GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 266

RECENT ESTIMATES OF THE

ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS

IN THIS EARTH'S CRUST

u. Q. rPUBLIC

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 285

RECENT ESTIMATES OF THE ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS

IN THE EARTH'S CRUST

By Michael Fleischer

Washington, D. C., 1953

Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

RECENT ESTIMATES OF THE ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS

IN THE EARTH'S CRUST

By Michael Fleischer

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract.... Introduction.

References for tables 2 and 3.

Page

3

ILLUSTRATIONSPage

Figure 1. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 1 to 48.......................................... 22. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 47 to 93......................................... 2

TABLESPage

Table 1. Weight percents of the 25 most abundant elements in the earth's crust........................ 32. Estimates of abundances of elements arranged in order of atomic number..................... 43. Estimates of abundances of elements arranged alphabetically................................ 6

ABSTRACT

This is a compilation of estimates of the abun­ dances of the elements, taken from nine papers pub­ lished between 1924 and 1952. They are arranged in three tables: (1) weight percents of the 25 most abundant elements, (2) abundances of the first 92 elements arranged in order of atomic number, and (3) abundances of the first 92 elements arranged alphabetically.

INTRODUCTION

The U. S. Geological Survey receives many requests for information on the abundances of the elements. Data on this subject are scattered through the literature and are not always readily accessible. I have therefore assembled nine esti­ mates of abundances of all the elements, published during the past 30 years and they are given in three tables: The first table gives the 25 most abundant elements, the second and third list the first 92 ele­ ments, arranged in the second table in order of atomic number and in the third in alphabetical order. The data are plotted in figures 1 and 2. No data are listed for the elements of atomic numbers 93 to 98, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, and californium. Neptunium and plutonium have been shown to occur naturally in exceedingly small concentrations, probably less

than 10-is percent. It is not known at present whether the other elements listed above occur in nature; like­ wise there are no published data on the occurrence of the elements of atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87 technetium, promethium, astatine, and francium.

It should be noted that the nine estimates are not strictly comparable. Three of them (nos. 2, 5, and 9) refer to abundances in igneous rocks only; that is, they ignore the sedimentary rocks and the oceans. This has very little effect on the data given for most elements because the igneous rocks are estimated to constitute 95 percent of the earth's crust down to a 10-mile depth; it does, however, have a marked effect on the estimates of hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine which are so abundant in the oceans.

It is not practicable here to discuss the data in detail. It should be noted that since the estimates of column 9, tables 2 and 3, were made in 1924, advances in spectrographic methods of analysis have resulted in much higher estimates of the abundances of elements such as gallium, germanium, indium, and thallium, for which almost no quan­ titative determinations were available 25 years ago.

The methods by which the estimates were made are explained in detail in reference 9, also more briefly in references 1 and 2. It should be em­ phasized that many assumptions have to be made and that the accuracy of the figures given for the

100

-12

20 30

Atomic number

Figure 1. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 1 to 48.

40 48

10-

c m-4Sm

CDoCD CL

10-

10-6

.£ I0-8O)oc o-D

JD

lO-'O

10 -12

H2

V ft HO VEu Tu

10,-2

10-4

10-6

-810

,0-io

io-|ZH2

50 60 70

Atomic number

80 90

Figure 2. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 47 to 93.

2

Table 1. Weight percents of the 25 most abun­ dant elements in the earth's crust (Mason, 1952, p. 41).

12 34 5

67 89 10

11 12 13

Element

Oxygen mil r>nn

Aluminum

Sodium -------Potassium Magnesium-

Total of first 10

Phosphorus

Sulfur

Weight percent

46.60 27.72 8.13 5.00 3.63

2.83 2.59 2.09 .44 .14

99.17

.118 i on.052

14 15

1617 1819 20

21 22232425

r

Element

Carbon - Chlorine

Rubidium Fluor ine-- Strontium- Barium Zirconium-

Chromium Vanadium Zinc Nickel Copper

Potal of Q-] -] pc;

Weight percent

0.032 .031

.031

.030

.030

.025

.022

.020

.015

.013 ,008 .00?

99-70

various elements varies greatly. For example, the figures given for antimony and bismuth are based on very few determinations and are to be regarded as good guesses; in contrast, the figures for niobium and tantalum are based on many careful analyses. However, considering the many uncertainties involved, it is likely that only 2 significant figures for the more abundant elements (such as silicon) and only 1 sig­ nificant figure for the less abundant elements (such as samarium) are meaningful.

For further details on the individual elements and on methods of estimating abundances, references 1 to 9 should be consulted, especially 2 and 9; for data on the oceans, the reader is referred to "The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology, " by H. U. Sverdrup, M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming,

Prentice-Hall, New York, 1087 p. (1946); and for data on the relative abundances of the isotopes of the elements to "Relative isotopic abundances of the elements, " by K. T. Bainbridge and A. O. Nier, National Research Council Preliminary Report 9, 59 p. (1950).

REFERENCES FOR TABLES 2 AND 3

Columnno.

Mason, Brian, 1952, Principles of geochem­ istry, 276 p., New York, John Wiley and Sons. (For crust.)

Rankama, K., and Sahama, T. G., 1950, Geo­ chemistry, p. 39-40, The University of Chicago Press. (For igneous rocks.)

Polanski, A,, 1948, A new essay of evaluation of the chemical composition of the earth: Soc. des Amis des Sci. Lettres de Poznan, Ser. B, v. 9, p. 39-40. (For 35 km-crust.)

Anderson, J. S., 1945, Chemistry of the earth: Royal Soc. New South Wales Jour. andProc., v. 76, p. 329-345. (For crust.)

Goldschmidt, V. M., 1937, The laws of the geochemical distribution of the elements: IX. The abundance of the elements: Norske vidensk. - akad. Oslo, Mat.-Nat. Klasse, no. 4, p. 1-148 [in German]. (For igneous rocks.)

Fersman, A. E., 1933, Geokhimia, Leningrad [in Russian], quoted by Wells, R. C., 1937, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 878, p. 4-5. (For 10-mile crust.)

Schneiderhohn, H., 1934, Die ausnutzungsmog- lichkeiten der deutschen Erzlagerstatten: Metallwirtschaft 13, p. 151-157. (For 16 km-crust.)

Berg, G., 1929, Vorkommen und Geochemie der Mineralischen Rohstoffe, p. 11, Leipzig.

Clarke, F. W., and Washington, H. S., 1924, The composition of the earth's crust: U. S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 127,p. 1-117. (For igneous rocks.)

Tabl

e 2. Estimates of a

bundance of the

elements in

the

eart

h's

crust, ar

rang

ed in

or

der

of a

tomi

c nu

mber

[Col

umn

num

bers

in

dic

ate

refe

ren

ces

on p

age

3]

Atom

ic

Element

no.

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9-

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25-

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33-

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46. VT.

Heli

um

G-i-il -P-M-K*

__ .. _.,_

fhl rtvSn*a .

..-.-- _____________-_____--_---

TiH r>

lri=

1 --_-_---_-_--_-_______---_-------------

Yttrium

Comp

osit

ion

in weight

percent

1 0.14"

IxlO

-7

.0065

.0006

.0003

.032

.0046

46.60

.030

2.83

2.09

8.13

27.7

2 .118

.052

.0314

4x10-6

2.59

3.63 .0005

.44

.015

.0

20

.100

5.00

.0023

.008.

.007

.0132

.0015

.0007

.0005

9x10-6

.00016

.031

.0

30

.0028

.022

.0024

.0015

lxlO

-9(?

) Lx

lO-9

LxlO-e

IxlO

-5

2

Pres

ent

3xlO

-7

0.00

65

.0006

.0003

.032

.0

0463

46

.60

.06-

. 09

7x10-9

2.83

2.09

8.13

27

.72

.118

.052

.0314

4x10

-6

2.59

3.63

.0005

.44

.015

.0

2 .1

00

5.00

.0023

.008

.0

07

.0132

.0015

.0007

.0005

9x10-6

. 000162

.031

.0

3 .00281

.022

.0024

.000

25-

.0015

Presence

unsettled.

Present

1x10

-7

1x10-6

IxlO

"5

* 3 0.44

7x

lO-8

.006

5 .0006

. 000

56

.055

.0079

47.9

.029

1.2x

lO-7

2.76

2.04

7-9

27.0

.7

8 .55

.1

.001

3 2.52

3.54

.0

005

4.3 .15

.019

.0

97

4.87

.004

.01

.01

.004

.015

.000

7 .0005

.00001

.0004

3x10-8

.029

.0

15

.0028

.021

.002

.0015

2x10

-6

IxlO

-7

IxlO

-6

IxlO

-5

4 0.87

8x

io-7

.004

.000

5.0

01

.08

.030

49.5

.027

5xlO

~7

2.63

1.93

7-5

25-7

.1

2 .0

6 1

9 3.

5xlO

-4

2.40

3.39

.000

6 .5

8 .0

16

.033

.09

4.7 .0012

.018

.010

.0

2 . 00002

.000

1 .0

0045

.0

0008

.0006

1.9x

lO-8

.0033

.017

.007

.023

. 000

06

.00075

1x10-7

5x10-6

IxlO

-6

, 5x

lO-6

4x10

-6

5 0.00

65

.0006

.000

3 .0

32

46.60

.03

2.83

2.09

8.13

27

.72

.080

.0

52

.048

2.59

3.

63

.000

5 .4

4 .015

.02

.10

5.00 .004

.01

.01

.004

.0015

.0007

.0005

9xlO

-6

.031

.0

15

.0028

.022

.002

.0015

1x10

-7

IxlO

-6

IxlO

"5

6

1.00

Ix

lO-6

.005

.0

03

.01

.35

.04

49.13

.08

5xlO

-7

2.40

2.35

7-45

26.00

.12

.10

.20

.0004

2.35

3.25

.0006

.61

.02

.03

.10

4.20

.002

.02

.01

.02

.001

.0

001

.000

5 .0

0008

.0

01

2xlO-8

.008

.035

.0

05

.02.

5 .0

0003

2 .0

01

IxlO

-7

5x10-6

IxlO

-6

8xlO-6

IxlO

-5

7

0.87

8xlO

-7

.004

.0005

.001

.08

.030

49

.5

.026

5xlO'7

2.63

1.93

7-5

25.3

.12

.06

.19

. 000

35

2.40

3.39

.0006

.63

.018

.0

38

.09

5.08

.0012

.018

.0

10

.017

.00005

.0001

.000

48

.000

08

.0006

2x10

" 6

.003

5 .0

20

.007

.0

23

. 000

06

.00075

4x10

-6

IxlO

-6

5xlO

-6

6xlO'6

8

0.87

8xlO"7

.004

.0005

.001

.08

.030

49

.5

.027

5xlO-7

2.63

1.93

7-5

25.7

.12

.06

.19

. 000

35

2.40

3.39

. 000

075

.58

.016

.033

.09

4.7 .0012

.018

.0

10.0

045

1x10-7

2xlO-8

. 00045

3x10

-6

.0006

1.9x

10-8

.0033

.020

.0

07

.023

.00006

. 00075

3.6X

10-11

Ix

lO'10

6xlO

~9

4xlO

-6

9 0.13 .004

.001

.0

01

.032

46.5

9 .030

2~85

2.09

8.13

27.72

.13

.052

.048

nxlO

-4

2.60

3.

63

«x!0

~5

.63

.017

.037

.10

5.01

.001

.0

20

.010

.004

HXlO-9

HXlO

-9HXlO'4

nxlO'6

HXlO-4

.000*

.019

b

.015

.026

.003

nxlO-4

nxlO-9

HXlO"9

HxlO-9

HXlO-6

48.

*9.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69-

70.

71.

72.

73-

7^.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89-

90.

91-

92.

Tj_n____ _____

____

____

____

____

____

____

_ _______

Asta

tine

(no

data

) .

Francium (no

data

) .

1.5x

lCr5

IxlO

-5

.004

lx

lO-4(?)

2xlO

-7(?)

3xlO

-5

.0007

.025

.0018

.0046

.00055

.0024

.000

65

.00011

.000

64

9x10

-5

.0004-5

.000

12

.00025

2x10

- 5

.00027

8xlO

-5

.00045

.000

21

.0069

IxlO

-7

1x10

-7(7

):1x10-7

5xio-7

5x10

-7

5xlO

-5

6xlO

"5

.001

62xlO-5

.0012

.0004

1.5x

lO-5

IxlO

-5

.0040

.0001

1.8x10-7

3x10-5

.0007

.025

.00183

.00461

.000553

.00239

.000647

.000106

.000

636

9.1x10-5

.000447

.000115

.000247

2xlO-5

.000

266

7.5xlO-5

.00045

.000

21

.000

15-

.0069

1x10-7

1x10-7

5x10

-7

5x10

-7

7.7x

lO-6-

5xlQ-5

.000

03-

.0003

.0016

2x10

-5JxlO-14

1.3x

lO-10

3xlO

-14

.001

15

8x10

-11

.0004

5xlO

'5

IxlO

-5

.004

.0001

2x10-7

3x10-5

4.6x

lO-9

.0007

.024

.0018

.0046

.00055

.0024

.00064

.000

11

.00064

9xio

-5

.000

45

.00011

.00025

2x10

-5

.00027

7.5x10-5

.00045

.00021

.0069

1x10-7

IxlO

-6

IxlO

-7

5x10

-7

5xlO

-7

5x10-5

3x10-5

.0016

2x10

-5

1.4x

lO-14

5x10

-16

6.6X10-11

2.6x10-1*

. 000

73

2.4xlO-ii

.0002

IxlO

-5

IxlO

-5

.0006

3x10

-5

1x10-6

7x10

-6

2.9x10-9

.000

07

.04

.'00

05

.0022

.00035

.0012

IxlO

-5

.0005

.000014

.0005

7x10-5

.0005

.00007

.0004

7x10-5

.0005

.0001

.0025

2x10

-5

.005

IxlO

-7

5x10-6

IxlO

-6

5x10

-6

1.5x10-7

3x10-6

IxlO

-s

.002

3x

10-6

1. 4x1

0-15

4x10-17

7xlO

-i2

2.3x

lO-i

4 .0

02

2.6x

lO-i

2 .0

0002

5x10- 5

IxlO

-5

.004

.0001

2xlO-7

3x10-5

.0007

.025

.001

8 .0046

.000

55.0024

.0006

.0001

.0006

9x10

-5

.00045

.0001

.000

25

2x10

-5

.0003

8x10

-5

.00045

.0015

.0069

1X10

'7

IxlO'7

5x10

-7

5xlO

-7 d

5x10-5

3x10-5

.0016

2x10-5

3xlO

-i4

1.3x

10-1

° 3x

10- i4

.0012

8x10

-11

.0004

5xlO

~4

IxlO-5

.0006

5x10-5

1x10-6

1x10-*

3x10-9

.000

6 .0

5.0

0065

.0

029

.00045

.00175

.0007

.00002

.00075

IxlO

-4

.000

75

.0001

.00065

IxlO

-*

.0008

.000175

.0004

2.4x

10-5

.0009

IxlO

-7

5x10

-6

IxlO

'6

5x10

-6

5xlO

-7(?)

IxlO

-*

1x10-5

.0016

1x10

-5

5x10

-6

1.2x10-15

3x10

- 10

.002

7xlO

-ii

.0009

4x10

-5IxlO-5

.0006

3x10-5

1x10-6

7xlO

-6

3x10-9

.04

.00045

.002

.00035

.0012

.00045

.000

015

.00045

7x10

-5

.00045

.00007

.0004

7x10

-5.00035

9x10

-5

.0025

2x10

-5

.005 IxlO-7

4xlO

-e

2x10-6

5x10

-6

6xlO-7

3xio

-6

1x10

-5

.003

3x

10-6

1.4x

lO-10

.0012

.00042

IxlO

-5

9xio

-7.0006

3xio~5

6x

10-8

7x

10-6

2.9x10-9

7x10

-5

.04

.000

5.0022

.00035

.0012

.000

5 .000014

.005

7x10-5

.000

5 . 00007

.0004

7x10

-5

.0005

.000

1 .0025

2x10-5

.005

9xio

-10

5xio-1

01.

2xlO

-8

1.5x

lO-7

3x10

-6

SxlO

-8

.002

3x10

-6

7x10

-12

.002

.00002

nxlO

-sHXlO-9

nXlO-4

nxlO-5

nxlO'7

nXlO-5

nXlO'5

.050

.003

.005

nxlO-8

nxlO-8

nxlO-7

nXlO-7

nXlO-5

nxlO-8

.002

nxlO-6

«XlO-10

.002

.008

Som

e of

th

ese

figu

res

appe

ar t

o be

one

ord

er o

f m

agni

tude

too

hig

h, p

erha

ps b

ecau

se o

f m

ispl

aced

de

cim

al p

oin

ts.

& Y

ttri

um p

lus

ceri

um p

lus

all

othe

r ra

re e

arth

s.

'Nio

bium

plu

s ta

ntal

um.

Val

ue i

s m

isqu

oted

in

Wel

ls.

Tabl

e 3, Estimates of abundances of t

he elements in t

he ea

rth'

s crust, arranged a

lphabetically

[Col

umn

num

bers

in

dic

ate

refe

ren

ces

on p

age

3 J

Elem

ent

Columbium

(see

niobium) .

Gold

WiVlri=1 _____ __ _____ __ __ _ -

Comp

osit

ion

in weight

percent

1 8.15

.000l(?)

4x10

-6

.0005

.025

.0006

2x10

-5

.0003

.00016

1.5x10-5

3.6?

.0

32

.0046

.0007

.0314

.020

.0023

.007

. 000

45

.00025

.00011

.03

A 000

64

.0015

.0007

5x10-7

.00045

3x10

-7

. 000

12

.14

P

LxlO

"5

3x10-5

1x10

-7

5.00 .0018

.0016

.0065

8xlO

-5

2.09

.10

5x10-5

.0015

.0024

.008

2 3x10

- 14

8.13

.0001

4x10-6

.0005

.025

.0006

2x10

-5

.0003

. 000162

1.5x10-5

3.63

.032

.00461

.0007

.0314

.02

.0023

.007

.000447

.000

247

. 000106

.06-

. 09

. 000636

.0015

.0007

5x10-7

.00045

3x10

-7

.000

115

IxlO

'5

3xlO

-5

1x10

-7

5.00 .001

83

.0016

.0065

7.5x10-5

2.09

.100

7.7x10-6-

5x10-5

.000

25-

.0015

.00239

7x10-9

.008

a 3

2.6x10-14

7.9 .0001

.0013

.0005

.024

.0006

2x10-5

.00056

.0004

5x10-5

3.5^

.0

55

.0046

.0007

.1

.019

.0

04

.01

.00045

.00025

.00011

.029

.00064

.015

.0007

5x10

-7

. 000

45

7xlO

-8

.00011

.44

1x10-5

3x10-5

1x10-7

4.87

3x10

-8.0018

.001

6 .0065

7.5x10-5

2.04 .097

5x10-5

.0015

.002

4 1.

2x10

-7

.01

4

?. 3x1

0- 14

7.5 3xlO-5

3.5x10-4

.000

45

.04

.000

5 3x10-6

.001

.0006

1x10-5

3.39

.0

8 .0022

.000

07

.19

.033

.0012

.010

.0

005

.0004

.000

014

.027

.0005

.00002

.000

1 1.

5x10

-7

.0025

8xlO

-7

.000

07 8T

s lxlO'5

7xlO-6

IxlO-6

4.7

1.9x

10-8

.000

5.0

02

.004

.0

001

1.93

.09

3x10-6

.000

75

.0012

5x10

-7

.018

5 3xlO

-i4

8.13

.0001

.000

5 .0

25

.0006

2xlO

-5

.0003

5xio-5

3-63

.0

32

.0046

.000

7 .048

.02

.004

.01

.00045

. 000

25

.0001

.03

.0006

.0015

.0007

5x10

-7

.00045

.0001

1X10

'5

3x10

-5

IxlO

-7

5.00 .0018

.0016

.0065

8x10-5

2.09

.10

5xio

-5

.0015

.0024

.01

6 7-45

5x10-5

.0004

.000

5.05

.003

Ix

lO-5

.01

.001

5x10-4

3-25

35

.0029

.000

5 .20

.03

.002

.01

.00075

.00065

.00002

.08

. 00075

.001

.0

001

* 5x10-7

. 000

4'

IxlO-6

.0001

1.00

IxlO-5

IxlO

-4

IxlO

-6

4.20

2x

10-8

.00065

.0016

.005

.000175

2.35

.10 IxlO

-4

.001

.001

75

5xio

-7.02

7

7-5 3x

lO-5

.00035

.000

48

.04

.0005

3x10-6

.001

.0006

4x10-5

3-39

.0

8.002

.19

.038

.0012

.010

.00045

.0004

.000015

.026

.00045

.00005

.0001

6x10-7

.0025

8xlO

-7

.00007

.87 IxlO

-5

7x10

-6

2xlO

'8

5.08

2x

lO'8

.00045

.003

.004

9x10-5

1.93

.09 3x10

-6

. 000

75

.0012

5x10

-7

.018

8 T'5

s 3x

lO-5

.00035

.00045

.04

.0005

3x10-6

.001

.0006

IxlO

"5

3-39

.08

.0022

7x10

-5

19

.033

.0012

.010

.0005

.0004

. 000014

.027

.0

005

IxlO-7

2x10

-8

1.5xlO-7

.002

5 8xlO-7

.00007

.87

7 9x10-

7x10-6

5x10- 10

4.7

i.9x

io-s

.000

5.0

02

.004

.0

001

1.93

.09 3x10

-6

.00075

.0012

5x10

-7

.018

9

8.13

nxlO-5

nxlO-4

nxlO-4

.050

.001

nX

lO-6

.001

nx

lO-4

nx

lO-5

3.63

.032

nXlO-5

.048

.037

.001

.010

.030

nxlO

-9

nxlO

-9

nxlO-7

.003

.13

nxlO-9

nxlO-5

nxlO-8

5.01

.002

.004

2.09

.10

nxlO-5

nxlO-4

.020

Rub

idiu

m

Ter

bium

- ---

Thu

lium

Tin

----

----

----

--- _

---

----

-- _

- - _

___

____

____

____

___

Y+

+vt

urn

.

Zin

c

,002k

.0014

-6L

xlO

-7(?

)1+

6.60

IxlO

-6-i

-,

Q

5x10

-7

2.5

9

nno'

s^

1x

10

-71

x1

0-7

.031

lxlO

-7(?

).0

0065

.000

59x

io-6

27.72 Ix

lO-5

2.8

3.0

3.0

52.0

0021

2xlO

-7(?

)9x

io~5

6xio

-5

.001

22x

lO-5

.001

+M .0

069

nook

.015

.000

27

.013

2.0

22

.002

1+.0

01+6

3

1+6.

60 IxlO

-61

T Q

5x10

-73x

lO-1

42.

59 .000

553

8xlO

-n1

.3x

10

-1°

1x10

-7Ix

lO-7

.031

.000

61+7

nno^

9x10

-627

.72 IxlO

-52

.83

.03

.052 nn

non

un

sett

led

.

9.1x

10-5

nnnn

^.0

003

.001

15

2x10

-5.0

01;

M nnm

*s.00

69.0

001+

.015

.000

266

.002

81.0

132

.022

nno

.007

91x

10-6

^7-9 1x10-6

>-7

O

5x10

-71.

1+xl

O-1

4

2.5

2.0

0055

2.1+

xlO

-n6.6

xlO

-ii

1x10

-7Ix

lO-7

.029

2x

10-6

.000

61+

nnn^

1x10

' 5

27.0

1x

10-5

2.7

6.0

15.5

5O

OO

OT

2x10

-79x

10-5

3x10

-5

.000

732x

10-5

.001

+^.5 .0

069

.000

2.1

5 1+

. 6x1

0-9

.000

27.0

028

nnlj.

.021

nnnr

w^

.030

5xio

-6^9

.5 5x10

-6.1

25x

10-6

1

.^x

10

- 15

2.^

0.0

0035

1x

10-5

2.6X

10-1

27x

10- 1

2^x

lO'1

7Ix

lO-7

1x

10

-6

.003

3 5x

io-6

norm

.0006

8x10

-525

.7 Itxl

O-e

o

C.1.

.017

/v;

2x10

-51x

10-7

7x10

-51x

10-5

.002

7x10

-5

nnrv

^C

-Q

.005

nnnn

o.0

162.

9x10

-9r\

r\r\

^

r\m

.02 .02

3

.002

^6.6

0

.080

5x10

-7

3x10

-14

2.5

9(W

VS

'S

8x10

-11

1.3x

10-1

°

1x

10

-7

1x

10

-7

.031

.000

6.0

005

9xlQ

-627

.72

1x

10

-5

2.83 .0

15.0

52.0

015

2x10

-79x

io-5

3x10

-5

.001

22x

10-5

OQ

l).

M .006

9

nnnk

.015

.000

3.0

028

.00^

.022

.000

032

nk 5xlO

~61*

9.13 Sx

io-6

.12 5x

10-6

2.3

5

7x

lO-i

i 3x

10' 1

0

IxlO

-7Ix

lO-6

.008 5x

10-6

.000

7 .0

006

Sxio

-526

.00 1x

10-5

2.^

0.0

35.1

0 2A

xlO

-51x10-7

1x10-6

IxlO

-5

.002

Ix

lO-4

.000

6.6

1 nnno

.0009

.02 3x

lO"9

.000

8.0

05

.02

.025

.000

06.0

30

1^x1

0-6

^9.5 5x

10-6

.12 5x

10-6

2AO

.000

35

l.l*

-xlO

-i°

1x10

-7Ix

lO-

6

.003

5 It-

xlO

-enn

niiR

Sxio

-525

.3 6x10

-62

.63

.020

r\£ 2xlO

-5

7x10

-5Ix

lO-

5

7x10

-5.0

006

.63 nn

^

nnnk

or\~

\ Q

3x10

~9.0

0035

r\r\

rr

.017

.023

.000

06.0

309x

10-1

0^9

-5 6x10

-9.1

2 1

.2x

lO-8

2.1+

0.0

0035

7x10

-12

IxlO

"10

.003

3 3.

6X1Q

-1!

.000

5.0

0007

5 3x

10-6

25.7

It-xl

O-6

2.6

3.0

20r\

£ 2xlO

~5

6x10

-87x

10-5

8x

lO-8

.002 7x

10-5

.0

006

r-Q

.0

05

.000

02.0

162.9

xlO

-9nn

nts

OO

"7

.001

4-5

.023

c .0

03

14-6

.59

rcx

lO-9

.13

«x!0

"7

2.6

0

nxlO

-io

nxlO

-s.0

00^

nx

lO-9

nxlO

-5

nx

lO-6

27

.72

nx

lO-6

2.8

5.0

19

.052

nxlO

-7

«x

lO-8

.002

rcxlO

-4

.63

.005

.08

.017

d .0

15.oo

i+

"S

ome

of t

hes

e fi

gure

s ap

pea

r to

be

one

orde

r of

mag

nit

ud

e to

o h

igh

, p

erh

aps

bec

ause

of

mis

pla

ced

dec

imal

poi

nts

.&

Val

ue

is m

isq

uot

ed i

n W

ells

.

Nio

biu

m p

lus

tan

talu

m.

Ytt

rium

plu

s ce

riu

m p

lus

all

oth

er r

are

eart

hs.