recent trends in sensor research & technology vol 3 issue 3

ISSN 2393-8765 (Online)

May–August 2016

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Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology

ISSN: 2393-8765(online)

Focus and Scope Covers

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STM JOURNALS

1. Mathematical Modelling of End-To-End Delay of Customised ZigBee Stack towards Optimization of Performance Metrics A. Narmada, P. Sudhakara Rao 1

2. Measurement of Heart Rate Variability using FFT Manju Devi, Ravish Garg 10

3. Development of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Using LDR Sensor for Roof-Top ApplicationsRajshree, Ajay K. Jaiswal, Chhavi Chaudhary, Vijay K. Jayswal 21

4. Experimental Study on Radiation Immunity of In-House Developed WSN NodesVinita Daiya, G. Sandhya Rani, Jemimah Ebenezer, M.T. Jose, R. Jehadeesan 27

5. Research and Industrial Insight: Sensor Research and Technology 36

ContentsRecent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology

RTSRT (2016) 1-9 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology ISSN: 2393-8765(online)

Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Mathematical Modelling of End-To-End Delay of

Customised ZigBee Stack towards Optimization of

Performance Metrics

A. Narmada*, P. Sudhakara Rao Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Management and

Technology for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Abstract Among different types of protocols for realising WPAN, ZigBee protocol supports high-node

density; it is a long range, robust communication protocol, and hence, it is chosen for

experimentation in WPAN. The devices of different networks use different protocols, the

ZigBee protocol may not be adequate to bring all the consumer electronic devices under

WPAN and control them to form a virtual control network. ZigBee stack is taken as base,

overlay architecture is built around it by modifying it to incorporate the features of common

communication protocol so as to enable the consumer electronics share resources and

communicate among themselves leading to a virtual control network. Four different

performance metrics are modelled for the newly proposed ZigBee stack christened ZI stack.

Average end-to-end delay is modelled, simulated and presented in this paper. The results of

comparison are also presented in the paper.

Keywords: ZI, SMAC, AODV, CBR, VBR, WPAN

INTRODUCTION ZigBee is a low cost, long range, robust and

reliable wireless communication protocol and

it is widely used in majority of applications.

The proposed work aims at interoperating

internet and WPAN and uses customized

ZigBee as common communication protocol.

The devices of different networks use different

types of protocols and hence it is required to

customise the ZigBee stack in order to achieve

the better performance.

WSN network using ZigBee protocol suffers

with more end-to-end delay due to several

factors such as high node density of the

network, coordinator involvement in data

routing and large header overhead etc. The

delay of such a network becomes bottle neck

in case of integration of ZigBee based WPAN

with internet. The objective of the proposed

work is to customise the ZigBee stack so as to

minimise the end-to-end delay, throughput,

energy consumed during transmission and

energy consumed during reception etc. This

paper describes about the detailed analysis of

the average end-to-end delay with suitable

mathematical equations and respective

simulated results under different conditions

like varying traffic load and varying hops.

The original ZigBee stack is as shown in

(Figure 1). It consists of four layers viz.,

physical, MAC, Network and application layers.

Physical layer deals with medium specification,

voltage levels, frequency of operation, power

ratings driver software etc. Direct Sequence

Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique is

employed by the physical layer for efficient and

reliable communication. MAC layer provides

the medium access control to upper layer

protocols. This layer is responsible for framing,

error correction and error detection etc. This

layer uses sensor MAC (SMAC) algorithm for

proving controlled access to medium. Network

layer employs AODV as routing protocol which

calls for coordinator involvement in to achieve

reliable data transmission, but leading to higher

packet transmission delay. This higher end-to-

end delay deteriorates system performance and

hence calls for further research towards finding

an efficient communication protocol with

optimum power consumption, minimum end-



Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Measurement of Heart Rate Variability using FFT

Manju Devi*, Ravish Garg Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology,

Hisar, Haryana, India

Abstract Nowadays, heart rate variability (HRV) is an important tool for the analysis of the activities of

nervous system in medical Science. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is graphical representation of

electrical activity of human heart. The various peaks of ECG can be utilized to detect and

analyse mental stress of the brain. It varies with other parameters of healthy/abnormal

human. This paper presents the evaluation of heart rate variability using fast Fourier

transform (FFT). The R peak in ECG waveform has been detected using FFT filter in two

stages and used for the measurement of HRV to analyze the cardiac status and mental stress

of the subject. For this detection, various process stages are used i.e. original ECG, FFT

filtered ECG, filtered ECG 1st pass, detected peaks, FILTERED ECG 2nd pass and detected

peaks finally. For filtering the ECG signal, FFT is used at stage 1 pass and 2nd pass.

Keywords: ECG, heart rate, FFT

INTRODUCTION During the last few decades, researchers have

used various physiological parameters to

measure cardiac and mental stress problems in

the subjects. Physiological parameters, such as

electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalo-

graph, electromyography, blood pressure,

heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) etc.

have been investigated and observed to be

sensitive towards changes in mental stress,

cardiac health and nervous system of the

subject. Cardiac activity is the most commonly

used physiological parameter for the

assessment of mental stress by the researchers

in the present era [1]. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

is a tool that records the electrical activity of

the heart in detail which allows diagnosis of a

wide range of heart conditions and

abnormalities [2] (Table 1). The record shows

a sequence of electrical waves that occurs

during each beat of the heart normally

represented by the letters P, Q, R, S, T and U,

where the U wave is mostly unseen among

70% of the people [3] (Figure 1). The human

ECG signal is very weak and in the range of

mV and the frequency range is 0.05–100 Hz.

Electrocardiography may be used to detect

many heart related abnormalities and stress of

the human being and is normally used to

estimate damage and defects of the heart and

coronary artery diseases, etc. [2, 4].



Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Development of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Using

LDR Sensor for Roof-Top Applications

Rajshree1, Ajay K. Jaiswal

2, Chhavi Chaudhary

1, Vijay K. Jayswal

3,*

1Department of Electronics Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Engineering College, Ghaziabad,

Uttar Pradesh, India 2Centre for Green Energy Technology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Puducherry, India

3Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The energy demand in the country has been increasing very rapidly and it is very difficult to

fulfil this increasing demand with the conventional methods of energy generation. So, the use

of renewable sources for energy generation is increasing rapidly with the help of Indian

government policies. Indian government has announced that it will generate 175 GW from

renewable sources of energy by 2022, out of which 100 GW will be from solar energy. Solar

energy is abundantly available throughout the country all around the year for generating

electricity at the roofs of residential and commercial buildings. Indian government policies

are also favouring generation from rooftop power plants, as a target of 40 GW has been set to

be achieved by 2022. The solar power plants generate energy from the incident solar

radiation on its PV panels and energy generation depends highly on the incident radiation.

Due to the rotation of earth around its axis, the panels do not receive maximum and uniform

radiation throughout the day; it results in the less power output from panel than the uniform

radiation. This problem can be solved by moving the panel in the direction of sun with the

movement of the sun throughout the day. In this paper, we have demonstrated a method to

develop a solar tracking system for maximum utilization of solar energy. Here we have used a

LDR sensor to detect the availability of sun maximum solar power, with the help of two DC-

geared motors for dual axis solar tracking. The output energy has increased comparatively by

using the dual axis tracking system.

Keywords: Renewable energy, solar energy, solar photovoltaic, roof-top solar PV, solar

tracking

INTRODUCTION Energy needs of a country depend on

consumption by population and the industrial

development of the country. India is the

second most populous country in world after

China and the growth rate of Indian GDP has

been one of the highest in the world in last few

years. Since the growth rate is an indication of

the development of industrial and domestic

sectors, so, combining this growth rate data

with population we can say that the rate of

increase in energy demand of the country is

amongst the highest in world and it is

supposed to increase rapidly in coming years.

This increasing energy demand could not be

fulfilled by relying only on conventional

means of energy generation. Hence, the Indian

government is all set to increase the use of

renewable energy sources for energy

generation by increasing the scale of

installation of renewable energy generating

plants in a mission mode. The ministry of new

and renewable energy, government of India,

has announced a target of 175 GW of installed

capacity of renewable energy power plants to

be achieved by 2022. India is a country with

abundance of solar energy, so the country is in

a position to meet maximum of its demands

from solar energy hence MNRE has set aside a

target of 100 GW to be generated from solar

energy, and out of which, 40 GW is to be

generated from roof-top solar photovoltaic

power plants. The solar power plants generate

energy from the incident solar radiation on its

PV panels and it depends highly on the

incident radiation. Due to the rotation of earth



Volume 3, Issue 3

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Experimental Study on Radiation Immunity of In-House

Developed WSN Nodes

Vinita Daiya, G. Sandhya Rani, Jemimah Ebenezer*, M.T. Jose, R. Jehadeesan Simulator and Wireless Networking Section, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam,

Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Wireless sensor networking (WSN) technology is gaining importance in nuclear industry and

its related applications. This wider acceptance of WSN can be attributed to its easy and fast

deployment, reduction in cable cost, increase of system redundancy in critical applications of

nuclear reactor and ease of maintenance of rotating equipment. A WSN node deployed in and

around nuclear reactor may encounter gamma radiation dose, especially during some

accidental conditions. Thus, before deploying nodes in radiation prone area, its radiation

withstanding capability should be known. In this paper, we discuss about experiments done to

irradiate the WSN nodes with two different setups: discontinuous low dose rate setup and

continuous high dose rate setup. It has been inferred that based on the radiation source

intensity and level of dose rate, the radiation withstanding limit of WSN nodes varies

significantly. Also, based upon experiments we observed that during irradiation, a chip based

integrated circuit performs more efficiently and fails later compared to discrete component

based circuit. Also, we have done experimentation to radiation harden the WSN nodes at

enclosure level. Testing has been done with different materials and varying thickness

enclosures to increase the radiation dose-withstand-threshold of WSN node.

Keywords: Wireless sensor networking, gamma radiation, CMOS technology, thermo-

luminescent dosimeter (TLD)

INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networking (WSN), the most

emerging field of electronics, sensor and

control domain is being adopted in various

industrial, space and nuclear applications [1].

For nuclear environment, the biggest example

for seamless adoption of WSN for nuclear

applications is our research centre. Here, WSN

networks have been deployed in various

nuclear facilities and are continuously

operating for the last 2–3 years [2–4]. Also, in

various other countries such as USA, Canada,

China, etc., WSN based network has been

deployed for nuclear reactor related

applications [5, 6]. In all the existing

deployments, WSN is being used for non-

nuclear safety signal networking and

monitoring. But as per WSN increasing

potential, it has a greater scope for handling

safety related and safety critical signals. If not

as a standalone network, WSN can be used as

a diverse network with existing wired network.

Considering the critical signal impact value for

reactor health, before deployment in such

areas, WSN nodes radiation withstanding limit

should be known. Also based on requirement

and deployment area radiation level, radiation

hardened WSN nodes should only be

deployed.

Radiation hardening is the process of making

electronic design resistant to damage or

malfunctions caused due to ionizing radiation

[7]. Ionizing radiations are particle radiations

or high energy electromagnetic radiations such

as gamma and X-rays. Before getting into

radiation hardening of the WSN nodes, the

nodes radiation dose withstanding capability

should be known. This dose-withstanding-

threshold value will give us idea of (i) how

much time a general purpose WSN node will

be operational during any nuclear accident and

(ii) type of radiation hardening methodology

to be used, whether at enclosure level or at

design level. In this paper, we have illustrated

the various experiments done to identify



Volume 3, Issue 3

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Research and Industrial Insight: Sensor Research and

Technology

Scientists Measure Biodiversity using

remote sensing data

LEIPZIG, Germany, Jan. 30, 2017 - Remote

detecting techniques for measuring the bio

diversity, which have been in use since 30

years, demonstrate a considerably more

prominent potential for future researches on

bio diversity. The main focus of this study is

to register the present conditions of

diversification keeping in mind the procedures

inside biological communities and recognize

conceivable changes. Angela Lausch, landcape

scientist at Helmholtz Center for

Environmental Research-UFZ says, "To do

this, accurate information is needed largely in

the concerned areas close timeframes and

different remote detecting strategies

effectively meet these prerequisites strikingly."

For instance, circulation of a plant species, a

picture from satellites, can be resolved in light

of its development propensity. A satellite's

ghastly sensors can help recognize and record

plant species or plant groups in light of their

particular biochemical properties. Techniques

for remote sensing are utilized alongside field

studies.

This gives significant information that can't be

recorded by means of remote detecting. Field

studies are also required for assessing and

decoding the information obtained. "Both are

dependent on each other," said Lausch.

"Biodiversity can be measured more precisely

if we combine both, the in-situ studies and

remote detecting." A worldwide research

group led by UFZ examined the importance of

remote sensing in identifying and anticipating

changes in biodiversity. The group took a

gander at how cases of spectral attributes and

unearthly characteristic varieties found

through remote detecting applications could be

utilized to evaluate ordered, utilitarian and

auxiliary differences, and analyzed how

diverse remote detecting procedures could be

utilized to screen biodiversity and territory

quality. The scientists consider that remote

detecting techniques show a reasonable,

repeatable and practically identical technique

for measuring, depicting, clarifying and

demonstrating biodiversity, and the

forthcoming innovations in sensor, like, the

hyperspectral satellite Environmental Mapping

and Analysis Program (EnMAP) will give

chances to evaluate otherworldly attributes

that cannot be discernible with current

techniques, portraying biodiversity in more

detail. EnMAP, a German hyperspectral

satellite mission for monitoring the earth, is

scheduled for 2018 and will continue in the

years to come. Imaging spectrometers measure

the solar radiation reflected by the surface of

the earth from visible light directly through to

short-wave infrared. These explain the

condition of the Earth's surface and any

noticeable changes. It will capture images of

high resolution, which can be utilized to gauge

various biochemical parameters- nitrogen,

phosphate or water content in leaf tissue.

Courtesy of DLR CC-BY3.0. "EnMAP will

essentially enhance the recognizable proof of

species and plant groups by means of remote

detecting. The information delivered by the

EnMAP satellite will be easily accessible by

all users," she included. Be that as it may, the

best potential offered by hyperspectral remote

detecting lies in measuring procedures and

unsettling influences inside biological systems

over substantial zones," said Lausch. "We, in

biodiversity research, ought to in this manner

be set up to perceive and use the capability of

the new era of satellites." She further added. In

contrast to environmental change, the

information on changes in biodiversity is

genuinely thin, and there are still not very

many uniform benchmarks worldwide for

measuring the information. For the

investigation of biodiversity to increase

greatest incentive from Earth Observation

sensor organizes, the specialists trust that the

connection amongst field and remote detecting

information must be advanced to make it

simpler to total vast, unpredictable,

heterogeneous volumes of information, in this

way making it less demanding to assess the

information and exchange it to models.

ISSN 2393-8765 (Online)

May–August 2016

recent trends in sensor research & technology vol 3 issue 3

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