red rocks community college eny 130 grid-tied pv fall 2009 module 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Red Rocks Community College
ENY 130 Grid-tied PVFall 2009Module 1
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The Sun is our Primary Energy Source – not an
Alternative !!
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What is a Watt?
1 watt = 1 amp x 1 volt
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Energy vs. Power?
“Watt” is Power“Watt Hour” is Energy
Energy = Power x Time
A Microwave uses 1000 watts while running, this is the Power it uses
If this microwave runs for 1 hour, it uses 1000 watt hours of Energy = 1kWh
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Watts up with Photovoltaics
A PV array is sized at 1000 watts (1kW), this is the Power of the array
If this array produces energy for 5 hours it produces 5000 Whr of Energy = 5kWh
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Energy Terms
1 kWh/m² = 3.412 BTU/ft² = 3.6 Mega Joules/m² = 3600 kJ/m² 1 Langley x 0.0116 1 Peak Sun Hour
Solar Constant is at outer atmosphere at 1367 W/m²
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kW/m2
Surface Density of Radiant Energy
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Electrical Vocabulary
Voltage Amperage Resistance Watts Watt Hours
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Photovoltaic Electric Principles
Terminology: Electricity-Flow of electrons through a
circuit Volt (V)- The unit of force (electrical
pressure) that causes electrons to flow. Ampere or Amp (I)- Unit of electrical
current flowing through a wire. 1 amp for one hour is 1Ah
Watt – Unit of electrical power equal to a current of 1 ampere under the pressure of 1 volt.
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Electricity is the flow of electrons: using a water analogy….
Copper wire can be thought of as a pipe Voltage can be thought of as the
water Pressure Amperage can be thought of as
volume or gallons per minute (gpm)
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Terms expanded…
Watt-hour: the electrical unit of Energy Kilowatt hour-refers to 1000 watt-hours and
abbreviated as 1 kWh This could be 1 watt produced over 1000 hours or 1000 watts produced (or used) over 1 hour
1000 kW (Power) = 1megawatt = 1mW =778 households
1000 mW = 1 gigawatt = 1gW = City of San Francisco
Or 750,000 homes (but you need the area of 2400 football fields)
It takes 1.21 gigawatts to go Back to the Future.
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Solar History
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Everything begins with the sun
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- Evidence of solar architecture goes back 2500 years to ancient Greek and Roman Architecture
- 214 B.C. Archimedes is written to have used bronze mirrors to focus sunlight on ships to set them on fire. In 1973 the US navy is to have recreated this experiment and set fire to a wooden boat 50 meters away.
Some History
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Burning Mirrors
Source: Renewable Energy Fair
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Myth Busters/MIT experiment
Source: MIT
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Anasazi Cliff Dwellings 600 A.D. – note solar orientation (summer)
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1839 - Edmond Becquerel discovers photovoltaic effect, at the age of 19, but the discovery was not useful to anyone
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1873 Willoughby SmithDiscovered the effects of sunlight on selenium rods while working with telegraph cable
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History continued….
1914: The existence of a barrier layer in a PV device was observed
1918: Czochrolsky developed a way to grow single-crystal silicon
1923: Albert Einstein won Nobel Peace Prize for describing theories of Photoelectric effect in 1904
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Photovoltaic – The process of turning light into electricity
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Solar irradiance 1927: measuring
sunlight to determine level of pollution. New York atmosphere was blocking almost ½ of the sunlight
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(1931) Thomas Edison in conversation with Henry Ford and
Harvey Firestone
“We are like tenant farmers chopping down the fence around our house for fuel when we should be using Natures inexhaustible sources of energy — sun, wind and tide. … I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”
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40’s - Bell Labs PV technology
Source: Bell Labs
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50’s – Bell labs continued
Battery systems
Source: Bell Labs
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Into the 60’s
Solar Cells make advancements in space technologies
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The 70’s
1975: U.S. began Earthbound PV and research and development
1977: Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) later named National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) opened in Golden Colorado.
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1970’s – 1st Solar Concentrator power plant
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70’s continued space development
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70’ – 80’s
Popular opinion attributes PV system use predominantly in the Emerald Triangle region of Northern California. These residents were engaged in agricultural pursuits that spurred PV innovation while maintaining their independence from the grid.
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Late 1970’s – Federal Tax incentives give boost to solar thermal
Mid 1980’s (Reagan) end of Federal tax incentives. This greatly slows solar thermal progress as a heat source
Because of the incentives many flash-in-the-pan companies installed systems of poor quality giving solar a poor reputation
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1980’s – Concentrator Solar (thermal) power plants
Kramer Junction, CA
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80’s to 2000’s Inverter
technology progresses Square Wave
inverter Modified square
Wave True Sine Wave
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1990’s: the grid tied inverter….
Converts Direct Current produced by PV to usable Alternating Current
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2000’s – Photovoltaic (PV) Technology becomes more available and affordable
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And then Building Integrated systems
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2004 – Colorado Voters approve Amendment 37 to have Energy providers offer rebates for installation of PV systems
Habitat for Humanity house in Wheat Ridge:1200 sf $147,000 plus donated items4kW PV 96 sf of collectors w/ 200 ga storage tankDesigned heat load: 4.4 kWhAnnual Energy Savings : 96 MBTU (128,130 kWh)
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2007 – Nevada Solar 1 concentrator power plant comes online
64 megawatts capacity300 acres134 million kWh/yearCost 266 million
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Fossil Fuel Elect. Generation Plants
Are only 30-35% efficient Which does not include the mining
and transport of fuel And does not include dealing with the
toxic wastes
Solar, though seemingly expensive, is delivered freely, abundantly, has no waste byproducts AND is up to 20%
Efficient
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The Future??
PV efficiencies of 20% now, can we get to 50% or even 100%? Silicon cells have a 29% theoretical maximum.
Storage of electricity…better batteries, Spinning storage?
Energy Saving lifestyles – Living Light !
Buildings that produce energy instead of using energy.
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Solar Electrolysis for Hydrogen Fuel Cells
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Application of Solar Energy Technology
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Uses for Solar Energy Heating Air Conditioning Electricity Water Pumping Remote Power/Heat Grid Power/Heat Desalination Transportation Food cooking/Processing Space Applications All Earth Applications
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Power and heat for homes
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Transportation
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Street Lighting
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Hybrid Solar Lighting
Sunlight direct
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Security Cameras
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Battery Charging
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Remote Power
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Very Remote Power
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End of 1
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