy development is critical to the effective implementation of REDD+ in Cambodia. So far, significantly more REDD+ training has taken place at the national level than the local level. Respondents identified the Forestry Administration and the Ministry of the Environment as especially in need of training, but included all levels of government as targets (national, provincial, district and commune).

Academic institutions and private companies appear to be insufficiently engaged in REDD+ training in Cambodia, with respondents providing just two examples of their organizations’ engagement with these groups. One of these organizations provides training to hydropower and agricultural companies within its REDD+ project area, and the other runs workshops and study tours for students from the Royal University of Phnom Penh.

Table 2. Target audience groups for REDD+ training (8 respondents)

Target audience Number of respondents

NGOs 7 (88%)

Government 7 (88%)




Donors 3 (38%)


Land-use industries (e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining, biofuel) 2 (25%)


Other 0 (0%)

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Figure 1 shows that the training/awareness raising format reaching by far the largest number of people was longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals, with over 1,800 people reached since September 2010. This was followed by the delivery of in-person training workshops and the production of training manuals and guides (over 1,200 people reached per format). Study tours, radio/TV and posters/flyers reached the fewest number of people.

We interpret the focus on longer-term mentoring as indicative of the prevalence of informal REDD+ coaching and mentoring rather than more structured training formats such as workshops. The media’s focus on REDD+ has been minimal, though there is great potential for radio/TV to reach a much wider audience than other formats. One organization interviewed has produced radio programs on environmental and climate change issues, including a discussion of REDD+.

While longer-term mentoring reached the largest audience, only half of respondents (4/8) reported use of this format (Table 3). On the other hand, posters/flyers and study tours had relatively low outreach, but are used by more than half of respondents (5/8 each). The most commonly used format is the production of introductory guides to REDD+ (6/8 respondents), while the least commonly used formats are internet-based courses and radio/TV (3/8 respondents each).

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Figure 1. Total number of people reached per training format (September 2010 to present) (8 respondents)

Table 3. Formats in which REDD+ training is delivered (8 respondents)

Training format used Number of respondents

Production of introductory guides to REDD+ 6 (75%)

Delivery of in-person training workshops or courses 5 (63%)

Production of training manuals and guides 5 (63%)

Posters/flyers 5 (63%)

Study tours 5 (63%)

Longer term mentoring and technical support of individuals 4 (50%)

Radio/TV 3 (38%)

Internet-based training courses 3 (38%)

1885

1250 1205

1005

355

230

85 85

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Longer termmentoring and

technicalsupport ofindividuals

Delivery of in-person trainingworkshops or

courses

Production oftraining

manuals andguides

Production ofintroductory

guides toREDD+

Internet-basedtrainingcourses

Study tours Radio/TV Posters/flyers

Nu

mb

er

of

pe

op

le r

eac

he

d

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Thematic areas

Table 4 shows the frequency with which different thematic areas are addressed in training activities provided by the organizations surveyed. Forest inventories and carbon accounting (7/8 respondents) is the most common area, followed by the basics of climate change science, REDD+ awareness raising, and environmental safeguards (6/8 respondents each). MRV, RELs, REDD+ finance and GHG inventories are the least frequently addressed in training (2 or fewer respondents each).

We attribute the high number of respondents focusing on forest inventories and carbon accounting to a growing perception that community carbon accounting is a useful awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge building tool at the local level. However, there is also an underlying concern that the purpose of carbon accounting needs to be clearly communicated, as to not unduly raise community expectations for forthcoming carbon finance. While there is significant experience in Cambodia with community-based monitoring, there is a lack of capacity for data analysis, which should be addressed in training.

We expect frequent coverage of introductory topics on climate change and REDD+ awareness given that Cambodia is in REDD+ readiness Phase 112. Environmental safeguards rank equally high, which may be attributed to the environmental mandate of many of the NGOs surveyed, and to the environmental requirements of voluntary certification standards for REDD+ projects such as CCBA. REDD+ project development was mentioned by only 3/8 respondents, with one respondent commenting that trainings on this topic are often inaccessible to the general public as they are either only open to certain participants, or information on the trainings is not widely disseminated.

Technical topics such as MRV, REL and GHG inventories are less commonly addressed in training. This may be explained by the fact that only a minority of organizations surveyed focus on these topics and there is a relatively low level of demand for technical training compared to less specialized training on REDD+ basics. REDD+ finance also ranked low, as interviewees regarded this theme as overly complex and cited a general lack of understanding of carbon markets. Other themes mentioned (by 1 respondent each) included land tenure and adaptation to climate change.

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Phase 1: Development of national strategies or action plans, policies, and capacity building; Phase 2: The implementation of national policies and national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities; Phase 3: Results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified (In accordance with Paragraph 73 of the Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session of the Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010).

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Table 4. Thematic areas addressed in training (8 respondents)

Thematic area addressed in training Percentage of respondents


7 (88%)

The basics of climate change science (i.e. what is climate change, what causes it)

6 (75%)


6 (75%)


6 (75%)

Social safeguards

5 (63%)


5 (63%)

International climate change policy and UNFCCC processes

4 (50%)


Benefit sharing

3 (38%)

Supporting REDD+ readiness processes

3 (38%)

How to develop REDD+ and-or Reforestation/Afforestation Projects

3 (38%)


2 (25%)

Calculating reference/reference emission levels (RELs)

2 (25%)

REDD+ finance

2 (25%)

Others

1 (13%)

Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines)

0 (0%)

The above results are not an indication of the number of individuals trained per theme. Data on the number of trainings per theme and their associated audience sizes was not readily available from the online survey or interviews.

3.2.1 Interview perceptions of training supply

In-depth interviews complemented the quantitative data collected by the online survey. The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the five interviewees regarding the supply of training in Cambodia. These are divided among:

Audience groups and thematic areas


Geographic coverage




Training on REDD+ and climate change introductory topics was provided to a broad audience group (local government, local communities, NGOs and university students), which we interpret to indicate widespread demand for basic training. The Forestry Administration, local communities and NGOs were the target audience

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groups for training on forest inventories and carbon accounting, while land management topics including tenure and the establishment of CPAs were targeted at local communities and indigenous peoples.

Table 5 shows the thematic areas covered in trainings since September 2010 by the organizations surveyed for different audience groups, including the training format where specified. Further information on training formats is provided in the section below.

Table 5. Thematic areas, audience group and training formats (5 respondents)

Thematic area(s) of training Audience group Training format

Basics of climate change (causes and future impacts); REDD+ awareness (with Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) focus)

Local government

Local communities

NGOs

University students

Workshop including longer-term mentoring and study-tour (development of pilot projects). Views of local people are encouraged for incorporation into environmental assessments of future REDD+ projects. Sustainable natural resource

management (with REDD+ component)

District governors

Commune councilors

Local communities

Workshop (audience size around 50).

Forest monitoring and carbon accounting

Forestry Administration

Local community

NGOs

Workshop with field component.

Carbon credits, GHG inventories, forest protection and reforestation

Forestry Administration

Longer-term mentoring and technical support (daily, ongoing basis including field-work).

Land tenure, sustainable management of land and establishment of CPAs (8-step process)

Indigenous peoples

Local communities

Not specified. Over 18 communities trained so far.

REDD+ policy development Local communities Not specified.


All interviewees (5/5) identified longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals as a successful training format. However other formats were much less frequently cited: in-person training workshops was selected by 2 respondents, while production of introductory REDD+ guides, study tours and radio/TV were selected by 1 respondent each.

Interviewees emphasized field-based and on-the-job training as critical, rather than classroom-based learning. In-person workshops were described as focusing too heavily on theoretical rather than practical issues. Direct coaching and mentoring were reported to work well if the same participants can be retained over a long period of time. The facilitator’s role was viewed as being of great importance in communicating accurate and well balanced REDD+ information. Therefore, the facilitator must find ways to make REDD+ concepts accessible to a broad audience with a focus on on-the-ground implementation.

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Radio/TV was the most commonly identified format being underutilized in Cambodia (4/5 respondents), with the development of video media targeting both national and grassroots levels specified by two respondents. Longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals (3/5 respondents) and internet-based training courses (2/5 respondents) were also mentioned. In areas with internet access, training webinars were cited as being convenient and cost effective. Although neither identified as a successful nor underutilized format, study tours are considered important for “learning by doing” and encouraging long-term behavior change.

Geographic coverage

The five organizations that participated in the phone interview undertake REDD+ training in the following areas: Phnom Penh, the Cardamom Mountain (including Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary and other protected areas), Seima Protection Forest, Northern Plains, and Oddar Meanchey. Figure 2 shows this distribution.

Figure 2. Distribution of training areas (5 respondents)

Copyright 2012 Google Maps


As shown in Table 6, financial resources and in-country experts were frequently identified as barriers to the supply of training (3/5 respondents each). A lack of training materials in Khmer was also identified as a barrier (2/5 respondents). Training manuals are hard to translate as REDD+ terminology is not well defined in the national language (one technical word may become many words in Khmer). Several respondents mentioned that illiteracy is a widespread issue. Therefore, written materials are ineffective and a participatory method is preferred where communities actually “do” the training. A lack of coordination between NGOs is also a barrier. Through the UN-REDD network, NGOs need to become more efficient and limit duplication of effort, especially with regard to the production of training materials.

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Furthermore, inconsistent use of REDD+ terminology causes confusion across training providers and across sectors. Enhanced coordination is needed to improve consistency and standardization of terminology.

Table 6. Barriers to training supply (5 respondents)



3 (60%)






As shown in Table 7, inadequate background knowledge necessary to understand REDD+ concepts was the most frequently identified barrier for training participants (4/5 respondents). Long time commitments required of participants (3/5 respondents), and cost (2/5 respondents), were also identified as barriers. The problem of illiteracy and the need to conduct trainings in simplified language were again mentioned. One respondent felt that generally there are too many training workshops happening in Cambodia (including non-REDD+ related workshops), and it is therefore difficult to secure participants’ commitment to attend. Furthermore, during a series of trainings there is often inconsistency of government participants which makes it very difficult to build on previous learning and ensure the distribution of accurate information.

Another respondent felt that higher per diem allowances would incentivize more participants to attend. However, some NGOs are already unable to afford the per diems that are required for officials from government agencies. Transportation costs are also significant. It is especially difficult to gain local government participation in training, due to a low level of REDD+ awareness and understanding of the need for training. The involvement of local government bodies is critical as they interact directly with REDD+ stakeholders and will need to resolve land tenure disputes and respond quickly to reports of illegal logging, among other responsibilities.

Table 7. Barriers to participation in training (5 respondents)



4 (80%)







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3.2.2 Training materials

The majority of interviewees (3/5) were unaware of REDD+ training manuals being used in Cambodia. One of the two organizations that responded positively is using its own training materials including videos and posters, available by request. This organization also uses REDD+ training manuals produced by CIFOR, The Nature Conservancy, WWF and Pact, sometimes in combination with its own materials. CIFOR’s “Simply REDD” booklet was mentioned, which has been translated by Pact into Khmer. This is a useful introduction to REDD, but is in need of updating to reflect the transition to REDD+.

The other organization that responded positively is using training materials on climate change and sustainable forest management produced by local community-based organizations, rather than producing its own. This has the double benefit of engaging local groups and using local materials that may already be proven to be effective, rather than adapting more complex international materials.

3.3 Training Demand


The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the five interviewees regarding the demand for training in Cambodia, divided among:

Audience groups

Thematic areas


Geographic coverage

Overall verdict

Audience groups

The government (especially local level, and the Forestry Administration, Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture at a national level) was most frequently identified as the priority audience group in need of further REDD+ training (4/5 respondents), followed by local communities (especially those in REDD+ project areas) (3/5 respondents). The private sector (especially local land-use industries such as logging companies), indigenous peoples and NGOs were also identified (2/5 respondents each). REDD+ project developers and the general public were least commonly identified (1/5 respondents each). Donors and academic institutions were not selected by any interviewees.

While all levels of government need to be targeted, one respondent felt it especially important to involve high-level government officials in trainings. It was felt that higher-level officials are more likely to retain their position over a longer period of time and ensure that lessons learned are disseminated more widely and with more opportunity to influence policy. One organization interviewed provided an example of targeting a government audience through its longer-term mentoring and technical support for the Forestry Administration on the topics of forest monitoring, carbon accounting, carbon credits and GHG inventories. This training is on an ongoing basis and includes field-work.

Thematic areas

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The thematic areas most frequently identified for further training were REDD+ awareness raising and benefit sharing (3/5 respondents each). Supporting REDD+ readiness processes, and government REDD+ policy development and planning were also commonly mentioned (2/5 respondents each). International climate change policy, analysis of the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, REDD+ project development and GHG inventories were not identified by any respondents.

REDD+ awareness raising is important to early REDD+ development in Cambodia, and is already widely covered in trainings (refer to Table 2). On the other hand, only 3/8 online survey respondents identified supporting REDD+ readiness processes, and government REDD+ policy development and planning, as themes that are currently being addressed (Table 2). The high ranking of benefit sharing as an area for further training, could be explained by the demand for practical topics that are key to getting REDD+ projects designed, implemented and validated. So far, it has also been infrequently covered in trainings relative to other thematic areas (selected by 3/8 respondents; Table 2). One respondent emphasized that all themes are equally in need of additional training across Cambodia.


4/5 respondents indicated additional requests for REDD+ training have been made of their organizations. NGOs were most frequently identified as the audience group making these requests (3/5 respondents). This was followed by local communities and government (2/5 respondents each). The private sector was identified by 1 respondent.

Local community and indigenous groups (including members of CPAs), and university students, are also demonstrating a growing interest in training. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry Administration have made requests for additional training, especially in the areas of carbon credits and markets, forest inventories and carbon accounting, but there is reported to be a general lack of awareness and expressed interest from local government counterparts.

Specific requests have been made for training materials in the Khmer language, and for training related to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Cambodia’s future national guidelines for Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). One organization interviewed is providing training to a multi-stakeholder audience (local government and local communities) on REDD+ awareness with a strong focus on FPIC. This training consists of a workshop with a study tour component to visit demonstration sites, followed by ongoing mentoring.

Geographic coverage

Geographical areas in greatest need of REDD+ training were identified by interviewees and are shown in Figure 3. Densely forested areas under threat from industrial agricultural expansion were identified as areas where most training is needed (e.g. the Cardamom Mountains). Furthermore, places with high populations living near forest areas should be prioritized for training, especially those without existing support from local NGOs. More REDD+ training is needed to complement efforts in demonstration sites such as Seima Protection Forest and Oddar Meanchey, and in other REDD+ demonstration sites such as the Northern Plains in Preah Vihear province. Despite the multitude of NGOs based there the Northeast was identified as an area in need of training, especially for the many indigenous groups living there.

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Figure 3. Areas identified in need of more REDD+ training (5 respondents)


Overall verdict

Most respondents indicated that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet demand in Cambodia (3/5). The remaining two respondents determined that they did not have sufficient information to give a definitive answer. Most training is concentrated in designated demonstration sites and other REDD+ projects in development, but outside those areas there is a clear lack of supply.

4. Conclusions

While Cambodia has taken early REDD+ actions and much progress has been made to raise awareness around existing REDD+ demonstration sites, there has not yet been a coordinated national approach to REDD+ training. Emphasis was given both to the need for training in populated forested areas with high risk of deforestation, where there may be little or no awareness of REDD+, and in existing REDD+ demonstration sites, where training is occurring but so far insufficient to meet demand.

NGOs, local communities and government are the most commonly targeted audiences for REDD+ training, with NGOs most frequently requesting training. The government (especially at the local level) was identified as the audience group most in need of additional training. While there is strong government interest (especially at the national level) in REDD+, a lack of capacity has meant NGOs are taking a leadership role. The engagement of local government is critical, as their decision-making and operations will be directly impacted by the implementation of REDD+. However a low understanding of the need for training is a barrier to their participation.

The most common thematic area for training is forest inventories and carbon accounting, while the least common themes are related to technical areas (MRV, RELs, REDD+ finance and GHG inventories). There are some strong ties between community forestry and REDD+ in Cambodia, which is reflected in the training focus on community carbon accounting. The Forestry Administration and its NGO partners are engaged in carbon accounting at the community level, which may lay the groundwork for its scale-up across Cambodia. However,

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this comes with the need to manage community expectations for carbon finance. Another prominent issue in REDD+ training has been land tenure and several training activities have been focused around the establishment of CPAs.

The thematic areas most frequently identified as requiring further training were REDD+ awareness raising, benefit sharing, supporting REDD+ readiness processes, and government REDD+ policy development and planning. FPIC is also a focus of training requests, which will be facilitated by the development of national guidelines.

Longer-term mentoring was the format reaching the largest number of people in Cambodia, and 100% of interviewees identified this as a successful training format, far ahead of all other formats. This implies a possibly high level of informal coaching and mentoring taking place in Cambodia rather than more structured training formats. In-person workshops had the second largest outreach after longer-term mentoring; in general, there seems to be a contrast between the relatively high use of in-person workshops despite not being ‘popular’ with respondents of this study. Interviewees agreed that trainings in Cambodia are most successful when they are practical, field-based, visual and participatory. Given this sentiment, study tours are surprisingly not yet widely used, and were neither identified as a successful nor underutilized format.

A lack of financial resources, in-country experts and training materials in Khmer were most frequently identified as barriers to the supply of training. Widespread illiteracy and a low level of background knowledge mean simplified language and standardized terminology are critical, but so far lacking. There is some level of disillusionment with REDD+, as carbon finance has not yet materialized at the scale expected (a pattern shared across the region). Some interviewees expressed that this has reduced motivation from target participants to engage with REDD+ training. It was recommended that trainings should address this expectation imbalance by portraying the REDD+ process as accurately as possible and making clear its uncertainties, opportunities and costs.

5. Recommendations

Based on interview and survey responses, Table 8 provides recommendations that were identified to improve the effectiveness of REDD+ training in Cambodia.

Table 8. Challenges and recommended actions

Challenge Recommended action

1. Audience groups

Local government officials not included in trainings.

It is critical that REDD+ training targets local level government due to the major influence these officials will have on how REDD+ is implemented ‘on-the-ground.’

High-level officials should especially be targeted to ensure training messages are transmitted to government departments in the most direct manner possible and have a longer-term impact.

Consistency of government participants over a series of training sessions

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is critical to ensure valuable training information is not lost through staff changes. A training needs assessment (TNA; focused on a single ministry or more broadly) could determine gaps and help to target the individuals most appropriate to include in training and encourage their ongoing participation.

2. Thematic areas

Trainings are not practical enough and do not focus enough on opportunity-cost assessment.

Where capacity and funding are sufficient, topics offered by training organizations should be broadened to cover the following:

o Benefit sharing o Supporting REDD+ readiness processes o Government REDD+ policy development and planning o FPIC

There is a need to emphasize the practical aspects of REDD+ project development and implementation, including technical themes that are not commonly addressed at present (MRV, RELs and data analysis).

There is a limited understanding of the concept of FPIC in the context of REDD+ across all stakeholder groups. This gap can be addressed by using lessons learned from social safeguards and community forestry approaches taken in the REDD+ demonstration sites to date (Seima Protection Forest and Oddar Meanchey).

Government REDD+ policy development and planning should emphasize land tenure issues, the establishment of CPAs and the better integration of REDD+ into community forestry and CPA management planning.

Finally, although this was not identified as a training theme in high demand, REDD+ project development (including Project Design Document (PDD) development) was mentioned as critical by several interviewees. Trainings in this area should be readily accessible to all audience groups and widely advertised.

3. Training/awareness raising formats

Less effective training formats are frequently used.

Cambodia was reported to have a ‘workshop culture’ which is not highly effective at knowledge dissemination (this is not an issue exclusive to Cambodia). As funding allows, formats identified as both successful and underutilized should be scaled-up (such as longer-term mentoring and radio/TV). Radio/TV and video media are especially important to distribute information broadly and in low-literacy areas.

Emphasis should be placed on field-based and participatory styles of training; therefore study tours should be more widely used.

The design of trainings may be informed by a locally specific TNA of the target audiences to determine the most effective training format for each audience group.

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Trainers are not sufficiently skilled.

There is a lack of qualified trainers in Cambodia with up-to-date knowledge of REDD+ who are able to clearly articulate the meaning of REDD+ and the potential role of different audience groups in its implementation. To address this it is especially important to support the ‘Training of Trainer’ (ToT) process at a greater scale.

Trainers should have a clear understanding of the success stories and lessons learned from REDD+ demonstration sites (from Cambodia and internationally). They should also have a broad understanding of international and national REDD+ policy developments and incorporate these into their training materials.

Training materials are not tailored to audience needs.

Training manuals should be contextualized to the national and local context: simple, user-friendly, and easy to update and adapt in the future. This is especially important in the face of low levels of familiarity with the topics being discussed.

REDD+ terminology in Khmer should be standardized across all stakeholders and sectors, and especially across NGOs and other training providers.


Improvements in training coordination needed.

Enhanced coordination of training activities and materials among training organizations is essential to better target audience groups and not duplicate training activities. There is already an overlap of training materials produced and used by trainers across Cambodia and a generally low level of information sharing between trainers.

Coordination is easier to achieve at the sub-national level, but is most critically needed at the national government level to achieve effective nationwide outreach. The development of a national REDD+ training strategy and the coordination of training activities and materials could be coordinated through Cambodia’s UN-REDD National Programme.

Training activities are too heavily focused in and around existing REDD+ demonstration sites.

Areas with low NGO presence should be targeted, prioritizing forest areas under greatest threat.

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REDD+ Training Supply and Needs in Indonesia


This report is part of a multi-country assessment of REDD+ training that was funded with a grant from the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC). The AGRC is a partnership between 16 organizations that are committed to enhancing the quality and availability of training on REDD+ worldwide. This study on REDD+ training in Indonesia was led by AGRC member RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests.

2

Acronyms


AIPP Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact

AJI The Alliance of Independent Journalists



DKN Dewan Kehutanan Nasional (National Forestry Council of Indonesia)

DNPI Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim (Indonesian Climate Council)



FKKM Forum Konsultasi Kehutanan Masyarakat (Indonesian Communication Forum on Community Forestry)


GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GoI Government of Indonesia

GoN Government of Norway

HuMa Association for Community and Ecology-Based Law Reform

GHG Greenhouse Gas

ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre

IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs

KFCP Kalimantan Forest and Climate Partnership

KKI-WARSI Indonesian Conservation Community




RMI Indonesian Institute for Forest and Environment



SFM Sustainable Forest Management

PDD Project Design Document


3



VCS Verified Carbon Standard

4

Executive Summary

This study aims to assess current REDD+ training supply and demand in Indonesia, and to identify training needs and gaps. A sample of 17 training providers was included in the study, participating through an online survey and/or phone interview. The overall conclusion was that the supply of REDD+ training does not yet meet the demand in Indonesia. Training providers attributed this to a mismatch between the rapid growth of REDD+ activities and the slower growth in REDD+ training outreach across what is a large and administratively complex country.

NGOs and local communities are the most commonly targeted audiences for training while the general public, donors and the private sector receive the least attention. There is also a need to focus training efforts at the local government level where REDD+ knowledge is extremely limited. In geographic terms there is a need to expand training to cover at-risk forested areas outside of Sulawesi and Kalimantan REDD+ pilot project sites.

Training themes are focused around introductory topics such as climate change science, REDD+ awareness raising, forest inventories and carbon accounting, international climate change policy and social safeguards. Topics such as REDD+ finance, benefit sharing, land use planning, Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), climate change adaptation, and technical areas including MRV, RELs and REDD+ opportunity cost modeling were cited as in demand but infrequently included in trainings.

A lack of user-friendly, locally contextualized introductory guides in national and local languages, and qualified training facilitators, were frequently cited barriers for training providers. The high cost of inter-island transportation and a lack of funding were also identified but were not usually primary barriers. Longer-term mentoring and ongoing training including study tours and field work were found to be the most successful formats for disseminating knowledge. Radio/TV was another format identified as both successful and underutilized, which should be scaled up.

A locally-specific Training Needs Assessment (TNA) could be used to better match targeted audiences, training topics and formats to the needs and backgrounds of training participants. Furthermore, the Training of Trainers (ToT) model used by the Ministry of Forestry’s Training and Education Center could be scaled up to help reach the geographically dispersed areas of Indonesia. Finally, enhanced national and provincial training coordination is needed. This could be achieved through the creation of a national REDD+ training strategy by the REDD+ Task Force, and the further development and widespread use of the UN-REDD Indonesia website.

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1. Introduction



This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in Indonesia between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs.


2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and a detailed interview that was done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through RECOFTC Indonesia’s network and key documents that describe the country’s REDD+ process. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.





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2.1 Online Survey













Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance




Other



Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in Indonesia but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2.

The structured interview contained questions addressing the ‘Supply of Training’ and ‘Interviewee Perceptions of Supply and Demand’. The ‘Supply of Training’ refers to the target audiences, training formats, subject

7

matter, geographies where training was implemented, and training materials. ‘Interviewee Perceptions of Supply and Demand’ summarizes the opinions and perceptions of interviewees regarding the adequacy of supply of training as well as any additional requests made of their organizations for future training events.


All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in Indonesia, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved.


The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings in Indonesia. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved.

Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in Indonesia, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

2.3 Country Profile

Indonesia is home to the third largest tropical forest in the world, with 44 million hectares classified as primary forest3. However, Indonesia has one of the highest greenhouse gas emissions from forests of any country in the world (34% of global total)4, with deforestation, forest degradation, and the conversion of peatlands comprising 80% of the country's overall emissions5. In response the Government of Indonesia (GoI) has committed to reducing its emissions by up to 41% from a projected 2020 baseline provided it receives international assistance. Indonesia is a partner of the UN-REDD Programme and the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), which support its national REDD+ planning and implementation. In March 2010, UN-REDD Programme funding began for the Indonesia National Programme, with $US 5.6 million approved6. In addition, the GoI received a FCPF grant of $US 3.6 million (for 2011-2013) to support its REDD+ readiness process, including the establishment of reference emission levels (RELs) and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV)

3 Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Report:

Indonesia. 4 WRI (2005). Navigating the numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. Chapter 17: Land Use Change and Forestry. Available

online: http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf. (Last accessed: 4/7/12 ). 5 Mongabay (2012). Indonesia gets first $30M from Norway under $1B forest deal. Available online: http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0819-

indonesia-norway_deal.html (Last accessed 08/06/12). 6

UN-REDD 2011a. Website: Indonesia. http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/Indonesia/tabid/987/language/ en-US/Default.aspx (Last accessed 14/06/12).

http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf

http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0819-indonesia-norway_deal.html

http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0819-indonesia-norway_deal.html

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systems, and regional data collection and capacity building7. There are also other bilateral and private REDD+ piloting and capacity building initiatives underway in the country. The most significant bilateral initiative is a two-year moratorium on new permits to clear peatland and primary forests established in May 2011 as a result of a signed Letter of Intent between the GoI and the Government of Norway (GoN) and a pledge of $US 1 billion by the GoN to support the reduction of deforestation and degradation in Indonesia. The partnership is structured in three phases over 3-4 years with funding conditional on Indonesia establishing policies in Phase 18 (such as the moratorium), and demonstrating verified emissions reductions at provincial and national levels in Phases 2 and 39. A World Resources Institute report from February 2012 concluded that without significant governance reforms, the moratorium in its current state may not reduce forest emissions significantly in Indonesia due to the questionable status of secondary forests in the moratorium, exemption of existing concessions, and limited enforcement of moratorium boundaries10. A new REDD+ Task Force was appointed in September 2011 by President Yudhoyono to assess the implementing mechanisms for REDD+ in Indonesia, including the need for a national REDD+ agency, an agency for MRV, and the establishment of a REDD+ financing mechanism. A final draft of the National REDD+ Strategy is under review by the Task Force. The Task Force also aims to improve coordination between international, national and local stakeholders in the REDD+ readiness process11. Indonesia now has more than 60 proposed REDD+ project activities (including large-scale provincial pilot projects and local capacity building efforts) that are either implemented or in the preparation phase12.

3. Results


We surveyed a sample of 17 organizations providing REDD+ training13 in Indonesia (7 national NGOs, 4 international NGOs, 4 governmental organizations, 1 bilateral agency and 1 private sector organization; Table 1). Representatives from 16 organizations participated in an online survey; while six organizations participated in more in-depth phone interviews (five of which had previously participated in the online survey). Table 1. Organizations included in study

7 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (2011). REDD Readiness Progress Fact Sheet. February 2011.

8 Phase 1: Development of national strategies or action plans, policies, and capacity building; Phase 2: The implementation of national policies and

national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities; Phase 3: Results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified (In accordance with Paragraph 73 of the Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session of the Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010). 9 Caldecott, Julian, et al (2011). Indonesia-Norway REDD+ Partnership: First Evaluation of Deliverables. May 3, 2011.

10 Austin, Kemen, et al (2012). “Indonesia’s Moratorium on New Forest Concessions: Key Findings and Next Steps.” WRI Working Paper. World

Resources Institute, Washington DC. Available online: http://www.wri.org/publication/indonesia-moratorium-on-new-forest-concessions. (Last accessed: 4/7/12). 11

CIFOR (2011). Indonesian President forms new REDD+ Task Force. Available online: http://blog.cifor.org/4144/indonesian-president-forms-new-redd-task-force/#.T9GV1lLqDGg (Last accessed 08/06/12). September 13, 2011. 12

Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (2012). REDD Readiness Progress Fact Sheet. March 2011. 13


http://www.wri.org/publication/indonesia-moratorium-on-new-forest-concessions

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Phone interview

Online survey

Indonesian Communication Forum on Community Forestry (FKKM)

National NGO X X

National Forestry Council of Indonesia (DKN) Governmental X X

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

Bilateral agency X X

Fauna and Flora International (FFI) International NGO X X

HuMa (Association for Community and Ecology-Based Law Reform)

National NGO X X

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) International NGO X

Indonesian Conservation Community (KKI-WARSI) National NGO X

WALHI – Friends of the Earth Indonesia National NGO X

Center for Forestry Education and Training (Ministry of Forestry)

Governmental X

Kalimantan Forest and Climate Partnership (KFCP) Governmental X

UN-REDD Indonesia Governmental X

RECOFTC - The Center for People and Forests International NGO X

The Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) Indonesia

National NGO X

Burung Indonesia National NGO X

Mazars Starling Resources Private sector X

Indonesian Institute for Forest and Environment (RMI)

National NGO X

Forest Peoples Programme International NGO X

For the ‘Training Supply’ section, findings are split between data gathered from the online survey, and quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered during the interview process. A sub-section under ‘Training Supply’ describes the training materials identified during the interview process. The ‘Training Demand’ section includes quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered from the interview process only, as questions in this area were not covered in the online questionnaire.

3.2 Training Supply

The following section provides an overview of the on-line survey results regarding REDD+ training supply. These findings are divided among:

Audience groups


Thematic areas

Audience groups

Table 2 shows that the main audience group for REDD+ training activities provided by the 17 organizations surveyed is NGOs (16/17 respondents), followed by local communities (14/17), government (12/17) and

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indigenous peoples (12/17). The general public, donors and the private sector are not considered main targets. Other audience types mentioned (by 1 respondent each) included journalists and college students.

We suggest the focus on NGOs as a target audience may have three causes:

National and local NGOs exhibit a greater appetite for training compared to other audience groups and are generally more aware of trainings offered through their networks and partnerships.

Approximately one third of the organizations surveyed are also REDD+ project implementers (such as UN-REDD, KFCP and FFI among others). Training for local NGOs is an integral part of the project implementation process.

There is generally high bilateral and multilateral donor interest in longer term capacity building for local NGOs, often a condition or key component of REDD+ project funding.

We may also link the focus on local communities to project development because developers often need to provide training for local communities and indigenous groups to strengthen their REDD+ projects and meet the requirements of voluntary certification bodies, such as the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA). Additionally, human rights and local community issues are central to the remit of many of the organizations surveyed.

We interpret the targeting of a government audience to demonstrate that early comprehension of REDD+ by officials is considered critical by a range of stakeholders, especially for national and international policy development and the coordination of funding mechanisms. One example provided was the training of government planning agencies (in Jakarta and at a provincial level) on REDD+ policy development including land use planning. This training consisted of 3 interactive workshop sessions of 1-2 weeks each over a 6-month period.

Interviewees felt the lack of involvement of private companies to date is concerning as the private sector (especially the natural resource industry including oil palm development, mining and forestry) will have a large impact on whether REDD+ is successful at reducing deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia.



NGOs 16 (94%)


Government 12 (71%)





Donors 3 (18%)

Others 2 (12%)


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Figure 1 shows that the training/awareness raising format reaching the largest number of people since September 2010 has been posters and flyers with an audience of 11,000 people. This was followed by radio/TV (over 8,000) and the production of introductory guides to REDD+ (over 7,000). Internet-based courses, study tours and longer-term mentoring reached the fewest number of people.

Longer-term mentoring and study tours were identified as successful but underutilized training formats in Indonesia (see “Training/awareness raising formats”, page 10). We suggest this may be due to their relatively higher cost compared to formats such as posters and flyers, which can be a cheap and effective way to reach a large audience. As internet use is not widespread especially in rural areas, other audiovisual media such as radio and TV are important for distributing information to low-literacy populations. While posters/flyers reached the largest audience, only 8/17 respondents reported use of this format (Table 3). Similarly, radio/TV had a large outreach but was only used by 6/17 respondents. The most commonly used format was the delivery of in-person training workshops (16/17 respondents), followed by longer-term mentoring and the production of training manuals (13/17 respondents each). Internet-based courses were only used by 2/17 respondents.

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Figure 1. Total number of people reached per training/awareness raising format (September 2010 to present) (17 respondents)

11385

8285

7245

4100

3685

850

480

10 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Posters/flyers Radio/TV Production ofintroductory

guides toREDD+

Delivery of in-persontraining

workshops orcourses

Production oftraining

manuals andguides

Study tours Longer termmentoring and

technicalsupport ofindividuals

Internet-basedtrainingcourses

Nu

mb

er

of

pe

op

le r

eac

he

d

13


Training format used Number of respondents






Study tours 6 (35%)

Radio/TV 6 (35%)


Thematic areas

Table 4 shows the frequency with which different thematic areas are addressed in training activities provided by the organizations surveyed. The most common areas are the basics of climate change science and REDD+ awareness raising (15/17 respondents each). REDD+ finance, project development, and greenhouse gas inventories are the least frequently addressed in training (5/17 or fewer respondents each).

As would be expected given that Indonesia is in REDD+ readiness Phase 1 there is a focus on introductory trainings on climate change and REDD+, international climate change policy, REDD+ readiness processes, the analysis of key drivers of deforestation and degradation and government REDD+ policy development. Social safeguards also rank highly (12/17 respondents), which may be due to the social justice remit of many of the organizations surveyed, and the requirement for some REDD+ project developers to meet voluntary certification standards (e.g. CCBA). A similarly high number of respondents indicating forest inventories and carbon accounting as a training focus for local communities may be due to a growing perception that community carbon accounting is a useful awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge building tool at the local level. Two examples were provided of training in this area for local communities: 1) field-based training on forest inventories and carbon accounting including the development of a pilot project over 2-3 weeks for community forestry management groups, national park collaborative groups, local NGOs and local government, and 2) long-term, ongoing training for local communities on the principles of rights-based forest monitoring including the development and use of monitoring instruments.

Broader technical topics (such as MRV, RELs and greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories) are less commonly addressed in training (10/17 or fewer respondents each). This is likely to be because only a minority of organizations surveyed focus on these topics and because there is a relatively low level of demand for technical training compared to less specialized training on REDD+ basics. REDD+ finance and benefit sharing also ranked low, as interviewees regarded these themes as difficult to incorporate in training due to the complexity and uncertainty surrounding these themes.

Additional themes mentioned that were not specified in the survey list include: REDD+ project cost modeling and analysis, REDD+ justice (including gender justice), FPIC, land-use planning and REDD+ training for journalists.

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Thematic area addressed in training Number of respondents

The basics of climate change science (i.e. what is climate change, what causes it) 15 (88%)


14 (82%)


12 (71%)


12 (71%)

Social safeguards

12 (71%)


10 (59%)


10 (59%)



10 (59%)

Benefit sharing

9 (53%)


9 (53%)

Calculating reference/Reference Emission Levels (RELs)

7 (41%)

REDD+ finance

5 (29%)

How to develop REDD+ and-or Reforestation/Afforestation projects

5 (29%)

Others

5 (29%)

Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines)

3 (18%)

The above results are not an indication of the number of individuals trained per theme. Data on the number of trainings per theme and their associated audience sizes was not readily available from the online survey or interviews. 3.2.1 Interview perceptions of training supply

In-depth interviews complemented the quantitative data collected by the online survey. The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the six interviewees regarding the supply of training in Indonesia. These are divided among:



Geographic coverage




An introduction to climate change and REDD+, forest inventories and carbon accounting are most commonly covered in trainings to local communities and NGOs. Interviewees felt that community carbon accounting is a practical and useful tool for raising local stakeholder awareness of REDD+ and carbon rights, as well as having an important side benefit of improving forest inventories. However there is an underlying concern that the

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purpose of carbon accounting needs to be clearly communicated, as to not unduly raise community expectations for forthcoming carbon finance.

REDD+ project development, conflict management and land use planning are common topics in trainings to a government audience. Table 5 shows the thematic areas covered in trainings since September 2010 by the organizations interviewed for different audience groups, including the training format. Further information on training formats is provided in the section below.

Table 5. Thematic areas, audience groups and training formats (6 respondents)

Thematic area(s) of training

Audience group Training format

Basics of climate change science

Local NGOs

Local communities

Training of Trainers (ToT) model in collaboration with the Ministry of Forestry’s Training and Education Center; half-day working group

REDD+ awareness raising NGOs

Local government

Local communities

Academia

Workshop

Land tenure and conflict management

Forest Management Units

NGOs

Local government

ToT model; preliminary workshop followed by field-based training

International and national climate change policy (in Indonesian context)

Local communities

Local NGOs

Workshop

Community-based Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)

Local communities

Local NGOs

Local government

ToT model; preliminary workshop followed by field-based training

Rights-based monitoring (in 3 training modules: 1) climate justice and rights, 2) development and use of monitoring instruments, and 3) understanding monitoring principles and criteria)

Local communities

Local NGOs

Long-term, ongoing training sessions including field-based training and final reflection workshop

Forest inventory and carbon accounting

Local communities (including community forestry management groups and national park collaborative groups)

Local NGOs

Local government

Academia

Field-based training (development of a pilot project over 2-3 weeks)

REDD+ project NGOs Long-term, ongoing training

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development; development of Project Design Documents (PDD)

Local government

sessions

REDD+ policy development (including land use planning for low emission development)

Regional planning agencies (in Jakarta and at provincial level)

Community leaders

3 sessions of 1 to 2 weeks each over a 6 month period; flexible depending on background of participants

FPIC Provincial level multi-stakeholder audience

Series of REDD+ working groups including interactive presentations and discussion

The difference between international and national NGOs was emphasized in the interviews. International NGOs often have more resources and greater familiarity with REDD+, and are therefore more active in supplying training. While national NGOs have expertise in community-based natural resource management, they generally have a lower level of understanding of REDD+ and often are the recipients of training. Training/awareness raising formats

The delivery of in-person training workshops was most frequently identified as a successful training format (5/6 respondents). This is likely because it is a tried-and-tested method to build awareness and knowledge within select participant groups. Over half of respondents also mentioned longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals as a successful format (4/6 respondents), likely because it allows for dialogue and active learning among participants. On-the-ground training such as study tours is also important, so long as participants first understand the relevance of climate change and REDD+ through preliminary workshops. Several respondents indicated that no single format is successful on its own: a combination of all is needed.

Longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals, production of training manuals and guides, and study tours were the most frequently identified formats being underutilized in Indonesia (3/6 respondents each). Although longer-term mentoring is used by over 75% of organizations surveyed (see Table 3), it has low outreach (see Figure 1; likely due to higher cost) and there is a lack of training manuals that facilitate this format. The ToT model (such as that used by the Ministry of Forestry’s Center for Education and Training) and smaller class sizes were some of the examples identified. Radio and TV are popular channels for distributing information on forests and the environment in Indonesia, though they have not yet been used at scale for REDD+ awareness raising. Radio and TV reached the second highest number of people (over 8,000 since September 2010), though this is relatively insignificant compared to its potential to access much greater sections of Indonesia’s 240 million person population14.

Geographic coverage

The six organizations that participated in the phone interview have a presence in the following provinces: Jakarta, Western and Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara (including Flores) and Sumatra (including Jambi, Aceh and Lampung). Figure 2 shows this distribution.

14

World Bank Indicator (2010). Available online: http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia

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As shown in Table 6, in-country experts, dedicated training materials, and training materials in the local language were all frequently identified as barriers to the supply of training (5/6 respondents each). A lack of expert trainers with up-to-date REDD+ knowledge in the Indonesian context was identified as a critical problem. The fact that most experts are concentrated in Jakarta limits the degree to which training can be effectively delivered across the country. Another barrier is the technical language used in training materials which makes them difficult to translate from English and Bahasa Indonesia into local languages and to tailor to audience groups. A lack of financial resources was mentioned as a barrier by half of the respondents. Table 6. Barriers to training supply (6 respondents)






3 (50%)



As shown in Table 7, inadequate background knowledge necessary to understand REDD+ concepts was the most frequently identified barrier for training participants (5/6 respondents). The topic of the training not being aligned with the specific needs of participants was also frequently mentioned as a barrier (4/6 respondents). There is typically a wide range of backgrounds, expectations and needs of training participants – NGO participants may have advanced knowledge while local community participants may have little or no background. Therefore, it is important to start with basic information and build up to more advanced topics depending on the audience. A problem frequently identified when training government employees is high turn-over. This can mean that resources are invested into individuals who quickly move to new, unrelated job positions. Cost was not identified as a significant barrier as all trainings by the organizations interviewed are provided free of charge, although travel costs can be prohibitive if not covered by the training provider.

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5 (83%)







3.2.2 Training Materials

Interviewees identified eight training manuals being used in Indonesia, of which seven are freely available online (Table 8). One organization interviewed is in the process of developing a training manual and info-brief on REDD+ and community forestry in Indonesia, to be published in 2012.

Table 8. REDD+ training manuals being used in Indonesia (6 respondents)

Title of publication Description Name of publishing organization

Availability Online link

Understanding Community Based REDD+: A Manual for Indigenous Communities

This manual provides guidance on how REDD+ fits into the overall livelihood and forest management systems of indigenous peoples.

International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Asia Indigenous People Pact (IWGIA AIPP), Norad

Freely available online

http://www.aippnet.org/home/images/stories/A-Manual-for-Indigenous-Communities-20120117174234.pdf

Measuring Carbon Stocks Across Land Use Systems: A Manual (and others by ICRAF)

This manual discusses reasons for measuring carbon stocks at multiple temporal and spatial scales, including a 7-step rapid carbon appraisal process using a combination of analysis techniques.

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)


http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/manual/MN0050-11/MN0050-11-1.PDF










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MRV Training Manual (for Indonesia)

Not available UN-REDD Not available publically

Not available

REDD+ ToT Manual for Community-level Facilitators (and others by RECOFTC)

This manual aims to train facilitators to explain the REDD+ concept and climate change to grassroots level stakeholders, including project implementers, local communities and indigenous people.

RECOFTC - The Center for People and Forests


http://www.recoftc.org/site/resources/REDD-ToT-Manual-for-Community-level-Facilitators.php

Beyond Carbon, Rights-Based Safeguard Principles in Law

This study serves as a collective proposal to REDD+ donors and recipients to uphold human rights in the governance of forest-for-carbon schemes, stressing the importance of safeguards and proper governance.

Association for Community and Ecology-Based Law Reform (HuMa)


http://www.forestcarbonportal.com/resource/beyond-carbon-rights-based-safeguard-principles-law

Introductory Course on REDD+: A Training Manual

This manual covers the current global dialogue that will create the ground rules for national and project-led developments in REDD+. Lessons from pilot activities that will inform national and international dialogue are also covered.

The Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA), Rainforest Alliance, The Nature Conservancy, World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, GTZ


forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1file/REDD-TrainingManual-Final-2.pdf









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Introductory Course on REDD+: A Participant Resource Manual

“Participant Resource Manual” for training manual described above.

The Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA), Rainforest Alliance, The Nature Conservancy, World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, GTZ


forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1file/REDD-ParticipantManual-Final-2.pdf

Bringing Forest Carbon Projects to the Market

This guidebook instructs project developers and financiers on how to develop and bring to market profitable forest carbon projects.

UNEP Freely available online

iklim.cob.gov.tr/iklim/Files/eKutuphane/ForestryCarbonProjects.pdf

Local training providers mostly rely on manuals produced by international NGOs; however the majority of the above listed manuals are in need of translation into the local language and adaptation to the local context. Interviewees also highlighted a need for transparency and sharing of materials between both local and international NGOs, to improve consistency of trainings and avoid duplication of effort. A UN-REDD Indonesia website is under development in cooperation with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the Ministry of Forestry to provide an inventory of training courses, materials and a list of qualified trainers which may help inform service providers and make training activities more efficient and effective.

3.3 Training Demand


The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the six interviewees regarding the demand for training in Indonesia, divided among:

Audience groups

Thematic areas


Geographic coverage

Overall verdict

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Audience groups

All interviewees identified the government as the priority audience group in need of further REDD+ training, with NGOs and local communities also frequently mentioned (4/6 respondents each). Within government, technical staff and decision makers at both local and national levels were identified as requiring particular attention. Local NGOs were also identified as a key target audience, seen as vital in working closely with communities and in ensuring community rights are upheld. It was also felt that project developers, including private sector and local communities (especially those in REDD+ pilot project areas), are in need of training on social safeguard implementation.

Thematic areas

The thematic area most frequently identified where further training is needed was MRV (4/6 respondents), followed by forest inventories and carbon accounting, social safeguards, environmental safeguards, the REDD+ readiness process, government REDD+ policy development and benefit sharing (3/6 respondents each). All of the areas identified by 3/6 respondents (listed above) scored highly as thematic areas that are already being addressed in training.

Additional themes mentioned that were not specified in the survey list include: climate change adaptation, establishing national REDD+ registries, Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and non-VCS REDD+ methodologies, low carbon development decision tools for local government, community participation in decision making and ownership of the REDD+ process, and informing stakeholders of their rights and risks related to REDD+. Climate change adaptation was identified as having important linkages with REDD+, yet there is still very low awareness of these linkages and it is rarely incorporated into REDD+ trainings.


All interviewees indicated that additional requests for REDD+ training have been made of their organizations. Local communities (including Forest Management Units) were most frequently identified as the audience group making these requests (5/6 respondents). Newly formed community-based Forest Management Units feel an understanding of REDD+ is critical to the successful management of their forestland including land tenure and conflict resolution, and they are eligible to receive ToT model workshops and field-based training in this area through the Ministry of Forestry’s Training and Education Center. The government (primarily the Ministry of Forestry, and district and provincial governments) and NGOs were also frequently mentioned as requesting additional training (3/6 respondents each). The private sector had not yet made requests to the organizations interviewed, although interviewees felt this is likely to change in the future.

The most popular trainings already provided by the organizations interviewed (the basics of climate change science, REDD+ awareness raising and practical skills such as carbon accounting), are most frequently requested by stakeholders. Additional requested types of training include: ToT model courses, VCS and non-VCS REDD+ methodologies, integration of community forestry management and REDD+, and land tenure and conflict resolution.

Geographic coverage

Geographical areas in greatest need of REDD+ training were identified by interviewees and are shown in Figure 3. The UN-REDD pilot province of Central Sulawesi and other REDD+ pilot project areas were most frequently mentioned as priorities (concentrated in Central Sumatra, across Kalimantan, Northern Sulawesi, Eastern Java, Northern Papua, Lombok and Timor). However, areas outside of REDD+ sites are also in need of training, where stakeholders from all sectors were reported to know very little about REDD+. Priority was

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given to more populated areas with large forest tracts and accelerating deforestation in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. The demand for REDD+ training in Java should not be ignored, where community forestry is growing and local communities are keen to learn more about REDD+.



Overall verdict

Most respondents indicated that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet the demand in Indonesia (4/6). The major reason given for this was that Indonesia’s dispersed island geography and provincial divisions makes it difficult to effectively scale up training. One of the respondents added that:

“Nation-wide we have a lot of training on REDD+, but quantity doesn’t mean quality. Often the goal of the training itself is unclear and there is a lot of confusion. For example, there are multiple trainings on REDD+ safeguards, however, a better way to actually deliver the trainings is needed because they’re not effective at spreading knowledge.”

4. Conclusions

REDD+ projects and programs are proliferating quickly in Indonesia, with more than 60 proposed or active projects in place. However, REDD+ training has not been able to keep pace with this rapid growth. Interviewees expressed that the level of national coordination, communication and replication of successful training models is not yet sufficient to match the demand that this growth is generating.

NGOs and local communities are the most commonly targeted audiences for training and most frequently request it, while the government and private sector receive less attention. Within the relevant ministries of the Jakarta-based national government, REDD+ is fairly well known, but the REDD+ knowledge of regional level forestry services is very low, in some cases non-existent.

At a provincial level training has been concentrated in Sulawesi and Kalimantan, where the majority of REDD+ pilot projects are based. There is a need to expand training to cover other areas with high REDD+ potential (forestlands with large carbon stocks and high risk of deforestation) such as Papua, where REDD+ knowledge is limited.

The most common training themes are introductory topics such as the basics of climate change science, REDD+ awareness raising and international climate change policy, and topics with a practical and immediate

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application such as forest inventories and carbon accounting, and social safeguards. A strong focus on community carbon accounting is appropriate if used as a knowledge-building tool; however, this comes with the need to manage community expectations for carbon finance. Finance-related topics such as benefit sharing are infrequently covered by training. This is concerning considering that Indonesia receives a large portion of global private and public REDD+ funding.

A lack of widely disseminated user-friendly introductory guides in national and local languages was frequently cited as a barrier for training providers. Funding was mentioned but is usually not a primary barrier for training providers due to the relatively high level of REDD+ funding available for capacity building in Indonesia. Furthermore, trainers and international experts have struggled to conduct REDD+ training in a locally contextualized manner and with formats that encourage engagement and learning. Longer-term mentoring and more regular sessions that include field work and follow-up were found to be most successful at addressing the needs of participants. The ToT model should be scaled up to reach the more scattered geographical areas of Indonesia. Locally-specific TNAs will also ensure a better understanding of the needs and backgrounds of training participants and improve the alignment of training supply and demand in Indonesia.

Initiatives such as UN-REDD Indonesia’s inventory of training are a step in the right direction towards better training coordination, if used effectively as a planning resource. The mainstreaming of REDD+ training across relevant provincial governments, and a national REDD+ training strategy which takes into full account Indonesia’s geographical and administrative barriers should be a priority for the REDD+ Task Force.

5. Recommendations

Based on interview and survey responses, the following recommendations were identified to improve the effectiveness of REDD+ training in Indonesia (Table 9).



1. Audience groups

Local government is not targeted for training.

There has been much progress made in awareness raising on REDD+ at the central government level in Jakarta. However, district and provincial level government officials have not been sufficiently engaged in capacity building activities to date.


Private sector is not targeted for training.

There has been low involvement of the private sector in REDD+ training (only 5/17 respondents indicated this was a targeted audience). This is cause for concern as the private sector has both limited knowledge of REDD+ and an important role to play in its success.

Technical assistance and a targeted REDD+ awareness campaign are needed to help the private sector take REDD+ related opportunities and risks into account in its planning.

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2. Thematic areas

Trainings do not cover a sufficiently wide range of topics.

Themes identified as in demand but infrequently included in trainings are:

o For government agencies: land use planning, low carbon development decision tools and the establishment of national REDD+ registries.

o For local communities: REDD+ justice (including gender issues), the integration of REDD+ and community forestry management, community participation in decision making and ownership of the REDD+ process, FPIC, and climate change adaptation.

The following technical topics were also highlighted as in need of further training: MRV, RELs, VCS and non-VCS REDD+ methodologies, and REDD+ project cost modeling and analysis.

Where capacity and funding are sufficient, topics offered by training organizations should be broadened beyond introductory areas such as climate change science and popular themes such as community carbon accounting. Trainings should be as diverse as possible, and compartmentalized to offer flexibility to participants in selecting the areas that best meet their needs and backgrounds.

REDD+ finance and benefit sharing are uncertain.

Due to the uncertainty surrounding how REDD+ will be financed in the near term, training in REDD+ finance and benefit sharing is relatively uncommon and tends to be conceptual in nature and less focused on practical implementation. To remedy this, a focus on practical issues such as land tenure conflict resolution, local governance and fund management is required. Support should be given to government bodies and NGOs who will be required to receive and manage REDD+ finance.

Nationally, there is weak knowledge of the process for forming REDD+ benefit sharing structures. Once finalized, the REDD+ Task Force’s development of a REDD+ funding mechanism will enable more comprehensive and structured training in this area.


Trainings do not meet specific needs of participants.

The design of trainings should be informed by a locally specific TNA of the target audiences. This can be done at varying levels of detail, from questionnaires to full in-person surveys.

Trainings should be designed to respond to participants in a ‘live’ manner, so that when needs are expressed during the course, the following session takes these needs into account (e.g. through a daily feedback process).

Trainings should build in ample time for participant reflection, which can help to identify where knowledge gaps and needs lie.

As funding allows, formats identified as both successful and underutilized should be scaled up (longer-term mentoring, study tours and radio/TV).

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Training materials are not country-specific or locally adapted.

A locally specific TNA, as identified above, is required to overcome this challenge.

The training manuals used should be contextualized to the national and local context: simple, user-friendly, and easy to update and adapt in the future. Translating these manuals into local languages should be given priority.

REDD+ training should be integrated into relevant national and local government policies and processes. For example, training should be a required component of the creation of Forest Management Units by the Ministry of Forestry.

Furthermore, REDD+ should be integrated into existing trainings by government agencies and NGOs (such as trainings on SFM and community forestry).


Capacity building is not yet well coordinated at the national level.

At the national level there are multiple REDD+ relevant strategies and plans which require capacity building activities (e.g. National Climate Change Strategy, Draft National REDD+ Strategy, National Forestry Plan) and bilateral and multilateral programs funding capacity building activities. However, frequent communication across the implementing agencies is not always possible which can cause a degree of duplication of effort.

To limit this duplication, a national-level effort is required to coordinate REDD+ capacity building activities. This could be coordinated by the REDD+ Task Force and/or in collaboration with the Indonesian Climate Council (DNPI) which has a mandate to support education, training and public awareness. UN-REDD Indonesia, and in particular its inventory of training, may add value to this effort.

Indonesia’s dispersed geography and high cost of inter-island transport make scaling up training difficult.

The REDD+ Task Force should consider a specific strategy on how to scale up REDD+ training across Indonesia, focusing especially on provincial and district level governments and forest-based communities. Furthermore, the ToT model used by the Ministry of Forestry’s Training and Education Center should be replicated by other government bodies and NGOs. The development and distribution of training materials to support this ToT implementation are needed.

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REDD+ Training Supply and Needs in Liberia


This report is part of a multi-country assessment of REDD+ training that was funded with a grant from the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC). The AGRC is a partnership between 16 organizations that are committed to enhancing the quality and availability of training on REDD+ worldwide. This study on REDD+ training in Liberia was led by AGRC member Conservation International (CI).

2

Acronyms



CBFP Congo Basin Forest Partnership


CFDCs Community/County Forests Development Committees


CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations

EPA Environmental Protection Agency



FDA Forestry Development Authority

FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade


GHG Greenhouse Gas





REDD+ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (+ includes forest conservation, the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks)



SADS Skills and Agricultural Development Services


UNDP United Nation Development Progamme

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Executive Summary

This study aims to assess current REDD+ training supply and demand in Liberia, and to identify training needs and gaps. A sample of six training providers was included in the study, participating through an online survey and/or phone interview. The overall conclusion is that the supply of REDD+ training does not yet meet the demand in Liberia. This report describes recent training activity in the country and highlights some of the priorities for future REDD+ training initiatives.

Respondents described more than 30 different training initiatives led by five different organizations between January 2010 and June 2012. These were targeted primarily at the staff of government and non-governmental organizations, and to a lesser extent at the general public, local communities, academic institutions, representatives from land-use industries and others. Long term mentoring programs and in-person training events were the most frequently used formats for REDD+ training, but other formats were also used, including printed manuals and guides, internet-based lessons, study tours, radio, television, posters and printed flyers. A wide range of thematic areas were covered through these initiatives. The most commonly cited topics included the development of REDD+ policy at the international and national levels and the basics of climate change science. Most of the training was done in the capital city of Monrovia, though a few events were held in smaller cities across the country. Some government officials have had access to training events outside of the country, especially events led by the Congo Basic Forest Partnership in Cameroon.

All interviewees indicated that there is a need for additional investment in REDD+ training in Liberia. They indicated that the highest priority is to train government representatives, with a particular emphasis on reaching all sectors, including the Ministries of Commerce, Industry, Finance, Planning, Mining and Agriculture. The interviewees indicated that additional and more in-depth training is needed on a range of subjents, but especially on forest inventories and carbon accounting. Other technical topics such as MRV, finance, and benefit sharing schemes were also cited as needing additional attention. Respondents highlighted the need to reach audiences outside of Monrovia, and to provide opportunities for representatives from local communities to request training. They indicated that trainings need to be made available in local languages, and adapted to the local context by using relevant examples and materials designed for illiterate audiences. The interviewees concurred that additional financial and human resources will be needed to address the demand for REDD+ training in coming years.

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1. Introduction



This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in Liberia between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs.


1 REDD+ refers to “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries;

and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries” (UNFCCC 2007)

2 The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC)2, a distributed global network of respected organizations

committed to providing the expertise, training, and tools required by REDD+ stakeholders. The AGRC currently has 16 members with the expectation of growth in the coming months. The members are Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, Rainforest Alliance, UNREDD, World Bank Institute, and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, Center for People and Forests- RECOFTC, Yale-Smithsonian Environmental Leadership Training Initiative -ELTI, Forum for Readiness on REDD, Forest Trends and the Katoomba Group, CATIE, IUCN, GIZ, Conservation Strategy Fund, International Education Institute of Brazil – IIEB, Global Canopy Programme, the Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance and OTS

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2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and a detailed interview that was done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through a review of the Liberia’s Readiness Preparation Proposal and other key documents that describe the country’s REDD+ process and also through referrals from other contacts in the country. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.

2.1 Online Survey

The online survey was administered between 5ebruary and June 2012. To promote higher response rates, the survey was short and included brief questions regarding five categories of information. These categories are described below and the complete survey can be found in Appendix 1.












Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


6

REDD+ finance




Other



Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in Liberia but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2.



All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in Liberia, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved.


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The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings in Liberia. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved.

Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in Liberia, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

2.3 Country Profile

The forest area of Liberia is 4.3 million hectares and had an annual rate of deforestation of 0.68% from the period 2005-20103. Liberia is also one of the countries that are requesting support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) of the World Bank4. After several years of preparation and negotiations, the Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) was approved in June 2011 and an FCPF grant was expected to be signed at the end of 2012. Some of the activities already being implemented as part of the readiness process include: the Stakeholder Consultation and Participation (C&P) Plan; creation of the term of references for developing a reference scenario; a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system where several meetings regarding organization, technical issues and budget have been discussed; and discussion for the creation of a National REDD+ Social and Environmental Safeguards (SES) Standards Committee for the application of the REDD+ Social and Environmental Standards. Currently the country is developing the National Benefit Sharing Trust in the Forestry Sector of Liberia, an initiative to be established at the Central Bank of Liberia where all timber revenues allocated for use by the Communities5.

3 Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Reports Liberia: FRA 2010 Liberia http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al551E/al551E.pdf 4 FCPF Website: Liberia http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/LR 5

Forest Dependent Communities to Benefit from Forest Concessions http://www.fda.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=275 Spotlight On The Benefit Sharing Mechanism In The Forestry Sector Of Liberia Department Of Community Forestry Forestry Development Authority (FDA) http://www.fornis.net/system/files/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20SPOTLIGHT%20ON%20THE%20BENEFIT%20SHARING%20MECHANISM%20IN%20THE%20FORESTRY%20SECTOR%20OF%20LIBERIA.PDF

http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al551E/al551E.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/LR

http://www.fda.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=275

http://www.fornis.net/system/files/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20SPOTLIGHT%20ON%20THE%20BENEFIT%20SHARING%20MECHANISM%20IN%20THE%20FORESTRY%20SECTOR%20OF%20LIBERIA.PDF



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Liberia is divided into 15 counties, which are subdivided into districts, and further subdivided into chiefdoms and clans.

Figure 1. Map: 15 counties of Liberia

Bomi Bong Gbarpolu Grand Bassa Grand Cape Mount Grand Gedeh Grand Kru Lofa Margibi Maryland Montserrado Nimba Rivercess River Gee Sinoe

3. Results


We contacted 12 people working on REDD+ in Liberia to fill out both the online survey and/or the structured interview and 6 responded. These respondents represented Conservation International (CI), the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP), the Skills and Agricultural Development Services (SADS), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Fauna and Flora International (FFI) and the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CfRN). Six filled out the online survey of which five participated in the longer, structured interview.

3.2 Training Supply

The following section provides an overview of the on-line survey and phone interview results regarding REDD+ training supply. These findings are divided among:

Audience groups

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Liberia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomi_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bong_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbarpolu_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bassa_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cape_Mount_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Gedeh_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Kru_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofa_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margibi_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrado_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimba_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivercess_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gee_County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoe_County

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Training formats/awareness raising formats

Thematic areas

Audience groups

Five of the six respondents indicated that their organizations had targeted REDD+ training on NGOs, local communities and the government (Table 1). The next most frequently targeted groups were the general public, academic institutions and staff from private sector companies based on land-use activities (3/6 respondents each). Two respondents listed indigenous people and project developers and only one mentioned donors as target audience. Other audience types mentioned include the press (radio and TV and other members of the media), students and forestry professionals. An example of a media target is an organization called the Liberia Media Initiative which does translation of news stories from standard English into Liberian English.

Table 1. Audience groups targeted by organizations for REDD+ training (6 respondents)

Audience groups targeted by organizations for REDD+ training Number of respondents

NGOs 5 (83%)


Government 5 (83%)




Project developers 2 (33%)


Others 2 (33%)

Donors 1 (17%)

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Training formats/awareness raising formats

Regarding the training and awareness raising formats that have been used in Liberia and the amount of people that has been approximately reached with these formats, the respondents mentioned that posters/flyers have reached the largest number of people (around 1,850 people (38%) out of the total number of people estimated to have been reached by all formats (4,900; Figure 1). Long term mentoring reached 1,690 people, introductory training guides and radio and TV reached 426 people each. Other training format such as training manuals, in person training and study tours we are also cited as having been used in Liberia.

Figure 1. Total number of people reached per training format (based on estimates provided by the survey respondents)

(10 respondents)

2010 to present

Respondents also indicated that the training format most used in Liberia in recent years has been long term mentoring (5/6 respondents), followed by in-person training (4/6 respondents) and training manuals (3/6 respondents)(Table 2).


Training formats Number of respondents

Longer term mentoring 5 (83%)

In-person training 4 (67%)

Training manuals 3 (50%)

Introductory guides 2 (33%)

1850 1690

425 425 230 210

60 10 0

200400600800

100012001400160018002000

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Internet-based training 2 (33%)

Study tours 2 (33%)

Radio/TV 2 (33%)


Thematic areas

Concerning the thematic areas addressed during the trainings mentioned above, respondents believed that the most covered topics in their trainings were government REDD+ policy development and planning (6/6 respondents ), followed by the basics of climate change science, international climate change negotiations or UNFCCC processes, REDD+ awareness and REDD readiness support (5/6 respondents each)(Table 3). Topics such as benefit sharing, social and environmental safeguards, MRV and analysis of deforestation drivers and strategies to address them were also covered (3/6 respondents each). Few of the respondents indicated that their training initiatives had covered technical topics such as forest inventories, baseline calculations and project development (2/6 respondents each). REDD+ finance (including voluntary and compliance carbon markets), reference levels and greenhouse gas inventories were the least frequently covered areas in trainings (1/6 respondents each).



Government REDD+ policy development and planning 6 (100%)

The basics of climate change science 5 (83%)



Supporting REDD+ readiness process 5 (83%)




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3 (50%)


Greenhouses gases inventories 2 (33%)


Calculating reference/reference emission levels (baselines) 1 (17%)



The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of interviewees regarding the adequacy of supply of training in Liberia. All but one respondent indicated that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet the demand as they perceive it in Liberia. The results of the interviews are presented in regards to several key topics:



Geographic coverage




Through the longer interviews more detailed information was gathered about each training event supplied per organization since 2010. Information was collected about the title of each event and its corresponding format, the number of training events per organization, and the duration, location, number in attendance, dates and any specific audience members and funders who supported the training. The tabulation of the data is patchy because some of the respondents did not provide all of the details (Table 4).

A wide range of topics has been offered to different types of audiences, including government institutions such as the Forestry Development Authority, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Skills and Agricultural Development Service. Representatives from local communities and NGO’s have also been a target for training. For example, with the support of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations, government and NGOs were

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been trained to conduct the GHG inventory following UNFCCC-and IPCC- guidelines regarding the land use change and forestry sector.

One notable initiative was undertaken by Flora and Fauna International, which led 20 training events since 2010. Other examples include project level trainings, held through a partnership between the Skills and Agricultural Development Services (SADS ), the National Conservation Research Center and the Farmer’s Association to Conserve the Environment).

Table 4. Detailed Description of Training Events held in Liberia since 2010

Name and Type of Organization


Fauna and Flora International- international (NGO)

20 trainings in total

REDD concepts- every 3 months- County Forest Forum

REDD processes

R-PP Liberia

REDD and FLEGT/VPA (European Union best practices- One of very few countries that have agreed to VPA/FLEGT)

Forest Governance- 3 Cs approach: Conservation, Commercial (cocoa, oil palm) and communities

Conservation-commercial and community forestry–Liberian situation

REDD, land use and tenure-Liberian situation

Location: Monrovia, University of Forestry Training School, Conference Halls of Institutions) Sinoe, Greenville, Seekon, Juazon, unification and villages

Total # in attendance: participants varied between 20-200

Funders: FFI (from various donors such as the EU and Norway)

Cost range: $600- 15,000

In person delivery of training/workshops and seminars/ conferences

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REDD and risks – mitigations

REDD stakeholder mapping– interests versus power

REDD outreach-strategy development

REDD and oil palm-RSPO-HCV

REDD standards –CCB, VCS AND PLAN VIVO

REDD and FPIC/SBIA

REDD and Biomonitoring

REDD and carbon assessment

REDD and benefit sharing

REDD and pilot selection criteria

REDD and policy review (Liberia)

REDD as option to compare to logging, oil palm development

REDD and capacity gaps-Govt and CSO/CBO-private sector assessment

Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP)- multilateral

Capacity building on how to negotiate in the international climate change talks within the framework of the UNCCC

Location: Douala, Cameroon

Total # in attendance: more than 50 people

Dates: April 2011

In person delivery of training/workshops for both training events

Advocacy –how to create an action plan about the REDD+

Location: D’jamena and Bangui

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mechanism Total # in attendance: 50 and 40 participants respectively

Dates: April 2012

Funders: CBFP

Skills and Agricultural Development Services (SADS)

“Civil society dialogue on REDD and Climate Change”: the purpose is to discuss issues on REDD, invite experts to share their experiences and lessons learned- bringing in rural participants

Duration: 2 days

Location: Monrovia

Dates: 1 workshop late August 2010; 3 workshops in 2011: February, June and September

Funders: Fauna and Flora International

Budget: $7,000

In person delivery of training/ workshops

Civil society dialogue “Gender and climate change workshop”: the purpose is to target rural women and bring them to Monrovia to provide awareness about REDD and how gender issues fit into climate change strategies

Duration: 2 days

Location: Monrovia

Dates: April 27-28 2012

Total # in attendance: 60

Funders: IUCN

Budget: $10,000

National stakeholder (gender and climate change strategy development workshop

Duration: 3 days

Location: Monrovia

Dates: May 3-5

Participants: 60

Gender focal points in government ministries (Minister of Health, Agriculture, Water and

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Sanitation, Energy)

Funders: IUCN

Budget: $16,000

Liberian carbon strategy- project level forest carbon inventories training”: measurement of aboveground biomass and doing 6 sample plots (teaching field staff how to do measurements and sample plots and how to use instruments such as GPS, Tilppol, etc). The following activities took place during the training: REDD feasibility analysis, writing the PDD, satellite imagery coupled with ground sample plots.

Duration: 1 week

Location: Located around Wonegizi

Dates: January or February 2010


Participants: 4 forestry division staff from the Forestry Development Authority (FDA), a national government agency, 4 SADS staff, 4 communities were selected out of 20 to receive the training (2 representatives from each community)

Partners and funders: CI, Forest Trends conducted the training, Community Forestry SADS was the local counterpart and the Mcbien Foundation was the funder

Budget: $5,600 which included transportation (technicians were from Ghana)

Coalition for Rainforest Nations

First In-Country Training Workshop- Agriculture and Land Use (ALU) National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Software and Other Inventory Tools

Duration: 1 week

Location: UNDP offices, Mamba Point, Monrovia

Audience: political decision makers from ministries and technical persons

In person delivery of training/ workshops and long term mentoring

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Dates: 12th - 16th September 2011

Number of people in attendance: 14- long term mentoring: 3

Funders: CfRN

United Nations Development Program

Communication strategy for the media in Liberia- with the purpose of explaining what REDD is- Monrovia, 2012

Meeting with the House Committee on Land, Natural Resources and the Environment- REDD awareness raising session and discussions of institutional arrangements in the RPP (Environmental Protection Agency -EPA and the Forest and Development Authority)

Duration: 1 day

Location: Monrovia

Audience: political decision makers from the parliament

Dates: May 2012

Number of people in attendance: 9

Meeting with civil society groups in Liberia- during the formulation of the RPP on: benefit sharing, fund or market based REDD

Duration: 3 workshops each lasting a day

Dates: One in 2010, two in 2011

# in attendance: 40-50

Funder: World Bank

REDD awareness raising- regional meetings and consultations with communities such as

Dates: 2010

# in attendance: 60-80

Funder: FCPF co-financing with

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charcoal producers (different users of the forests); Conducted a stakeholder mapping session to define stakeholders and who will be impacted (invited them to different meetings such as with the county authorities, county gender officers, county environmental officers, county level officers and meetings with the FDA in 4 zones- regional offices). UNDP also invited county officers of those regions to those Forestry Development Authority - FDA regional meetings- 16 people from each county

FFI and UNDP

Budget: $200,000

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Respondents were asked to provide name of the top three most successful and the potentially top three most effective, yet under applied formats for REDD+ training in Liberia. The respondents most frequently identified the delivery of in-person training/workshops, study tours/field trips and training materials such as manuals and introductory guides (2/5 respondents each). Power point slide presentations, long term mentoring and radio/TV were also mentioned (1/5 respondents each). On the other hand the top three under applied formats for providing REDD+ training were long term mentoring, training materials -such as manuals and introductory guides- and study tours/demonstrations (3/5 respondents each. Posters/flyers, in person training, internet based training (2/5) and radio/TV, such as videos in local languages (1/5) were also listed as underused formats by respondents.

Geographic Coverage and number of trainings

The respondents mentioned that most training events took place particular in Monrovia, and that some small villages were also targeted. There were training events hosted by Fauna and Flora International that took place in Greenville, Seekon, Juazon villages in the county of Sinoe. Other villages around the Wonegizi Proposed Protected area in Lofa County were also the site of trainings events on forest carbon projects (see figure 3). Government officials have also participated in international training events. Respondents frequently mentioned trainings held Cameroon in recent years under an initiative led by Congo Basin Forest Partnership.

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Figure 3. Distribution of training areas

Source: Google Maps


Respondents were asked to identify the barriers to supplying sufficient REDD+ training in Liberia. A list of five barriers was provided for their consideration and the results are summarized in table 5. Most respondents thought resources to organize trainings and a scarcity of in country experts was a hindrance (4/6 respondents each), respondents mentioned the lack of funding to pay instructors, to bring outside experts, to house participants, to pay for space and to travel to communities. The availability of training materials in local languages, dedicated training materials and human resources to organize more trainings were also considered important barriers.



Resources to organize trainings 4 (80%)

In-country experts 4 (80%)



Local language materials 2 (40%)

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Similarly, the interviewees were asked their perception of the barriers to participation in trainings(table 6). Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of the training available was the number one obstacle named by interviewees (4/5 respondents) followed by participant’s lack of awareness of their need for training and the costs of attending the trainings (3/5 respondents). The long a time commitment required of participants, topics not being aligned with specific needs, the access to technology and permission from the employer were also perceived as obstacles.



Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of training 4 (80%)


Costs to participants 3 (60%)



Access to technology 2 (40%)


3.3 Training Demand

3.3.1 Interview perceptions of training demand Respondents were invited to share their opinions on the demand for REDD+ training, including the subject matter, format, length and audiences. The following sub-section summarizes these perceptions of REDD+ training demand Liberia, divided among:

Audience groups

Thematic areas


Geographic coverage


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Audience groups

The respondents were asked to list the audience groups which they thought need more access and a greater supply of REDD+ training. All respondents thought government at all levels should be prioritized (5/5 respondents), as well as local communities (3/5 respondents) and NGOs (2/5 respondents). A couple of respondents thought that the top levels of government such as ministries from other sectors, for example the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Finance, Planning, Mining and Agriculture, should be involved. Project developers, indigenous groups and the private sector (such as land use industries) were also considered (1/5 respondents). Some respondents commented that the private sector should be target at least to raise awareness and understanding about REDD+. Respondents fel that this information would help the sector to understand the potential benefits of changing their practices and investing in REDD+.

Two respondents mentioned audiences that were not included in the survey list, including elites (business and educated people) and groups working on greenhouse gas inventories from other sectors.

Thematic areas

Responded were asked their opinion about the thematic areas listed in section 3.1 (table 3) that have a high demand in Liberia. Insofar as prioritizing themes for future trainings, forest inventories and carbon accounting were the most frequently mentioned topics(3/5 respondents), followed by other technical topics such as baseline calculations and MRV, REDD+ finance and benefit sharing (2/5 respondents each). The rest of thematic areas listed in table 3, were also mentioned but just by one person each. Respondents also named topics that were not in the survey list, including policy and legal instruments for REDD+, conflict management, REDD + concepts and opportunity costs of REDD+.


When asked about the sources of other requests for training, respondents identified government representatives and NGOs (5/5 respondents), as well as community based organizations (4/6 respondents). Two of the interviewees had also received requests from the private sector.

Respondents also described the nature of requests that they had received for REDD+ training. The list below summarized the information provided:

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Longer duration training

More field trips/study tours with on-the-ground application of calculation techniques and step-by-step training on how to develop community forestry projects

More detailed instruction on IPCC guidelines, how to apply the rules for the inventory

More financial support to the REDD+ focal points to get access to more advanced trainings

Linkages between mitigation and adaptation

Conflict resolution trainings. Linked to the identification of important players involved in the threats for deforestation such as mining companies and the forestry sector as well as university students, other educated members of the community, financial institutions, and forest dwelling communities. REDD will be a type of concession and thus there will be overlapping concessions for mining or forestry, so conflicting interests need to be managed by creating an avenue for dialogue to explain the problem and the need for conservation.

Strategies for alternative livelihoods that replace logging and provide for living expenses and other benefits such as roads and infrastructure development often provided by logging companies

Taking advantage of the New Forestry Reform Law which devolves management authority to community associations with permits for commercial, conservation and community forestry operations

Training the FDA, EPA, Minister of Finance, Agriculture and Environment how to carry out national baseline calculations and MRV

Disaster management- agricultural adaptation

National forest inventories

Community managed forest associations and Community/County Forests Development Committees (CFDCs) would like to learn about forest carbon inventories and accounting and ultimately be able to learn how to develop their own PDDs

Carbon finance (carbon markets)

Benefit sharing

Carbon rights

Monitoring of biodiversity

REDD+ feasibility assessments

Community forest monitoring

General information about different Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes

Creating a venue for exchanging lessons learned from community forest projects all over the country

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Geographic coverage

Respondents were asked to indicate the regions of the country where there was the greatest need for additional training. , the respondents mentioned that the focus will be still Monrovia, but it will be important to make an effort to reach rural areas that cover around 80% of the country. Monrovia is important because most technical capacity is concentrated and because it is the place where offices of government agencies and international and national NGOs are centralized. The Forest Development Authority divided Liberia into 5 forestry regions (some regions have 2, 3 or 4 counties each) and each region has one forestry officer. Respondents specifically mentioned the following forested counties: Sinoe, Grand Gedeh, River Gee, Grand Kru, Grand Bassa, River Cess, Lofa, Gbapolu Cape Mont, Nimba. Another participant thought areas such as in the North East - where mining and other foreign companies are active and likely to build plantations and develop and degrade the land - should be targeted. Finally one respondent mentioned the importance of integrating governance at the level of the entire Congo Basin region, with COMIFAC leading the effort.

Figure 3. Areas identified as needing additional REDD+ training

Source: Google Maps


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The last question asked for some general recommendations for improving the REDD+ training in Liberia so that it better contributes to the readiness process. Below is a summary of respondents’ suggestions:

More long- term support or mentoring for the FDA

A few weeks of training divided by working groups assigned different technical topics (based on their previous knowledge and expertise)

Translate training materials into local languages and adapt training materials to different audiences (more basic guides, tools, posters or oral presentations for less literate or illiterate people)

More widespread consultations at both local and national levels

Radio/TV communications campaign

Promote the study of REDD+ and carbon accounting among young Liberian students to ensure long term sustainability and country led ownership of the process

Demonstrations of tangible - on site - direct livelihood and income generating activities by the REDD+ program

Take into account the knowledge of forest dwelling peoples into training courses and identify the boundaries of their land through local mapping.

4. Conclusions

REDD+ trainings in Liberia have been implemented by different organizations, but the current training supply does not meet the demand required by the audiences. Several institutions such as government agencies, international and local NGOs and multilateral agencies have offered REDD+ trainings, but there is still the need to reach specific audiences, provide more advanced courses, and to ensure the delivery of trainings to stakeholders in rural areas of the country.

The training audiences most targeted in Liberia have been NGOs, local communities, and governments, but it is still necessary to increase the number of training events to these stakeholders, especially people in rural areas and representatives from all levels of the government. For future training initiatives, these audience groups should be the priority, and among government representatives, there is a need to reach all sectors of the government, beyond the sectors traditionally involved in forest management and the environment. .

A range of training formats have been used in Liberia, including long term mentoring, in-person training, posters/flyers, radio and TV. Respondents mentioned that all these trainings have been effective, but that other formats, like study tours/field trips and additional manuals and introductory guides would be helpful.

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A wide list of thematic areas have been covered during REDD+ trainings in Liberia, usually at the introductory levels. Survey and interview participants indicated that more advanced trainings are now needed. There is also a need to prepare and apply training materials in local languages and adapted to local contexts, especially for local governments and communities living in rural areas.

The majority of training events have been concentrated in Monrovia and much of the country has not had access to these events. Capacity building for local governments and communities are critical in all phases of the REDD+ preparation process and implementation. Training of regional forest commission officers is crucial for training to be decentralized. Ultimately the EPA and FDA have decision-making authority for policy and strategy development and they also require the technical background knowledge to implement national baselines, model and forecast deforestation and develop national or regional MRV systems.

To meet the REDD+ training demand of different audiences it will be necessary to overcome technical and operational barriers. The most important barrier to deal with is the lack of national and local capacities; increasing capacities will require more funding, the collaboration of all training providers and a good understanding of the training demand. Training needs assessments could provide valuable information that could help to address these barriers.

5. Recommendations

Based on interview and survey responses, the following recommendations were identified to improve the effectiveness of REDD+ training in Indonesia (Table 9).



1. Audience groups

Local communities and NGOs need more access to training activities.

It will be important to conduct a training needs assessment to evaluate actual capacity building needs and get current information that helps in the design of new training programs for local technicians and local communities. It is necessary to reach forest dwelling communities or those living near forest with, training materials and oral presentations in Liberian English, The provision of spaces for public consultations in major

27

cities and in local villages can be an initial way for representatives of local communities’ to express their grievances and request training. Workshops or informal meetings for exchanging lessons learned between community forest projects across would be an opportunity to provide this space, and can also be used for conducting the training needs assessments.

Others government sectors - at national and local levels - besides the forest and agriculture sectors, still require REDD+ training.

To address the complexity of REDD+, it will be essential to include other sectors of the government such as Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Finance, Planning, Mining and Agriculture. Government officials and technicians at all levels (e.g. directors, field technicians) should be prioritized, targeted, and integrated during training events. It is critical that REDD+ training targets local level government due to the major influence these officials will have on how REDD+ is implemented ‘on-the-ground.’

2. Thematic areas

There are thematic areas that have not yet been sufficiently covered by training initiatives

To further the development of REDD+ national strategy, it will be important to provide additional training on key thematic areas. Topics such as forest inventories, baseline calculations/references level, PDD development, REDD+ finance (including public, voluntary and compliance carbon markets) and greenhouse gas inventories linked to MRV systems are topics that require more attention. Training in these areas will need to be conducted at a general level for some audiences and at a more advanced level for others.


Training materials need to be adapted to local languages

A preliminary step to address this challenge can be the translation of training materials into local languages and also adapt these materials to different audiences (e.g.

28

and contexts. more basic guides, tools, posters or oral presentations for less literate or illiterate people) It will be important to adapt training materials based on consultations -at both local and national levels- with experts and local communities. Provide advanced trainings that will require more expertise, better training-design and better training materials; funding to implement this kind of activities is needed. Specific training for specific individuals such as those in charge on GHG inventories and reporting need to be developed. Other themes can be included in these individual trainings.

Lack of resources such as financial incentives and in-country experts, is a significant barrier that needs to be addressed.

More financial support to REDD+ trainers will be crucial to achieve capacity building goals. Long term training programs that attempt to create national experts and trainers should be included in REDD+ national and project planning. The participation of national universities could help to create long term training programs by the development of specific semester or yearlong training modules for students and other targeted audiences.


REDD+ trainings are still not well distributed across the country.

Since Liberia is working toward the creation of a REDD+ national system, it will be fundamental to ensure the expansion of training activities beyond the capital. Monrovia will still be an important location for national training events, but other major cities and villages where local communities and NGOs live and work need more access to training activities. Training of regional forest commission officers is also crucial for training to be decentralized and so that performance can be made more accountable for the 15 counties.

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REDD+ Training Supply and Needs in Madagascar


This report is part of a multi-country assessment of REDD+ training that was funded with a grant from the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC). The AGRC is a partnership between 16 organizations that are committed to enhancing the quality and availability of training on REDD+ worldwide. This study on REDD+ training in the Madagascar was led by AGRC member Conservation International (CI).

2

Acronyms


AFD Agence Française de Développement

ANAE National Association for Environmental Action



CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement




GHG Greenhouse Gas




ONE Office National de L’Environnement






UNDP United Nation Development Programme


WWF World Wildlife Fund

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Executive Summary

This study aims to assess current REDD+ training supply and demand in Madagascar, and to identify training needs and gaps. A sample of sixteen training providers was included in the study, participating through an online survey and/or phone interview. The overall conclusion is that the supply of REDD+ training does not yet meet the demand in Madagascar. This report describes recent training activity in the country and highlights some of the priorities for future REDD+ training initiatives. Respondents described more than nine different training initiatives led by four different organizations between January 2010 and May 2012. These were targeted primarily at the staff of non-governmental organizations and government agencies, and to a lesser extent at university students, local communities, and representatives from donor agencies. In-person training events, long term mentoring programs and training manuals were the most widely used formats for the delivery of REDD+ instruction, but other formats were also used, including printed guides, posters and flyers, internet-based lessons, study tours, radio and television broadcasting. A wide range of thematic areas were covered through these initiatives. The most commonly cited topics included REDD+ policy, measurement, reporting and verification of emissions (MRV), forest inventories and carbon accounting, reference levels, the basic elements of climate change, social safeguards, and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and degradation. At least seven out of ten respondents indicated that their training events had covered these topics. A number of additional topics was covered by fewer of the training initiatives. Most of the in-person training events were conducted in the capital city of Antananarivo, but events were also held in Ranomafana, Andasibe and Makira, near the sites of pilot REDD+ projects. All interviewees indicated that there is a need for additional investment in REDD+ training in Madagascar. All indicated that the highest priority is to train government representatives. Seven of ten interviewees also prioritized training for university professors and students. The most highly prioritized thematic area for additional training was benefit sharing. Respondents highlighted the need to reach audiences outside of Antananarivo, especially in the eastern humid forest, where most REDD+ activities are taking place. There is also a need to provide training in Malagasy and adapted to the local context. The interviewees concurred that additional financial and human resources will be needed to address the demand for REDD+ training in coming years.

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1. Introduction



This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in Madagascar between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs.


2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and a detailed interview that was done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through a review of the Madagascar’s Readiness Preparation Proposal and other key documents that


conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of

forest carbon stocks in developing countries” (UNFCCC 2007)

2 The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC)2, a distributed global network of respected organizations committed to

providing the expertise, training, and tools required by REDD+ stakeholders. The AGRC currently has 16 members with the

expectation of growth in the coming months. The members are Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, Rainforest Alliance, UNREDD, World Bank Institute, and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, Center for People and Forests- RECOFTC, Yale-Smithsonian Environmental Leadership Training Initiative -ELTI, Forum for Readiness on REDD, Forest Trends and the Katoomba Group, CATIE, IUCN, GIZ, Conservation Strategy Fund, International Education Institute of Brazil – IIEB, Global Canopy Programme, the Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance and OTS

5

describe the country’s REDD+ process and also through referrals from other contacts in the country. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.

2.1 Online Survey

The online survey was administered between February and June, 2012. To promote higher response rates, the survey was short and included brief questions regarding five categories of information. These categories are described below and the complete survey can be found in Appendix 1.












Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance




Other


6


Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in Madagascar but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2.



All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in Madagascar, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved.


The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings in Madagascar. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved.

Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in Madagascar, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

2.3 Country Profile

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Madagascar has 12.5 million hectares of forest land and an annual rate of deforestation of 0.45% during the period from 2000-20103. Containing 5% of the world’s plants and animal species, the country is well known for its biological diversity (80% are endemic to the island) with plant diversity estimated to be at least 12,000 species and possibly as many as 14,000-15,0004. About 12 million ha of natural forests in Madagascar were lost between 1960 and 2000, with an effective reduction of the forest cover by 50% in only 40 years (World Bank, 2003, cited by Madagascar FCPC, RPP 20105). Regarding CO2 emissions, the second national communication submitted to the UNFCCC, reports a total of 650,1 Gg of which 116,9 ,Gg are emissions from the conversion of forests to grasslands6.

Madagascar has been negotiating access to support from Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)7 but this process slowed in 2009 due the lack of World Bank recognition for the country’s de facto government8. Despite this situation, work on REDD+ in Madagascar has continued, including the development of forest carbon projects9 and training activities led by NGO’s and universities10.

The Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), an FCPF requirement for funding, is the roadmap that should orient Madagascar during its REDD+ readiness process. The purposes of the R-PP are to ensure integration of REDD+ strategies in sectoral policies and strategies, and to manage and coordinate REDD+ related actions in Madagascar. The institutional arrangements proposed will integrate different institutions. A decision-making process will be led by the Inter-

3 Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). EVALUATION DES RESSOURCES FORESTIÈRES MONDIALES 2010 RAPPORT NATIONAL MADAGASCAR. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al556F/al556F.pdf 4 Goodman et al 2005. Goodman, S.M., Benstead, J.P.2005. Short Communication Updated estimates of biotic diversity and endemism for Madagascar. Oryx Vol 39 No 1 January 2005; Madagascar. 2010. Readiness Preparation Proposal. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. The World Bank. 5 UN-REDD 2011a. Website: Indonesia. http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/DemocraticRepublicofCongo/tabid/1027/language/en-US/Default.aspx 5 Ploch et al 2012. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40448.pdf Ploch, L., Cook, N. 2012. Madagascar’s Political Crisis. Congressional Research Service 7-5700 R40448. www.crs.gov http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40448.pdf 5 Based on information collected during interviews and reports from the Forest Carbon Portal http://www.forestcarbonportal.com/projects?search=&proj_type=All&seeking=All&market=All&country=mg&standard=All 5 University of Antanarivo has developed three courses: introduction to climate change, forest carbon project and REDD+

readiness. http://essaforets.wordpress.com/support-de-cours-en-ligne/changement-climatique-et-projets-de-carbone-

forestier/

6 Madagascar UNFCCC. Second National Communication. 2010. http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php 7 UN-REDD 2011a. Website: Indonesia. http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/DemocraticRepublicofCongo/tabid/1027/language/en-US/Default.aspx 8 Ploch et al 2012. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40448.pdf Ploch, L., Cook, N. 2012. Madagascar’s Political Crisis. Congressional Research Service 7-5700 R40448. www.crs.gov http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40448.pdf 9 Based on information collected during interviews and reports from the Forest Carbon Portal http://www.forestcarbonportal.com/projects?search=&proj_type=All&seeking=All&market=All&country=mg&standard=All 10 University of Antanarivo has developed three courses: introduction to climate change, forest carbon project and REDD+ readiness. http://essaforets.wordpress.com/support-de-cours-en-ligne/changement-climatique-et-projets-de-carbone-forestier/

http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al556F/al556F.pdf



http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40448.pdf

http://www.crs.gov/


http://www.forestcarbonportal.com/projects?search=&proj_type=All&seeking=All&market=All&country=mg&standard=All


http://essaforets.wordpress.com/support-de-cours-en-ligne/changement-climatique-et-projets-de-carbone-forestier/


http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php

http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php




http://www.crs.gov/






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ministerial Committee on the Environment (CIME); a steering, coordination, and technical support role played by a REDD Technical Committee CT-REDD (during the three years of readiness processes, the latter will gradually become the REDD+ Readiness Coordination Platform, (PCP-REDD+); and an operational role played by a REDD+ Executive Office (BER) managed by an Executive Secretary who will ensure that activities are implemented according to the defined plan and develop the REDD+ readiness technical reports. The regional forest commissions will report to the PCP-REDD+ at the regional level, during the preparation and implementation phases of REDD+, as a way to decentralize technical services and promote the participation of communities. The REDD+ unit (U-REDD) is a member of the PCP-REDD+, and it plays the role of secretarial department of CIME during the meetings on the REDD+. Members are in permanent contact with CIME, and meetings on REDD+ can be held every 6 months. Its role is to guarantee coherence of REDD+ activities with sustainable forest policy. The U-REDD assures the integration of the decisions taken within CIME in the PCP-REDD+. This unit is also in charge of the national REDD registry. The U-REDD is a long-lasting structure whereas the PCPR exists only in a limited time to the REDD+ preparation period.11

In June 2012, the government, universities and non-governmental organizations held a three day forum for practitioners of REDD+ activities in Madagascar to share their experiences and to identify opportunities for collaboration that can lead towards an integrated approach to REDD+ in the country. The workshop was called “Opportunities and Challenges for the Coordination of Sub-National REDD+ Activities in Madagascar” and it was coordinated by Conservation International.

Madagascar's six administrative provinces (faritany mizakatena) were subdivided into 22 regions (faritra) in 2004 as seen in Figure 1 below. The regions are further subdivided into 119 districts, 1,579 communes, and 17,485 fokontany.

11

R-PP annexes:

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Oct2010/M

adagascar%20R-PP%20v12%20-%20Annexes%20-%20English.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Oct2010/Madagascar%20R-PP%20v12%20-%20Annexes%20-%20English.pdf

http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Oct2010/Madagascar%20R-PP%20v12%20-%20Annexes%20-%20English.pdf

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Figure 1. Map: 22 regions of Madagascar

1. Diana 2. Sava 3. Itasy 4. Analamanga 5. Vakinankaratra 6. Bongolava 7. Sofia 8. Boeny 9. Betsiboka 10. Melaky 11. Alaotra-Mangoro 12. Atsinanana (East) 13. Analanjirofo 14. Amoron’i Mania 15. Haute Matsiatra (Upper Matsiatra) 16. Vatovavy-Fitovinany 17. Atsimo-Atsinanana (South-East) 18. Ihorombe 19. Menabe 20. Atsimo-Andrefana (South-West) 21. Androy 22. Anosy

Copyright 2007 Johansson

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3. Results

3.1 Survey and Interview participation

We contacted 37 people working on REDD+ to request that they fill out the online survey and/or participate in the structured interview. Of these, 16 responded, representing eight organizations and one consultant: Conservation International (2), University of Antananarivo (4), Tany Meva Foundation (2), CIRAD (2), Good Planet (2), Wildlife Conservation Society (1), Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation (1), Office Nationale de l’Environnent (ONE) (1) and one consultant.

Of the respondents, 10 filled out the online survey and five of those also participated in the structured interview. Five other individuals who were not training providers also participated in the interview bringing the total to 10 for the longer phone interview. One additional consultant gave some comments over email but did not complete the structured interview.

Findings are divided between data gathered from the online questionnaire (10 respondents), and quantitative responses and qualitative perceptions (10 respondents) gathered during the interview process. Not all participants responded to all questions. The ‘Supply of Training’ results, which correspond to the online survey, includes results from 10 respondents. The ‘Perceptions of Supply and Demand’ section, which corresponds to questions from the longer interview, shows results from between six to 10 respondents to each question. The "Perceptions of Supply and Demand" is based on qualitative responses about which the degree to which different audience groups and themes need additional training investments more priority as well as successful and underutilized formats.

3.2 Training Supply

The following section presents results of the online survey regarding REDD+ training supply. These findings are divided among:

Audience groups


Thematic areas Audience groups

Table 1 shows that most respondents surveyed listed the following audience groups as the main ones targeted by REDD+ training providers: NGOs, project developers and academic institutions (9/10 respondents each), followed by the public sector (8/10 respondents). Groups such as donors and local communities were also targeted but were less frequently listed (5/10 respondents) and by contrast, the private sector (land-use industries) and indigenous people

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were infrequently targeted. The four respondents that listed “Others” were referring to students and financial institutions. Table 1. Target audience groups for REDD+ training (10 respondents)


NGOs 9 (90%)



Government 8 (80%)

Donors 5 (50%)


Others 4 (40%)





Respondents indicated the training and awareness raising formats used by their institutions in Madagascar since 2010 and estimated the number of people that were reached with these formats. The respondents indicated that posters/flyers have reached the largest number of people, approximately 1,755 people, which is more than half of the total reached by all formats combined (3,135) In-person training reached the next largest number of people, reaching an estimated 545 people, followed by training manuals and introductory guides (365 and 215 respectively). Long term mentoring had reached 180 people. Radio/TV, study tours and internet-based training were not widely used. These results are shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Total number of people reached per training format (using the average of outreach/ number of impact ranges) (10 respondents) 2010 to present

The most commonly used training formats were in-person trainings (9/10 respondents), long term mentoring and training manuals (7/10respondents). Internet based courses, radio/TV, study tours and posters/flyers were the least used formats (Table 2).


Training formats Number of respondents

In-person training 9 (90%)

Long term mentoring 7 (70%)

Training manuals 7 (90%)

Introductory guides 5 (50%)


Internet-based training 2 (20%)

Study tours 2 (20%)

Radio/TV 1 (10%)

Thematic areas

Table 3 shows the frequency with which respondents considered that the institutions training events fell into the thematic categories presented below. Most of the respondents (8/10), indicated that their trainings covered some of the more technical topics such as forest inventories, baseline calculations/reference levels and MRV. Most also focused on national

1755

545 365

215 180 35 30 10

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

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level preparation such as government REDD+ policy development and planning (8/10), REDD readiness support (7/10), analyzing drivers of deforestation and strategies to address them (7/10) and international climate change negotiations or UNFCCC processes (6/10). Social safeguards and basics of climate change science also ranked high (7/10) but in contrast environmental safeguards were not as considered. Topics such as REDD+ finance (including voluntary and compliance carbon markets), project development and benefit sharing were only listed by half of respondents and REDD+ and greenhouse gas inventories in general were the least frequently covered areas in trainings.



Government REDD+ policy development and planning 8 (80%)



Calculating reference/reference emission levels (baselines) 8 (80%)

The basics of climate change science 7 (70%)

Supporting REDD+ readiness process 7 (70%)



7 (70%)







Greenhouses gases inventories 1 (10%)

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The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of interviewees regarding the adequacy of supply of training in Madagascar. All respondent indicated that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet the demand as they perceive. The results of the interviews are presented in regards to several key topics:

These are divided among:



Geographic coverage




Through the longer interviews more detailed information was gathered about the training events supplied by each organization since 2010. The intention was to collect information such as the title of each event and its corresponding format, the number of training events per organization, and the duration, location, number in attendance, dates and any specific audience members and funders who supported the training. The data is not complete because not all respondents provided this level of detail (Table 4).

The respondents thought that based on recent trainings, the groups most targeted have been government officials from the National Environment Office, Ministry of the Environment and Madagascar National Parks authorities. Staff of international NGOs, such as Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund /Good Planet and Wildlife Conservation Society, have received training for several years as part of their work on forest carbon projects. Thematic areas covered at this level include international climate change policies, the nested approach to link subnational initiatives (carbon projects) with REDD+ national strategies, and REDD+ revenue distribution. REDD+ introductory topics have been offered to local communities and local technicians from government and NGO. An example mentioned by the respondents is the “Climate Change and the Role of Forests” initiative held by CI, which attempts to train local leaders with the use of training materials translated into Malagasy.

Table 4. Detailed Description of Supply of Training Events since 2010 by Organization Name and

Type of Organization


Wildlife Conservation

1. General information on REDD+ workshops:

Ongoing information campaign on REDD+ and the Makira REDD project with particular emphasis on REDD revenue generation and use. These

In person delivery of training/workshops for both training

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Society (WCS) information sessions are geared towards local communities living in and around the project area of the Makira REDD project.

50 people in attendance.

events

2. REDD+ Revenue Sharing: Contributions to several workshops on the theme of equitable and transparent REDD+ revenue sharing, based mainly on the experience of the Makira REDD+ project in Madagascar

Duration: 2-3 days each

Location: DRC, Mozambique and Madagascar

Total # in attendance: 30-50 participants each event

Dates: in 2011 and 2012

Funders: WCS (DRC and Madagascar) and FCPF (Mozambique)

University of Antananarivo Forestry Department - (ESSA Forêts)

1. Climate Change and

REDD+ modules, in

collaboration with

Conservation

International

Duration: 2 weeks

Location: University of Antananarivo

Audience: part of a Master’s course: 11 modules and one about climate change, forest carbon projects, and REDD+ readiness

Total # in attendance: 40 people

Dates: November 2011

In person delivery of training/workshops for both training events

2. Capacity building

workshop on Climate

Change and REDD+, in

collaboration with

Conservation

International

Duration: 3 days


Total # in attendance: 60-70 people with 10 outside experts

Dates: 25-27 October 2011

Funders: Conservation International

Language: French and English, not Malagasy

3. Soil Carbon Duration: One afternoon



Dates: September 2009

Funders: Helvetas Swiss Inter-Cooperation

4. New webpage on ‘Climate

Change, Forest Carbon

Projects and REDD+’ on

the University of

Antananarivo’s ESSA

Forêts’ departmental

website.

New webpage on ‘Climate Change and Forest Carbon Projects’ that will host any course materials and events related to REDD+ training in collaboration with Conservation International


Conservation International

1. Training of Trainer’s

workshop: “Climate

Change and the Role of

Forests” with support of

ESSA/Forêts

Duration: 4 days

Location: Ranomafana

Audience: civil society and local communities

Dates: 17-20 October 2011

Number of people in attendance: 25-29

f. Language: French/English/Malagasy

In person delivery of training/ workshops

2. Opportunities and

Challenges for the

Coordination of Sub-

National REDD+ Activities

in Madagascar

Duration: 3 days

Location: Antananarivo

Audience: government and project developers (NGOs)

Dates: June 3-14, 2012





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Language: French and English

CIRAD 1. Analysis on drivers of deforestation and development of allometric Equations for Carbon Calculations in Madagascar (Module 1): to build capacity necessary to create national baselines

Duration: 5 weeks of modules and then extending to a year and a half of long term training

Location: Antananarivo

Audience: technicians from ONE

Dates: Mid-May 2012- ongoing


Budget: 300,000 euros

Funders: AfD

Long term mentoring

The Forest Department of University of Antananarivo (ESSA/Forêts) is developing a permanent capacity building program on topics related to climate change science, mitigation and adaptation. Recently, ESSA/Forêts with the support of CI has developed three university courses (or modules) for students, and are also planning on creating online courses that can be offered to other African countries.

CIRAD, a French research centre working with developing countries on agricultural and development issues, is providing in-depth technical training in the form of 5 week modules to analyze past deforestation by creating historical maps using remote sensing and forecasting future deforestation and emissions with allometric equations and ground sampling. They trained 10 technicians from the Office National de L’Environnement (ONE), a public agency in charge of the National Monitoring System, teaching them how to build national baseline scenarios. After further requests from ONE on reinforcing capacity building on these subjects, they extended the training for a year and a half of long term mentoring with support from AfD. Training/awareness raising formats (Successful and underused training formats)

Respondents were asked to name the top three most successful training formats for providing REDD+ training. The leading format was in-person training/workshops (6/8 respondents), followed by study tours/field trips (3/8 respondents). Other training formats such as PowerPoint slides and books, manuals and introductory guides and long-term mentoring were each mentioned by just two respondents. Internet-based training and scientific articles were mentioned by one person each. When asked to rank the top three most effective, yet under-utilized, formats for providing REDD+ training, internet based training (including webinars and tutorials for software, 6/10 respondents) and training manuals and introductory guides (5/8 respondents) were frequently mentioned. Radio/TV (4/10 respondents), posters/flyers, study tours/field trips and long term mentoring were recurring formats acknowledged (3/10 respondents). Additional formats identified as underutilized that were not specified in the survey list include: PowerPoint slides, a

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national REDD awareness communications campaign, scientific articles and manuals in Malagasy or adapted to the Malagasy context (1/10 respondents).

Geographic Coverage The organizations that participated in the structured phone interviews believed that most of in-person trainings have been delivered events in Antananarivo, the capital. Also field trips and local trainings have been developed in small villages around Ranomafana, Andasibe and Makira where forest carbon projects are under development. Figure 2. Distribution of sites were training has been provided

Source: Google Maps


Respondents were asked which of five barriers to providing a sufficient supply of training were the most important. All respondents thought that a lack of resources to organize trainings (6/6 respondents) were a critical barrier, meaning they did not have enough funds to pay instructors, house participants, pay for space and travel to communities. Other important barrier considered was the scarcity of training materials in local languages (5/6 respondents). A lack of in-country experts to provide the training and dedicated training materials were also considered a barrier by two respondents (Table 5).

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Resources to organize trainings 6 (100%)

Local language materials 5 (83%)

Scarcity of in-country experts 2 (33%)




Similarly, interviewees were asked to identify the barriers that training participants face (Table 6). Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of the training available was the number one obstacle named (5/6 respondents). The length of the time commitment, the topics not being aligned with specific needs and access to technology were also perceived as obstacles but by only two respondents each. Only one respondents felt that costs is an obstacle to participation. None of the respondents considered permission from their employer and participants not being aware of their need for training as barriers to participation.



Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make

use of training 5 (83%)

Time commitment too long 2 (33%)


Access to technology 2 (33%)

Costs to participants 1 (17%)


Employer permission 0 (0%)

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3.3 Training Demand

3.3.1 Perceptions of training demand Respondents were invited to provide their opinions on REDD+ training demand. The following sub-section summarizes the training demand in Madagascar regarding:

Audience groups

Thematic areas


Geographic coverage

Improvements to REDD+ training to better contribute to readiness Audience groups

The respondents were asked to list the audience groups which they thought need more access and a greater supply of REDD+ training. All respondents thought government at all levels should be prioritized (10/10 respondents), the next most frequently prioritized audiences included academic institutions (university students and professor, 7/10 respondents), local communities and NGOs, and project developers (5/5 respondents). Donors, the private sector (such as land use industries) and financial institutions were mentioned by at least one respondent.

Thematic areas

Respondents were asked to opine which of the thematic areas listed in section 3.1 (table 3) have a high demand in Madagascar. The most frequently cited theme was, benefit sharing (7/10 respondents), followed by social and environmental safeguards and MRV (4/10 respondents each) and reference levels/baseline calculations (3/10 respondents). Other themes such as government development and planning, project development, driver of deforestation and forest inventories we also mentioned but just by one respondent.

Other topics that participants cited as requiring more attention from training providers were: understanding the nested approach (or integrating project level activity to national baselines), the bundling of ecosystem services such as biodiversity with carbon, classifying the different forest types in Madagascar and linked to carbon stock assessments, and the creation of national historical forest maps (one respondent mentioned that ONE is creating such a map but needs to increase the capacities of the technicians).


When asked where additional requests for training were coming from, respondents mentioned that additional requests have been made mostly by government agencies -at the national and local levels- and from trainings participants (5/6 respondents each) and local NGOs (4/6

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respondents). A couple of interviewees also received requests from community based organizations and the private sector, but as these groups were targeted less in training events during the past few years, little is known about the request from these audiences.

When asked to describe in more detail the nature of these additional requests, the need to provide advance technical trainings and the need to target local villages in other regions of the countries were the commonly cited. As an example, a respondent from the University of Antananarivo Forestry department mentioned receiving a request for decentralizing training to the other 22 regions in Madagascar (most institutions are centralized in Antananarivo), but realized the capacity and resources for such a comprehensive endeavor might be a limitation. This respondent also thinks there is a need for more technical capacity building in GIS, remote sensing, carbon inventory methods and REDD+ project development, with emphasis on writing skill related to project design documents (PDDs). Another respondent, who was part of the University staff, seconded the notion that more technical courses of longer duration have been requested. Besides the University, international NGOS have been contacted by governments and local organizations for support in trainings. A respondent from CIRAD mentioned a particular request made by the National Association for Environmental Action (ANAE) - an ONG which works on reforestation projects- to receive training on allometric models. Another respondent, on this case from Good Planet - an international NGO working on the Holistic Forest Conservation Project - also received requests, in case from ONE for an on-site training to measure above ground biomass stocks in the Kirindy forests in the west of Madagascar. Good Planet is planning to train 10 people from ONE for one week at the end of September 2012. WCS also listed technical requests mostly regarding REDD+ feasibility and project development of pilot project initiatives including the themes of carbon stock assessment, baseline development and revenue sharing and noticed an increasing interest from the private sector. However, WCS thought land use companies were more inclined to hire consulting firms or other specialized companies for REDD+ trainings. Finally, staff from Conservation International identified a more general prerequisite for basic awareness-raising on climate change for communities, and indicated that there is a need to describe the local effects of climate change, instead of talking about melting polar caps which do not exist in Madagascar. In this sense, manuals adapted to the Malagasy context using local examples as much as possible and translated to Malagasy will be essential for conveying the importance of the REDD+ mechanism to a local populace in a way that they understand. The respondent from CI thinks the Training of Trainers event organized by CI (described in Table 4) is a good model for increasing the number of local trainers equipped with the knowledge to travel and raise awareness to the other 22 regions in Madagascar. For low literacy or even illiterate communities a better format would be presentations with oral explanations and posters with big pictures and few letters to convey the message. An innovative concept would be to hire singers or host concerts to raise awareness.

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Geographic coverage

Respondents were asked to indicate whether particular regions of the country are in need of additional training. The respondents agreed that training activities should be dispersed to the other seven cities in the other five provinces (or now divided into 22 regions) of Madagascar. Some respondents specifically mentioned the need to provide training in forest communities around the Eastern - tropical humid forests - and also the Western and South West of Madagascar - which has spiny, dry forests. The respondents think that it is crucial to increase trainings in these areas, specially the Eastern where REDD+ projects and other conservation initiatives are already occurring. On the other hand, the Western region is also a priority due to extreme deforestation problems. The communities living in these regions, especially at the most local level (fokontany), need to be consulted and made of aware of the REDD+ mechanism, including basic trainings regarding the importance of conserving their forests. Universities based in regions of the country (e.g. Toamasina and Fianarantsoa) can serve as training centers to meet the demand of local governments, communities and ONGs. Regional authorities such as the Mayor and the regional ministers of environment and forestry, the regional agricultural office, local forest service technicians, land titling offices and the Commission on Mining Forests (which gives out permits) would benefit from this kind of approach. Improvements to REDD+ training to better contribute to readiness The last interview question asked for general recommendations for improving REDD+ training in Madagascar so that it better contributes to the readiness process. Respondents indicated that it will be critical to increase the training supply to the government, reaffirming the national Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF) as a target agency. However, it will be important to address certain constrains such as the lack of REDD+ official national structures and the lack of coordination on REDD+ issues at the ministerial level due to, for instance, a dearth of funds.

One interviewee recommended that the University of Antananarivo be supported to provide REDD+ training to the government and potentially most of the REDD+ audiences. The Forestry Department (ESSA/Forest) of the university based in Antananarivo, already has designed courses on REDD+ project development and the basics of MRV, these course can be reinforce with more funding so they can be offered in other region of the country.

A respondent suggested that Madagascar can take advantage of the REDD+ projects already in progress. It will be important to increase the collaboration among the different project developers/NGOS and the government by using the lessons learned from each project. A workshop held last June and organized by CI, shows that this kind of collaboration can be a good strategy to improve the construction of the national REDD+ implementation framework. As an example on how this collaboration can be helpful, a respondent mentioned that project

22

experiences on preparing emissions reduction baselines can help the government to build regional and national baselines or reference levels. But to increase this collaboration, more coordination is needed between the different REDD+ projects and the government ministries.

4. Conclusions

REDD+ trainings in Madagascar have been offered mainly by international NGOs, research

institutions and recently by the Forestry Department (ESSA/Forêts) of the University of

Antananarivo. However, current training initiatives do not meet the demand required by the

different audiences involved in REDD+ issues in the country. There are still many gaps in terms

of targeting certain audience groups and geographies, training materials are limited and more

in depth trainings to provide specifics technical topics are needed. Furthermore, to deal with

these gaps, it is essential to overcome barriers such as lack of funding and human resources.

The audiences most targeted during past trainings have been NGOs, government and academic

institutions. By contrast, the private sector, such as land-use industries and local communities,

has been less targeted. The demand is increasing from all of these audiences so it will be

important to keep searching for funding and to increase the collaboration among training

providers to be able to attend to the demand. Also, it will be crucial to pay more attention to

increasing training supply to the least targeted audiences such as the private sector and local

communities and also to design more advance training events.

Based on the findings of this report, most of the trainings provided were introductory trainings

that touch on all the main themes that make up a REDD+ framework (see table 3). These types

of trainings have to keep being implemented when new groups are targeted, but for certain

audiences already deeply involved in REDD+ process at national and project scales, more

advanced trainings have to be created. Continuing to target the different REDD+ audiences with

introductory and advanced trainings will require overcoming critical barriers such as the lack of

funding, the lack of human resources (trainers), and the development of training materials

adapted to local contexts.

The actual Malagasy political situation and the geographies of the countries make it difficult to

meet the demand – the unstable political situation creates an obstacle to international funding

and the distances and inadequate infrastructure make access to the local villages difficult.

Increasing the collaboration between project developers and the national government will be

essential to address some of these training barriers. Carrying out more training needs-

assessments could provide valuable information that could help to address these barriers.

23

5. Recommendations

The following recommendations to improve the effectiveness of REDD+ training in Madagascar

were drawn from the survey and interview responses, (Table 9).



1. Audience groups

The demand for REDD+ training from all the audiences is increasing, and efforts to provide more trainings to local communities and the private sector are needed.

To better understand how to meet the demand, training needs

assessments are suggested. This kind of assessment can be done

by the government, NGOs or the universities.

In terms of aligning local training initiative with REDD+ national

processes, it would be important if the Ministry of Environment

and Forests and the Office National pour l’Environnement REDD+

got more involved.

Supporting the collaboration between the NGOs that are

developing forest carbon projects could take better advantage of

scarce funding and human resources through joint training

programs or materials.

Some of the NGOs are already working in the same areas

of Madagascar and the projects they are developing have

similar approaches.

The experience gained by the NGOs can help the

government to increase their capacities and improve

national level efforts through the implementation of

workshops to exchanges.

Supporting current REDD+ training efforts being held by the

University of Antananarivo can play an important role providing

training events designed based on the need of the different

audiences.

Regional authorities such as mayors and the regional ministers of

environment and forestry, the regional agricultural office, local

forest service technicians, and land titling offices and the

24

Commission on Mining Forests (which gives out permits) should

be included in training events.

More advanced trainings are needed for some thematic areas.

A training need assessment can help get information needed to

prioritize and select thematic areas when more advanced training

events are designed.

Inviting REDD+ project developers to give lectures or

presentations on their experiences with the forest carbon

projects currently underway in Madagascar will be a good source

of information to integrate in training events, especially those

being held by the University of Antananarivo.

2. Thematic areas

Specific thematic areas need to be imparted more in depth by designing more advanced technical trainings.

When designing advance technical workshop, some to the follow

thematic areas should be considered:

Government REDD policy development and planning

Analyzing drivers of deforestation and strategies to

address them,

International climate change negotiations or UNFCCC

processes

Social and environmental safeguards

Benefit sharing

MRV

Reference levels/baseline calculations


Training materials need to be adapted to local languages and contexts, especially when training local communities.

To adapt training materials to local contexts it’s necessary to

increase the collaboration among institutions. The experience

gained by CI through the implementation of a “train of trainers”

workshop with materials in Malagasy can serve as a base.

Using different training formats will also help to adapt training

events into local contexts. More practice oriented training with

field trips and the use of posters/flyers would be a good option

25

for low literacy populations. Radio and TV in particular could have

the potential to reach a very large audience too.

Lack of resources such as financial incentives to develop or adapt training materials to local contexts, are barriers that need to be overcome.

More financial support to REDD+ trainers will be crucial to achieve

capacity building goals.

The collaboration between NGOs and the support of the

University of Antananarivo could reduce operational costs and

make REDD+ trainings more effective by using existing human

resources and designing training events based on the needs of

different audiences.


REDD+ trainings are still not well distributed across the country.

Based on the information collected by this research, the next

recommendation were suggested in terms of targeting audience

in other regions of Madagascar:

Training of regional forest officer representatives and also

members of the Madagascar National Park system can be a

good option for training to be decentralized to the 22

regions.

Alternatively, information can be decentralized to the

countryside through TV and radio and perhaps movies as part

of a national awareness campaign for the 22 regions.

Another option would be to create a local mechanism of

communication where local communities’ representatives

could air their grievances and request or express their needs

for training or understanding of the REDD process to project

developers and local government representatives—in other

words more public consultations.

Finding a way to reach forest dwelling communities or those

living near forest corridors by travelling to where they live

with translators and training materials in Malagasy or oral

26

presentations will be crucial to ensure their participation.

Universities based in regions of the country (e.g. Toamasina

and Fianarantsoa) can serve as training centers to meet the

demand of local governments, communities and NGOs.

1

REDD+ Training Supply and Needs in Papua New Guinea (PNG)


This report is part of a multi-country assessment of REDD+ training that was funded with a grant from the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC). The AGRC is a partnership between 16 organizations that are committed to enhancing the quality and availability of training on REDD+ worldwide. This study on REDD+ training in PNG was led by AGRC member RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests.

2

Acronyms



CCDS Climate-Compatible Development Strategy




FORCERT Forest Management & Product Certification Service


GHG Greenhouse Gas

IGES Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

LEAF Lowering Emissions in Asia’s Forests



NCCC National Climate Change Committee

NEC National Executive Council


OCCD Office of Climate Change and Development


PNG Papua New Guinea


RELs Reference Emission Levels R-PIN Readiness-Project Idea Note


SABL Special Agricultural and Business Lease

TAP Technical Advisory Panel




USAID United States Agency for International Development

VCS Verified Carbon Standard

3

Executive Summary

This study aims to assess current REDD+ training supply and demand in PNG, and to identify training needs and gaps. A sample of 10 training providers was included in the study, participating through an online survey and/or phone interview. The overall conclusion was that the supply of REDD+ training does not yet meet the demand in PNG. Interviewees attributed this to a lack of practical understanding of REDD+ in the local context and a low level of government involvement in training and awareness raising, leaving NGOs and academic institutions to fill this sizeable gap.

As local people own the vast majority of land in PNG they are the main target audience for training along with civil society groups such as NGOs and community-based organizations (CBOs). The private sector has thus far had low involvement in REDD+ training activities. REDD+ demonstration project areas, and more remote areas that have not yet been targeted for logging, were identified as most in need of training. Financial resources were identified as a major training barrier, especially due to the reliance on expensive air transportation to travel across the country.

The most common training themes in PNG are introductory topics such as REDD+ awareness raising and basics of climate change science and to a lesser extent forest inventories, carbon accounting and MRV. Though a focus on introductory topics is to be expected, the higher importance placed on MRV than other topics such as REDD policy development was not expected. This may be partly attributed to the emphasis of MRV under the UN-REDD Programme and the national goal of developing an MRV system by the end of 2013.

There is a reported demand for training to cover a wider range of topics particularly Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), REDD+ project development and benefit sharing.

Participatory training methods such as reflection workshops, study tours and longer-term mentoring are infrequently used in PNG. The Training of Trainers (ToT) model and the use of schools and churches were identified as important channels for widely distributing information. While internet access is limited, there is a high level of interest in the future potential for internet-based REDD+ courses in PNG. At a local level the design of trainings should be informed by a locally specific training needs assessment (TNA), and trainings would benefit from being targeted to specific audience groups, rather than general multi-stakeholder formats. The use of pre-prepared training materials is limited in PNG and where these materials are used more work is required to adapt them to the local context.

The national coordination of REDD+ training efforts in PNG presents a sizeable challenge and requires increased action from the government, civil society and development partners in order to resolve this challenge. One potential option to improve this coordination is to form a national REDD+ training strategy which is coherent with and builds on existing REDD+ relevant plans, such as the UN-REDD National Programme Document.

4

1. Introduction



This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in PNG between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs.


2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and a detailed interview that was done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through RECOFTC’s network and key documents that describe the country’s REDD+ process. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.

2.1 Online Survey






5












Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance




Other



Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in PNG but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2.


Participants from organizations that conduct REDD+ training were asked for detailed descriptions of the training provided, including the place where the training was conducted, the source of funding, and the cost. They were also asked to describe the demand for training as indicated by the number and types of requests

6

that their organizations had received. In addition, these interviewees were asked to describe the barriers that limit their ability to expand the supply of training.

All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in PNG, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved.


The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings in PNG. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved.

Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in PNG, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

2.3 Country Profile

Papua New Guinea (PNG) has 26 million hectares of primary forest intact3. However the level of threat to its forests is high and if current trends continue it is estimated that by 2021 83% of the commercially accessible forest area in existence in 1972 will have been cleared or degraded4. Carbon emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are estimated at 110-126 Mt CO2e 5 making the country one of the highest per capita emitters of CO2 in the world6.

Papua New Guinea was one of the founding members of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations and an early proponent on the international stage for REDD+, bringing an agenda item on RED (without the second D) to the UNFCCC COP 11 in Montreal, alongside Costa Rica and eight other countries.

The PNG Office of Climate Change and Development (OCCD) coordinates climate change action and supports the cross-government National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) in developing climate change policy. The PNG Climate-Compatible Development Strategy (CCDS) has a strong focus on REDD+, with the main components of the draft CCDS and the consultation process endorsed by the National Executive Council (NEC). An Interim Action Plan sets out the immediate priorities for action whilst the CCDS is being finalized7.

3 Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010

Country Report: Papua New Guinea. Available online: http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/papua_new_guinea/73.pdf. (Last accessed 27/6/12). 4 Shearman PL, Bryan JE, Ash J, Hunnam P, Mackay B, Lokes B (2008). ‘The state of the forests of Papua New Guinea: mapping the

extent and condition of forest cover and measuring the drivers of forest change in the period 1972–2002.’ Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: University of Papua New Guinea. 5 Megatons of Carbon Dioxide equivalent.

6 Office of Climate Change and Development (OCCD) (2011). ‘UN collaborative programme on reducing emissions from deforestation

and forest degradation in developing countries (UN-REDD): National Programme Document.’ Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: OCCD. 7 Ibid.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/papua_new_guinea/73.pdf

7

In 2011 the Government of PNG signed a UN-REDD National Programme Document and is one of the first two countries to launch its start-up phase8. The objective of the UN-REDD Programme in PNG is to refine and implement a full Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) roadmap that will drive country actions to obtain a fully operational monitoring system by the end of 2013 that supports PNG’s overall REDD+ framework and readiness efforts.

To achieve this objective five outcomes will be pursued:

1. Readiness Management arrangements in place

2. National MRV system developed

3. Historical drivers of deforestation assessed

4. Monitoring of abatement concepts supported

5. Stakeholders aware of REDD+ activities and opportunities in PNG9

Papua New Guinea also submitted a Readiness-Project Idea Note (R-PIN) to the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) in July 2008, which has undergone Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) review. One of the major concerns of the reviewers is that no consultation process was organized in the preparation of the R-PIN. The status of a full FCPF REDD Readiness Preparation Proposal (RPP) is not yet clear.

The REDD+ Readiness process in PNG has come under broader criticism for low levels of stakeholder engagement and perceived over-reliance on the consulting firm McKinsey for informing the climate change policy process up until 2011. McKinsey has been criticized by environmental groups for a lack of transparency and consultation, and the technical basis of its REDD+ analysis has been called into question10.

Despite early leadership demonstrated at an international level, REDD+ progress within the country itself has been slow, with governance issues, political change and low government capacity posing significant challenges. However, there are NGO-led REDD+ awareness and capacity building efforts underway at a small-scale within the country.

3. Results


We surveyed a sample of 10 organizations providing REDD+ training11 in Papua New Guinea (4 national NGOs, 1 international NGO, 2 governmental organizations, 2 academic institutions and 1 private sector organization; Table 1). Representatives from all organizations participated in an online survey; while four organizations participated in more in-depth phone interviews.

8 UN-REDD Programme (2012). Global Programme 2011 Annual Report, 25-26 March 2012, Asuncion, Paraguay. Available online:

http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=6715&Itemid=53. (Last accessed 27/6/12). 9 UN-REDD Programme (2011). Papua New Guinea website. Available online: http://www.un-

redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/PapuaNewGuinea/tabid/1026/language/en-US/Default.aspx. (Last accessed 15/06/12). 10

Greenpeace (2011). McKinsey’s ‘bad influence’ over rainforest nations around the world: Global consulting firm under fire from new Greenpeace report. Available online: http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/McKinsey-rainforest-report/ (Last accessed 15/06/12). 11


http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=6715&Itemid=53

http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/PapuaNewGuinea/tabid/1026/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/PapuaNewGuinea/tabid/1026/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/McKinsey-rainforest-report/

http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/McKinsey-rainforest-report/

8

Table 1. Organizations included in study


Phone interview

Online survey

Foundation for People and Community Development National NGO X X

University of Papua New Guinea Academic Institution

X X

Tenkile Conservation Alliance National NGO X X

PNG Eco-Forestry Forum National NGO X X

PNG Office of Climate Change and Development Governmental X

Tree Kangaroo Conservation Program International NGO X

PNG Forest Authority Governmental X

Oxford Policy Management Private Sector X

Forest Management & Product Certification Service (FORCERT)

National NGO X

Beijing Normal University – School of Environmental Science and Technology

Academic Institution

X

For the ‘Training Supply’ section, findings are split between data gathered from the online survey, and quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered during the interview process. The ‘Training Demand’ section has perceptions gathered from the interview process only, as questions in this area were not covered in the online survey. A sub-section under ‘Training Supply’ describes the training materials identified during the interview process.

3.2 Training Supply

The following section provides an overview of the online survey results regarding REDD+ training supply. These findings are divided among:

Audience groups


Thematic areas

Audience groups

Table 2 shows that the main audience groups for REDD+ training activities provided by the 10 organizations surveyed are local communities and indigenous peoples (9/10 respondents each), NGOs (6/10 respondents), the general public (5/10), government (5/10) and academic institutions (4/10) were also frequently mentioned. Only one respondent identified REDD+ project developers as a target audience. Additionally, one respondent added CBOs to the list of target audience types.

The vast majority (97%) of land in PNG is owned and managed by local people under customary land tenure and stewardship12. PNG’s constitution guarantees local people the right to make final decisions regarding resource management and empowers them to be involved with conservation of their own land. It therefore

12

Mugambwa, John (2007). A comparative analysis of land tenure law reform in Uganda and Papua New Guinea. Journal of South Pacific Law 11 (1).

9

makes sense for this audience group to be the main target for REDD+ training. The general public was also frequently identified as a target audience for PNG, which was interpreted as a result of customary land tenure.

We partially attribute the targeting of NGOs to donor interest in long-term capacity building for local NGOs (on which REDD+ funding may also depend). Furthermore, as forest conservation and the protection of local community rights often fall within their mandate, national and local NGOs are generally more aware of their need for REDD+ training.






NGOs 5 (50%)

Government 5 (50%)


Donors 3 (30%)



Others 1 (10%)


Figure 1 shows that the training/awareness raising formats reaching the largest number of people since September 2010 have been TV/radio and posters/flyers with an audience of over 18,000 people per format. This was followed by the production of introductory guides to REDD+, with over 15,000 people reached. Study tours, in-person training workshops, and longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals reached the fewest number of people (less than 5,000 per format).

Longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals was seen as most appropriate for a government or NGO audience, while in-person training workshops work best for local communities in rural, hard-to-access areas where the provision of a series of training activities is costly. Furthermore, internet-based training (over 10,000 people reached) was reported to be best applied in the training of government officials, whose internet access is most often available and reliable. Another observation was that organizations frequently tailor training formats applied by others to fit their own situation. This implies that some degree of cross-organizational information sharing is occurring in PNG. The use of visual and audio media in REDD+ messaging appears to be relatively common compared to other formats; one organization indicated that its representatives have spoken on national radio three times since September 2010 to discuss climate change issues and REDD+.

While in-person workshops reached a relatively small audience (4,565 people), all 10 respondents reported use of this format (Table 3). Longer-term mentoring had an even smaller audience size (615 people), yet over half of respondents (6/10) use this format. On the other hand, radio/TV, posters/flyers and internet-based training all had relatively high outreach, yet fewer than half of respondents reported use of each of these formats. Study tours were only used by one respondent.

10

Figure 1. Total number of people reached per training/awareness raising format (September 2010 to present) (10 respondents)

18250 18050

15035

11545

10355

4565

615 30

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Nu

mb

er

of

pe

op

le r

eac

he

d

11


Formats used Number of respondents






Radio/TV 3 (30%)


Study tours 1 (10%)

Thematic areas

Table 4 shows the frequency with which different thematic areas are addressed in training activities provided by the organizations surveyed. Nine respondents indicated that REDD+ awareness raising is a theme covered, while eight indicated that the basics of climate change science is covered. Other common themes include forest inventories and carbon accounting (6/10 respondents), MRV (5/10), and analysis of the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation (5/10). Project development, greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, and Reference Emission Levels (RELs) are the least frequently addressed in training (two or fewer respondents).

We expect a focus on introductory trainings on climate change and REDD+ given that PNG is currently engaged in REDD+ readiness Phase 113. One organization interviewed has provided five introductory training sessions on REDD+ and climate change since September 2010. These sessions were undertaken in collaboration with the PNG Forest Authority and provided to a range of civil society stakeholders including: local communities, community leaders, indigenous peoples, NGOs, CBOs and the general public.

More than half of respondents indicated forest inventories and carbon accounting as a training focus which we may attribute to a growing perception that community carbon accounting is a useful tool for REDD+ awareness raising and knowledge building. One organization is currently undertaking a community forest inventory and carbon accounting pilot project and hopes to commence training in this area in the future.

We interpret the high level of attention that MRV receives in training as possibly due to the national government’s focus in this area with its goal of developing a MRV system by the end of 2013 under the UN-REDD Programme, and the creation of the “MRV and National Communication Division” within the OCCD to implement this system14. The analysis of key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation was identified as a critical training area for raising awareness within the government, despite opposition from industries such as mining.

13

Phase 1: Development of national strategies or action plans, policies, and capacity building; Phase 2: The implementation of national policies and national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities; Phase 3: Results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified (In accordance with Paragraph 73 of the Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session of the Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010). 14

Office of Climate Change and Development (OCCD) (2012). What is MRV? Available online: http://www.occd.gov.pg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=78. (Last accessed: 22/06/2012).

http://www.occd.gov.pg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=78

12

Although MRV is a popular technical training area, other areas such as RELs and GHG inventories are less frequently addressed in training. We may attribute this to the relatively low level of demand for these areas compared to less specialized training on REDD+ basics. Furthermore, training organizations expressed feeling overwhelmed and out of their depth in addressing large, complex topics such as RELs. REDD+ project development and REDD+ finance also ranked low, as respondents regarded these themes as relatively uncertain and complex. One respondent identified sustainable land management in the category of “Other” thematic areas.




9 (90%)


8 (80%)


6 (60%)


5 (50%)


5 (50%)

Social safeguards

4 (40%)


4 (40%)


Benefit sharing

4 (40%)


3 (30%)


3 (30%)


Others

3 (30%)


2 (20%)

Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines) 2 (20%)

Calculating reference/reference emission levels (RELs)

1 (10%)

The above results are not an indication of the number of individuals trained per theme. Data on the number of trainings per theme and their associated audience sizes was not readily available from the online survey or interviews. 3.2.1 Interview perceptions of training supply

In-depth interviews complemented the quantitative data collected by the online survey. The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the four interviewees regarding the supply of training in PNG.

These are divided among:



13

Geographic coverage




REDD+ trainings provided by the organizations interviewed are typically multi-stakeholder rather than for a specific audience group. We attribute the coverage of scientific topics such as climate change vulnerability and biodiversity, where REDD+ is discussed but not central to the training, to the relatively high presence of academic institutions in the survey. For government audiences, REDD+ readiness support and policy development, FPIC and UNFCCC international negotiations are all focal areas. Participatory training was considered important for understanding the views of local communities and sharing challenges and lessons learned.

Table 5 shows the thematic areas covered in trainings since September 2010 by the organizations interviewed for different audience groups, including the training format where specified. Further information on training formats is provided in the section below.

Table 5. Thematic areas, audience groups and training formats (4 respondents)

Thematic area(s) of training

Audience group Training format

REDD+ awareness raising (including opportunities presented by REDD+ becoming a reality in PNG)

Government

NGOs

Forest owners (local communities and indigenous peoples)

Community leaders

General public

CBOs

1 capacity building workshop, 4 regional road shows, and 1 participatory training workshop held in collaboration with PNG Forest Authority; External experts from the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) used as training facilitators.

MRV and Project Design Document (PDD) development

Government

NGOs

Local communities

UN-REDD workshop with technical experts from university. At least 5 workshops held since September 2010.

Climate change vulnerability, impacts and assessment (with focus on forestry and carbon emissions)

University students University semester-long course.

Forest biodiversity (with REDD+ and climate change components)

Academic researchers

Village representatives including conservation and water committee members

ToT model; Courses span 3 days with feedback meetings held 4 times a year to ensure training needs of community are being met; 50 villages reached since September 2010, with 6 direct training participants per village.

14

REDD+ readiness roadmap development, FPIC, and UNFCCC international negotiations

Government Technical working groups followed by on-the-job coaching.

Forest monitoring Local communities Not specified.


Longer-term mentoring and the production of training manuals and guides were most frequently identified as successful training formats (3/4 respondents each). Half of respondents also identified either in-person workshops and/or the production of introductory guides to REDD+ as successful formats. Study tours and radio/TV were not identified as successful formats by any respondents.

The production of training manuals is seen as a critical first step in scaling-up REDD+ training in PNG, with formats such as longer-term mentoring and internet-based training being introduced as a later step. Although radio/TV was not identified as a successful format, two respondents saw this as an underutilized format. While radio/TV is the format reaching the greatest number of people (18,000 since September 2010; see Figure 1) this is still relatively insignificant compared to its potential to access much larger sections of Papua New Guinea’s population of almost 7 million15. It should be noted that some interviewees felt they could only report on formats used by their own organization, due to a lack of familiarity with those used more generally in PNG.

Longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals and internet-based training courses were the most frequently identified formats being underutilized in PNG (3/4 respondents each). Study tours and posters/flyers were not identified by any respondents. The fact that longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals was most frequently identified as both a successful and underutilized format, while reaching one of the lowest numbers of people of any training format (under 1,000 since September 2010; see Figure 1) indicates there is a barrier to the use of this format. A lack of financial resources is likely to be a barrier as this longer-term format is more resource-intensive than a single training event. As internet use grows in PNG, internet-based training courses may allow for basic training to be delivered in areas that are otherwise expensive to reach. Other formats mentioned include: incorporating REDD+ into school curriculums at all levels (including universities) and more widespread use of the ToT model. Several respondents indicated that no single format should be scaled-up, as a combination of all is needed.

Geographic coverage

The four organizations that participated in the phone interviews have a presence in the following provinces: Madang Province, Central Province (Port Moresby), East Sepik Province (Wewak), West New Britain Province (Walindi Nature Center), Sandaun Province (Vanimo, Aitape and Lumi), Morobe Province (Lae and Yopno-Uruwa-Som (YUS) Conservation Areas). Figure 2 shows this distribution.

15 World Bank, (2010). Available online: http://data.worldbank.org/country/papua-new-guinea. (Last accessed: 15/6/2012).

http://data.worldbank.org/country/papua-new-guinea

15




As shown in Table 6, financial resources, in-country experts and dedicated training materials were all frequently identified as barriers to the supply of training (2/4 respondents each). Only 1 respondent mentioned training materials in the local language as a barrier. Organizations differed greatly on whether or financial support posed a significant barrier to delivering training. However a common observation was that the cost of provincial and local level training is high in PNG due to the expense of air transportation between remote locations. Therefore, the number of villages and individuals from each village that can participate is limited. A lack of dedicated training materials was identified as a barrier as PNG-specific materials are extremely limited. Most organizations adapt outside materials to the local context, and there is a critical need for enhanced collaboration between national and international NGOs in the production of PNG-specific training materials. However access to training materials in local languages was not considered a main issue as participants can usually understand basic English. However, the technical terminology associated with REDD+ poses difficulties. The availability of experts was also identified as a barrier – REDD+ knowledge is quite limited, including in the forestry departments of academic institutions. Table 6. Barriers to training supply (4 respondents)



2 (50%)





16


As shown in Table 7, the most frequently identified barriers for training participants were inadequate background knowledge necessary to understand REDD+ concepts and a lack of technology such as Internet access (3/4 respondents each). Participants not being aware of the need for training, and cost, were also frequently mentioned (2/4 respondents each). Time commitment and employer permission were not seen as barriers.

Inadequate background knowledge was primarily identified as an issue at the village level, where the education level of participants varies (some have completed Grades 6-10, but many have not). Furthermore, participants may have previously received inaccurate information regarding REDD+ from radio, TV, or other media. One respondent felt that inadequate background knowledge may be an obstacle but can be overcome by starting with very basic information and avoiding technical language where possible.

For training on community carbon accounting, participants are expected to use monitoring instruments for the collection of data. However unfamiliarity with technology makes this a time-consuming process. Furthermore, very few participants have used computers before (one organization surveyed is remedying this with an Information Technology training). Internet access across PNG is very limited but this is not always needed for delivering training effectively in rural areas.

Trainings were reported as generally free to attend, but the cost of travel is prohibitive especially if air travel is needed as transportation is usually covered by participants. One respondent mentioned the gender ratio of training sessions is unbalanced, as women often stay behind to take care of children due to time and cost of travel.




3 (75%)







3.2.2 Training materials

Half of respondents (2/4) were aware of REDD+ training manuals being used in PNG. Of these, one organization is using its own material available by request (booklets on carbon trading and REDD+), and the other is using materials produced outside of PNG (mostly by CIFOR) which are freely available online. Further information on training materials was not provided, but it is evident that knowledge of training materials is very limited and they are not widely used in PNG.

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3.3 Training Demand


The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the four interviewees regarding the demand for training in PNG, divided among:

Audience groups

Thematic areas


Geographic coverage

Overall verdict

Audience groups

All interviewees identified local communities (including the general public) as the priority audience group in need of further REDD+ training, with government (especially the Departments of Education, Agriculture and Livestock, Environment and Conservation, and the PNG Forestry Authority) also frequently mentioned (3/4 respondents). REDD+ project developers, academic institutions and the private sector were also frequently selected (2/4 respondents). No respondents identified donors or indigenous peoples as target audiences.

Some respondents indicated that all groups need more access to training as very little has been done in PNG and the majority of stakeholders remain confused about REDD+. Local communities, as on-the-ground stakeholders and resource owners, are a critical target audience. The government is clearly also an important target, with a particular need to improve government understanding of how REDD+ relates to other land uses and where the costs and benefits lie. One organization interviewed is providing national government officials with REDD+ readiness roadmap development support and training on FPIC and the UNFCCC international negotiations via technical working groups and on-the-job coaching.

Thematic areas

REDD+ awareness raising, especially for local communities, was identified as a priority need by all respondents. Other areas frequently mentioned for further training were the basics of climate change science (3/4 respondents), government REDD+ policy development, MRV and REDD+ finance (2/4 respondents each). RELs, social and environmental safeguards, analysis of the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, GHG inventories and REDD+ project development were not identified as themes in greater demand by any respondents.

One organization who mentioned MRV as a focus area felt it was important to better involve landowners in REDD+ project development, and is currently involved in a GIS project with local communities to estimate carbon stocks. REDD+ finance is also seen as a critical training topic for local communities, in order for them to fully understand the benefits and risks of REDD+ projects, and how benefits might be distributed. One respondent emphasized that all themes are equally in need of further training.


All interviewees indicated additional requests for REDD+ training have been made of their organizations. Local communities (including newly-formed community forestry groups) were most frequently identified as the audience group making these requests (3/4 respondents). The government (especially provincial bodies) and previous training participants were also frequently mentioned (2/4 respondents each).

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Requests are mostly coming from local communities who are the forest owners and have high potential for receiving benefits from the development of REDD+ projects. The academic institutions interviewed indicated that requests for advice and technical support are common, although requests are not specifically for training. One example provided was the use of technical experts from universities in the UN-REDD workshops on MRV and Project Design Document (PDD) development. At least 5 of these workshops have been held since September 2010 with government, NGOs and local communities as the target audience groups. Churches were identified as a community-based organization making frequent requests for REDD+ awareness training, and are an excellent way to distribute knowledge due to their very wide outreach across PNG. Requests for training assistance by international organizations (such as CIFOR in Indonesia and USAID’s LEAF program) were also mentioned. The private sector had not yet made any training requests to the organizations interviewed.

The most common type of request from local communities is for training on the basics of climate change and general environmental awareness. Other requested thematic areas include: REDD+ awareness raising, FPIC, MRV and carbon trading. NGOs often request that training is given to local communities on technical issues so they are better prepared for decision-making on REDD+ related to their own land. In general, requests are for more in-depth, up-to-date, and locally contextualized information. There is also demand from villages for ToT-style training, especially to reach more rural areas.

Geographic coverage

Geographical areas in greatest need of REDD+ training were identified by interviewees and are shown in Figure 3. The four provinces identified for REDD+ demonstration projects are considered the most important areas for training: Eastern Highlands, Milne Bay, West New Britain and Sandaun. Less accessible inland areas have the highest REDD+ potential and therefore the greatest need of training. Large intact areas of rainforest targeted for logging, such as the Fly River area in the Southwest, should also be targeted for REDD+ training. Several respondents indicated that REDD+ is not well understood in any of PNG’s provinces – so training is needed across the country.



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Overall verdict

All respondents (4/4) indicated that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet the demand in PNG. The major reason given for this is that the government is not yet adequately involved in the supply of REDD+ training and therefore the very high demand of local communities cannot be met. Some NGOs and academic institutions are filling this gap, but it is insufficient. NGOs that are funded internationally are able to provide training but national and local NGOs are limited by financial constraints. Another reason given is that high-level awareness of climate change and REDD+ grew rapidly in PNG over a relatively short period of time, while adequate research and a practical understanding of REDD+ in local contexts are still lacking.

4. Conclusions

The spread of knowledge and coordination of REDD+ training activities in PNG has been slow. Civil society has taken the lead on REDD+ training, so far demonstrating greater interest in and concern for REDD+ issues than the government.

Under a customary land tenure arrangement, local communities and indigenous peoples are the primary forest owners in PNG. This dynamic has created a divergent set of REDD+ stakeholders between civil society (including community based organizations) and government with separate demands for training. As local communities reportedly have a greater potential for ownership of REDD+ projects and derived benefits than the government, they are the main target audience for training and most frequently request it. Other civil society groups such as NGOs and CBOs (who support local communities in their rights as land owners) and the general public also ranked high as target audience groups. Academic institutions have a significant role to play in PNG in providing REDD+ technical expertise and the necessary research to locally contextualize training materials.

Most training organizations are based along PNG’s coasts due to low accessibility of inland areas. The areas identified as most in need of training are the REDD+ demonstration projects in Eastern Highlands, Milne Bay, West New Britain and Sandaun provinces. Outside of these areas, land with large intact forests that are targeted for logging or more inaccessible areas that have not yet been targeted for logging are in need of REDD+ training (such as the Fly River area in the Southwest).

The most common training themes are introductory topics such as REDD+ awareness raising and climate change basics. Community carbon accounting is also a common training topic, which may be useful as a knowledge-building tool but comes with the need to manage community expectations for carbon finance. MRV is popular in trainings relative to other technical areas, which we partially attribute to the development and implementation of a MRV system as a major goal of PNG’s UN-REDD National Programme. The analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation is also common. We suggest one possible reason for this to be growing public concern over the prevalence of Special Agricultural and Business Leases (SABLs) which are being issued by the PNG government to allow conversion of large areas of forestland for agricultural and industrial development. Illegal logging is also a major issue across PNG.

There is a strong need for PNG-specific training manuals, although in general the use of training manuals is very limited. Financial resources were cited as another important training barrier, especially due to the high cost of inter-island air transportation.

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Longer-term mentoring and in-person workshops were identified as successful training formats, but used fairly infrequently by training providers. We suggest this may be due to the cost of hiring expert facilitators to conduct these trainings, and a lack of such experts within PNG. Study tours were neither identified as successful, underutilized nor frequently used, indicating a lack of awareness of this training format. The ToT model and the use of schools and churches were highlighted as important means of distributing information to large parts of the population especially in more inaccessible inland areas of PNG. While PNG is characterized by a low level of technology, especially with regard to internet access, there is a high level of interest in the potential for future internet-based REDD+ courses. Radio and TV are already fairly commonly used, although there is also great potential for their growth.

There was a full consensus of interviewees (4/4) indicating that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet the country’s demand. To better match supply with demand, we recommend that the design of trainings be informed by a locally specific TNA of target audiences. The coordination and involvement in decision-making of all stakeholders, including the government and the private sector, are critical to ensuring the effective implementation of REDD+ in PNG.

5. Recommendations

Based on interview and survey responses, the following recommendations were identified to improve the effectiveness of REDD+ training in PNG (Table 8).



1. Audience groups

Lack of trainings targeted to specific audience groups (especially for local communities as a priority audience).

Local people own much of the forestland in PNG and are therefore in critical need of REDD+ training in order to ensure an adequate level of knowledge for informed decision-making. NGOs, in their role of ensuring the rights of local communities are upheld, are also important targets for training.

Multi-stakeholder trainings are common so far in PNG. Trainings more specific to audience groups may better address participants’ needs and provide a more targeted message. Furthermore, it is critical for the same participants to attend throughout a series of trainings, to maintain consistency.


There has been low involvement of the private sector in REDD+ training (only 3/10 respondents indicated this was a targeted audience). This is cause for concern as the private sector has both limited knowledge of REDD+ and an important role to play in its success in PNG.

Technical assistance and targeted REDD+ awareness is needed to help the private sector take REDD+ related opportunities and risks into account in its planning.

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2. Thematic areas


Where capacity and funding are sufficient, topics offered by training organizations should be broadened beyond introductory areas such as REDD+ awareness and the basics of climate change science and popular themes such as MRV and community carbon accounting.

More training is especially needed in these areas:

Developing demonstration REDD+ projects

Benefit sharing

FPIC

There should be sufficient training activities in PNG to cover all of the

training topics listed in Table 4 of this report.


Training formats are predominantly posters/flyers and TV/radio; other important formats are infrequently used.

In general, participatory training such as in-person workshops and longer-term mentoring are infrequently used in PNG, in favor of less personal, possibly less effective and cheaper (per capita) approaches such as posters/flyers and radio/TV.

As funding and the availability of experts allow, formats identified as both successful and underutilized such as longer-term mentoring and technical support of individuals should be scaled up.

Formats should appropriately match the target audience, for example longer-term mentoring may be best for an easily accessible audience such as government officials or NGOs. Given funding constraints, one-time in-person workshops may be more appropriate for local communities in remote areas.


PNG’s dispersed population and hard-to-access geography makes scaling up training difficult.

The ToT model may help expand the coverage of REDD+ training rapidly and effectively.

Coordinating with local churches to arrange REDD+ awareness training should help to widely disseminate knowledge to a large portion of the population especially in rural areas.

There is a need for national coordination of REDD+ training activities, including in the coordination of international, national and local NGOs in the creation and distribution of locally adapted training materials. The national government, such as the Office of Climate Change and Development (OCCD), should work together with civil society and development partners to plan widespread REDD+ awareness activities and to play a key role in the coordination of a nationwide REDD+ capacity building and training strategy. This should be coherent with and build on existing REDD+ relevant plans, such as the UN-REDD National Programme Document.

1

Assessment of REDD+ Training Needs and Supply in Six Countries in the Africa and Asia-Pacific Regions

A report by members of the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity

Synthesis Report

2

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Climate and Land Use Alliance that provided funding for this report.

The study would not have been possible without the participation of 65 people from 56 organizations in the six study countries, who generously contributed their time and expertise to share information on REDD+ training activities in their countries.

This study was prepared by members of the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC), a partnership of organizations with common goals to enhance the capacity of stakeholders to participate in the assessment, development or implementation of REDD+. AGRC members Conservation International (CI), The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS) and The Center for People and Forests (RECOFTC), led the development of this work. The lead contributors to sections of this work include Mario Chacon, Maria Bendana and Steven Panfil (CI), Andrew Chek (OTS), Jim Stephenson, Summer Montacute and Ronnakorn Triraganon (RECOFTC).

The AGRC

The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC) is a distributed global alliance of respected organizations working to help provide the expertise, training, and tools required by REDD+ stakeholders. The stakeholders include governmental agencies, civil society, indigenous peoples, and rural communities who need to evaluate the implications of, plan for, and/or implement REDD+. Members of the AGRC include: · Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) · The Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA) · Conservation International (CI) · Conservation Strategy Fund (CSF) · Yale-Smithsonian Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative (ELTI) · Forest Trends/Ecosystem Marketplace/Katoomba Group · Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) · Global Canopy Programme (GCP) · Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil (IIEB) · International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) · The Nature Conservancy (TNC) · Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS) · Rainforest Alliance (RA) · The Center for People and Forests (RECOFTC) · UN-REDD · World Bank Institute (WBI)/Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) For more information on this report or the AGRC, please contact Steve Panfil ([email protected]) or Ronnakorn Triraganon ([email protected])

mailto:[email protected]

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Suggested citation for this report

Conservation International, The Organization for International Studies and The Center for People and Forests (RECOFTC). 2013. Assessment of REDD+ Training Needs and Supply in Six Countries in the Africa and Asia-Pacific Region.

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Acronyms







GHG Greenhouse Gas

GIZ


NEC National Executive Council


PNG Papua New Guinea


REDD+

Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (+ includes forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks)



SFM Sustainable Forest Management


UNFCCC


5

Executive Summary

REDD+ capacity building is fundamental to achieving REDD+ readiness, recognized as a priority area by the UNFCCC since COP 13 in 2007. There is little data, however, that describe the type of capacity building and the number of people that are reached with these initiatives in REDD+ countries. The lack of information makes it difficult to determine where additional investments in capacity building are needed.

This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Indonesia, Liberia, Madagascar and Papua New Guinea (PNG) between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. The report describes training supply in the country, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about the priority capacity building needs.

Data were collected through a short online survey and detailed interviews carried out over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through Conservation International’s and RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests’s networks in the study countries as well as through Readiness Preparation Plans (RPP’s) and other documents that describe the country’s REDD+ process.

In every country the overall verdict was that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet demand. However there has been important progress in REDD+ awareness raising, training for REDD+ policy development and planning, and community carbon accounting.

NGOs are most commonly targeted by REDD+ training service providers, followed closely by local communities, indicating a shift in focus for training providers from the ‘capital cities’ towards field-level activities.

Government departments were most frequently identified by service providers as the priority stakeholders to receive further REDD+ training. The little training attention paid to the general public and land-use industries is also a cause for concern, being two stakeholder groups with a sizeable influence on the success or failure of national REDD+ implementation.

The delivery of in-person training workshops was most frequently identified as a successful training format across the study countries. This is likely because it is a tried-and-tested method, and one of the more intensive forms of training delivery. Posters and flyers reached the highest audiences at an average of nearly 6,000 per country. The fact that Radio and TV wasn’t the most far-reaching format indicates that it is not being used to its potential, and is restricted to localized rather than national broadcasting.

The most common barrier to training supply reported was a lack of resources to organize trainings, indicating potential problems with distribution and access too REDD+ training funding at a national and sub-national level.

Overall this study reveals that though REDD+ training has achieved much during its limited lifespan, the bulk of the workload remains on the horizon.

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Key Recommendations

National governments received increased training support, focusing on agencies outside of the forestry sector with a strong influence on REDD+. The priority focus should be on land use planning and low carbon development decision tools.

Local government should also be targeted due to their major influence on how REDD+ is implemented ‘on-the-ground’.

Technical assistance and targeted REDD+ awareness campaigns are directed to the private sector.

REDD+ training design should be informed by locally specific training needs assessments of the target audiences.

Training formats used should build in ample time for reflection and peer learning.

Training materials should be contextualized to the national and local context, being simple, user-friendly and easy to update and adapt in the future.

The REDD+ training of trainer (ToT) process should be scaled up in order to address the short supply of qualified trainers with up-to-date knowledge of REDD+.

Enhanced coordination of training activities and materials among training organizations is essential to better target audience groups and not duplicate training activities.

Forest areas under threat but outside of current REDD+ demonstration sites should be prioritized for local level awareness raising and training.

Coordinating with local religious institutions should be enhanced to arrange REDD+ awareness raising and training in dispersed and remote communities.

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1. Introduction



This report presents results from a study of REDD+ capacity building initiatives that were implemented in Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Indonesia, Liberia, Madagascar, and Papua New Guinea between September 2010 and June 2012. It is intended to assist the organizations that fund and conduct capacity building for REDD+ to more efficiently target their efforts. This synthesis report presents key findings across all six countries regarding training supply in the countries, and the perceptions of key actors engaged in the REDD+ process about priority capacity building needs. Separate detailed reports are also presented for each of the six countries.

This report was prepared through a collaboration of three of the members of the Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity, including CI, OTS and RECOFTC. The Africa country studies were led by CI and the Asia-Pacific country studies were led by RECOFTC.

2. Methodology

Data were collected through a short online survey and detailed interviews that were done over the telephone and via email. The survey participants and interviewees were identified through CI’s and RECOFTC’s networks in the study countries and also through Readiness Preparation Plans (RPP’s) and other documents that describe country REDD+ processes. Details about the survey and interview are provided below.

2.1 Online Survey


Respondents were asked to indicate all of the audience types that they target in their trainings. Audience types included the general public, NGOs, government, donors, REDD+ project developers, academic



8

institutions, indigenous peoples, local communities, representatives of land use industries, or other stakeholders.











Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance




Other


2.2 Structured Interviews

Respondents to the online survey were invited to participate in a detailed interview, either by telephone or email. Interviews were performed with representatives of organizations that have provided REDD+ training and also with some individuals familiar with REDD+ training activities in Indonesia but whose organizations had not led them. The complete set of interview questions is in Appendix 2.



9

All interviewees were asked to list the audiences known to have received REDD+ training in their country, and to identify ones that need additional training or that had already received an adequate supply. They were asked if the country as a whole still required additional REDD+ training, and if particular geographic areas had been underserved.


The list of thematic areas presented in the online survey was also used in the interviews to identify the areas that had not been covered by trainings. Interviewees were asked to list the priority themes that need additional attention in future REDD+ training initiatives. They were also asked to provide general recommendations for how training in the country can be improved.

Finally, participants were asked to identify any specific training materials that are being applied in their country, and to describe if and how these materials were being made available to the public.

2.3 Countries surveyed

This study focuses on three countries each in the Africa and Asia-Pacific regions. In each region, we included the country with the greatest amount of forest cover and emissions from deforestation, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Indonesia. Because of their size and the potential emissions reductions to be achieved, each of these countries has received considerable investment in REDD+ from the international community, and could be expected to be among the countries with the greatest supply of REDD+ training. We also selected smaller countries, with varying amounts of investment in REDD+. In the Africa region these include Liberia and Madagascar, and in the Asia-Pacific region they include Cambodia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). This study is not comprehensive of all REDD+ countries but we believe that the countries sampled are representative of the varied social contexts and investments made in REDD+ around the world. This initiative originally aimed to include studies of three countries in Latin America but these could not be included for logistical reasons.

3. Results

For the ‘Training Supply’ section, the results present data gathered from the online survey, and quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered during the interview process. A sub-section under ‘Training Supply’ describes the training materials identified during the interview process. The ‘Training Demand’ section includes quantitative and qualitative perceptions gathered from the interview process only, as questions in this area were not covered in the online questionnaire.

3.1 Supply of Training

3.1.1 Overview of online survey findings

The following section provides an overview of the on-line survey results regarding REDD+ training supply.

Audience groups

NGOs are unsurprisingly the group most commonly targeted by REDD+ training service providers. However local communities are almost equally targeted, indicating a shift in focus for training providers from the

10

‘capital cities’ towards field-level activities. Government is the third most popular audience group, which is consistent with statements by donors about the importance of government capacity building.

There is a drop off of nearly 25% to the next most popular audience group, REDD+ project developers. Indigenous peoples and academic institutions follow closely behind, before another substantial drop-off in popularity for land-use industries, the general public, donors and ‘others’. The low attention paid to the general public and land-use industries is a cause for concern, being two stakeholder groups with a sizeable influence on the success or failure of national REDD+ implementation.

The responses varied substantially by country. Notably, the trainings in PNG were much more heavily targeted at local communities (90%) and indigenous peoples (80%), with lower figures for NGOs and government. In contrast, 94% of the trainings reported for Indonesia were targeted at NGO’s, 88% of trainings in Cambodia were aimed at government representatives, and 90% of trainings in Madagascar were aimed at private project developers and academic institutions.

Table 1. Target audience groups for REDD+ training. The results represent an average of the six country-level results.

Audience groups Average % of responses

Low result % (Country) High result % (Country)

NGOs 82% 50% (PNG) 94% (Indonesia)

Local communities 80% 50% (Madagascar) 90% (PNG)

Government 76% 50% (PNG) 88% (Cambodia)

REDD+ project developers 53% 10% (PNG) 90% (Madagascar)

Indigenous peoples 52% 20% (Madagascar) 80% (PNG)

Academic institutions 51% 25% (Cambodia) 90% (Madagascar)

Land-use industries 34% 10% (Madagascar) 50% (Liberia)

General public 33% 12% (Indonesia) 50% (Liberia and PNG)

Donors 33% 17% (Liberia) 50% (Madagascar)

Others 21% O% (Cambodia) 40% (Madagascar)


Interviewees estimated that posters and flyers reached the highest audiences at an average of nearly 6,000 per country. Radio/TV and the distribution of introductory guides were also estimated to have reached similar numbers. The fact that Radio/TV was not the most far-reaching format sugggests that it is not being used to its potential, and is restricted to localized rather than national broadcasting.

The drop off in audience numbers reached by training manuals can be explained by the narrower focus of training manuals towards technical staff, rather than general users.

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Internet-based training does not appear to have taken off in the countries studied. This may be explained by the upfront investment and technical know-how needed to design online courses, combined with concerns that most of the target audience would not have access to, or be interested in them. Long term mentoring unsurprisingly reaches the lowest number of people per country, but is likely to have a greater impact on the knowledge and skills of the smaller groups it reaches.

Details about the use of different training formats in each country can be found in the separate country-specific reports.

Figure 1. Average estimates of the number of people reached per training/awareness raising format per country (September 2010 to present) (Average of the six country level results)

Thematic areas

The most common thematic areas reflect the fact that most countries in this study are still in the early stages of REDD+ readiness, in which the most pressing task at hand is to raise broad awareness on the basics of climate change and REDD+. Most countries are progressing with REDD+ policy development and planning, which explains its popularity as a training theme, along with analyzing deforestation and degradation drivers, the REDD+ readiness process and international climate policy, amongst others. The surprising popularity of forest inventories and carbon accounting reflects a high level of engagement by training service providers in field-based training activities.

5829

4571

4051

2897

2195 1795

853

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1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

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ed

nu

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of

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Training Format

12

There was also country to country variability in the coverage of themes. Some themes were included at a low rate in some countries. For example, only 20% of the training initiatives in Madagascar directly covered methods for awareness raising and knowledge dissemination. Only 17% of the training initiatives in Liberia covered forest inventories and carbon accounting. Conversely, 100% of the training events in Liberia covered issues of forest governance, and 90% of the trainings in PNG covered awareness raising and knowledge dissemination.

Table 2. Thematic areas addressed in training. The column showing the Average % of Responses is an average of the six country level results.

Thematic area addressed in training Average % of responses

Low result % (Country)

High Result %(Country)

The basics of climate change science (i.e. what is climate change, what causes it) 78%

70 (Madagascar)

88% (Indonesia)

Awareness raising and REDD+ knowledge dissemination 66%

20% (Madagascar)

90% (PNG)

Government REDD+ policy development and planning (i.e. Forest governance) 65%

38% (Cambodia)

100% (Liberia)

Forest inventories and carbon accounting 62% 17% (Liberia) 88%(DRC)

Social safeguards 61%

40% (PNG) 71% (DRC and Liberia)

Analysis of key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and strategies for reducing deforestation and degradation 61%

50% (Liberia and PNG)

71% (DRC)

Supporting the REDD+ readiness process 60%

38% (Cambodia)

83% (Liberia)

International climate change policy and UNFCCC processes 59%

30% (PNG) 83% (Liberia)

Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) 54%

25% (Cambodia)

80% (Madagascar)

Benefit sharing 51%

38% (Cambodia)

67% (Liberia)

Environmental safeguards 50%

20% (Madagascar)

75% (Cambodia)

Calculating reference/reference emission levels 38%

10% (PNG) 80% (Madagascar)

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REDD+ finance 32%

17% (Liberia) 50% (Madagascar)

How to develop REDD+ and-or Reforestation/Afforestation Projects 32%

20% (PNG) 40% (Madagascar)

Greenhouses gases inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines) 16% 0% (Cambodia) 33% (Liberia)

Others 14%

0% (Liberia and

Madagascar

30% (PNG)

3.1.2 Perceptions of training supply

In-depth interviews complemented the quantitative data collected by the online survey. The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of interviewees regarding the supply of training across the study countries.


Government departments were most commonly identified by service providers as the priority stakeholders to receive additional REDD+ training. There was also a strong emphasis on the need for more awareness raising amongst local communities and indigenous peoples, focusing on the basics of climate change and REDD+. In particular training on community carbon accounting was brought up as a practical and useful tool for raising awareness of REDD+ and carbon rights. However there is an underlying concern that the purpose of carbon accounting needs to be clearly communicated, as to not unduly raise local expectations for forthcoming carbon finance.


The delivery of in-person training workshops was most frequently identified as a successful training format across the study countries. This is likely because it is a tried-and-tested method, and one of the more intensive forms of training delivery. Long-term mentoring and study tours were also highlighted as successful formats for training, which again reflects a focus on intensive and focused training, rather than broader awareness raising for larger audiences.

Despite the focus on more intensive training, respondents did recognize that broader awareness raising was a neglected area, observing that Radio/TV was the most under-utilized format, along with other forms of popular media such as newspapers. For example one DRC respondent highlighted that comic strips in newspapers would be a useful avenue for delivering the REDD+ message in a style and format suitable for the general public. The production and use of introductory REDD+ guides was also singled out as an important area where more could be done.


The most common barrier to training supply reported was a lack of resources to organize trainings, an interesting finding in light of the broader increases in funding support for REDD+ from the international

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community. This indicates potential problems with distribution and access too REDD+ training funding at a national and sub-national level. The relative newness of REDD+ may explain the lack of in-country experts to provide training and the low number of dedicated training materials developed to date. The view that there is a lack of training materials in a local language could reflect an increase in training providers working at a sub-national and community level, in areas with a very wide diversity of local languages. Table 3. Barriers to training supply

Barrier to training supply Average % of responses

Low Result % (Country)

High Result % (Country

Resources to organize trainings – pay instructors, house participants, pay for space, travel to communities 68%

50% (Indonesia and PNG)

100% (Madagascar)

In-country experts to provide training 59%

33% (Madagascar)

83% (Indonesia)

Training materials in local language 59%

25% (PNG) 83% (DRC, Madagascar, Indonesia)

Dedicated training materials 49%

33% (Madagascar)

60% (Liberia)

Human resources to organize more trainings

28%

0% (Madagascar and Indonesia)

83% (DRC)


Inadequate background knowledge and skills to make use of training available is the only barrier reported by the majority of respondents. This indicates that the training themes being delivered are perhaps misaligned with the knowledge and skills of participants. The findings reported in Table 2 support this, whereby the majority of training providers reported delivering training in relatively advanced subjects such as MRV, carbon accounting and international policy processes. Cost to participants is another significant concern, particularly with increased engagement with local communities who may not be able to afford the ‘opportunity costs’ of attending long training sessions away from their day-to-day activities.

Nearly every one of the listed barriers was cited by a majority of interviewees in at least one country. The high result for each barrier shows the diversity of contexts among the countries, and suggesting that context specific training programs would be more effective than a one-size-fits-all solution.

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Table 4. Barriers to participation in training. The average of the six country results are shown in the second column.

Barrier to participation Average % of responses

Low result % (Country) High Result %(Country)

Inadequate background knowledge and skill to make use of training available 81%

75% (PNG) 83% (DRC, Madagascar, Indonesia)

Cost to participants 42%

17% (Madagascar and Indonesia)

67% (DRC)

Too long a time commitment required of participants 33%

0% (PNG) 60% (Cambodia)

Technology to access training – computers for online training 33%

0% (Cambodia) 75% (PNG)

Topic not aligned with specific needs 28%

O% (DRC and Cambodia) 67% (Indonesia)

Participants not aware of need for training 27%

0% (DRC, Madagascar, Cambodia)

60% (Liberia)

Permission from employer 10%

0% (DRC, Madagascar, Cambodia)

25% (PNG)

3.2 Training Demand


The following sub-section summarizes the opinions and perceptions of the 38 interviewees regarding the demand for training.

Audience groups

Respondents from all but one of the study countries identified government as the key stakeholder in need of further REDD+ training, including forestry, agriculture, environmental and education agencies. The other stakeholder group frequently mentioned was local communities and indigenous peoples. The DRC was the only country to reference NGOs as the most in need of REDD+ training (specifically those working at local levels). Most other countries found that NGOs already received sufficient training attention.

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Thematic areas

There was little similarity between countries in the thematic areas most in demand, although awareness raising was prioritized by two countries (Cambodia and PNG). In other countries MRV (Indonesia), forest inventories and carbon accounting (Liberia), social and environmental safeguards (DRC) and benefit sharing (Madagascar) were identified. Whilst there isn’t a common pattern across the countries, there is a surprising emphasis on MRV and carbon accounting. This may reflect the relatively advanced stage of REDD+ development and the high number of piloting activities in Indonesia, and the popularity of community carbon accounting in Liberia.


In all countries most respondents reported that additional requests for training were being made of them, and in the DRC all respondents had been requested to do so. There was broad variation in the stakeholder groups making these requests but with some repeated patterns. In the DRC, Liberia and Madagascar most requests came from the government; in PNG and Indonesia Community Forestry and Forest Management Units topped the list; whilst in Cambodia and Liberia NGOs most commonly requested training2. The fact that government wasn’t more frequently cited as requesting training is a potential cause for concern, given the findings for ‘Audience Groups’ (see above) where government stakeholders were overwhelmingly identified as the group in greatest need of training.

Overall verdict

In every country the overall verdict was that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet demand. The most common reason given was that the REDD+ training process is too centralized in major cities, or too focused on existing REDD+ demonstration sites and has not been up scaled up to broader areas of the country. Other stakeholders are concerned not necessarily by the quantity but the quality of REDD+ training. As one Indonesian participant put it:

“Nation-wide we have a lot of training on REDD+, but quantity doesn’t mean quality. Often the goal of the training itself is unclear and there is a lot of confusion. For example, there are multiple trainings on REDD+ safeguards, however, a better way to actually deliver the trainings is needed because they’re not effective at spreading knowledge.”

4. Conclusions

In every country the general conclusion of respondents was that the supply of REDD+ training does not meet demand. However there has been important progress in REDD+ awareness raising, training for REDD+ policy development and planning, and surprisingly community carbon accounting.

2 Note that in Liberia the number of Government and NGO requests were equal (5/5 respondents).

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NGOs are the most common audience targeted by REDD+ training, and local communities almost equally as popular, which could be indicating a shift in focus for training providers from the ‘capital cities’ towards field level activities. However other important stakeholders are not being adequately targeted, the most important being government. The general public is not being targeted sufficiently, and whilst there are encouraging signs that radio, TV and newspapers are being used locally to raise awareness, there is an untapped opportunity to scale this up nationally to improve public awareness and understanding of REDD+. The private sector is another key stakeholder underserved by REDD+ training, which is likely to require more in-depth engagement through in-person training sessions with smaller audiences.

The fundamentals of REDD+ and climate change are the dominant themes in REDD+ training, which is appropriate given that most countries are in the early stages of REDD+ Readiness. These countries are progressing with training for REDD+ policy development and planning, alongside analyzing deforestation and degradation drivers and the REDD+ readiness process. However in other areas there appears to be some misalignment between the training given and training demand. The majority of service providers are delivering training on MRV, despite the fact that anything beyond introductory information on the subject is of little relevance to stakeholders not directly involved in the MRV process. Training on benefit sharing is also being delivered by half of providers, but is more relevant to countries moving into the later phases of REDD+ readiness. A focus on benefit sharing runs the risk of contributing to over-expectations regarding REDD+ finance.

Carbon accounting and forest inventory training is delivered by the majority of service providers, suggesting a higher level of field level activity than would otherwise be expected, as only a minority of providers are involved in the REDD+ demonstration process. Interview findings reveal that much of this activity is focused on community carbon accounting, viewed as an effective tool for raising community awareness of the science of REDD+ and their carbon rights. It was however emphasized that the purpose of these trainings need to be well communicated to communities to ensure that they do not contribute further to inflated expectations for forthcoming REDD+ finance.

Low access to funding resources is limiting the extent of REDD+ training globally, a concerning finding in light of the dramatic rise in funding resources for REDD+ in recent years. This may indicate that REDD+ training is not receiving its fair share of funding compared with other activities.

Overall this study reveals that though REDD+ training has achieved much during its limited lifespan, the bulk of the workload remains on the horizon. It is vital that the donor, NGO, government and academic community increase the resources directed to REDD+ training, to balance out the audience groups receiving REDD+ training, improve training coordination and prioritize REDD+ training themes.

5. Recommendations

Interview participants identified a number of potential actions to address key challenges. The following table shows some of the key recommendations. These were drawn from responses in each of the six countries.



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1. Audience groups

National government needs further training support

There has been some progress made in awareness raising on REDD+ at the central government level in all countries. However, low government awareness and understanding of REDD+, particularly outside of forestry agencies is still a substantial challenge.

It will be essential to include other sectors of the government such as Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Finance, Planning, Mining and Agriculture.

Local government is not targeted for training.

District and provincial level government officials have not been sufficiently engaged in capacity building activities to date.



There has been low involvement of the private sector in REDD+ training. This is cause for concern as the private sector has both limited knowledge of REDD+ and an important role to play in its success.

Technical assistance and a targeted REDD+ awareness campaigns are needed to help the private sector take REDD+ related opportunities and risks into account in it’s planning.

2. Thematic areas


Where capacity and funding are sufficient, topics offered by training organizations should be broadened beyond introductory areas such as climate change science and popular themes such as community carbon accounting.

Themes identified as in demand but infrequently included in trainings are:

o For government agencies: land use planning and low carbon development decision tools.

o For local communities: REDD+ justice (including gender issues), the integration of REDD+ and community forestry management, community participation in decision-making and ownership of the REDD+ process, FPIC, and climate change adaptation.


Trainings do not meet specific needs of participants.

The design of trainings should be informed by locally specific Training Needs Assessments of the target audiences. This can be done at varying levels of detail, from questionnaires to full in-person surveys.

Trainings should be designed to respond to participants in a ‘live’ manner, so that when needs are expressed during the course, the following session takes these needs into account (e.g. through a daily feedback process).

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Trainings should build in ample time for participant reflection, which can help to identify where knowledge gaps and needs lie.

As funding allows, formats identified as both successful and underutilized should be scaled up (longer-term mentoring, study tours and radio/TV).

Training materials are not country-specific or locally adapted.

The training manuals used should be contextualized to the national and local context: simple, user-friendly, and easy to update and adapt in the future. Translating these manuals into local languages should be given priority.

REDD+ training should be integrated into relevant national and local government policies and processes.

Furthermore, REDD+ should be integrated into existing trainings by government agencies and NGOs (such as trainings on SFM and community forestry).

Trainers are not sufficiently skilled.

There is a lack of qualified trainers with up-to-date knowledge of REDD+ who are able to clearly articulate the meaning of REDD+ and the potential role of different audience groups in its implementation. To address this it is especially important to support the ‘Training of Trainer’ (ToT) process at a greater scale.

4. National coordination

Improvements in training coordination are needed.

Enhanced coordination of training activities and materials among training organizations is essential to better target audience groups and not duplicate training activities. There is already an overlap of training materials produced and used by trainers and a generally low level of information sharing between trainers.

Training activities are too heavily focused in and around existing REDD+ demonstration sites.

Areas with low NGO presence and existing project activity should be targeted, prioritizing forest areas under greatest threat.

Dispersed populations and hard-to-access geographies makes scaling up training difficult.

The Training of Trainer (ToT) model may help expand the coverage of REDD+ training rapidly and effectively.

Coordinating with local religious institutions to arrange REDD+ awareness training should help to widely disseminate knowledge to a large portion of the population especially in rural areas.

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Appendix 1. On line survey Below is the text of the online survey that was distributed to people known to be familiar with REDD+ training activities in their country. The survey was administered through the Survey Monkey web service. Introduction Dear REDD+ Training Provider: The Alliance for Global REDD+ Capacity (AGRC**) is a distributed global alliance of 16 respected organizations working to help provide the expertise, training, and tools required by REDD+ stakeholders. The stakeholders include governmental agencies, civil society, indigenous peoples, and rural communities who need to evaluate the implications of, plan for, and/or implement REDD+. AGRC and its stakeholders have identified a need to track the supply of training delivered by the many organizations involved in REDD+ and to assess if this training is meeting the demand of stakeholders. The AGRC has developed the survey below to help form an inventory of REDD+ training available in a globally representative sample of countries. The results of the inventory will be shared with the wider community interested in REDD+ capacity building. This survey has only 5 questions – most only require you check a box, so the entire survey should take 5 minutes or less to complete. All the information generated by this initiative will be systematized and made available for your review prior to public distribution. Questions about this survey or the study: - Jim Stephenson ([email protected]) for Asia-Pacific - Leonardo Hasenclever ([email protected]) Latin America - Mario Chacon ([email protected]) for Africa Thank you very much for your help. ................................................. ** AGRC Members to date are: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), The Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA), Conservation International (CI), Conservation Strategy Fund (CSF), Yale- Smithsonian Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative (ELTI), The Forum on Readiness for REDD, Forest Trends and the Katoomba Group ,

http://www.surveymonkey.com/MySurvey_EditPage.aspx?sm=H4GvD0Pb6tMnghqpcN4jsmz1qI7p6Xm8ZgI1V9tHMIesjYglGxxt6fghSAaCgxuX&TB_iframe=true&height=450&width=650

































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Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Global Canopy Program (GCP), IInternational Education Institute of Brazil (IIEB), International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), Rainforest Alliance (RA), Regional Community Forestry Training Center (RECOFTC), UN-REDD, World Bank Institute(WBI)and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). ............................................................ This set of questions is for individuals whose institution has provided training during the period September 2010 to the present in one of the following countries: Papua New Guinea, Cambodia, Indonesia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Madagascar, Brazil, Peru, Suriname. 1. General information

Your name

Email

Phone number

Organization

Country where REDD+ training is delivered

Country of your office - if different from where the training was delivered

2. Who is your target audience? (tick all that apply)

General public

NGOs

Government

Donors

REDD+ project developers

Academic institutions

Indigenous peoples

Local communities

Land-use industries (e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining, biofuel)

Others. If you selected other, please be as specific as you can in the space below about











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the audience trained

3.In what formats do you deliver REDD+ training and how many people do you estimate have been reached by each format since September 2010? (tick all that apply)

0-10 10-50

50-100

100-200

200-500

500-1000

1000-2000

2000-5000

5000-10,000

10,000+

Delivery of in-person training workshops or courses

Longer term mentoring and technical support of individuals

Production of training manuals and guides

Production of introductory guides to REDD+

Internet-based training courses

Study tours

Radio/TV

Posters/flyers

Others (please list the format of the training and the approximate number of people trained))

4. What are the themes of your training services? (tick all that apply)




Supporting REDD+ readiness process

Government REDD+ policy development and planning (i.e. Forest governance)



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Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance



Greenhouses gases inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines)

Others. If you selected others, please share additional topics included in your training that are not listed above

5. Please share with us in the space below the Name, Contact Details (if available) and Country of any other organization that has provided REDD+ training since September 2010, in any of the following countries - Papua New Guinea, Cambodia, Indonesia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Madagascar, Brazil, Peru, Suriname

Organization

Contact information

Country

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Appendix 2. Structured interview The following shows the questions that were used for telephone and email interviews conducted with experts on REDD+ training activities in their countries.

Interview questions: AGRC1 REDD+ training needs assessment (TNA)

A: For training providers

What training have you supplied in the last 18 months? For each training event please provide the title, the exact location, when it took place, number of people in attendance at each training, any information on donors who funded each training and the budget/cost for each training. Also please provide a list of participants if you have and any evaluation forms received.

What or how many- if any additional requests are made of your organization for training? Do these requests involve different topics/content, geography, format, length, or audiences – please explain.

Where are requests coming from?

Source Y

Participants (as part of evaluations/feedback)

Governments implementing REDD+ (National or Local- please explain if different)

Communities or Community based organizations (please specify)

Private sector

NGOs

1 See Appendix 1 for information on the AGRC and the TNA study

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What are the barriers to providing a sufficient supply of training (Y for all that apply)

Barrier


In country experts to provide training

Human resources to organize more trainings

Dedicated training materials

Training materials in local language

What are the obstacles to participation in training (Y for all that apply)

Obstacle Y

Too long a time commitment required of participants

Topic not aligned with specific needs

Participants not aware of need for training

Cost to participants

Permission from employer


Technology to access training – computers for online training

B: For all interviewees 7. (For training providers) - Who is the target audience for your training? (Y for all that apply) OR (For non-training providers) - Which audiences are you aware have received training on REDD+ in your country? (Y for all that apply)

Audience Y

General public

NGOs

Government (National or Local- please explain if different)- local less often; rep from various ministries

Donors

REDD+ project developers

Academic institutions

Indigenous peoples- pygmies

Local communities (community based organizations- please specify)- local NGOs

Land-use industries (e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining, biofuel)

Others

If the interviewee identifies others, please record in the space below

7

8. Which of these audience groups do you feel need more access and a greater supply of REDD+ training? If you had to pick the top three groups that need more training, which would these be? Which groups already receive an adequate and accessible supply of REDD training? Adequate meaning that it is frequent enough/meets the needs of participants and accessible meaning the lack of barriers.

9. Does the supply of REDD+ training meet the demand in your country as you perceive it?

Yes No, there is a lack of REDD+ training

10. Are there particular areas of the country where there is a greater need (or deficit) for training than other parts? If so which areas are these?

8

11. (For training providers) - In what formats do you deliver REDD+ training and how many people do you estimate have been reached by each format since September 2010? OR (For non-training providers) In which formats have you observed REDD+ training being delivered. Do not need to fill in numbers.

0-10 10-50 50-100 100-200

200-500

500-1000

1000-2000

2000-5000

5000-10,000

10,000+

Delivery of in-person training workshops or courses

Longer term mentoring and technical support of individuals

Production of training manuals and guides

Production of introductory guides to REDD+

Internet-based training courses

Study tours

Radio/TV

Posters/flyers Others (please list the format of the training and the approximate number of people trained)

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12. Which of these formats and to which target audiences do you feel have been most successful in meeting the REDD+ training needs of your country and why?

13. Which of these formats do you feel are commonplace? Which are under-applied in your country? If possible please prioritize the three formats where more application is needed.

14. (For training providers) - What are the themes of your training services? (Y for those that apply)

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OR (For non-training providers) What are the themes of REDD+ training services in your country) (Y for those that apply)

Theme Y




Supporting REDD+ readiness process

Government REDD+ policy development and planning (i.e. Forest governance)




Benefit sharing

Social safeguards


REDD+ finance



Greenhouses gases inventories (i.e. IPCC guidelines)

Others

15. Which are the themes where you feel training is needed most in your country? Please prioritize a top three if possible. Which themes have been most commonly addressed?

16. In general, what would be your recommendations for improving REDD+ training in your country, so that it better contributes to the REDD+ readiness process?

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17. Are you aware of REDD+ training materials being used in your country? (Please identify) Training material 1 - ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Yes, freely available – e.g., website download, visit to govt office

Yes, by request – e.g. form request on website

Yes, for purchase from...

No, not available

Training material 2 - ………………………………………………………………………………………………




No, not available

Training material 3 - ………………………………………………………………………………………………




No, not available