redd+ subnational initiatives: key findings of cifor case book
TRANSCRIPT
Presentation of key findings of CIFOR
case book on REDD+ subnational initiatives
William D. Sunderlin
CIFOR Official Side Event:
“REDD+ emerging?: What we can learn from subnational initiatives”
Friday December 5, 2014
COP 20, Lima, Peru
Background
CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+
Module 2 on subnational initiatives
Aim: Know what works and does not in setting up REDD+ initiatives
Criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, equity, wellbeing, rights, biodiversity (3E+)
Surveys of households, villages, women, proponents, other stakeholders
Remote sensing
Brazil nut concession trail, Carmen Rosa, Peru.(Valerie Garrish/CIFOR)
BRAZILPERU
TANZANIACAMEROON
INDONESIA
VIETNAM
3
7
8
6
42
1
5
9
10
1116
13
14
15
12
22
19
2018
17
23
21
BRAZIL
1. Acre
2. Bolsa Floresta
3. Cotriguaç u
4. Jari/Amapá
5. SFX
6. Transamazon
PERU
7. Madre de Dios
8. Ucayali
CAMEROON
9. Mt. Cameroon
10. SE Cameroon
REDD+ initiatives
Legend
TANZANIA
11. Kigoma
12. Zanzibar
13. Kilosa
14. Lindi
15. Mpingo
16. Shinyanga
INDONESIA
17. KFCP
18. Katingan
19. KCCP
20. Rimba Raya
21. TNC within BFCP
22. Ulu Masen
VIETNAM
23. Cat Tien
Location of subnational initiatives included in the CIFOR GCS study.
Characterization of sample
• Typically cover 650 to 6,500 km2
• 17 tropical wet and 6 dry climate zone
• 13 private nonprofit, 4 private for-profit, 4 public sector, 2 mixed private-public
• To date mostly rely on public sector funding
• 17 operate at project scale and 6 jurisdictional
• Many engaged in conservation at site prior to REDD+
• 18 continuing of which 15 as REDD+
• 5 have ceased to operate
Information in case chapters
Basic facts: where, who, why, when
Strategy of the proponent including interventions
Smallholders and villages, including information on livelihoods, forest dependence and deforestation
Challenges experienced by proponents in meeting goals
Insights or lessons offered by the initiative
Small-scale farmers in Mato Grosso being interviewed by the Brazilian news station, Rede Globo, about their agroforestry production. (Icaro Cooke Vieira/CIFOR)
Finances
Original core concept of REDD+: performance-based incentives funded by an international market for carbon offsets
Most planned to sell carbon credits but to date only 4 have
Most funding from bilateral and other public sources
Less than half have made conditional payments
Most emphasize non-conditional livelihood enhancements
CIFOR scientist Amy Duchelle and consultant Kaline Rossi visit an açai nursery in Acre, Brazil.(Kate Evans/CIFOR)
Tenure
Tenure in initiatives must be clarified to:
• Identify right holder & responsibility bearer
• Shield participants against resource rush
• Provide incentives for forest conservation
• Enable effective rights of exclusion
• Avoid conflicting land use at landscape scale
Tenure insecurity is pervasive in tropical forests
Proponents rate tenure as their no. 1 challenge
Proponents are engaged in earnest efforts to lay an appropriate tenure foundation for REDD+ but are encountering grave obstacles and have a long way to go
Scale
• Six jurisdictional initiatives
• Jurisdictional approach facilitates work across sectors, but inhibited by interests embedded in public agencies
• Necessary to embed climate change mitigation actions in laws, regulations, and institutions of the state to ensure continuity in the face of electoral uncertainty
Men and women in a study village remove the thorny outer layer of rattan vines as part ofrattan processing. They are crafted into baskets, bags and mats, or sold as semi processed rattan. (Nugroho Adi Utomo/CIFOR)
MRV MRV capabilities highly uneven across countries, initiatives, and emissions sources
Slow progress on monitoring small-scale mosaic deforestation and degradation that are ubiquitous throughout tropical forests
Diversity of emission sources across the 23 sites clearly points to the importance of locally tailored MRV systems Coffee production at Boa Frente
Safeguards
Smallholders at the sites largely dependent on agriculture
About 40% of households have cleared forest in prior 2 years
Livelihoods potentially at risk from REDD+ interventions
Results show local stakeholders clearly concerned about this
Many proponents offering sustainable agriculture as alternative but this is difficult to do efficiently and equitably
Main insights
• Prospects of significant funding encouraged proponents to pilot many different versions and visions of REDD+
• But core concept of performance-based incentives proved difficult to implement without secure long-term funding
• Once the enabling conditions are right, REDD+ as originally conceived could emerge. Among the enabling conditions are:
• International climate agreement
• Funding for carbon and complementary benefits
• Tenure foundation that motivates conservation and protects against threats
• Embed REDD+ in state institutions and shelter from electoral politics without entangling in inter-sectoral politics
• Design social safeguards based on detailed understanding of heterogeneity of local livelihoods
We thank our donors!
www.cifor.org/redd-case-book
Related publicationsCromberg, Marina, Amy E. Duchelle, and Isa de Oliveira Rocha. 2014. Local
participation in REDD+: Lessons from the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Forests 5:579-598.
Dokken, Therese, Susan Caplow, Arild Angelsen, and William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Tenure Issues in REDD+ Pilot Project Sites in Tanzania. Forests 5(2):234-255; doi:10.3390/f5020234
Duchelle, Amy E., Marina Cromberg, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Raissa Guerra, Tadeu Melo, Anne Larson, Peter Cronkleton, Jan Börner, Erin Sills, Sven Wunder, Simone Bauch, Peter May, Galia Selaya, William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Linking Forest Tenure Reform, Environmental Compliance, and Incentives: Lessons from REDD+ Initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon. World Development 55, 53-67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.014
Jagger, Pamela, Maria Brockhaus, Amy E. Duchelle, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Kathleen Lawlor, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo and William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV). Forests 5(9), 2136-2162; doi:10.3390/f5092136
Related publicationsResosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja, Stibniati S. Atmadja, Andini Desita Ekaputri, Dian Y.
Intarini, Yayan Indriatmoko, and Pangestuti Astri. 2014. Does Tenure Security Lead to REDD+ Project Effectiveness? Reflections from Five Emerging Sites in Indonesia. World Development 55, 68-83;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.015
Sunderlin, William D. 2014. Why Tenure is Key to Fulfilling Climate and Ethical Goals in REDD+. REDD+ Safeguard Brief 3. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
Sunderlin, William D., Anne Larson, Amy E. Duchelle, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Thu Ba Huynh, Abdon Awono, and Therese Dokken. 2014. How are REDD+ proponents addressing tenure problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. World Development 55, 37-52, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.013
Sunderlin, William D., Andini Desita Ekaputri, Erin O. Sills, Amy E. Duchelle, Demetrius L. Kweka , Rachael Diprose, Nike Doggart, Steve Ball, Rebeca Lima, Adrian Enright, JorgeTorres, Herlina Hartanto, and Angélica Toniolo. 2014. The challenge of establishing REDD+ on the ground: Insights from 23 subnational initiatives in six countries. Occasional Paper 104. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.