reconciling religion: bulleh shah, ralph waldo emerson and the american transcendentalist tradition
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reconciling-religion-bulleh-shah-ralph-waldo-emerson-and-the-american-transcendentalist 1/22
Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
Ad}{`mro}a`d
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b{s`d ufs }hb {s} s`.ofllbm Ubs}b{d fr}h`{ }` hfzb ado`{y`{f}bm”admbbm, }` hfzb
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}{fdslf}a`ds `j Hfw fdm `}hb{s, fs ubll fs has grx}fy`sa}a`d `j Yb{safd zb{sb ua}h
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]hb j`{be`ade ebdb{f}a`ds kbhblm E`m fdm df}r{b jfob }` jfob3 ub, }h{`reh
}hba{ bqbs$ Uhq sh`rlm d`} ub fls` bdg`q fd `{aeadfl {blf}a`d }` }hb rda.
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[bo`doalade [blaea`d7 Krllbh _hfh, [flyh Uflm`Bnb{s`d fdm }hb Fnb{aofd ]{fdsobdmbd}flas} ]{fma}a`d
Kq Nacb Rdhb{ fdm _f{f Kfd`
6
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reconciling-religion-bulleh-shah-ralph-waldo-emerson-and-the-american-transcendentalist 2/22
Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
_rsn7 Mbda}a`ds fdm Kbeaddades
]` rdmb{}fcb sroh fd bxyl`{f}a`d, a} as hblyjrl }` mbdb }b{ns, bsyboafllq j`{ }hbd`d.syboaflas}$ _rsn, `{ ]fsfuurj fs a} as cd`ud ad }hb Nrslan u`{lm, as `j}bd
ohf{fo}b{awbm fs Aslfnao nqs}aoasn (Lades 62!$
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bdlaeh}bdnbd} ad }hb jfa}h$
_bqqbmbh M{ $ Dfham Fdehf u{a}bs fd ad}b{bs}ade mbda}a`d j _rsn fdm j
a}s bf{lq kbeaddades7
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ya`rs admazamrfls j{`n majjb{bd} df}a`ds uh`, erambm kq }hb Lfus `j Aslfn,
s`reh} j`{ }hb ma{bo} bxyb{abdob `j }hb Mazadb$ O`nyfda`ds `j }hb Y{`yhb},
}hbq ub{b yb`ylb `j y{adoaylbs y{fo}aoade ob{}fad masoayladbs fdm nbma}f.
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mb{s}fdmade `j {bfla}q$ ]hbq ub{b }hb L`zb{s `j E`m uh` s`reh} rda`d ua}h
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Fkmrllfh Nfs`rm3 s`nb has}`{afds hfzb fmmbm @zbqsb Ehf{fda }` }has las} fs ubll$
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has h`nblfdm }` ads}{ro} s}rmbd}s bfeb{ }` j`ll`u }hb yf}h }`uf{m addb{ cd`ulbmeb$
]hb{b }hbq kbofnb }hb e{bf} nassa`df{abs `j Aslfn$ Has}`{q sh`us }hf} ua}had f
;
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reconciling-religion-bulleh-shah-ralph-waldo-emerson-and-the-american-transcendentalist 3/22
Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
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}hba{ s}rmbd}s }` df}a`ds fs mazb{sb fdm uamblq sbyf{f}bm fs Yb{saf, Admaf, Adm`db.
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ub l``c `zb{ }hb Nrslan u`{lm, }hb{b as hf{mlq f {bea`d }hf} m`bs d`} hfzb
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Bfs} }` Ubs}, j{`n _r y`b}s fs mazb{sb fs [rna fdm Krllbh _hfh$
?
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reconciling-religion-bulleh-shah-ralph-waldo-emerson-and-the-american-transcendentalist 4/22
Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
Yfrl Qfohdbs (;9! nbd}a`ds majjb{bd} yb{sybo}azbs `j _rsn ad laeh} `j maj.
jb{bd} mbda}a`ds ad has yfyb{ “_rsn Dfnb fdm @{aead$„ [$F$ Daoh`ls`d, ad has
k{abj ad}{`mro}a`d }` _rsn, ]hb Nqs}aos `j Aslfn (616=!, {bnf{cs7 “_rsn, }hb{blaea`rs yhal`s`yhq `j Aslfn, as mbso{akbm ad }hb `lmbs} bx}fd} mbda}a`d fs ‘}hb fy.
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hb s}all nfad}fads }hb y`yrlf{ ambf }hf} _rsn ufs lf{eblq }hb y{`mro} `j mazb{sb
yhal`s`yhaofl fdm sya{a}rfl adrbdobs, adolrmade Oh{as}afd, Db`.Ylf}`dao, fdm `}h.
b{s$ Daoh`ls`d jr{}hb{ s}f}bs }hf} _rsn as “f srkgbo} s` zfs} fdm nfdq.sambm }hf}
sbzb{fl lf{eb z`lrnbs u`rlm kb {bvra{bm }` m` a} fdq}hade lacb grs}aob„ (6!$ Daoh`l.
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fdm o{bbms, uhaoh as `db `j }hb n`s} saedaofd} fdm rdavrb fsybo}s `j _rsn$
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_rsn as dba}hb{ f {blaea`d d`{ f orl} `{ f sbo}, d`{ as a} `dlq j{`n bfs} `{
j{`n ubs}$ _rsn, uhaoh nbfds uasm`n, hfs flufqs kbbd fdm shfll flufqs
kb fd `ybd m``{ }` ]{r}h3 }hb uasb jbbl sqnyf}hq }`uf{ms fll kblabjs, uhalb
f} }hb sfnb }anb fz`amade syborlf}a`d ry`d fks}{fo} o`doby}s$ _rsn kb.
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{blaea`rs ambfls as {bsybo}bm$
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j{bb.}hadcb{„ (6:5!$
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ad _rsn$ Kr} Hamfqf} Adfqf}.Chfd hfs eazbd }hb nbfdade `j _rsn sanylq fsuasm`n, uhaoh, lacb Caylade‑s j{bb.}hadcb{, sbbns }` kb fd ado`nylb}b }b{n o`n.
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{azfl$ ]has as }hb {bdrdoaf}a`d `j bzb{q}hade kr} E`m$ A} as yfqade o`nylb}b
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}` }hb y`ad} }hf} `db sbbs d`}hade kr} E`m ua}h }hb zasa`d `j }hb hbf{}, }` }hb
y`ad} }hf} fll `}hb{ kbades f{b sbbd fs nb{b shfm`us `j }hb Mazadb, rd}al }hb
s}f}b as {bfohbm ad uhaoh “]hb{b as d` kbade kr} E`m,„ fdm “]hb{b as d`}h.
ade kr} Han$„
=
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
Krllbh _hfh fdm Fshjfv Fhnbm
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na{b{s (nfdq `j uh`n hfzb {bjb{{bm }` han fjjbo}a`df}blq fs Kfkf Krllbh _hfh!
o`nyf{b has u{a}ades fdm yhal`s`yhq }` }hb u`{c `j [rna fdm _hfns.a.]fk{aw$ F}
y{bsbd}, hb as hblm ad e{bf} bs}bbn bvrfllq ad D`{}hb{d Admaf fdm Yfcas}fd$
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]hb Mfalq Nfal Dbus, yrklashbm ad Aslfnfkfm, {bobd}lq y{ad}bm }hb j`ll`uade fd.
d`rdobnbd} {bef{made fd ryo`nade r{s (mbz`}a`dfl jfa{ mbmaof}bm }` _r sfad}s!7
KFKF KRLLBH _HFH R[_ KBEAD_ ]@MFQ
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uall kbead `d @o}`kb{ 6, ;991 fdm uall o`dolrmb `d @o}`kb{ ?, ;991 ad
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nrllfhs `zb{ Aslfn, }hb dbxrs kb}ubbd }hb olb{eq fdm }hb {rlb{s fdm fll }hb
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f}`{$ F o`nn`d }hbnb `j has y`b}{q as }hb yr{sra} `j sblj.cd`ulbmeb }hf} as
bssbd}afl j`{ }hb nqs}aofl rda`d ua}h }hb Kbl`zbm$
]hb{b f{b zf{qade `yada`ds {bef{made }hb mf}bs `j Krllbh _hfh‑s lajb, kr} n`s} {b.
sbf{ohb{s kblabzb }hf} hb lazbm j{`n 6:29 }` 6528$ Hb ufs k`{d Fkmrllfh _hfh, ad
}hb Yrdgfk {bea`d `j y{bsbd}.mfq Yfcas}fd, ad }hb zallfeb `j Roh Ealfdaqfd ad Kfhf.uflyr{$ Hb ufs `j }hb _fqqafm ofs}b, fdm ufs }hrs {blf}bm }` Y{`yhb} N`hfnnbm
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Yb{safd fdm }hb C`{fd$ Has jfnalq n`zbm }` }hb mas}{ao} `j Nflfcufl, fdm kbj`{b
l`de }hb hbfm `j }hb zallfeb `j Yfdm`cb s`reh} f y{bfohb{ j`{ }hb zallfeb n`svrb$
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kbo`nb }hb }bfohb{ j`{ }hb zallfeb ohalm{bd$
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dbss fs ubll fs bdza{`dnbd}$ ]hbsb jfo}`{s y{`zambm han ua}h has bf{lq bmrof}a`d
fdm fuf{bdbss `j }hb y`ub{ `j {blaea`d fdm }hb u{a}}bd u`{m, fs ubll fs f mbby {b.
sybo} j`{ lbf{dade$
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ubll.cd`ud obd}b{ `j lbf{dade$ ]hb{b hb bdo`rd}b{bm bnadbd}, ubll.cd`ud }bfoh.
b{s sroh fs Hfwf{f} Ehrlfn Nr{}fwf fdm Nfrlfdf N`haqrmmad$ Krllbh _hfh kb.
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
ofnb f yryal `j Hfwf{f} Ehrlfn Nr{}fwf, fdm ua}h has addf}b ad}bllaebdob fdm
n`{fl y{`olaza}q, hb efadbm nroh j{`n has o`d}fo} ua}h }has }bfohb{$
Foo`{made }` Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a ad }hba{ f{}aolb “]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh,„}hb{b as s}{`de has}`{aofl bzambdob }` sh`u }hf} Krllbh hfm kbo`nb fd bnadbd}
soh`lf{ `j F{fkao fdm Yb{safd7
J{`n has ud o`ny`sa}a`ds ub ofd dm nfdq {bjb{bdobs }` Aslfnao }h`reh}
fdm nqs}ao la}b{f}r{b$ Lf}b{, uhbd hb f}}fadbm nqs}ao {bflawf}a`d, has b{rma.
}a`d fdm lbf{dade fovra{bm f dbu saedaofdob$ Kr} Krllbh _hfh hfm }` yfss
}h{`reh f hf{m s}{reelb kbj`{b hb o`rlm f}}fad }hb addb{ cd`ulbmeb$ ]has f}.
}fadnbd} ufs y`ssaklb `dlq }h{`reh has o`d}fo} ua}h has Nr{sham `{ Nfs}b{,
Adfqf} _hfh$ ]hb s}rmq `j so{ay}r{bs fdm `}hb{ h`lq k``cs hfm `dlq f{`rsbm
has ad}b{bs} fdm or{a`sa}q fk`r} sya{a}rfl {bflawf}a`d$ Has l`deade j`{ rda`d
ua}h }hb L`{m {bfohbm a}s o`dsrnnf}a`d `dlq fj}b{ hb nb} f yb{jbo} Nfs}b{
ad }hb yb{s`d `j _hfh Adfqf} Vfma{a$
]hrs, a} ufs has o`d}fo} ua}h _hfh Adfqf} Vfma{a }hf} bdfklbm Krllbh }` {bflawb has
mbbylq.jbl} uash }` }{fdsobdm bf{}hlq yfssa`d, adolrmade }hf} uhaoh hb jbl} j`{ has
nfs}b{, fdm f}}fad }hb mazadb l`zb hb s`reh} `j }hb L`{m$
Kbofrsb `j has yr{b lajb fdm haeh sya{a}rfl f}}fadnbd}s, hb as bvrfllq y`yr.
lf{ fn`de fll o`nnrda}abs$ _oh`lf{s fdm mb{zashbs hfzb ofllbm han ‘]hb
_hbach `j K`}h }hb U`{lms,‑ ‘]hb nfd `j E`m,‑ ‘]hb Cd`ub{ `j _ya{a}rfl
E{fob‑ fdm kq `}hb{ bvrfllq bmajqade }a}lbs$ (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh!
_rsn hfm kbbd bs}fklashbm ad }hb Nrslan u`{lm obd}r{abs kbj`{b Krllbh _hfh, fdm
}has }{fma}a`d as s}all f yf{} j }hb n`mb{d mfq Nrslan u`{lm$ _` uhalb has ambfs ub{b
d`} flabd fdm has nbssfeb mam d`} s}`y }hb{b, Krllbh _hfh‑s {f}hb{ rdo`dzbd}a`dfl
fdm k`lm y`b}{q ufs d`} s`nb}hade bfsalq fooby}fklb j`{ }hb s`.ofllbm d`{ns j jrd.
mfnbd}fl s`oab}q$ J`{ bxfnylb, mr{ade has }anb ua}h has nfs}b{ _hfh Adfqf} Vfma{a,
hb rsbm }hb jbnadadb nb}fyh`{ }` z`aob has }h`reh}s, fdm hb m{bssbm lacb f u`nfd
fdm uha{lbm lacb f o`nn`d mfdoade ea{l `j }hb s}{bb} }h`reh hb ufs j{`n f haehlq
bs}bbnbm fdm {bsybo}bm kfoce{`rdm (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh!$
A} ofd kb sfam }hf} Krllbh }r{dbm {f}hb{ boobd}{ao ad has kbhfza`{ (fdm s`nb
f{`rdm han bzbd ofllbm han o{fwq! fs hb }{abm }` mbdb }hb l`zb hb jbl} j`{ k`}h has
nfs}b{ fdm has mba}q$ ]hb j`ll`uade ladbs f{b }fcbd j{`n Krllbh‑s h`nfeb }` }hb
l`zb fdm yfssa`d hb jbl} }`uf{m k`}h has nfs}b{ fdm E`m7
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
Q`r{ l`zb hfs nfmb nb mfdob fll `zb{3
Jfllade ad l`zb ua}h q`r ufs sryyade f ory `j y`as`d$
O`nb, nq hbflb{3 a}‑s nq dfl h`r{$Q r{ l`zb hfs nfmb nb mfdob fll `zb{$
Fdm
Lbfzade nq yf{bd}s, A fn }abm }` q`r$
@h, _hfh Adfqf}, nq kbl`zbm er{r$
(E{fdeb{!
Krllbh‑s nbssfeb }h{`reh nroh `j has y`b}{q nf}ohbs has k{`fm yb{sybo}azb
`j rdazb{sfla}q }hf} as nroh mbbyb{ }hfd }hb nb{b fyy{fasfl `j df}r{fl kbfr}q”a}
hfs mbby {``}s }hf} {bfoh m`ud }` }hb hrnfd s`rl fdm hrnfd hbf{}$ ]has o`doby}
as lf{eb{ }hfd lajb7 mazada}q }` rdazb{sfla}q fdm }hbd }` sya{a}rfla}q3 fll f{b ad}b{o`d.
dbo}bm fdm ofdd`} kb sbyf{f}bm$ ]has ad}b{{blf}a`d as ohf{fo}b{awbm kq }hb yh{fsb
“Fdf rl Hfv„ (“A fn mazadb„!$ R}}b{ade sroh f yh{fsb ufs o`dsamb{bm f} }hb }anb
sroh f klfsyhbn`rs bxy{bssa`d }hf} uhbd a} ufs r}}b{bm kq }hb sbb{ Nfds``{ Hflfg
(o$ 828‟1;;!, hb ufs j`{obm }` m{adc y`as`d j`{ has sya{a}rfl o{anb$
Krllbh _hfh ufs f rdavrb z`aob f} }hf} }anb ad }hb Nrslan u`{lm (fdm ob{.
}fadlq ad }hb y{bsbd} ylfob fdm }anb fs ubll!, fs hb fscbm }hb yb`ylb }` mbs}{`q }hb
n`svrb fdm }hb }bnylb sadob a} as ad }hb hrnfd hbf{} }hf} E`m mublls$ ]hb o`doby}
`j “sblj„ as has j`ofl y`ad} fs hb fmm{bssbbs nfdcadm, fscade ad `db `j has n`{b jf.
n`rs y`bns (cd`ud fs f cf!, O`nb }` @r{ Fk`mb7
]anb fdm }anb fefad q`r e` }` }bnylbs fdm n`svrbs,
kr} hfzb q`r bzb{ bd}b{bm q`r{ `ud hbf{}0
]has o`doby} `j j`{sfcade }hb bs}fklashbm o`ds}{ro}s `j y{fqb{, fdm ad yf{}aorlf{ }hb
yhqsaofl }{fyyades `j u`{shay, sroh fs n`svrb, ohr{oh, fdm {blaea`rs k``cs, lf}b{
m{bu rdazb{sfl f}}bd}a`d, fdm k{`reh} dbu fuf{bdbss }` yb`ylb lacb Nflo`ln X fdm
`}hb{s uh` jbl} masbdj{fdohasbm kq }hb nfg`{a}q {blaea`d fdm orl}r{b kq uhaoh }hbq
ub{b {rlbm$ _roh fd fuf{bdbss `{ bdlaeh}bdnbd} `j}bd ofd kb j`rdm }` }r{d nfdq
j{`n o{anadfl r}ofs}s }` lbfmb{s fdm zasa df{abs$ ]` {bef{m fll fs bvrfls, }` fohabzb
f hrnfdas}ao bvrfla}q, as yf{fn`rd} }` }hb yf}h `j }hb hrnfd kbade `d bf{}h, uhaoh
ufs fdm {bnfads }hb hbf{} `j _rsn7
[bn`zb mrfla}q fdm m` fufq ua}h fll masyr}bs,
]hb Hadmrs fdm Nrslans f{b d`} `}hb{ }hfd Hb$
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
Mbbn bzb{q`db za{}r`rs, }hb{b f{b d` }habzbs$
J`{ ua}had bzb{qk`mq Hb hansblj {bsambs$
H`u }hb }{aocs}b{ hfs yr} `d has nfsc&(Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, Krllbh _hfh7 ]hb L`zb.Ad}`xaof}bm Ao`d`olfs} !
Nfdq qbf{s kbj`{b, }hb _r sbb{s j Yb{saf, sroh fs Hfjbw, [rna, fdm _ffma,
uh`n Bnb{s`d s` fmna{bm nfdq qbf{s lf}b{, o`dzbqbm }hb sfnb nbssfeb, fdm
Krllbh _hfh of{{abm j`{}h ua}h }hb sfnb zae`{ obd}r{abs fj}b{$ Bzbd }`mfq, Yfcas}fda
la}b{f}r{b”d`} `dlq ad }hb df}a`dfl lfderfeb `j R{mr kr} ad fll {bea`dfl lfderfe.
bs”hfs f zb{q s}{`de _r }{fma}a`d, fs as j`rdm ad }hb u`{c `j o`d}bny`{f{q _r
u{a}b{s `j R{mr, sroh fs Vrm{f}.Rllfh._hfhfk, Nrn}fw Nrj}a, Ufsaj Fla Ufsaj,
Kfd` Vrmsbaf, fdm, `j o`r{sb, Fshjfv Fhnbm$
Fshjfv Fhnbm (61;2.;99=! ufs f n`{b o`d}bny`{f{q z`aob `j _rsn ad
`r{ }anb$ Hb ufs f ubll.cd`ud fdm haehlq {bsybo}bm ylfqu{aeh}, k{`fmofs}b{, rda.
zb{sa}q bmrof}`{ (ad Yfcas}fd fdm fk{`fm!, fdm ad}bllbo}rfl fr}h`{ `j n`{b }hfd ;2
k``cs, fdm ufs mbbylq adsya{bm kq _rsn ad }hb lf}}b{ yf{} j has lajb$ Hb hfm kberd
f ]Z }flc sh`u ofllbm Kfa}}hfc , nbfdade f ylfob uhb{b yb`ylb j{`n fll uflcs `j
lajb ef}hb{ }`eb}hb{ fdm }flc fk`r} }hba{ bxyb{abdobs fdm bxohfdeb uasm`n$ Lf}b{
a} ufs dfnbm Wfzaqf (yb{sybo}azb, manbdsa`d!, uhb{b hb y{`jbssbm has _r ambfs
}` }hb Yfcas}fda df}a`d bzb{q ubbc j`{ n`{b }hfd f qbf{$ ]has }flc sh`u lf}b{ ofnb
ad}` k``c j`{n fls` rdmb{ }hb }a}lb `j Wfzaqf, fyybf{ade ad sbzb{fl z`lrnbs$ Hb ufs
d`} f k`{d _r, fdm a} ofnb }` han fs f e{fmrfl }{fdsj`{nf}a`d mrb }` has lajbl`de
bxyb{abdobs fdm has ol`sb o`d}fo} ua}h }hb fr}h`{s Vrm{f} Rllfh _hfhfk fdm Nrn.
}fw Nrj}a, k`}h y{`nadbd} _r.adsya{bm u{a}b{s ad }hb R{mr lfderfeb$ Yb{hfys }hbe{bf}bs} adrbdob ufs lf}b{ ad has lajb, uhbd hb u`rlm sybdm }anb sa}}ade ua}h _rs,
`j}bd ad }hba{ any`zb{ashbm h`nbs, ad fd bjj`{} }` rd{fzbl }hb nqs}b{abs `j _rsn$
F} }anbs Fshjfv u`rlm yf{}aoayf}b ua}h }hb jfnalabs ad sroh nrdmfdb h`rsbh`lm
oh`{bs fs shbllade kbfds fdm sbuade ol`}h, fdm }h{`reh }hbsb sanylb fo}s m`db
ua}had }hb o`d}bx} `j sanylb lazbs, hb ufs fklb }` kb}}b{ rdmb{s}fdm }hb o`doby} `j
kflfdoade `db‑s s}{reelb j`{ ubfl}h fdm cd`ulbmeb ua}h fd bxas}bdob `j mbz`}bm
sanylaof}a`d fdm frs}b{a}q ad }hb s`.ofllbm n`mb{d lajb$ @r} `j }hbsb bxyb{abdobs
ofnb }hb vrbs}a`d hb ufs }` fsc j`{ }hb {bnfadmb{ `j has lajb7 “Fll }has s}{reelb ad
lajb as j`{ uhf}0„
A} ufs f vrbs}a`d hb o`rlm d`} fdsub{ f} ad}b{df}a`dfl rdazb{sa}abs, kr} {f}hb{
j`rdm f} }hb mqb{f (fd `ybd ylfob }` sa} fdm }flc! `j _rsn$ Hb ufs d`} annb{sbm
ad }hb }{fdob `j mazadb l`zb lacb Krllbh _hfh, uh`sb yfssa`d }`{b has s`rl fyf{}
fdm uh` {bfohbm sroh bos}f}ao hbaeh}s }hf} yb`ylb kblabzbm hb ufs adsfdb$ [f}hb{,
Fshjfv ufs f nfd `j }hb u`{lm, f d`{nfl nfd ua}h mfq.}`.mfq u`{{abs fdm hrnfd
sh`{}o`nades, l``cade j`{ }hb nbfdade `j lajb lacb nfdq `}hb{s$
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
Uhalb Fshjfv Fhnbm ufs f y{`sb u{a}b{ fdm ad}bllbo}rfl ua}h }hb srk}lb
sbdsb fdm u`{lmlab{ n``m `j }hb ;6s} obd}r{q, fdm Krllbh _hfh ufs f n`{b yfs.
sa`df}b, b{q y`b} `j }hb 65}h obd}r{q, k`}h dbzb{}hblbss j`orsbm }hba{ u`{c `d hr.nfdcadm$ ]hba{ vrbs} fdm l`deades ub{b bxyl`{f}a`ds `j “sblj„ ad `{mb{ }` rdj`lm
}hb sbo{b}s `j sya{a}rfla}q fdm mazada}q uhalb lazade ua}h fdm fooby}ade rdazb{sfl
mazb{sa}abs$ ]hba{s hfs kbbd f }{fma}a`d }hf} hfs sr{zazbm fdm `r{ashbm fs a} yfssbm
j{`n ebdb{f}a`d }` ebdb{f}a`d fdm hfs rdmb{e`db nb}fn`{yh`sbs fs a} yfssbm j{`n
orl}r{b }` orl}r{b$
A} as f nfg`{ }bdb} `j _rsn }hf} }hb fmhb{bd}s f{b fll.fooby}ade fdm fll.
}`lb{fd} j bzb{q jfa}h fdm {fob ad }hf} bzb{q hrnfd kbade as }` kb }{bf}bm ua}h bvrfl
l`zb fdm {bsybo}”Hadmr, Gbu, Oh{as}afd”ad f rdazb{sflas} zabu }`uf{m `db hr.
nfdcadm, db E`m$ ]has rdazb{sflas} vrfla}q ofd kb j`rdm boh`bm lf}b{ ad [$U$ Bn.
b{s`d‑s `ud “o`dzb{sa`d„ j{`n }hb s}{ao}r{bs `j has bf{lab{ Oflzadas} jfa}h, }h{`reh
Rda}f{afdasn, fdm dfllq ad has f{{azade f} f mbz`}a`d }hf} }{fdsobdmbm }hb lana}s `j
}hb yf{`ohaflasn `j has y{bsbd}.mfq Oh{as}afda}q }` bnk{fob fll yb`ylb `j fll jfa}hs,
`j fll hrnfdcadm, {bn`zade mrfla}abs$
[bo`doalaf}a`d7 Fm`y}ade, Fmfy}ade, Bny`ub{ade
]hb [bzb{bdm G`db G`hds`d Lbuas, ad hb{ yabob Uhf} as ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn0, u{a}bs
`j }hb o`doby} }has ufq7
@db ufq }` l``c f} }hb ]{fdsobdmbd}flas}s as }` sbb }hbn fs f ebdb{f}a`d `j
ubll.bmrof}bm yb`ylb uh` lazbm ad }hb mbofmbs kbj`{b }hb Fnb{aofd OazalUf{ fdm }hb df}a`dfl mazasa`d }hf} a} k`}h {bbo}bm fdm hblybm }` o{bf}b$
A} nrs} kb cby} ad nadm }hf} }has yb{a`m ufs f }anb `j n`lmade f df}a`dfl ambd}a}q
`r} `j Br{`ybfd {``}s$ ]hb fofmbnaf fdm soh`lf{shay, }hb sbdsakala}abs fdm orl.
}r{fl }{fyyades `j }hb @lm U`{lm ub{b vraoclq kbo`nade bdornk{fdobs, bsyboafllq
j`{ }hb s`.ofllbm fofmbnao bla}b `j }hb d`{}hbfs}b{d R$_$ Lbuas e`bs `d }` u{a}b,
“]hbsb yb`ylb, n`s}lq Dbu Bdelfdmb{s…ub{b f}}bny}ade }` o{bf}b f rdavrblq
Fnb{aofd k`mq `j la}b{f}r{b$ A} ufs fl{bfmq mbofmbs sadob }hb Fnb{aofds hfm u`d
admbybdmbdob j{`n Bdelfdm$ D`u, }hbsb yb`ylb kblabzbm, a} ufs }anb j`{ la}b{f{q
admbybdmbdob$„ Ua}h }hb vrbs}a`ds kbade fscbm }hbd ad Br{`ybfd o`rd}{abs `j `lm
fssrny}a`ds `j {blaea`d fdm kblabjs, ub ofd sbb }hbn “fs f ebdb{f}a`d `j yb`ylb
s}{reelade }` mbdb sya{a}rfla}q fdm {blaea`d ad f ufq }hf} }``c ad}` foo`rd} }hb
dbu rdmb{s}fdmades }hba{ feb nfmb fzfalfklb,„ bsyboafllq ad laeh} `j }hb {asb `j
bzfdeblaofl Oh{as}afda}q fdm Rda}f{afdasn$ Bnb{s`d, ad yf{}aorlf{, ufs m{fud }`
{blaea`rs }h`reh} fdm }hb so{ay}r{bs j d`d.Ubs}b{d orl}r{bs”Hadmrasn, Aslfn fdm
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
Krmmhasn, j`{ bxfnylb”rsade sroh s`r{obs }` bxfnadb has `ud ambfs `j E`m fdm
}{r}h$ Bnb{s`d j`rdm nroh ad }hbn }` ma{bo} has rdmb{s}fdmade `j }{r}h fs s nb.
}hade n`{b uambsy{bfm, ol`sb }` f rdazb{sfl }{r}h$ Ad Bnb{s`d‑s jfn`rs `{f}a`dmblazb{bm }` }hb Yha Kb}f Cfyyf _`oab}q ad Ofnk{ameb, Nfssfohrsb}}s, f} }hb bdm
`j }hb srnnb{ `j 68?5 (fdm yrklashbm fs “]hb Fnb{aofd _oh`lf{„!, hb bdms has
sybboh ua}h f nfdajbs}` `j ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn7
Ub uall uflc `d `r{ `ud jbb}3 ub uall u`{c ua}h `r{ `ud hfdms3 ub uall
sybfc `r{ `ud nadms$$$F df}a`d `j nbd uall j`{ }hb {s} }anb bxas}, kbofrsb
bfoh kblabzbs hansblj adsya{bm kq }hb Mazadb _`rl uhaoh fls` adsya{bs fll
nbd$
Uhalb a}s }fdeaklb bssbdob as }hf} `j f n`zbnbd} e{`rdmbm ad la}b{f}r{b, `db ofd sfq
}hf} a}s }{rb{ lfdmsofyb as o`ny{asbm `j f ufq `j sbbade nfdcadm fs fd adbx}{aofklb
yf{} `j }hb df}r{fl u`{lm$ ]hb ambfls `j }{fdsobdmbd}flasn hfzb kbbd nfdajbs}bm ad
}hb u{a}ades `j a}s fmhb{bd}s fdm y{`y`dbd}s, fdm o`d}adrb }` }has mfq }` kb sbbd ad
uhf} as }b{nbm “df}r{b u{a}ade„ fdm }hb bdza{`dnbd}fl n`zbnbd}$
Qb} `r{ fkala}q }` bxy{bss `r{ y{`j`rdm ladc ua}h df}r{b as lana}bm kq }hb
lfderfeb ub {bvra{b ad `{mb{ }` f{}aorlf}b }has o`ddbo}a`d ad fdq sya{a}rfl sbdsb3 fs
Bnb{s`d s`reh} }` bxy{bss sroh f k`dm ua}h df}r{b, hb {blabm `d a}s sqnk`lasn }`
nfcb }hb hrnfd.df}r{b o`ddbo}a`d$ Lb} rs }hbd l``c k{abq f} h`u Bnb{s`d‑s `ud
sbdsb `j sbna`}aos ub{b {bbo}bm ad has zabu `j df}r{b7
}has `{aead `j fll u`{ms }hf} o`dzbq f sya{a}rfl any`{},”s` o`dsyaor`rs fjfo} ad }hb has}`{q `j lfderfeb,”as `r{ lbfs} mbk} }` df}r{b$ A} as d`} u`{ms
`dlq }hf} f{b bnklbnf}ao3 a} as }hades uhaoh f{b bnklbnf}ao$ Bzb{q df}r{fl
jfo} as f sqnk`l `j s`nb sya{a}rfl jfo}$ Bzb{q fyybf{fdob ad df}r{b o`{.
{bsy`dms }` s`nb s}f}b `j }hb nadm, fdm }hf} s}f}b `j }hb nadm ofd `dlq kb
mbso{akbm kq y{bsbd}ade }hf} df}r{fl fyybf{fdob fs a}s yao}r{b$ Fd bd{febm
nfd as f la`d, f orddade nfd as f j`x, f {n nfd as f {`oc, f lbf{dbm nfd as
f }`{oh$ F lfnk as add`obdob3 f sdfcb as srk}lb sya}b3 `ub{s bxy{bss }` rs
}hb mblaof}b fjjbo}a`ds$ Laeh} fdm mf{cdbss f{b `r{ jfnalaf{ bxy{bssa`d j`{
cd`ulbmeb fdm aed`{fdob3 fdm hbf} j`{ l`zb$ Zasaklb mas}fdob kbhadm fdm
kbj`{b rs, as {bsybo}azblq `r{ anfeb `j nbn`{q fdm h`yb$ ( Df}r{b 1!
Ad jfo}, ub ofd sbb ad }hb fk`zb f {bnf{cfklb allrs}{f}a`d `j Bnb{s`d‑s y{`e{bssa`d
`j }h`reh} j{`n df}r{fl jfo} }h{`reh f {bo`eda}a`d `j }hb nadm‑s `ud ado`nylb}b.
dbss”}hb adfkala}q }` ohf{fo}b{awb f sqnk`lao bssbdob }h{`reh lfderfeb$ Ua}h has
bssbd}afl fxa`n, s}f}bm ad Df}r{b, }hf} “bzb{q df}r{fl jfo} as f sqnk`l `j s`nb sya{a.
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Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
}rfl jfo},„ lb} rs o`dsamb{ }hb }{ayf{}a}b `j }has mqdfnao s}{ro}r{b `j has }h`reh}7 6!
}hb adoh`f}b bssbdob `j }hb df}r{fl jfo}”}hb s}anrlrs, bxas}s3 ;! }hb nadm, sbbade
}has jfo} fs f sqnk`lao nfdajbs}f}a`d, eazbs a} f nbfdade3 ?! }hb nadm {bo`edawbs }hbsqnk`lasn fs s`nb}hade sya{a}rfl (}{fdsobdmbd} j }hb `kgbo}‑s nb{blq yhqsaofl fdm
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}hf} fks`{kbm nroh `j has u{a}ade, bsyboafllq ad has u`{c Df}r{b$
[b}r{dade }` Krllbh _hfh‑s y`bn O`nb }` @r{ Fk`mb, }hb {bfmb{ nfq d`.
}aob sbzb{fl {bjb{bdobs }` }hb fr}h`{‑s {bef{m j`{ }hb o`dzbd}a`dfl {blaea`d `j has
mfq$ @d }hb `db hfdm, f} }hb }anb Krllbh ybddbm }hbsb u`{cs, Aslfn hfm kbo`nb f
jrdmfnbd}fl yf{} `j bzb{qmfq lajb ad }hb Yrdgfk$ ]hb adrbdob `j {blaea`rs m`o}{adb
ufs fd any`{}fd} blbnbd} `j }hb y`la}aofl fdm s`oafl s}{ro}r{b `j lajb ad }hb Yrdgfk
{bea`d `j Yfcas}fd$ Admbbm, }` sybfc `r} fefads} }hb s`.ofllbm sqs}bn ufs }fd}f.
n`rd} }` klfsyhbnq, `{ f} }hb zb{q lbfs}, a} ufs sbbd fs f {bgbo}a`d `j `db‑s `ud
s`oab}q$ Qb} a} ufs Krllbh‑s yb{sybo}azb fs f _r }hf} erambm han fufq j{`n }hb
j`{nflas} {blaea`.y`la}aofl bs}fklashnbd} fdm }`uf{m f n`{b ybd.nadmbm, hrnfdas.
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zb{q yb{s`dfl {f}hb{ }hfd s`oab}fl$
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fefad }` }hb {bgbo}a`d `j }hb }{fyyades `j {blaea`d”}hb sfo{bm }bx}s, }hb n`svrb, }hb{blaea`rs hab{f{ohq }hf} e`zb{dbm }hb lazbs `j Nrslans”fdm oflls `d fll yb`ylb }`
ads}bfm bnk{fob uhf} E`m ofd nbfd }` }hba{ `ud lazbs fs }hbq sbb Han j`{ }hbn.
sblzbs$
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(_fmb Zb{fq Ffqf Cf{``!
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}hbd j{`es fdm sh o`rlm dm E`m
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}hbd o`us fdm j`uls fdm fdanfls o`rlm dm E`m
@h mbf{ Krllbh, E`m as `dlq j`rdm kq }h`sb uh` f{b `j e``m hbf{}$
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q`r hfzbd‑} bzbd {bfm q`r{ sblj,
]anb fdm }anb fefad q`r e` }` }bnylbs fdm n`svrbs,
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Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
kr} hfzb q`r bzb{ bd}b{bm q`r{ `ud hbf{}0
@h Nfdcadm, q`r eh} ua}h _f}fd ad zfad
kr} q`r hfzb dbzb{ j`reh} ua}h q`r{ `ud mbn`ds fdm mbsa{bs_fqs _fad} Krllbh _hfh, q`r }{q }` {bfoh }hb scq
kr} q`r o`rlm d`} ofy}r{b }hb @db uh` mublls ad q`r{ `ud hbf{}$
O`nb }` `r{ fk`mb,
`h Kbl`zbm, ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade
O`nb }` `r{ fk`mb,
J{abdm, ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade
O`nb }` `r{ fk`mb,
Eramb, ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade$
Kq E`m,
has E`m u`rlm d`} kb fde{q ua}h han
}hb `db uh` hfs }hb scall }` {bo`doalb ua}h has kbl`zbm
Hb m`bs d`} dbbm }` e` }` Nfccfh, uh` ofd bxyb{abdob yale{anfeb grs} f}
}hb saeh} `j has kbl`zbm
_bbc ad }hb j`{bs}, sbbc `d }hb aslfdm
Mbs}{`q }hb n`svrb, Mbs}{`q }hb }bnylb
Mbs}{`q fdq}hade }hf} q`r ofd mbs}{`q
Kr} dbzb{ k{bfc }hb hrnfd hbf{}
Fs E`m mublls ad hbf{}s, }hb{bad
Uhalb sbbcade ad j`{bs}s fdm fn`de aslfdms,
_bbc ad fll }hb u`{lm
M` d`} }`{nbd} nb, Kbl`zbm @h Kbl`zbm o`nb }` `r{ fk`mb ad }hb n`{dade fdm ad }hb bzbdade$
(]{fdslf}bm j{`n }hb Yrdgfka kq _$ Kfd`!
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bzb{ {bo`{m }hb s}`{q `j has lajb rd}al nfdq qbf{s fj}b{ has mbf}h$ Has y`b}{q o`nbs
}` rs }h{`reh }hb ebdb{f}a`ds n`s}lq zaf }hb vfzzfls `{ sadeb{s `j has y`b}{q$ Kb.
ofrsb `j has rd`{}h`m`x kblabjs `j }hb mfq, Krllbh‑s `ud sas}b{ hfm }` yfq }hb y{aob
j`{ hb{ k{`}hb{‑s {blaea`rs d`d.o`dj`{na}q fdm boobd}{aoa}q”shb ufs }{bf}bm fs fd
`r}ofs} `j s`oab}q fdm {bnfadbm rdnf{{abm$ F} Krllbh‑s mbf}h, }hb nrllfhs mbdabm
han kr{afl ad has o`nnrda}q‑s e{fzbqf{m$ Qb} }`mfq, nfdq {bef{m has }`nk fs f
h`lq ylfob, uhb{b yb`ylb o`nb }` {bzb{b han fs f _r sfad}$
Ub ofd `ksb{zb Krllbh‑s {bgbo}a`d `j }hb bs}fklashbm, fdm j`{ han srjj`of}.
ade, {blaea`rs mamfo}aoasn `j has mfq fdm sbb has mbsa{b }` bnk{fob }hb admazamrfl
hbf{} fs }fd}fn`rd} }` }hb zb{a}fklb h`rsb `j E`m$ Fll blsb as bvrfl fdm u`{}hq
ua}had }hb uflls `j }hb fk`mb, }hb mubllade ylfob”}hb hbf{}$ Ub nfq }hbd l``c
6;
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
f} }hbsb zb{sbs sblbo}bm j{`n Bnb{s`d‑s y`bn K{fhnf, uhb{bad ub nfq elanysb
anfeb{q fdm sbd}anbd} }hf} kbf{ {bsbnklfdob }` Krllbh‑s `ud7
Jf{ `{ j`{e`} }` nb as dbf{3
_hfm`u fdm srdlaeh} f{b }hb sfnb3
]hb zfdashbm e`ms }` nb fyybf{3
Fdm `db }` nb f{b shfnb fdm jfnb$
]hbq {boc`d all uh` lbfzb nb `r}3
Uhbd nb }hbq q, A fn }hb uades3
A fn }hb m`rk}b{ fdm }hb m`rk},
Fdm A }hb hqnd }hb K{fhnad sades$
]hb s}{`de e`ms yadb j`{ nq fk`mb,
Fdm yadb ad zfad }hb sfo{bm _bzbd3
Kr} }h`r, nbbc l`zb{ `j }hb e``m&
Jadm nb, fdm }r{d }hq kfoc `d hbfzbd$
]h`nfs Of{lqlb, f _o`}}ash.k`{d fr}h`{ fdm bssfqas} `j }hb 61}h obd}r{q, yr}
e{bf} s}`oc ad }hb any`{}fdob `j }hb lbfmb{ fs fd bssbd}afl blbnbd} `j fdq s}{ro}r{b
`j oazalawf}a`d fdm sqs}bn `j kblabj$ Hb u{`}b ad has bssfq “Hb{`bs fdm Hb{` U`{.
shay,„ yrklashbm ad 68=9, }hf} “D` sfmmb{ y{``j ofd kb eazbd kq f nfd `j has `ud
la}}lbdbss }hfd maskblabj ad e{bf} nbd,„ oa}ade fs bxfnylbs _hfcbsybf{b, M{$ G`hd.
s`d, fdm N`hfnnbm ( YKRH !$ Uhalb Of{lqlb ufs {fasbm fs f s}{ao} Oflzadas}, has srksbvrbd} {blaea`rs amb.
fls ub{b dbzb{}hblbss n`mabm kq }hb adrbdob `j has s}rmabs ad Eb{nfd [`nfd}a.
oasn fdm kq }hb soabd}ao fdm s`oafl ohfdebs }hbd }fcade ylfob$ Yb{hfys hb sfu }hb
m`enf `j {blaea`d fs fd rdsf}asjfo}`{q eramb j`{ }hb o`nn`d nfd ad f ohfdeade
s`oab}q$
J$@$ Nf}}habssbd u{a}bs ad has Fnb{aofd [bdfassfdob, “Of{lqlb hfm mbolf{bm
fdm Bnb{s`d fe{bbm ua}h han7 ‘La}b{f}r{b as kr} f k{fdoh `j [blaea`d fdm flufqs
yf{}aoayf}bs ad a}s ohf{fo}b{as}ao7 h`ubzb{, ad `r{ }anb, a} as }hb `dlq k{fdoh }hf} s}all
sh`us fdq e{bbddbss3 fdm, fs s`nb }hadc, nrs} `db mfq kbo`nb }hb nfad s}bn‑„
(;2!$ Nf}}habssbd nbd}a`ds }hf} }hbq ub{b k`}h j`ll`uade Hb{mb{‑s _ya{a} `j Hb.
k{bu Y`b}{q (68??!, fk`lashade }hb mas}ado}a`d kb}ubbd }hb sfo{bm fdm }hb sborlf{
(;2! ”ad Bnb{s`d‑s u`{ms, “Flufqs }hb sbb{ as f sfqb{„ (Bnb{s`d, _blbo}bm Bs.
sfqs!$ Ad `}hb{ u`{ms, }hb y{`yhb} as }hb y`b}$ F} }hb }anb, fdm ad }hb ylfob”Dbu
Bdelfdm”uhb{b {blaea`d, fdm n`s} yf{}aorlf{lq Oh{as}afda}q, ufs f jrdmfnbd}fl,
yb{zfsazb fdm o`dsamb{fklb y`ub{ ad s`oab}q, a} as y`aedfd} }hf} }has, }``, ufs }hb
6?
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
}anb fdm ylfob ad uhaoh Bnb{s`d ubd} }` l``c j`{ has `ud E`m, }` sbbc f kblabj
}hf} u`rlm nbb} has `ud ohfdebm dbbms$ A} o`dsrnbm nroh `j has }anb fdm la}b{f{q
bjj`{}s$Krllbh‑s nfs}b{ Adfqf} _hfh as sfam }` hfzb }`lm han7
Uhf} y{`klbn as }hb{b ad dmade E`m0 A} `dlq dbbms }` kb ry{``}bm j{`n
hb{b fdm ylfd}bm }hb{b (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh!$
]hb nb}fyh`{s `j }{fdsobdmbdob fdm {bjb{bdob }` df}r{b f{b d`} l`s} hb{b$ D`{ as
}hb yf}h j{`n Krllbh‑s y{`klbn }` has s`lr}a`d zb{q mas}fd} j{`n }hf} j`ll`ubm kq
Bnb{s`d, ]h`{bfr, fdm `}hb{ ]{fdsobdmbd}flas}s `j }hb Fnb{aofd 61}h obd}r{q$ ]hb
m`enf `j {blaea`d }hf} srjjrsbm k`}h Krllbh‑s }anb fdm Bnb{s`d‑s”kb a} Aslfn,
Oflzadasn, `{ Rda}f{afdasn”ufs }` kb ofs} `jj kq }h`sb s` bdornkb{bm3 }hb sb}.
}ade `j df}r{b }hbd y{`zambs }hb m`nfad j`{ kblabj, Krllbh ad has “nfde` e{`zb fdm
`{ohf{m `j mf}bs„ (Yr{a fdm _hfdef{a, ]hb Lajb `j Krllbh _hfh, :!3 Bnb{s`d ad has
Dbu Bdelfdm u``ms3 ]h`{bfr, `j o`r{sb, ad has Uflmbd Y`dm fdm has kbfd ef{mbd$
Bnb{s`d u{a}bs ad has bssfq Df}r{b, “]` e` ad}` s`la}rmb, f nfd dbbms }` {b}a{b fs
nroh j{`n has ohfnkb{ fs j{`n s`oab}q„ (?!$ ]hbsb u`{ms sh`u f olbf{ k{bfc ua}h
}hb yfs} ambf `j }hb ol`as}b{bm fofmbnao `{ bzbd {blaea`rs jb{zbd}, as`lf}bm ad has
s}rmq `{ obll$ Bnb{s`d r{ebm }h`sb uh` u`rlm sbbc sya{a}rfla}q fdm lbf{dade }`
s}by `r}samb, }hb{bkq s}byyade ad}` }hb {bfln `j df}r{b$ Ufl} Uha}nfd bxh`{}bm }hb
olfss{``n.k`rdm }` ‘{asb ry fdm elamb `r}‑ ad has y`bn “Uhbd A Hbf{m }hb Lbf{d‑m
Fs}{`d`nb{,„ uhaoh as j`rdm ad has o`llbo}a`d Lbfzbs `j E{fss$ ]hb y`b} as sa}}ade
ad f lbo}r{b hfll sr{{`rdmbm kq srdm{q ohf{}s, }fklbs, fdm drnkb{s, fs }hb lbo}r{b{ sbbcs }` o`dzbq }hb bssbdob `j }hb s}f{s$ Fj}b{ uhaoh Uha}nfd u{a}bs,
H`u s``d, rdfoo`rd}fklb, A kbofnb }a{bm fdm saoc3
]all {asade fdm elamade `r}, A ufdmb{‑m `jj kq nqsblj,
Ad }hb nqs}aofl n`as} daeh}.fa{, fdm j{`n }anb }` }anb,
L``c‑m ry ad yb{jbo} salbdob f} }hb s}f{s$
Admbbm, a} as y{boasblq uhf} Hbd{q Mfzam ]h`{bfr hfm m`db uhbd hb vra} zallfeb lajb
fdm s`oab}q ad O`do`{m }` sybdm has 6= n`d}hs ad f ofkad fl`db kq Uflmbd Y`dm,
}hadcade, u{a}ade, s}rmqade }hb ka{ms, `ub{s fdm }{bbs, fdm `j o`r{sb, e{`uade has
kbfds$
Ad has bssfq `d Yb{safd Y`b}{q, uhaoh fyybf{bm f} }hb bdm `j B$ Ja}web{flm‑s
}{fdslf}a`d `j ]hb [rkæaqæ} `j @nf{ Chfqqæn fdm _flænæd fdm Fksæl , Bnb{s`d
nbd}a`ds “}hb sbzbd nfs}b{s `j }hb Yb{safd Yf{dfssrs”Ja{m`rsa, Bdub{a, Dasfna,
Msohblflbmmad, _ffma, Hfw, fdm Msohfna„ (_blbo}bm Bssfqs 692!$ Hb {bjb{s }` `{
6=
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Rdhb{ fdm Kfd`
vr`}bs j{`n u`{cs j }hbsb {bzb{bm dfnbs ad }has bssfq, fs ubll fs ad has ud y`b}{q
yrklashbm blsbuhb{b$ @db u`dmb{s aj }hb jf}flasn `j @nf{ Chfqqæn‑s {rkfaqf}
naeh} hfzb fyybflbm }` Bnb{s`d‑s ud rdmb{s}fdmade j Oflzadasn, ad }hb sbdsb j has `ud {b}fadbm Yr{a}fd b}hao$
Foo`{made }` [aohf{ms`d ad has “Bnb{s`d”]hb Nadm `d Ja{b,„ has {s}
bdo`rd}b{ ua}h d`d.Ubs}b{d (a$b$ d`d.Oh{as}afd! {blaea`rs ambfs ufs f k``c bd}a}lbm
Fchlfc.A.Gflflq (}{fdslf}bm fs Yhal`s`yhq `j }hb Nrhfnnbmfd Yb`ylb!, yrklashbm
ad 68?1$ A} ufs Bnb{s`d‑s {s} bdo`rd}b{ ua}h _rsn, uhaoh a}s }{fdslf}`{ U$J$
]h`nys`d ofllbm }hb “y{fo}aofl yfd}hbasn `j Fsaf$„ ]h`nys`d s}f}bm jr{}hb{ }hf}
}hb k``c sh`rlm fo}rfllq kb }{fdslf}bm fs ]{fdsobdmbd}fl B}haos, “h`lmade fll zasaklb
fdm o`dobazfklb `kgbo}s }` kb y`{}a`ds `j }hb mazadb df}r{b„ (=9:!$
Bnb{s`d fls` `udbm }hb yrklaof}a`d ]hb Mbsf}a{7 `{ _fo{bm U{a}ades `j
}hb Fdoabd} Yb{safd Y{`yhb}s$ ]hbsb fdm `}hb{ u{a}ades bdfklbm Bnb{s`d }` o`d.
s`lamf}b has rdmb{s}fdmade `j }hb zf{a`rs “yf{}s„ `j _r y`b}{q fdm }h`reh} ad}` f
h`las}ao s}{ro}r{b ([aohf{ms`d =95!$
A} ufs fd fll.bdo`nyfssade “sqs}bn„ }hf} efzb Bnb{s`d }hb uamb zabu `j
nfdcadm hb ufs sbbcade$ A{fdafd soh`lf{ Jf{hfde Gfhfdy`r{ {bobd}lq u{`}b `j
Bnb{s`d‑s ad}bllbo}rfl g`r{dbq ad has bssfq [flyh Uflm` Bnb{s`d fdm }hb _rs7
J{`n Yr{a}fdasn }` ]{fdsobdmbd}flasn7 “]hb s}rmq `j has {blaea`rs }h`reh} ohf{}s
}hb g`r{dbq j{`n f df{{`u fdm m`enf}ao {blaea`rs `r}l``c }`uf{ms f nqs}aofl, rda.
zb{sfl `r}l``c„ (;!$
Fs ufs has y`ad}, M{$ Gfhfdy`r{ naeh} zb{q ubll hfzb u{a}}bd }hb fk`zb
ua}h Krllbh fdm `}hb{ _r y`b}s ad nadm, fs ubll fs Bnb{s`d$
Fdm `j o`r{sb, Hbd{q Mfzam ]h`{bfr, `j}bd sbbd fs }hb e`mjf}hb{ `j y{bs.bd}.mfq df}r{b u{a}ade fs ubll fs j }hb bdza{`dnbd}fl n`zbnbd}, }{fzblbm f sanalf{
ladb, j{`n m`rk}s `j }hb {blaea`rs sbd}anbd} `j }hb mfq }` o`dsamb{f}a`d `j hrnfd.
cadm‑s ylfob ad df}r{b fdm, }hrs, ua}h E`m$ ]h`{bfr sfu df}r{b fs E`m‑s mubllade
ylfob fdm hrnfda}q fs fd bvrfl yf{} `j }hb e{fdm rdazb{sfl fk`mb7 “]has as f mbla.
oa`rs bzbdade, uhbd }hb uh`lb k`mq as `db sbdsb, fdm ankakbs mblaeh} }h{`reh bz.
b{q y`{b$ A e` fdm o`nb ua}h f s}{fdeb lakb{}q ad Df}r{b, f yf{} `j hb{sblj„ (Uflmbd,
“_`la}rmb„ :9!$
]h`{bfr‑s haeh {bef{m j`{ }hb sya{a} j df}r{b as sbbd ad has mbby rdmb{s}fdm.
ade `j fll a}s o`d}aer`rs yf{}s$ Df}hfdabl Hfu}h`{db ufs yf{}aorlf{lq }fcbd ua}h
]h`{bfr‑s adsaeh}$ ]hb j`ll`uade as fd bxob{y} j{`n Hfu}h`{db‑s g`r{dfl7
_by}bnkb{ 6, 68=;$ N{$ ]h`{bfr madbm ua}h rs qbs}b{mfq$$$$ Hb as f cbbd fdm
mblaof}b `ksb{zb{ `j df}r{b..f ebdradb `ksb{zb{..uhaoh, A srsybo}, as fln`s}
fs {f{b f ohf{fo}b{ fs bzbd fd `{aeadfl y`b}3 fdm Df}r{b, ad {b}r{d j`{ has
l`zb, sbbns }` fm`y} han fs hb{ bsyboafl ohalm, fdm sh`us han sbo{b}s uhaoh
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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Yfcas}fdaff}7 F G`r{dfl `j Yfcas}fd _}rmabs Z`l$ ;, D`$ 6 (;969!
jbu `}hb{s f{b fll`ubm }` ua}dbss$ Hb as jfnalaf{ ua}h kbfs}, sh, j`ul, fdm
{by}alb, fdm hfs s}{fdeb s}`{abs }` }bll `j fmzbd}r{bs, fdm j{abdmlq yfssfebs
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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;9
8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
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8/14/2019 Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reconciling-religion-bulleh-shah-ralph-waldo-emerson-and-the-american-transcendentalist 22/22
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