reclaimed water–a sustainable source for florida’s growing water needs larry r. parsons, ph.d....
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Reclaimed Water–A Sustainable Source for Florida’s Growing Water
Needs
Larry R. Parsons, Ph.D.Citrus Research & Education Center
Lake Alfred
Liz FelterOrange County Extension
Orlando
UNIVERSITY ofFLORIDA
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
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Water
• A major challenge in Florida
• Extremely variable rainfall
• Rainfall in central Florida – ranges from 32 to 76 inches
• Floods followed by droughts
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Water
• Rapid population growth
• Increasing demand on limited supplies
• Water shortages developed in some areas
• Need for new water resources
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Water in Florida
• New Water Resources:
• Conservation
• Reclaimed water
• Desalination
• Aquifer storage and recovery
• Reservoirs
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Florida Population
02468
101214161820
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Popu
latio
n (m
illio
ns)
(est.)
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Citrus groves changed to houses
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Reclaimed Water ~ Why in Florida?
• Rapid population growth ~ 18+ million in 2007
• 4th largest state in population
• 80% of population is within 20 miles of the coast
• Groundwater pumping near coast can lead to saltwater intrusion
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Wastewater
• Considered to be a disposal problem in 1980s• Cities want to get rid of it on a regular basis• With proper treatment, it can be a source of
reclaimed water for crop irrigation
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Reclaimed Water
• A disposal problem?
• A potential resource?
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Reclaimed Water• Highly treated wastewater
• Good source of water for irrigation and other purposes
• In existence for many years
• Widely used in Florida during 1980’s and 1990’s
• Florida - one of the largest users in U.S.
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Reclaimed Water ~ Why in Florida?
• Florida’s annual rainfall
• Sandy soils – poor water holding capacity
• Summer rainy season, dry winter and spring
• Rain does not always come when you want it ~ droughts & fires
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Reclaimed Water ~ History
• Disposal = Main goal in 1980’s & early 90’s
• Offered at no cost to growers to encourage use
• Gradual acceptance & increased usage in 1990’s
• Droughts in 2000, 2001, & 2007 created greater demand and wider acceptance
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Reclaimed Water• Edible crops & golf courses ~ secondary
effluent treatment, filtration, and chlorination required
• Edible crops irrigated with this water must be “cooked, peeled, or canned”
• Salad crops (e.g. lettuce) eaten raw must use indirect (i.e. drip) irrigation—water absorbed through the roots not the leaves
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Reclaimed Water ~ History
• Use in Florida has increased greatly in past 20 years
• Several large projects started in the 1980’s– Orlando Area - Water Conserv II –
citrus, golf courses, residential– Tallahassee – field crops– St. Petersburg - residential
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Perceived Concerns About Reclaimed Water
• Disease
• Virus
• Heavy Metals
• Food Safety
• Psychological
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Initial Concerns• Growers initially refused to accept the
reclaimed water: - Disease- Flooding
- Heavy Metals
• Image – the acceptance factor
• Quality standards established for reclaimed water
• Research started by University of Florida
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• Set up to dispose of wastewater from Orlando and Orange County
• Provides high quality reclaimed water for crop irrigation
• Meets or exceeds drinking water standards for at least 10 elements
• Largest project in US for disposal of reclaimed water through agricultural irrigation and RIBs
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Conserv II water is chlorinated and has no color or odor. It meets or exceeds
drinking water standards for the following elements:
Nitrate Sodium Chloride Sulfate Copper
Barium Chromium Selenium Silver
Zinc
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• Delivers ~ 31 million gallons / day (mgd)
(113,500 m³ / day)• Irrigates 3100 acres of agricultural crops-
primarily citrus• Orange County National Golf Center - 54 holes• 12 nurseries and tree farms, two landfills• 100 acres of willows - Disney Animal Kingdom
browse farm• Water comes initially from International Drive
tourist area, hotels, restaurants
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Advantages of Reclaimed Water
• City disposes of wastewater
• Fewer irrigation restrictions on growers
• Less agricultural pumping - more aquifer recharge
• Citrus freeze protection
• Reliable source of irrigation water
• Cost savings
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Objectives• Describe trends in
reclaimed water usage in Florida
• Discuss changes in different sector use of reclaimed water
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Florida Reuse Inventory
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1985 1990 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Reuse Capacity
Reuse Flow
Mill
ion
Ga
llon
s p
er
Da
y
Fig. 1. Change in reuse capacity and flow
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Reclaimed Water
• Reuse capacity – Increased 277% (1986-2006)
• Reuse flow – Increased 221% (1986-2006)
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Major Users of Reclaimed Water
• Agriculture
• Golf courses
• Residential
• Other public access
• Ground water recharge
• Industrial
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0
20
40
60
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1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Flow
(MG
D)Golf Course Residential Agriculture
Ground Water Recharge Industrial Other Public Access
Florida Reclaimed Water Use - Flow
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• Public has come to accept reclaimed water as an alternate irrigation source
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Attitudes towards Reclaimed Water• Early 1980’s
Reclaimed water = Disposal Problem– Use lowest cost method for disposal (dump
into nearby river, lake, ocean, or spray field)– Concerns over heavy metals, salts, odor,
disease organisms– Given away for free to encourage use
• Safe use was demonstrated -- agricultural and urban acceptance increased
• Droughts in 2000, 2001, & 2007 created greater acceptance
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• Acceptance factor • Cost• Perceptions
Challenges to Reclaimed Water Use for Irrigation
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Summary• Image of reclaimed water has
changed greatly in 20 years• Used to be disposal problem• Now a product in demand• Florida agriculture helped
reclaimed water gain acceptance
• Customers may have to pay for reclaimed water
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• Is Reclaimed Water the Wave of the Future in Florida?
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