rectal cancer - preop. radiochemotherapy and postop. chemotherapy

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Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Rectal Cancer – Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Erlangen Werner Hohenberger

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Page 1: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum ErlangenFriedrich-Alexander-UniversitätErlangen-Nürnberg

Rectal Cancer –

Preop. Radiochemotherapy

and Postop. Chemotherapy

Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Erlangen

Werner Hohenberger

Page 2: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Reduction of local recurrence

Survival not reduced by irradiation alone, if local

recurrence < 15 %

Adjuvant chemotherapy supposed to

reduce distant metastases and increase survival

Rectal CancerObjective of Pelvic Irradiation

Page 3: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Clinical Pathology in Erlangen

Paul Hermanek

Head of Clinical Pathology in the Surgical Department1969 - 1988

Page 4: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Hermanek P. Wiebelt H, Staimmer D, Riedl S (1995)PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF RECTUM CARCINOMA –EXPERIENCE OF THE GERMAN MULTICENTER STUDY SGCRC.

TUMORI 81;3:60-64

Page 5: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Rectal CancerLocoregional Recurrence Rate

( 1984 - 1988 )

UICC - Stage all centres

I 10,5 %0 - 29 %

II 20,2 %12 - 40 %

III 31,8 %14 - 52 %

p N 1 27,0 %14 - 55 %

p N 2 / 3 36,0 %12 - 57 %

All 21,0 %12 - 35 %

SGKRKSGKRKSGKRKSGKRK

Variationswithin

centres

Page 6: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Rectal Carcinom R0 M0

Patients with locoregional recurrenceobserved survival - logistic regression analysis

Significant factors p

1. Department 0.0017

2. Grading 0.0161

SGCRCSGCRC

Hermanek et al. 1995

Page 7: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Rectal Cancer Locoregional Recurrence Rate

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

% Dept. A Dept. B Dept. C

Individual surgeons with > 15 operations All surgeons with 15 operations

SGCRC, Hohenberger 1997

Page 8: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Rectal CancerLocal RecurrenceHigh Risk Groups

Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Erlangen

n 5-y-LRR (%) SE (%)775 13,3 1,3

0 - <6cm 235 18,6 2,8pT3c,d (>5mm) 242 24,6 3,1pT4 30 21,7 9,9pN1 183 15,9 3,0pN2 119 32,5 5,0G3,4 98 28,5 5,4pT3c,d(>5mm) pT4 pN1,2 160 33,4 4,4G3,4 pN1,2 69 35,3 7,10-<6cm G3,4 pN1,2 25 51,7 11,9

Page 9: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Page 10: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

first patient treated 1987 enables sphincter preservationimplemented into protocol CAO/ARO/AIO 94 in 1989

Rectal CancerNeoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy

Departments of Surgery and Radiotherapy

Page 11: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Page 12: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Kumulative Inzidenz LokalrezidiveIntent-to-Treat Analysis (Med. Follow-up: 40 mts)

6050403020100

.14

.12

.10

.08

.06

.04

.02

0.00

Months

Loco

regi

onal

Rec

urre

nces

p = 0.006

Postop. RCT

Preop. RCT

12%

6%

Page 13: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Peri-/post-operative ComplicationsIntent-to-Treat Analysis

Postop.bleeding

Anastomoticleakage

Delayed wound

healing

Ileus Fistula

12%

10%

3%2%

6%

4%

2%3% 3%

1%

post-op RCT pre-op RCT

Page 14: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Postop. RCT Preop. RCT n= 394 n = 405

No tumor 0.7% 7.7 %UICC- I 18 % 25 %UICC-II 28 % 29 %

UICC-III 39 % 26 %UICC-IV 7 % 6 %Missing 6 % 6 %

Pathohistologic Tumor Stage

DOWNSTAGING

P < 0.0001

Page 15: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Overall SurvivalIntent-to-Treat Analysis (Med. Follow-up: 40 mts)

Overall Survival

6050403020100

1.0

.9

.8

.7

.6

Months

Ove

r all

Surv

i va l

Preop. RCT

Postop. RCT

74%

74%

Page 16: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

p = 0.017

pre

post

76%

60%

1.0

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.0

0.2

0 2412 4836 60Months

Dis

ease

- fre

e Su

rviv

al

Disease-free SurvivalIntention-to-Treat Analysis, Center 1 and 2

Page 17: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Type of Surgery CAO/ARO/AIO-94

Postop. RCT Preop. RCTN=142 N=190

Low anterior/other 46% 55%Abdominoperineal 54% 45%

Lower Rectum (< 6 cm from anal verge)

P=0.087

Page 18: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Page 19: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

19

CAO/ARO/AIO-94 Rectal Cancer Study: adjuvant vs. neoadjuvant RCT

Locoregional recurrence rate

Sauer et al. 2012

Page 20: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

20

Rectal cancer: problems of neoadjuvant radiotherapy

Overtreatment: 18% of patients with clinical stage II / III tumours had a pathological stage I tumour (variation 5 %- 37 %)

Page 21: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

21

CAO/ARO/AIO-04

O P E R A T I O N

5-FU: 500 mg/m2/d als Bolus über 2-5 min. (Tag 1-5), Wiederholung Tag 29, insgesamt 4 Kurse

Chemotherapie: 5-Fluorouracil 1000 mg/m²/d Dauerinfusion

1.+5. RT-Woche

d 1-5

KONTROLL-ARM:

1 2 3 5 6 4

d 29-33

50.4 Gy : Radiotherapie 28 x 1.8 Gy

Chemotherapie: 5-Fluorouracil 250 mg/m²/d

Dauerinfusion

Oxaliplatin 50 mg/m²/d

d 1

d 1-14

d 8 d 22 d 29

EXPERIMENTELLER ARM:

d 22-35

1 2 3 5 6 4

: Radiotherapie 28 x 1.8 Gy 50.4 Gy

Folinsäure 400mg/m2; 2h-Infusion Oxaliplatin 100mg/m²; 2h-Infusion 5-FU Infusion 2400 mg/m²; 46h-Infusion

d 1 5-FU-Infusion über 46 h

Wiederholung d 15; insgesamt 8 Kurse

OX

F S

Page 22: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

22

Rödel et al. ASCO 2014

Rektum-Ca: neoadjuvante RT und adjuvante RTVergleich 5-FU vs. 5-FU/Oxaliplatin

Overall survival

Page 23: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

23

Rektum-Ca: neoadjuvante RT und adjuvante RTVergleich 5-FU vs. 5-FU/Oxaliplatin

Disease free survival

Rödel et al. ASCO 2014

Page 24: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

24

 Table 2. Intention-to-Treat Analysis of First Events for Primary Endpoint Disease-free Survival

  Fluorouracil and oxaliplatin group

(n=613)

Fluorouracil group (n=623)

Macroscopically incomplete local resection (R2)

4 9

Locoregional recurrence (after R0/R1 resection)

12 (1.95 %) 23 (3.7 %)

Distant Metastasis/Progression 107 (17.4 %) 140 (22.5 %)

Death 36 26

First Event for Disease-free Survival (Total) 159 198

Rektum-Ca: neoadjuvante RT und adjuvante RTVergleich 5-FU vs. 5-FU/Oxaliplatin

Rödel et al. ASCO 2014

Page 25: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

25

Rectum-Ca: Metaanalyse

Bujko et al. 2015

Metaanalyse (DFS)

Page 26: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

26

Rektum-Ca: 5-FU/Oxaliplatin/Folsäure versus5-FU/Folinsäure als adjuvante Chemotherapie

nach neoadjuvanter RCT; Phase II-Studie (N=321)

Hong et al. 2014

Disease Free - Survival

Page 27: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

27

Rectal cancer: Factors associated with local recurrences MRC – CR 07 (Quirke et al. 2009)

Page 28: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Postop. Chemotherapy:

No benefit after complete remission

No benefit after poor remission?

No postop. irradiation at all

Exclude cT 3a,b cTN0

Rectal Cancer Perioperative Chemoirradiation

Page 29: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

29

Phase-II: CAO/ARO/AIO-12

Page 30: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Universitätsklinikum Erlangen

Improve quality of surger, still

Improve quality of preop. imaging

Improve implementation of MDTs and its quality

(to indicate neoadjuvant RCT better)

Stop postop. radiotherapy (even for R1 cases)

Better trials needed to indicate/exclude

radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well

Rectal CancerHow to Improve Outcome Further

Page 31: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

31

Rektum – Karzinom: State of the Art in der Strahlentherapie des Rektums

1. Eine RT/RCT senkt die lokoregionäre Rezidivrate.2. RCT mit 5-FU oder Capecitabine bleibt Standard; ggf.

+ Oxaliplatin (falls hohe Rate an pCR gewünscht).3. Adjuvante CT mit 5-FU ??? Evt. +5-FU + Oxal. ?4. Die Indikationen zur RT/RCT werden sich ändern: -

cT3a,b cN0 ?5. Nur in prospektiven Studien kann ermittelt werden,

unter welchen Bedingungen auf eine RT oder OP verzichtet werden kann.

6. Bei Metastasen: Beginn mit systemischer Therapie: lokale Maßnahmen nicht vergessen

Page 32: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Neoadjuvante Therapie des Rektumkarzinoms

Prof. Dr. Rainer Fietkau

Update Kolorektales Karzinom

Page 33: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

33

 Table 2. Intention-to-Treat Analysis of First Events for Primary Endpoint Disease-free Survival

  Fluorouracil and oxaliplatin group

(n=613)

Fluorouracil group (n=623)

Macroscopically incomplete local resection (R2)

4 9

Locoregional recurrence (after R0/R1 resection)

12 23

Distant Metastasis/Progression 107 140

Death 36 26

First Event for Disease-free Survival (Total) 159 198

Rektum-Ca: neoadjuvante RT und adjuvante RTVergleich 5-FU vs. 5-FU/Oxaliplatin

Rödel et al. ASCO 2014

Page 34: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

34

Rektumkarzinom:

Adjuvante Chemotherapie

nach neoadjuvanter RCT

Page 35: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

35

Rectum-Ca: Stellenwert der adjuvanten Chemotherapie nach RCT

Breugom et al. 2015

• 4 randomisierte Studien n=1196

• OS HR=0,97 p=0,775 DFS HR=0,91 p=0,230 DM HR=0,94 p=0,523

• Tumoren 10-15 cm ab Analrand DFS HR=0,59 p=0,005 DM HR=0,61 p=0,025

Metaanalyse

Page 36: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

36

Rektumkarzinom:

Welche Faktoren beeinflussen

die lokoregionäre Rezidivrate

Page 37: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

37

Rectal Cancer: Circumferential Resection Margin (CRM) and local recurrence rate

Local recurrence *

CRM + CRM - p

Quirke et al. 2006 31 % 14% < 0,001Birbeck et al. 2002 38 % 10 % < 0,0001Wibe et al. 2002 22 % 5 % < 0,001Nagtegaal et al. 2002 16 % 6 % 0,0007Peeters et al. 2007 23.5% 8.7 %

* Different follow up times and calculation processes

Page 38: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Rektum-Karzinom: Lokoregionäre Rezidivrate nach alleiniger TME Chirurgie

lokoreg. Rezidive

pN0 8,4% p=0,055*

pN1 14,8%p=0,001*pN2 33,5%

pN0 8,4%p=0,001**pN1/2 22,9%

38

Hermanek et al. 2010

* univariate** multivariate

Page 39: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

39

Al-Sukhni et al. 2012

Page 40: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

40

Risiko-Gruppen

NICE Guideline 2014

Risikogruppen

Page 41: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

41

Rektumkarzinom:

Welchen Einfluss hat der Verzicht

auf RT nach modifizierter

Indikationsstellung ?

Page 42: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

42

(Taylor et al. 2011)

Page 43: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

43

(Taylor et al. 2011)

Therapieergebnisse

Lokale Rezidive 3,3 % ( 4 / 122)

5-Jahres-Überlebensrate 68,2 %**

DFS (5 Jahre) 84,7 %**

** Deutsche Rektum-Studie: Überlebensrate 76%; DFS 68%

Page 44: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

44

(Taylor et al. 2011)

Problempunkte

Nicht auswertbare Patienten 11,3 % ( 52 / 477) *

Nur absolute Angabe der lokalen Rezidivraten

Anteil Stadium pI: 40 % ( 49 / 122 )

Anteil Stadium cI: 46 % ( 57 / 122 )

pT3/4N0 1/29 (3,4%) pN1 1/36 ( 2,7%) pN2: 1/8 (12,5%)

* Deutsche Rektumstudie (3%)

Page 45: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

45

Rektumkarzinom:

Verzicht auf OP

Page 46: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

46

Rectal Cancer: Wait and See Strategy

RCT (N) wait and see (N)Habr-Gama et al. 2009 361 34% (99)

Habr-Gama et al. 2013 70 68% (47)

Dalton et al. 2012 49 12% (6)

Smith et al. 2012 265 12% (32)

Nakagawa et al. 2002 52 19% (10)

Erlangen 5%

Maas et al. 2011 192 11% (21)

Page 47: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

47

Rectal cancer: Local recurrences

Glynne-Jones ; Hughes 2012

Follow-up Local 5-y-(month) recurrences survival

Habr-Gama et al. 2006 60 5% 93%

Habr-Gama et al. 2011 65 4,6% 96%

Maas et al. 2011 26 5% 100%*

Dalton et al. 2012 50%

Lim et al. 2007 23%

*2-year survival

Page 48: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

48

Rectal cancer: Wait and See Policyfollowing cCR after CRT

Maas et al. 2011

Patients: 192 pts with cT3 and cT4 carcinomas; > 3 LN

RCT with Capecitabine

21 pts with cCR (MR; biopsy; endoscopy)

1/20 pt with local recurrence (salvage

sucessfully)Median follow-up: 25 months

Page 49: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

49

Rectal cancer: Functional outcome of surgery (pCR) versus wait and see strategy

Maas et al. 2011

Page 50: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

50

Rektumkarzinom:

RT in der metastasierten

Situation

Page 51: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

51

Metastasiertes Rektumkarzinom:Therapiekonzept Erlangen

Chemotherapie 3x FOLFIRINOX

Remissionsbeurteilung

Beurteilung, ob lok. Therapie der Metastasen möglich

(Radiofrequenzablation, OP, RT)

lok. Therapie d. Metastasen Chemotherapie 3x FOLFIRINOX

OP Primärtumor RCT 5FU/Ox lokale Therapieder Metastasen und des PT

OP Primärtumor

Bei Progress: alternative CTx

NeinJa

Bei Ansprechen

Page 52: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

5252

Metastasiertes Rektumkarzinom:Therapieergebnisse Erlangen (N=24)

PatientencharakteristikaGeschlecht Männer: 17

Frauen: 7Alter 58 (35 – 71)cT - cT2: N=1

cT3: N=16cT4: N= 7

Metastasen Leber: N=15Lunge: N=3Leber+Lunge: N=4Peritoneal: N=2

Page 53: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

53

Ansprechen auf FOLFIRINOXPR: 21/24

Progression: 3/24 1x Rektumperforation nach 1 Zyklus 1x Progress nach 2 Zyklen 1x Progress nach 3 Zyklen

53

Metastasiertes Rektumkarzinom:Therapieergebnisse Erlangen (N=24)

Page 54: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

Metastasiertes Rektum-Ca:Therapieergebnisse Erlangen (N=24)

Tumorfrei 5/21Systemische Progression 16/21lokales Rezidiv 0/212 Jahres PFS 18,7%

54

Aktueller Tumorstatus nach Ansprechen auf Folfirinox:

Page 55: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

55

Metastasiertes Rektumkarzinom: Therapieergebnisse Erlangen (N=24)

Gesamtüberleben: nach 1Jahr: 95,7%

nach 2 Jahren: 78,5%

Überlebensrate: alle Pat. Überlebensrate: nach Ansprechen auf FOLFIRINOX

Page 56: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

5656

Zusammenfassung

Systemische Therapie notwendig Offene Fragen:

Stellenwert der Chirurgie des PTStellenwert lokaler Verfahren bei den

MetastasenStellenwert der Radio(chemo)therapie beim Rektumkarzinom

Meiner Meinung nach sind lokale Verfahren (Chirurgie; RT; Ablative Maßnahmen) unbedingt erforderlich; wobei die optimale Sequenz noch offen ist

Page 57: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

57

Rectal Cancer: Reduction of locoregional recurrences by RT (5 * 5 Gy)

Sebag - Montefiore et al. 2009

Page 58: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

5858

Metastasiertes Rektumkarzinom:Therapieergebnisse Erlangen (N=24)

Lokale TherapieRadiochemotherapie N=14 (8x OP)Rektum-Operation N=15 (8xRCT)

Keine Lokalrezidive!

Page 59: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

59

Rektum - Karzinom: Zeitpunkt der OP nach RT

Stadium : T2 – T3Radiotherapie : 13 * 3 Gy neoadjuvant

OP nach OP nach 1-2 Wochen 6-8 Wochen

„pathological 10,3 % 26% p = 0,005 down-staging“Spinktererhalt 68% 76% p = 0,27 möglich

Francois et al. (J Clin Oncol 1999); N = 201

Page 60: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

60

Metastasiertes Rektumkarzinom: Therapieergebnisse Erlangen (N=24)

Progressionsfreie Überlebensrate:

progressionsfreies Überleben:

n. 1 Jahr: 49,8%

n. 2J ca. 18,7%

Page 61: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

61

Interval to Re-Staging

Tulchinsky et al. 2008

> 7 weeks

≤ 7 weeksp=0.05

p=0.03

N=132 patients (T3-4 or N+); 5-FU based CRT 45-50.4 Gy;Surgery scheduled 6-8 weeks after CRT

Page 62: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

62

Rectal Cancer: Quality of Surgery

Locoregional Recurrence Rate (3 years)

Plane of Surgery OP±RCT

Muscularis propria plane (12,6%) 29%

Intramesorectal plane (34,1%) 12%

Mesorectal plane (53,2%) 6%

Quirke et al. 2006 ASCO, N = 1119

Page 63: Rectal Cancer - Preop. Radiochemotherapy and Postop. Chemotherapy

63

Indikation zur Radio ( Chemo)therapie

Deutsche Leitlinie 2014