recent developments in renewable energy and other ...fixed price / turnkey with lds for ... •...

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2009 ANNUAL MEETING AND EDUCATION CONFERENCE American College of Investment Counsel New York, NY Recent Developments in Renewable Energy and Other Opportunities Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 3:15 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. October 15, 2009 Philip F. Corsello Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP (Moderator) William H. Bulmer The Prudential Insurance Company of America Jessica A. Graf Greenberg Traurig, LLP

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Page 1: Recent Developments in Renewable Energy and Other ...Fixed Price / Turnkey with LDs for ... • Issues with nearby data and interpolation ... Structure payments to facilitate fixed

2009 ANNUAL MEETING AND EDUCATION CONFERENCE American College of Investment Counsel

New York, NY

Recent Developments in Renewable Energy and Other Opportunities Under the American

Recovery and Reinvestment Act 3:15 p.m. - 4:15 p.m.

October 15, 2009

Philip F. Corsello Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP

(Moderator)

William H. Bulmer The Prudential Insurance Company of America

Jessica A. Graf

Greenberg Traurig, LLP

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PROJECT FINANCE ‐RENEWABLES

Presented by William H. BulmerThe Prudential Insurance Company of America

ACIC Annual MeetingOctober 15, 2009

Outline:

I. Basic Project FinanceA. General RequirementsB. Renewable Projects – Square Peg in Round Hole?Key Issue:  NAIC Ratings ‐ Variability

II. Wind InvestmentsA. Risk AnalysisB. Investment DiligenceC. General Debt Structure / Tax Structure

III. Specific Diligence IssuesA. SolarB. BiomassC. GeothermalD.Hydro

IV.Current Renewable Talking Points 1

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Basic Project Finance

• Proven Resource / Technology as Basis of Power Generation

• Contract‐based Financingo Traditional EPC – Engineering, Procurement and Construction (Fixed Price / Turnkey with LDs for timing / performance issues)

o PPA Offtake – Power Purchase Agreement with Creditworthy Purchaser

o Fuel Supply – Creditworthy Supplier / Steady Supply –Coterminous with PPA

o Tolling Arrangement – PPA Counterparty provides fuel and assumes risk (stronger arrangement) 2

Basic Project Finance

• Stable Underlying Credit Profileo Consistent Cash Flows

o High Recovery Rates

• Trust Account with Waterfall – Control Project Cash

• Debt repayment / collateral security limited to cash flow / assets

• Typically non‐recourse to Sponsor

3

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Basic Project Finance

• Restricted Payment Test – Distributions prohibited if coverage requirements not met

• Restrictions Replace Financial Covenants – Credit deterioration triggers cash trapo No additional debt

o No asset sales

o No subsidiaries

o No mergers4

Renewable Project Basics

5

• Resource  / Technologyo Wind, Solar, Hydro, Geothermal (Steam), Biomass

• Contract‐based Financing:o Traditional EPC replaced by TSA & BOP (No turnkey agreements)

o PPA Offtake – Utilities in search of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) to meet Renewable Portfolio Standards

o Fuel Supply Contract:

• Geothermal, Wind, Solar & Hydro:  Resource Risk subject to Mother Nature

• Biomass:  Inability to lock long‐term supply / quantity and quality issues; Alternative uses for inputs

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Renewable Project Basics

6

• Credit Profile – consistency replaced by variability (offset by higher operating margin)o Resource / Capacity Factor impact Cash Flow

o Fixed Amortization can be an issue

• Trust Account / Collateral Security &  Restricted Payment Restrictions are similar to standard project structure

Renewable Ratings Issues

• S & P / Moody’s / Fitch• NAIC Impact on reserves• Investor Response:

o Require third party rating to minimize reserve risk

7

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Wind Project Investments

• Resource Risk – Prefer low wind variabilityo Quality of wind data / Completion of independent wind analysis

• Issues with nearby data and interpolation

o Volatility of results / Variance from Base Case

o Issues:

• Overestimates as basis of investment

• Upwind Array Impact

• Project Array Issues & Topography Issues

• Wind Drought??

• Landowners / Leases / Nuisance

• Environmental Issues 8

Wind Project Investments

• Transmission Risko Transmission Capacity / Connectivity to Load

o Who bears curtailment risk?

• Multiple wind farm developments

• Counterparty Risko PPA – Availability / delivery requirements

o EPC vs.  Turbine Supply and BOP Contract

o O&M ‐ Turbine Warranty (5 yr. vs. 2 yr.)

9

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Wind Project Investments

• Technology Risko New, unproven wind turbine manufacturers

o Larger turbines with limited operating history

• Operating Risko Turbine Issues / Gear Boxes / Blade Cracking

o Foundation / Vibration

o Downtime / Delays

o Cost benefit analysis of operator in achieving higher availability

10

Wind Project Investments(Debt Structure)

• Fully amortizing notes coterminous with project contracts

• Minimal merchant exposure (generally require long‐term Power Purchase Agreement)o Merchant exposure can be mitigated by (i) reserve account (ii) DSCR in excess of 2.50x or (iii) hedge with creditworthy counterparty

11

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Wind Project Investments(Debt Structure)

• Debt sized to accommodate both:o A DSCR of at least 1.45x to 1.50x using long‐term year P50 or P75 estimates; and

o A DSCR of not less than 1.0x using 10‐year P99 estimates

• Amortization Issues / Sweep• Structure typically requires a Debt Service Reserve Account and may include a Maintenance Reserve Account

• Cash Trap if DSCR below minimum level (1.20x) 12

Wind Project Investments(Tax Structures)

• Tax investors prefer no project level debto Forbearance Agreement “Required” in Project Debt Structure

• PAPS (Pretax, After Tax, Partnership Structure)

• PAYGO (Pay As You Go)• Prepay for Power – Utilized for tax exempts

• Leveraged Lease / Inverted Lease13

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Project

Tax Investor “LP”

II.  LP allocated 99% of Tax and 1% of pre‐tax economics until target return.  At defined point, receives 99% of cash and tax until reach target.

Partnership Flip

14

Developer “GP”

I.  GP allocated 1% of tax benefit and 99% of pre‐tax economics until Tax Investor LP hits target return (“Flip”).

Government Incentive

Lender

Incentives / Grants

DOAGuaranty

Construction / Term Loan Power / REC Purchaser

III.  Once target return achieved, LP allocated 5% cash and tax. 

Government Incentives

• Future Tax Structure:o PTC:  Tax investor appetite?

o ITC:  Tax investor appetite?

o Department of Treasury Cash Grants

o DOE Loan Guaranty

15

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Grant Capitalization

16

Wind Project Investment(Debt Investments ‐ Backleverage)

• No project debt?  Sponsor can back‐lever its equity commitmento Financing done at holding company level

o Backleverage sized to accommodate a DSCR of at least 1.40x using long‐term year P50 estimates

o Based solely on distributable cash to borrower and a pledge of sponsor equity – limited, if any,  recourse to project assets

o Notes sized to fully amortize during Pre‐Flip cash distributions to Sponsor

o Amortization will consist  of 100% cash sweep of available cash distribution:  Structure payments to facilitate fixed rate debt and apply sweep funds to floating rate tranche

o Structure can allow PIK of unpaid interest expense17

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Specific Diligence Items

• Solaro Availability of water in “thermal” projects

o High tech equipment.  Will the manufacturer be around long‐term?

o Panel degradation

o Continuous cleaning of +200k panels?

o Environmental impact

18

Specific Diligence Items

• Biomasso Fuel pass through under PPA

o Constant and consistent source of fuel? (availability and moisture content)

o Weak development teams

o Alternative uses for fuel source?

o Smaller scale

19

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Specific Diligence Items

• Geothermalo Drilling is an equity risk – Uncertainty of resource

o Shares similar risk with Oil & Gas exploration companies

o Relationship of heat and power output.  Steep power curve.

o Maintenance of reserve field

o Environmental issues

20

Specific Diligence Items

• Hydroo Thorough hydrology analysis

o Can the river run low and deplete the water table?

o Who controls the water upstream?

o Environmental concerns

o FERC Licensing

o U.S. Army Corps. Of Engineers

21

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Current Renewable Talking Points

• 50 ‐ 60% Tax Subsidy!RESPONSE:  Over the long term, significantly wider margins (20 ‐ 30% margin for gas plant versus 60 ‐ 75% margin for wind project) and taxable income can return much, if not all, of this benefit to the Treasury

• High Current Cost to Utilities!RESPONSE:  Current practice is to pass‐through fuel costs to rate base.  With long‐term purchase agreements, utilities are effectively hedging fuel risk for 20 years (a potential benefit to the rate base).

• Cap & Trade – Consult Your Crystal Ball and Tarot Cards 22