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Murders in Mexico:a benchmark withColombia

Figures ofinsecurity in

Mexico areresented

CIDAC offers 27 figures for understanding the

insecurity in our country

CIDACMEXICO

Center of Research for Development

Jaime Balmes 11, Building D, 2nd. floor, Los Morales Polanco, C.P. 11510, Mexico D.F.

Tel. (52-55) 5985-1010 Fax (52-55) 5985-1030

DATE: OCTOBER 2011NUMBER: 000

YEAR:1$0.00

1997 - 2010

Crime incidence per 100,000 inhabitants inMexico is almost three times the one inUnited States in 2009.

Specialists insisted on comparing Mexico with

Colombia during the eighties and nineties.

Crime incidence per

state

Investigated crimes vs.Reported crimesIn average, the state Public Prosecutors onlyinvestigate 20% of the total committed crimesin the country.

Crime map since it is commited until it is, ornot, punished.

100%

20%9%

COMMITTEDcrimes

INVESTIGATEDcrimes

crimes go toTRIAL

REDNUMBERSof the Criminal Justice S stem in Mexico

2009

Mexico EU

vs

1%

PUNISHEDcrimes

COLOMBIA

1995

CHIHUAHUA

2011

130 murders per100,000 inhabitants

80 murders per100,000 inhabitants

MARIEN RIVERA AND RAFAEL CH


2/17

02 |OCTUBRE 2011

Mexican criminal justice system is in crisis. We are facing historic rates of criminality and violence,

mostly because of the States inability to rise as a real threat of punishment for those who break

the law. For understanding where the challenges of our criminal justice system lie, it is

fundamental to know what happens in the process since a crime is committed until it is punished,

or not; which authorities are involved and where the bottlenecks are. In this process, the statistics

are an indispensable tool for measuring the institutions performance on each phase of the

process. Unfortunately, the available public data of security are difficult to compile, compare or

systematize. Acknowledging that the first step for solving the problem is understanding it, CIDAC

has worked with the public available data and, in this document, presents 27 figures for

understanding the countrys insecurity problem.


3/17

03 |OCTOBER 2011

Diagram of the crime

CRIMEINCIDENCE

Reported crimes

(official data)

Preliminary

investigationsDetentions Convictions

Murders

Executions allegedly relatedwith organized crime (PRCO)

Penitentiary

system

Convictions fororganized crime

A CRIME ISREPORTED

UNREPORTED CRIMES Why Dark figure of crime

21

Crime consequences

1, 6, 7 y 15 26 22 y 23

2716

9, 10, 11, 12, 13 y 1425

5 3, 4 y 8

17, 18 y 19

2 y 20

FEDERAL JURISDICTION

24IMPUNITY

The order of the document is designed for telling a story: what happens with a crime since it is committed until it is, or

not, punished. The inferior diagram visualizes this process. Nevertheless, the reader could focus on a specific part of themap, like reported crimes, or a phenomenons component, such as organized crime. The order of the factors does notalter the product if, with these 27 pieces of information, we achieve motivating other stories with new solutions.


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TAB 24,424

MOR 19,878

DF 19,319

OAX 19,200

QROO 18,692MEX 15,392

BCS 14,353

BC 12,642

SLP 11,894

YUC 11,437

GTO 10,221

HGO 10,189

AGS 10,061

COA 9,894

DGO 9,687

NL 9,602

MICH 8,550

CHIH 8,372

JAL 7,271

PUE 7,206

SON 6,837

ZAC 5,795COL 5,737

VER 5,439

GRO 5,258

CHIS 5,189

SIN 4,832

TAMPS 4,579

QUE 3,630

NAY 3,240

CAM 1,897

TLAX 1,567

Crime incidence per state (Mex vs. EU)

Reported crimes per stateWhenwetalkaboutreportedcrimes perstate,we are

not referring to the actual number of crimes. These

only account for the crimes that people decide to

informtotheauthoritiesforthemtobeinvestigated.

Forexample,for2010,BajaCaliforniaisthestatewithmore reported crimes per 100,000 inhabitants. This

does not mean it is the entity with more crime

incidence (reported crimes + unreported crimes), in

which case Tabasco wouldbe the entity wheremore

crimeshappenper100,000inhabitants.

01

Source: CIDAC with data from Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional deSeguridad Pbica; CONAPO and the Censo de Poblacin y Vivienda 2010.

With more repcrimes

orted

Baja California 3,532

Tabasco 2,981

Yucatn 2,806Quintana Roo 2,640

Morelos 2,490

With less rcrim

eporteds

Guerrero 737

Nayarit 706

Chiapas 483Tlaxcala 457

Campeche 250

02

T he c ri me i nc id en ce p er 1 00 ,0 00

inhabitants in Mexico was almost three

timestheoneintheUnitedStatesin2009.

It is important to point out that whileinthe United States the incidence had a

substantial growth during the eighties

until around themiddle of the nineties

period characterized for a population

growthof16.5%-duringthelast15years

ithasexperiencedadramaticdrop.

Nevertheless, theincidence inMexico has

remainedpractically unaltereddue to the

lack of structural changes in matters of

security, andespecially inprocurement of

justice (previous to the development and

implementation of the current Criminal

Justice Reform). Entities like Queretaro,

Nayarit and Veracruz present a crime

incidencesimilartothe one inthe United

States.

Source: CIDAC with data from Secretariado Ejecutivo dSistema Nacional de Seguridad Pbica; CONAPO a

ICESI. United States data from FBI, Uniform Crime Repor

per 100,000 inhabitantsper 100,00 inhabitants

per 100,000 inhabitants

*TAMPs crime incidence decline from 2009 to 2010 is the result of atypical dark figure of crime given by INEGIcompared to the one observed in ICESIs victimization survey**Crime incidence data was developed using the same dark figure of crime for all crimes except for murders.***The incidence does not reflect the type of committed crimes, just the total number.

04 |OCTOBER 2011

Crime incidence per100,000 inhabitants 2010

(per 100,000 inhabitants)


AVERAGE

AVERAGE


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03

Dark figureof crime perstate 2012

Thepercentageofunreportedcrimesis

known as dark Zigure. As for 2010,

the national average for it was 83%.

That is,authorities neveracknowledge

8outof10crimes.

Source: CIDAC with data from INE

Dark figure ofcrime

OAX 92.2%

MICH 91.1%

CHIS 90.7%

DF 88.6%

MEX 88.5%

NL 88.3%

TAB 87.8%

MOR 87.5%

CAM 86.8%

GRO 86.0%

QROO 85.9%

GTO 85.8%

SLP 85.5%

HGO 84.9%

JAL 84.1%

SON 83.8%

Dark figure ofcrime

ZAC 83.4%

PUE 83.3%

VER 83.2%

AGS 83.1%

BCS 82.7%

COA 81.7%

DGO 81.0%

COL 79.5%

NAY 78.2%

SIN 77.2%

YUC 75.5%

CHIH 75.1%

BC 72.1%

TLAX 70.9%

QUE 70.8%

TAMPS* 68.2%

per 100,000 inhabitants per 100,000 inhabitants

* Data from Tamps under revision due to the difference of results of the darkfigure in previous years.

05 |OCTOBER 2011

Dark figure of crime Reported crimes


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04

05

States with more variation in darkfigure of crime 2000-2010

Durango, Nayarit, Tabasco, San Luis

Potos, and Chiapas have presented a

highvariationintheevolutionoftheirdarkZigurealongthelast tenyears.In

fact,the percentage ofcrimesthat are

not reported has increased 30% in

Chiapas, 37% in San Luis Potosi and

20%inTabasco.

As we can see in chart 05, of all the

possible reasons for not reporting a

crime,69%aredirectlyattributabletot he i ne fZ ic ie nc y o f t he P ub li c

Prosecutor. On the other side, the

estimate of dark Zigure per federal

e n ti t y h o ld s a r e la t iv el y h i gh

conZidenceinterval.

Reasons why crimes

are not reported

Source: CIDAC with data from 2000 to 2008 of ICESI; 2010 data from INEGI (it is impor tant to point out compatibilityproblems with the rest of the data and atypical data in the states of Tamps and Tab); 2009 is the average of 2008 and 2010.

Source: CIDAC with data from the ENSI-6, ICESI.

69% of the causes are

attributable to the Public

Prosecutors inefficiency.

06 |OCTOBER 2011


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06

07

Annual growth rate in reportedcrimes per state

Initially, we could assume that the

states with more violence, especially

those with high levels of murders

allegedly related with organized

crime, should have a decline on the

number of reported crimes in 2010

comparedwith2009. This hypothesis

would mostly deal with the citizens

fear of inZiltration or cooption of

groups related with organized crime

inthe stateinstitutions.Nevertheless,

even though a clear decline on the

numberofreportedcrimesisa fact in

stateswithhighlevelsofviolence,like

Tamaulipas, Michoacan, Guerrero or

Morelos, thecase of Durango anditsi nc re as e s ee ms t o w ea ke n t hi s

presumption.

Source: CIDAC with data from Secretariado Ejecutivo delSistema Nacional de Seguridad Pblica; CONAPO andCenso de Poblacin y Vivienda 2010.

Total reported crimes per 100,000 inhabitants1997-2010

Source: CIDAC with data from Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pblica; CONAPO and Conteo de Poblacin y Vivienda 2010.

Whenweseereportedcrimesinthecountrythroughouttime,wecanZindthat,comparedwith1997,2010wasayearwith

less registered crimes. Nevertheless, reported crimes have been relatively stable during the last 13 years. It is explained

because reportedcrimesjust show us thePublic Prosecutorscapacityfor processing crimes.Even thoughthe criminality

rates have skyrocketed in the last years, the Public Prosecutor has been incapable of reacting towards the insecurity

phenomenon.

07 |OCTOBER 2011




8/17

08

09

Evolution of the dark figure of crime2000-2010

On the next chart we can see how, throughout the years, the difference

betweenthestatewiththelowestdarkZigure andtheonewiththe highest

hasbeendrasticallyreduced.Asfor2010wecanseethatthestatesaremuch

morehomogeneousintheirlackofreportingcrimes.Itisimportanttopoint

out that eventhough thedifference ofthe dark Zigure betweenstates has

beendiminished,the averagedark Zigurehasbeenconstant duringthe last

decade.

Murders allegedly related with organizedcrime throughout time

Source: CIDAC with data from 2000 to 2008 of ICESI; 2010 data from INEGI (it is impor tant to point out compatibiproblems with the rest of the data and atypical data in the states of Tamps and Tab); 2009 average of 2008 and 20

Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicas database: deceases occurred due to alleged criminal r ivalry.

An increase of700% in a

period of just 3 years.

The rise of deaths allegedly related with organized crime is

overwhelming.Wepassedfrom500deathsduringtheZirsttrimesterin

2007tomorethan4,000duringthethirdtrimesterof2010.

The negative performance

of the Public Prosecutor

(PP) has an effect on the

peoples confidence on it.

08 |OCTOBER 2011

%

AVERAGE

min: data from the state with the lowest dark figuremax: data from the state with the highest dark figure

Numberofdece

ases

1st trimester 2007 - 4th trimester 2010

1stt

rimes

ter20

07

2ndt

rimes

ter20

07

3rdt

rimes

ter20

07

4thtrim

ester

2007

1stt

rimes

ter20

08

2ndt

rimes

ter20

08

3rdt

rimes

ter20

08

4thtrim

ester

2008

1stt

rimes

ter20

09

2ndt

rimes

ter20

09

3rdt

rimes

ter20

09

4thtrim

ester

2009

1stt

rimes

ter20

10

2ndt

rimes

ter20

10

3rdt

rimes

ter20

10

4thtrim

ester

2010


9/17

10

11

Variation in murders allegedly related

with organized crime 2007-2010

Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicasdatabase: deceases occurred due to alleged criminal rivalry.

Evolution of murders allegedly related with organizedcrime on absolute numbers 2007-2010

Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicas database: deceases occurred due to alleged criminal rivalr y.

Perhaps the worst thing

a b o u t t h e v i o l e n c e

phenomenon in Mexico isthat it has stabilized on

veryhighrates.Duringthe

Zirst month of 2007, the

n u m b er o f m u r de r s

i n cr e as e d m o re t h a n

100% compared to the

month before, and, for

march of the same year,

the rise was higher than

150%, Each month, since

December 2006, therehas

been an average of 10%

more murders than the

m o nt h b e fo r e. E ve n

though the growth rate

stoppedinthelastmonths

of 2010,thetotalZigureof

that growth on average

morethan700deathsper

monthisveryhigh.

In the course of three years, almost 35,000

peoplediedin Mexico asa result of situations

allegedly related to organized crime. The

problem starts with thelabel. First, there is a

generalpresumptionthatthevictimswerealso

criminals.Second,evenif weassumethateach

person that died was a crime organization

member, not investigating every case would

meanpunishing,without a proper process and

withcapitalpunishment,everycrimeclassiZied

as organized crime from minor drug dealing

toanexecution.

09 |OCTOBER 2011

AVERAG10.8%

Deceases per year

Variation

%

Janua

ry20

07

March

2007

May2

007

July2

007

Septe

mber

2007

Nove

mber

2007

Janua

ry20

08

March

2008

May2

008

July2

008

Sept

embe

r200

8

Nove

mber

2008

Janua

ry20

09

March

2009

May2

009

July2

009

Sept

embe

r200

9

Nove

mber

2009

Janua

ry20

10

March

2010

May2

010

July2

010

Sept

embe

r201

0

Nove

mber

2010


10/17

12

13

Murders allegedly related with organized

crime per state

Source: Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicas database: deceases occurred due to alleged criminal rivalr y

Murders: a

benchmark

with Colombia

Source: Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicas database: deceases occurred due to alleged criminal r ivalry; USA, Crime Index Rate; Colombia, UNDemographic Yearbook.

50% of themurders related

with organizedcrime arecommitted in just9% of Mexican

territory:Chihuahua, Sinaloaand Guerrero.

D u ri ng t h is s ix -y ea r pre s id e nt i al t e rm ,

specialists insisted on comparing Mexicos

situation with Colombias during the eighties

and nineties. Even though the average murder

per 100,000 inhabitants in Mexico until 2010

wasonly20%ofhighestrateinColombiaduring

1995 (80 murders per 100,000 inhabitants),

whenwefocus inthestatesreality, wecan see

Chihuahua presents a much worse situation

with more than 130 murders per 100,000

inhabitants.

States with more murders allegewith organized crime 20

dly related10

Chihuahua 130Sinaloa 65Durango 51Tamaulipas 36Nayarit 34

per 100,000 inhabitants

10 |OCTOBER 2011

% total deceases 2007-2012

other states50%

(por cada 100 mil habitantes)

Colombia (1995):highest murders percapita

Colombia (1985):murders per capita

NATIONALAVERAGE

USA:average ofmurders percapita2000-2010


11/17

14 15

Growth of murdersallegedly related withorganized crime in Mexico

Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicas database: deceases occurred due to allegedcriminal rivalr .

Composition

of reported

crimes

Source: CIDAC with data from Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pblica

of 1.8% -average rate of 2010 the

murderswillreach69,400.Finally,ona

scenario of a low growth rate a

monthly1%- the murderswillsurpass

65,000.Alltheprospections,regardless

of theirconsidered rates, raise a 50%

growth on murders from December

2010toDecember2012.

Despite the increase on murders

allegedly related withorganizedcrime

during this presidential term, the

proportion of committed murders in

2010isidenticaltotheonein2005.We

observe these inconsistencies on data

overandoveragain:thereisnorecord

of reported murders consistent with

the number of murders allegedly

relatedwithorganizedcrimeregistered

by a uth orit ie s. I n s om e s tate s

C hi hu ah ua , C ol im a, N ay ar it , a nd

Tamaulipastherearemoreexecutions

or murders allegedly related with

organizedcrimethantotalmurders.It

i s i mp o rt a nt t o c on si d er t h e

classiZicationandlackofcategorization

of other murders of the Sistema

NacionaldeSeguridadPblica.

Several speculations have shown a

s u bs t an ti al i nc re a se o f m ur de rs

allegedly relatedwithorganizedcrime

during the Zirst semester of 2011.

According to the number of reported

murders in December 2010 34,612

there are different forecasts of its

increase.The50,000willbesurpassed

inthelasttrimesterof2011regardless

of thegrowthrate. Consideringa high

growthratewithamonthlyincreaseof

4.07% -the existing rate in 2009 the

numberofmurdersattheendof2012

will be around 81,500. Considering a

medium growth rate the number will

be around76,000. Witha growthrate

*KIDNAPPING2005: 0.02%; 2010: 0.08%

*

11 |OCTOBER 2011

vs

Projection of murders allegedly related with organized crime to December 2012

Average growth rate of 4.07% (2009 rate)Decreasing rate (according to the historic tendency)Average growth rate of 1.8% (2010 rate)Average growth rate of 1%

Accumulateddeceases

January2010

February2010

March2010

April2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

August2010

September2010

October2010

November2010

December2010

January2011

February2011

March2011

April2011

May2011

June2011

July2011

August2011

September2011

October2011

November2011

December2011

January2012

February2012

March2012

April2012

May2012

June2012

July2012

August2012

September2012

October2012

November2012

December2012


12/17

16

17

Who miscounted?

Economicaffectations

associated

with insecurity

per region

Source: CIDAC with data from BM. Encuesta Mensual de Actividad Econmica en los Sectores Manufactureros yNo Manufactureros, December 2010.

No affectation

Some kind of affectation (average or serious)

States with more murders

allegedly related with organized

crime than total murders

Source: CIDAC with data from Presidencia de la Republicas and SNSPs database: deceases occurred due toalleged criminal rivalry

Murders2010

Murders allegedlyrelated with

organized crime 2010Difference

CHIH 3,806 4,427 -621

COL 93 101 -8

NAY 367 377 -10

TAMPS 719 1,209 -490

If we compare the number of registered

murders in SNSP database with murders

allegedly related with organized crime

database, bothfrom 2010, we Zindout that in

four states Chihuahua, Colima, Nayarit, andTamaulipas there are more murders related

withorganizedcrimethantotalmurders.Even

if it was true that murders not related with

organizedcrimeexperiencedadramaticfallfor

that year, thenumbers ofbothsources should

coincide.The datafromtheSNSP comes from

the attorney generals ofZice, and murders

allegedly related comes from a counting of

dif ferent public security agencies. Who

miscounted?

12 |OCTOBER 2011

South

North

Center

North Central


13/17

18

19

Kind of affection associated with insecurityin companies

Prevention and protection actions made by

companies against crimes in 2010

Source: CIDAC with data from BM. Encuesta Mensual de Actividad Econmica en los Sectores Manufactureros y NoManufactureros, December 2010.

Source: CIDAC with data from BM. Encuesta Mensual de Actividad Econmica en los Sectores Manufactureros yNo Manufactureros, December 2010.

*Includes phone extor tion, decrease on attendance or absence of the personnel, delay on goods delivery, changes in workihours, executives distrust in traveling, decrease of frontier deliveries, e

* Changes in the schedule and working hours are included; access restriction; limitations in the use of casreported crimes or lawsuits; means of personnel support

** Selection of delivery routes, satellite tracking, etc.

13 |OCTOBER 2011

(%) per zone

(%) per zone

South

North

Center

NorthCentral

Theft of goods or supplies

Loss of future business or investments

Decrease in sales

Insecurity of the personnel

Increase of security expenses

Others*

South

North

Center

NorthCentral

Hiring security personnel

Security cameras / alarms

Other preventive measures**

Bigger means of security / vigilance

Hiring insurance

Others*


14/17

Incidence vs. Reported crimes 2000-2010

Thecrimeincidenceistheresultofthetotalsumofreportedcrimesplusthepercentageofunreportedcrimes(darkZigure).

Eventhoughthecrimeincidencemoves throughtime,rateofreportedcrimes remains stable.This shows us that thePublic

Prosecutorsperformancehasnothingtodowiththeinsecurityphenomenon.Thatis,itmakesnodifferenceifthenumberof

crimesincreasesordecreases:thePublicProsecutoralwaysprocessesthesamenumberofcases.

20

Source: CIDAC with data from Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pblica, CONAPO. Censo de Poblacin y Vivienda 2010. ICESI INEGI.

Investigated vs. Reported crimes21

In average, the statePublic Prosecutor only investigates 20%of thetotal committed crimes inMexico. Once thereported

crime reaches the PP, the institution must obtain proof and make the required formalities for accrediting the crimes

perpetrationandtheprobableresponsibilityofaperson.Whenthisinvestigationissolidenough,ajudgeordersthebeginning

ofajudicialprocess.Asfor2010,ajudgeacceptedonly9%ofthecasesinvestigatedbythePublicProsecutor.

Source: CIDAC with data from INEGI. Judicial statistics in cr iminal matters.

*It was assumed that every crime had the same dark figure.

Incidence per1000,00

iinhabitants

Reported crimesper 100,000inhabitants

2000 306,387 44,705

2001 323,888 46,764

2002 319,290 45,536

2003 312,459 44,157

2004 324,524 43,392

2005 311,363 45,085

2006 310,663 47,023

2007 339,505 50,211

2008 330,641 50,892

2009 325,967 50,531

2010 312,284 49,186

14 |OCTOBER 2011

(por cada 100 mil habitantes)(per 100,000 inhabitants)

Incidence per capita Reported crimes per capita

Nationalincidencepercapita

(aprox.)


15/17

Convicted vs. InvestigatedOncea case enters the judicial process, the Public Prosecutors accusation confronts the defense of the investigated.The

judgestaskistodecidewhichofbothargumentshas morelegalweight.As for 2010, 76%ofcases presentedbythePublic

Prosecutorreceivedaconviction.

22

Source: CIDAC with data from INEGI. Estadsticas judiciales en mater ial penal.

Convicted vs. Reported23Asfor2010,76%ofthecasesthePublicProsecutortooktoajudgereceivedaconviction.However,inthesameyear,only9%

ofthetotalreportedcrimesreachedajudge.Thatis,only7%ofthetotalreportedcrimesbeforeaPublicProsecutorreceived

punishment.

Source: CIDAC with data from INEGI. Estadsticas judiciales en mater ial penal.

Impunity (Convictions/crime incidence)The biggestproblemfacedbytheprocurement ofjusticeinMexicoisthatthestatehasnot beenableto riseasabelievable

punishmentthreatforthosewhodeserveit.Fortenyears,theimpunityrateshaveremainedstable:onlyoneoutofevery100

committedcrimesreceivesapunishment.

24

Source: CIDAC with data from INEGI. Estadsticas judiciales en material penal.

15 |OCTOBER 2011


16/17

Convictions for every 100 reported federal crimes in

matters of organized crime25

Despitethe FederalGovernments openwar against organized

crime, the Federal Public Prosecutor demonstrates the

weaknesses of the justice system. In spite of the investedresources,andofthecapacitationofattorneysandpolicemen,

only12outof100crimesrelatedwithorganizedcrimereceive

punishment.

Preliminary figures January-June 2010Source: CIDAC with data from Cuarto Informe de Gobierno, Procuradura General de la Repblica.

Time to integrate a previous investigation

The timeittakes to do acriminalinvestigationinthis

countryreZlectsthenatureoftheprocedures.Inevery

case, it deals with the fulZilling of requirements in

order tocomplete a procedure. Andthat, precisely, is

theaim:toZinishtheZileandnotpunishingtheguilty

or catching a criminal. And, as it focuses more on

administrative procedures rather than on criminal

intelligence,morecasesrequiremoreemployers,more

bureaucracyandmoretime.

Preliminary figures January-June 20Source: CIDAC with data from Cuarto Informe de Gobierno, Procuradura General de la Repbli

26

Population of the penitentiary system27

The prison system still remains a pending subject on the

Mexicanagenda.Apartfromtheoverpopulationsubject that

as for 2009 presenteda 30% rate the unlimiteduseof the

preventiveprisonZigurereafZirmstheideathatinMexicothere

isnopresumptionofinnocence.Almosthalfofthepenitentiary

population is stillwaiting for a trialto conZirm or deny their

culpability.

Preliminary figures January-June 2010* Investigated and convicted inmates regarding available space . The annual variation is expressed in percentage points.Source: CIDAC with data from Cuarto Informe de Gobierno, Secretara de Seguridad Pblica, Subsecretara del Sistema Penitenciario Federal, rgano AdministrativoDesconcentrado de Prevencin y Readaptacin Social

16 |OCTOBER 2011

Inmates subject to processing / total penitentiary population

Days


17/17

17 |OCTOBER 2011

With 25 years of existence, the Centro de Investigacin para el Desarrollo A.C. (Center of

Research for Development) is an independent, not-for-profit think tank that undertakes research

and proposes viable policy alternatives for the medium and long-term development of Mexico. It

seeks to promote open, pluralistic debates in pursuit of: strengthening the Rule of Law and

creating favorable conditions for Mexicos economic and social development. Enriching Mexican

public opinion and providing analyses and information for societal decision-making.

Responsible for the document: - Rafael Ch ([email protected]) - Marien Rivera ([email protected])
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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