recent and future experiments for the determination of v ud

Recent and future experiments for the determination of Vud

Hartmut Abele

International WE Heraeus Summer School on Flavour Physics and CP Violation

Technische Universität Dresden, 29 August - 7 September 2005

Hartmut Abele 2

Low energy particle physicsLow energy particle physics

Talk about the first particle flavour:

First generation´s particles make up our contemporary universe

They are stable They have zero energy They contribute to particle physics mainly because of

their extremely high precision

Neutronpico-eV

High energy particle physicsTera-eV

Hartmut Abele 3

GUTMPL

MnPL

quantum gravity

= 1/137

= 1/128

Hartmut Abele 4

GUT

Hartmut Abele 5

Possible CP violation in neutron physics andTwo motivations to measure EDMs

EDM is effectively zero in standard modelbut

big enough to measure in non-standard models

direct test of physics beyond the standard model

EDM violates T symmetry

Deeply connected to CP violation and the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the

universe

Hartmut Abele 6

Left-Right

10-32

10-20

10-22

10-24

10-30

MultiHiggs

Standard Model

Electro-magnetic

10-34

10-36

10-38

Exp

eri

men

tal Lim

it o

n d

(e

. cm

)

1960 1970 1980 1990

neutron:

electron:

2000

10-20

10-30

10-22

10-24

10-26

10-28

A bit of history

SUSY

Highest Precision:Energy: E ~ 10-22 eV(n-El.Dipole Moment: E/ħ ~ 1/month)

Hartmut Abele 7

Sensitivity of neutron experiments:

Energy: E ~0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1eV = 10-22 eV

Momentum: p/p ~ 10-11

(n-charge: angular resolution of 1Å on 10m)

Finestructure constant / ~ 10-8 (measurement of: nvn)

Lifetime / ~ 10-3

Hartmut Abele 8

Neutron moderationNeutron moderation

Neutrons: hot thermal cold ultracold

Hartmut Abele 9

From hot to cold neutronsFrom hot to cold neutrons

Energy Velocity lambda Temp.

hot 200meV

6200ms-1

0,06nm

2700K

therm 25meV

2200ms-1

0,18nm

300K

cold 4meV

800ms-1

0,35nm

40K

ultra cold

90neV

5ms-1

80nm

1mK

Hartmut Abele 10

Particle Physics: SM Tests

3D Neutron Tomography

Gravitation and Bound Quantum States

ILL Neutron Guide HallILL Neutron Guide Hall

Hartmut Abele 11

OutlineOutline

Measurement of Cosine Measurement of Cosine CabibboCabibbo V Vudud

Situation 2004 Ways to extract Vud

– Vud from neutron beta-decay: Inputs: 1. Correlation A, 2. lifetime tau

– Vud from nuclear beta-decay, 100 inputs

A new measurements of correlation A Future trends

– Sources

– Experiments

Hartmut Abele 12

Quark Mixing Quark Mixing and CKM Unitarityand CKM Unitarity

0%

50%

100%

'down' 's trange ' 'bottom'

down strange bottom

0%

50%

100%

'down' 's trange ' 'bottom'

down strange bottom

b

s

d

U

b

s

d

CKM

b

s

d

U

b

s

d

CKM

Standard Model:quark-mixing should be 'zero-sum game':quark mixing = pure rotation in flavor spacei.e. CKM quark mixing matrix should be unitary

Vud from

•Nuclear beta-decay •Neutron beta-decay•Pion beta-decay

Standard Model:quark-mixing should be 'zero-sum game':quark mixing = pure rotation in flavor spacei.e. CKM quark mixing matrix should be unitary

Vud from

•Nuclear beta-decay •Neutron beta-decay•Pion beta-decay

|Vud|2 + |Vus|

2 + |Vub|2 = 1-|Vud|

2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|

2 = 1-

VVVVVVVVV

tbtstd

cbcscd

ubusud

U CKM

VVVVVVVVV

tbtstd

cbcscd

ubusud

U CKM

Hartmut Abele 13

Unitarity checkUnitarity check

Mixing of quarks = rotation in flavor-space:

Test in first row: |Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2

≈ cos2θ + sin2θ + 0 < 1 ?

: Cabibbo

95%

5%0.00001%Vub

Vus

Vud

Hartmut Abele 14

Situation untill 2004

Check unitarity via elements of the first row:

–Vus and Vub from particle physics data (K and B meson decays)

From nuclear β decay (world average 2004):–Vud obtained from avg. Ft and GA from muon decay

From particle physics (neutron decay):

–Vud obtained from neutron β decay asymmetry A and lifetime

Δ1 2

ub

2

us

2

ud VVV

)25(00580 .Δ )25(00580 .Δ (PDG 2004)

[H. A. et al., PRL 88 (2002) 211801])28(00760 .Δ )28(00760 .Δ

[I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, submitted to Phys. Rev. C (2005)] Δ = 0.0034(14)Δ = 0.0034(14)

Hartmut Abele 15

Correlation measurements in Correlation measurements in --decaydecay

Electron

Proton

Neutrino

Neutron SpinA

B

C Observables in neutron decay:

Lifetime SpinMomenta of decay particles

Observables in neutron decay:

Lifetime SpinMomenta of decay particles

Hartmut Abele 16

VVudud from neutron beta-decay from neutron beta-decay

Only 2 measurements:

1.Lifetime 2.Correlation coefficient A()

)31(

sec249082

2

udV )31(

sec249082

2

udV

Electron

Neutron SpinA

ElectronNeutron SpinA

231

)1(2

A 231

)1(2

A

NN

NNAexp

NN

NNAexp PfAA

c

vexp PfAA

c

vexp

= gA/gV= gA/gV

Vud =0.9717(13) =0.9717(tau:4)(theory:2)(A:12)

Vud =0.9717(13) =0.9717(tau:4)(theory:2)(A:12)

Hartmut Abele 17

• Solar cycle p p D e+ e

p p e D e

…

• Neutron star formation p e n e

•Primordial element formation n e+ p e'

p e n e

n p e e'

•Neutrino detectors p e' n e+

•Neutrino forward-scattering e p e+ n etc.

•W, Z-production p p' W e e' etc.

• Solar cycle p p D e+ e

p p e D e

…

• Neutron star formation p e n e

•Primordial element formation n e+ p e'

p e n e

n p e e'

•Neutrino detectors p e' n e+

•Neutrino forward-scattering e p e+ n etc.

•W, Z-production p p' W e e' etc.

PROCESSES WITH SAME FEYNMAN DIAGRAM:

= gA/gV= gA/gV

Hartmut Abele 18

1.1. Correlation ACorrelation ASpectrometer PERKEO IISpectrometer PERKEO II

0

20

40

60

80

020

4060

80100

0,810

0,811

0,812

0,813

0,814

0,815

0,816

0,817

0,818

Z A

xis

X A

xis

020

40

60

80

1000

20

40

60

800

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Cross section neutron beam

l e f t : r i g h t :

NN

NNA exp

AN N

N Ne x p

onflipper spin with spectrumelectron

offflipper spin with spectrumelektron

:

:

N

N

Magnetic field

Polarizer Spin flipper

Hartmut Abele 19

The new The new A, (B, C)A, (B, C) measurement measurement 20042004University of Heidelberg, ILLUniversity of Heidelberg, ILL

Precise Electron Spectroscopy Proton detection Asymmetry A, B, C

Precise Electron Spectroscopy Proton detection Asymmetry A, B, C

• A new beam: decay rate 1 MHz/mThe ‘ballistic’ super-mirror cold-neutron guide H113H. Haese et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A485, 453 (2002)

• New Polarizers (TU Munich, ILL)

• New Geometry for Beam polarizationA perfectly polarized neutron beam

•Signal to Background > 1000 : 1



• New Geometry for Beam polarizationA perfectly polarized neutron beam


Hartmut Abele 20

The new The new AA measurement measurement

Precise Electron Spectroscopy

Asymmetry A

Status 2002

Status 2004Daniela Mund et al., preliminary



• New Geometry for Beam polarization

A perfectly polarized neutron beam




• New Geometry for Beam polarization

A perfectly polarized neutron beam


Hartmut Abele 21

2002 2002 2005 2005 correction uncertainty correction uncertainty polarization 1.1 % 0.3 % 0.25 % 0.1 % flipper efficiency 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.0 % 0.05 % statistics 0.45 % 0.25 % background 0.5 % 0.25 % <0.1 % <0.1 % detector linearity 0.2 % <0.2 % width 0.06 % drift 0.06 % threshold 0.14 % edge effect -0.24 % 0.1 % -0.24 % 0.1 % time resolution 0.25 % mirror effect 0.01 % 0.01 % rad. corrections 0.09 % 0.01 % 0.09 % 0.01 % sum 2.04 % 0.66 % <0.2 % 0.3 % 2005 preliminary

2002 2002 2005 2005 correction uncertainty correction uncertainty polarization 1.1 % 0.3 % 0.25 % 0.1 % flipper efficiency 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.0 % 0.05 % statistics 0.45 % 0.25 % background 0.5 % 0.25 % <0.1 % <0.1 % detector linearity 0.2 % <0.2 % width 0.06 % drift 0.06 % threshold 0.14 % edge effect -0.24 % 0.1 % -0.24 % 0.1 % time resolution 0.25 % mirror effect 0.01 % 0.01 % rad. corrections 0.09 % 0.01 % 0.09 % 0.01 % sum 2.04 % 0.66 % <0.2 % 0.3 % 2005 preliminary

2002: final result:A = -0.1189(7) = -1.2739(19)

Hartmut Abele 22

The futureThe future

Hartmut Abele 23

Technical developments:Technical developments:New sourcesNew sources

SNS, Oak Ridge, Tennessee:

Hartmut Abele 24

FRM2 2005FRM2 2005

Cold neutrons at the FRM II

UCN source at the FRM II

UCN source PSI UCN source at

Vienna UCN Source at

Mainz

Hartmut Abele 25

New developments: hep-ph/0312124CKM-Workshop, Sep. 2002,

PMSN-Workshop, NIST 2004

“little” a: aSpect, Mainz, Munich,2005 “Big” A,B,C: HD, 2004 “Big” A, small terms: HD, 2006 “little” a: NIST “Big” A: LANL,... “abBA”: abBA-Collaboration “Big A + B”: Gatchina “Big” R: PSI, ongoing “Big” D: emiT, “Big” D: Trine ? “Fermi”: HD, Mz, TUM, 2008/2009

Experiments: Angular correlationsExperiments: Angular correlations in neutron decay in neutron decay

TRINE 2000

LANSL

Mainz, Munich

PERKEO III, Correlation A, University HD

~2m, 150mTchopper

detector

beam stopdecay volumeneutron beam

neutron cloud

velocity selector

proton orelectron detector

Dubbers, Märkisch, H.A.

Hartmut Abele 27

Particles And FieldsParticles And Fields

)1()1(8

gT 522

2

5

2

fi e

w

w

duudmk

m

kkg

V

matrix for d-u transition:

lhud

eduud

JJV

V

2

G

)1()1(2

GT

F

55F

fi

lhud

eduud

JJV

V

2

G

)1()1(2

GT

F

55F

fi

AVJ udh )1( 5

AVJ udh )1( 5

aJ el v)1( 5

aJ el v)1( 5

nPp

TAp

nsp

MVp

kkigkm

kgkgiA

kkigkm

kgkgiV

])(2

)()([

])(2

)()([

52

5

2

52

22

2

nPp

TAp

nsp

MVp

kkigkm

kgkgiA

kkigkm

kgkgiV

])(2

)()([

])(2

)()([

52

5

2

52

22

2

hadron and lepton currents:

vector- and axial vector currents:

V

Aud

F

enp

npp

Vint

gg

aAVVG

km

GL

).)((22

1

)1()2

)1((22

155

vV

Aud

F

enp

npp

Vint

gg

aAVVG

km

GL

).)((22

1

)1()2

)1((22

155

v

Lagrange function for neutron decay:

aSPECT, correlation a, University Mz/TUM

Proton spectroscopy

Hartmut Abele 29

2. The lifetime of the neutron 2. The lifetime of the neutron Methode: store UCN in bottles Early universe: first 3 minutes

– Nukleo synthesis: H, D, 3He, 4He, Li

Quark mixing– Input für Vud, 1. Element of CKM Matrix

Precision / ~ 10-3

0 exp( ( ))N tt

N t

1 11l ssn o NIST

TUM

Hartmut Abele 30

2. The lifetime of the neutron 2. The lifetime of the neutron Methode: store UCN in bottles Early universe: first 3 minutes

– Nukleo synthesis: H, D, 3He, 4He, Li

Quark mixing– Input für Vud, 1. Element of CKM Matrix

Precision / ~ 10-3

0 exp( ( ))N tt

N t

1 11l ssn o NIST

TUM

Hartmut Abele 31

Hartmut Abele 32

lifetime [s] Method year

878.5 0.7 0.3 Storage, low temp. fomblin 2004

886.8 1.2 3.2 beam method, p trap 2003

(750 + 330 - 200 Storage 2000 )

(881,0 1 3 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1999)

885,4 0.9 0.4 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

2000

889,2 4,8 beam method 1995

882,6 2,7 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1993

888,4 3,1 1,1 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1992

(888.4 2,9 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1990 )

(878 27 14 beam method 1989 )


1989

877 10 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1989

876 10 19 beam method 1988

891 9 beam method 1988



1986

(875 95 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1980)

(937 18 beam method 1980)

(881 8 beam method 1978 )


885,7 0,8 world average 2004 PDG

lifetime [s] Method year

878.5 0.7 0.3 Storage, low temp. fomblin 2004

886.8 1.2 3.2 beam method, p trap 2003

(750 + 330 - 200 Storage 2000 )

(881,0 1 3 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1999)

885,4 0.9 0.4 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

2000

889,2 4,8 beam method 1995


1993

888,4 3,1 1,1 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1992

(888.4 2,9 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1990 )

(878 27 14 beam method 1989 )


1989


1989

876 10 19 beam method 1988




1986

(875 95 storage method of ultra-cold neutrons

1980)

(937 18 beam method 1980)

(881 8 beam method 1978 )


885,7 0,8 world average 2004 PDG

Munich:ri = 15 cmRa = 30 cm

NIST:

Huffmann et al., Nature Mam

pe e

t al.,

PR

L 6

3 5

93

(1

98

9)

Mam

pe e

t al.,

PR

L 6

3 5

93

(1

98

9)

Neutron Neutron lifetime lifetime

Hartmut Abele 33

The Neutron Lifetime and Big Bang Nucleo SynthesisThe Neutron Lifetime and Big Bang Nucleo Synthesis

Problem 1s after Big Bang:– What does a gas of n and p, when

the universe expands and the temperature drops?

Inputs:– neutron lifetime tau

– Cross sections– neutrino cross-sections 1/tau – nuclear physics 0.1 – 1 MeV

(measured!)

Outputs: H, D, He, Li– number of particle families N

– density of (ordinary) matter in universe

Hartmut Abele 34

The Neutron Lifetime and Big Bang Nucleo SynthesisThe Neutron Lifetime and Big Bang Nucleo Synthesis

Problem 1s after Big Bang:– What does a gas of n and p, when

the universe expands and the temperature drops?

Inputs:– neutron lifetime tau

– Cross sections– neutrino cross-sections 1/tau – nuclear physics 0.1 – 1 MeV

(measured!)

Outputs: H, D, He, Li– number of particle families N

– density of (ordinary) matter in universe

Hartmut Abele 35

Vud from neutron -decay

)1()31( 221R

Rud fVC )1()31( 221

RR

ud fVC

)8(0240.0),15(71335.1

,101613.1)2/( 14322

RR

eF

f

smGC )8(0240.0),15(71335.1

,101613.1)2/( 14322

RR

eF

f

smGC

)13(9717.0

)19(2739.1),7(7.885

udV

)13(9717.0

)19(2739.1),7(7.885

udV

Wilkinson 1982, CKM Workshop September 2002:Marciano et Sirlin

Wilkinson 1982, CKM Workshop September 2002:Marciano et Sirlin

Hartmut Abele 36

2002: Free Parameters, Standard Model2002: Free Parameters, Standard Model

2

ub

2

usud VVV 1 2

ub

2

usud VVV 1

Ft-valuesFt-values

NeutronNeutron

Deviation from unitarityVisible in the “raw” data!


Vud=0.9717(13) (4:)(12:A)(2:theory)Vud=0.9717(13) (4:)(12:A)(2:theory)

hep-ph/0312124

hep-ph/0312150

Hartmut Abele 37

Free Parameters, Standard ModelFree Parameters, Standard Model

2

ub

2

usud VVV 1 2

ub

2

usud VVV 1

Ft-valuesFt-values

NeutronNeutron



Vud=0.9717(8) (4:)(7:A)(2:theory)Vud=0.9717(8) (4:)(7:A)(2:theory)

hep-ph/0312124

hep-ph/0312150

Hartmut Abele 38

Vud from nuclear beta decaysVud from nuclear beta decays

)δ,δ,P,b,T,Q(FtFt C/ REC215=

m/m < 3·10-8

Weak Weak InteractionInteractionsymmetry tests,CVC hypothesis

– Q – Decay energy mass m

– T1/2 – Half-life

– b – Branching ratio

– PEC – Electron capture fraction

– δR – Radiative correction

– δC – Isospin symmetry breaking correction

Hartmut Abele 39

VVud ud from superallowed from superallowed ββ decay decay

Wilkinson 2005

Hartmut Abele 40

GV=GFVud

ISOLTRAP mass measurements 22Mg? 22Na:Q=0.28 keV, 34Ar? 34Cl :Q=0.41 keV, 74Rb? 74Kr:Q=4.5 keV

22Mg

74Rb

F. Herfurth et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 17 (2002)A. Kellerbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 072502 (2004)M. Mukherjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150801 (2004)

[I.S. Towner & J .C. Hardy, Phys. Rev. C 71, 055501 (2005)]

34Ar

CVC hypothesis confirmed in this mass region

Hartmut Abele 42

butbut

…

Hartmut Abele 43

4646 V V

Savard et al. (2005): Q value increases (2005)– Vud= 0.97363(44) 0.97280(36)

Now bad fit But average still Vud= 0.9739 0.9738(36)

Hartmut Abele 44

4242 Sc Sc

Kaon 2005, R. Segal: Q value remeasured Agrees with V All Q values must be remeasured (B. Marciano)

Hartmut Abele 45

Blaum et al.: Carbon Cluster as Reference Blaum et al.: Carbon Cluster as Reference MassesMasses

21 Sc40

Sc41

Sc42

Sc43

Sc44

Sc45

Sc46

Sc47

Sc48

Sc49

Sc50

Sc51

Sc52

Sc53

Sc54

Sc55

20 Ca35

Ca36

Ca37

Ca38

Ca39

Ca40

Ca41

Ca42

Ca43

Ca44

Ca45

Ca46

Ca47

Ca48

Ca49

Ca50

Ca51

Ca52

Ca53

19 K35

K36

K37

K38

K39

K40

K41

K42

K43

K44

K45

K46

K47

K48

K49

K50

K51

K52

K53

K54

18 Ar31

Ar32

Ar33

Ar34

Ar35

Ar36

Ar37

Ar38

Ar39

Ar40

Ar41

Ar42

Ar43

Ar44

Ar45

Ar46

Ar47

Ar48

Ar49

Ar50

Ar51

17 Cl31

Cl32

Cl33

Cl34

Cl35

Cl36

Cl37

Cl38

Cl39

Cl40

Cl41

Cl42

Cl43

Cl44

Cl45

Cl46

Cl47

Cl48

Cl49

Cl51

16 S27

S28

S29

S30

S31

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S37

S38

S39

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S47

S48 34

15 P26

P27

P28

P29

P30

P31

P32

P33

P34

P35

P36

P37

P38

P39

P40

P41

P42

P43

P44

P45

P46 32

14 Si22

Si23

Si24

Si25

Si26

Si27

Si28

Si29

Si30

Si31

Si32

Si33

Si34

Si35

Si36

Si37

Si38

Si39

Si40

Si41

Si42 30

13 Al22

Al23

Al24

Al25

Al26

Al27

Al28

Al29

Al30

Al31

Al32

Al33

Al34

Al35

Al36

Al37

Al38

Al39 28

12 Mg20

Mg21

Mg22

Mg23

Mg24

Mg25

Mg26

Mg27

Mg28

Mg29

Mg30

Mg31

Mg32

Mg33

Mg34

Mg35

Mg36 26

11 Na19

Na20

Na21

Na22

Na23

Na24

Na25

Na26

Na27

Na28

Na29

Na30

Na31

Na32

Na33

Na34

Na35

10 Ne16

Ne17

Ne18

Ne19

Ne20

Ne21

Ne22

Ne23

Ne24

Ne25

Ne26

Ne27

Ne28

Ne29

Ne30

Ne32 24

9 F15

F16

F17

F18

F19

F20

F21

F22

F23

F24

F25

F26

F27

F29 22

8 O12

O13

O14

O15

O16

O17

O18

O19

O20

O21

O22

O23

O24 18 20

7 N11

N12

N13

N14

N15

N16

N17

N18

N19

N20

N21

N22

N23

6 C8

C9

C10

C11

C12

C13

C14

C15

C16

C17

C18

C19

C20

C22

5 B7

B8

B9

B10

B11

B12

B13

B14

B15

B17

B19 16

4 Be6

Be7

Be8

Be9

Be10

Be11

Be12

Be14 12 14

3 Li5

Li6

Li7

Li8

Li9

Li10

Li11 10

2 He3

He4

He5

He6

He7

He8

He9

H1

H2

H3 4 6 8

2n1

1

56

58

60

62

57 La120

La121

La122

La123

La124

La125

La126

La127

La128

La129

La130

La131

La132

La133

La134

La135

La136

La137

La138

La139

La140

La141

La142

La143

La144

La145

La146

La147

La148

La149

La150

La151

La152

La153

La154

56 Ba114

Ba115

Ba116

Ba117

Ba118

Ba119

Ba120

Ba121

Ba122

Ba123

Ba124

Ba125

Ba126

Ba127

Ba128

Ba129

Ba130

Ba131

Ba132

Ba133

Ba134

Ba135

Ba136

Ba137

Ba138

Ba139

Ba140

Ba141

Ba142

Ba143

Ba144

Ba145

Ba146

Ba147

Ba148

Ba149

Ba150

Ba151

Ba152

Ba153

55 Cs112

Cs113

Cs114

Cs115

Cs116

Cs117

Cs118

Cs119

Cs120

Cs121

Cs122

Cs123

Cs124

Cs125

Cs126

Cs127

Cs128

Cs129

Cs130

Cs131

Cs132

Cs133

Cs134

Cs135

Cs136

Cs137

Cs138

Cs139

Cs140

Cs141

Cs142

Cs143

Cs144

Cs145

Cs146

Cs147

Cs148

Cs149

Cs150

Cs151

Cs152

54 Xe110

Xe111

Xe112

Xe113

Xe114

Xe115

Xe116

Xe117

Xe118

Xe119

Xe120

Xe121

Xe122

Xe123

Xe124

Xe125

Xe126

Xe127

Xe128

Xe129

Xe130

Xe131

Xe132

Xe133

Xe134

Xe135

Xe136

Xe137

Xe138

Xe139

Xe140

Xe141

Xe142

Xe143

Xe144

Xe145

Xe146

Xe147 94 96

53 I108

I109

I110

I111

I112

I113

I114

I115

I116

I117

I118

I119

I120

I121

I122

I123

I124

I125

I126

I127

I128

I129

I130

I131

I132

I133

I134

I135

I136

I137

I138

I139

I140

I141

I142

I143

I144 92

52 Te106

Te107

Te108

Te109

Te110

Te111

Te112

Te113

Te114

Te115

Te116

Te117

Te118

Te119

Te120

Te121

Te122

Te123

Te124

Te125

Te126

Te127

Te128

Te129

Te130

Te131

Te132

Te133

Te134

Te135

Te136

Te137

Te138

Te139

Te140

Te141

Te142

51 Sb103

Sb104

Sb105

Sb106

Sb107

Sb108

Sb109

Sb110

Sb111

Sb112

Sb113

Sb114

Sb115

Sb116

Sb117

Sb118

Sb119

Sb120

Sb121

Sb122

Sb123

Sb124

Sb125

Sb126

Sb127

Sb128

Sb129

Sb130

Sb131

Sb132

Sb133

Sb134

Sb135

Sb136

Sb137

Sb138

Sb139 90

50 Sn100

Sn101

Sn102

Sn103

Sn104

Sn105

Sn106

Sn107

Sn108

Sn109

Sn110

Sn111

Sn112

Sn113

Sn114

Sn115

Sn116

Sn117

Sn118

Sn119

Sn120

Sn121

Sn122

Sn123

Sn124

Sn125

Sn126

Sn127

Sn128

Sn129

Sn130

Sn131

Sn132

Sn133

Sn134

Sn135

Sn136

Sn137 88

49 In98

In99

In100

In101

In102

In103

In104

In105

In106

In107

In108

In109

In110

In111

In112

In113

In114

In115

In116

In117

In118

In119

In120

In121

In122

In123

In124

In125

In126

In127

In128

In129

In130

In131

In132

In133

In134 86

48 Cd97

Cd98

Cd99

Cd100

Cd101

Cd102

Cd103

Cd104

Cd105

Cd106

Cd107

Cd108

Cd109

Cd110

Cd111

Cd112

Cd113

Cd114

Cd115

Cd116

Cd117

Cd118

Cd119

Cd120

Cd121

Cd122

Cd123

Cd124

Cd125

Cd126

Cd127

Cd128

Cd129

Cd130 84

47 Ag94

Ag95

Ag96

Ag97

Ag98

Ag99

Ag100

Ag101

Ag102

Ag103

Ag104

Ag105

Ag106

Ag107

Ag108

Ag109

Ag110

Ag111

Ag112

Ag113

Ag114

Ag115

Ag116

Ag117

Ag118

Ag119

Ag120

Ag121

Ag122

Ag123

Ag124

Ag125

Ag126

Ag127 82

46 Pd91

Pd92

Pd93

Pd94

Pd95

Pd96

Pd97

Pd98

Pd99

Pd100

Pd101

Pd102

Pd103

Pd104

Pd105

Pd106

Pd107

Pd108

Pd109

Pd110

Pd111

Pd112

Pd113

Pd114

Pd115

Pd116

Pd117

Pd118

Pd119

Pd120

Pd121

Pd122

Pd123 78 80

45 Ru89

Ru90

Ru91

Ru92

Ru93

Rh94

Rh95

Rh96

Rh97

Rh98

Rh99

Rh100

Rh101

Rh102

Rh103

Rh104

Rh105

Rh106

Rh107

Rh108

Rh109

Rh110

Rh111

Rh112

Rh113

Rh114

Rh115

Rh116

Rh117

Rh118

Rh119

Rh120

Rh121

44 Ru87

Ru88

Ru89

Ru90

Ru91

Ru92

Ru93

Ru94

Ru95

Ru96

Ru97

Ru98

Ru99

Ru100

Ru101

Ru102

Ru103

Ru104

Ru105

Ru106

Ru107

Ru108

Ru109

Ru110

Ru111

Ru112

Ru113

Ru114

Ru115

Ru116

Ru117

Ru118 76

43 Tc86

Tc87

Tc88

Tc89

Tc90

Tc91

Tc92

Tc93

Tc94

Tc95

Tc96

Tc97

Tc98

Tc99

Tc100

Tc101

Tc102

Tc103

Tc104

Tc105

Tc106

Tc107

Tc108

Tc109

Tc110

Tc111

Tc112

Tc113

Tc114

Tc115 74

42 Mo84

Mo85

Mo86

Mo87

Mo88

Mo89

Mo90

Mo91

Mo92

Mo93

Mo94

Mo95

Mo96

Mo97

Mo98

Mo99

Mo100

Mo101

Mo102

Mo103

Mo104

Mo105

Mo106

Mo107

Mo108

Mo109

Mo110

Mo111

Mo112

Mo113 72

41 Nb82

Nb83

Nb84

Nb85

Nb86

Nb87

Nb88

Nb89

Nb90

Nb91

Nb92

Nb93

Nb94

Nb95

Nb96

Nb97

Nb98

Nb99

Nb100

Nb101

Nb102

Nb103

Nb104

Nb105

Nb106

Nb107

Nb108

Nb110 70

40 Zr80

Zr81

Zr82

Zr83

Zr84

Zr85

Zr86

Zr87

Zr88

Zr89

Zr90

Zr91

Zr92

Zr93

Zr94

Zr95

Zr96

Zr97

Zr98

Zr99

Zr100

Zr101

Zr102

Zr103

Zr104

Zr105

Zr106 68

39 Y78

Y79

Y80

Y81

Y82

Y83

Y84

Y85

Y86

Y87

Y88

Y89

Y90

Y91

Y92

Y93

Y94

Y95

Y96

Y97

Y98

Y99

Y100

Y101

Y102

Y103

Y104

Y105

38 Sr73

Sr74

Sr75

Sr76

Sr77

Sr78

Sr79

Sr80

Sr81

Sr82

Sr83

Sr84

Sr85

Sr86

Sr87

Sr88

Sr89

Sr90

Sr91

Sr92

Sr93

Sr94

Sr95

Sr96

Sr97

Sr98

Sr99

Sr100

Sr101

Sr102 66

37 Rb74

Rb75

Rb76

Rb77

Rb78

Rb79

Rb80

Rb81

Rb82

Rb83

Rb84

Rb85

Rb86

Rb87

Rb88

Rb89

Rb90

Rb91

Rb92

Rb93

Rb94

Rb95

Rb96

Rb97

Rb98

Rb99

Rb100

Rb102

36 Kr69

Kr70

Kr71

Kr72

Kr73

Kr74

Kr75

Kr76

Kr77

Kr78

Kr79

Kr80

Kr81

Kr82

Kr83

Kr84

Kr85

Kr86

Kr87

Kr88

Kr89

Kr90

Kr91

Kr92

Kr93

Kr94

Kr95

Kr96 64

35 Br69

Br70

Br71

Br72

Br73

Br74

Br75

Br76

Br77

Br78

Br79

Br80

Br81

Br82

Br83

Br84

Br85

Br86

Br87

Br88

Br89

Br90

Br91

Br92

Br93

Br94

34 Se65

Se66

Se67

Se68

Se69

Se70

Se71

Se72

Se73

Se74

Se75

Se76

Se77

Se78

Se79

Se80

Se81

Se82

Se83

Se84

Se85

Se86

Se87

Se88

Se89

Se90

Se91

33 As64

As65

As66

As67

As68

As69

As70

As71

As72

As73

As74

As75

As76

As77

As78

As79

As80

As81

As82

As83

As84

As85

As86

As87

As88

As89

32 Ge61

Ge62

Ge63

Ge64

Ge65

Ge66

Ge67

Ge68

Ge69

Ge70

Ge71

Ge72

Ge73

Ge74

Ge75

Ge76

Ge77

Ge78

Ge79

Ge80

Ge81

Ge82

Ge83

Ge84

Ge85

Ge86

31 Ga60

Ga61

Ga62

Ga63

Ga64

Ga65

Ga66

Ga67

Ga68

Ga69

Ga70

Ga71

Ga72

Ga73

Ga74

Ga75

Ga76

Ga77

Ga78

Ga79

Ga80

Ga81

Ga82

Ga83

Ga84 54

30 Zn57

Zn58

Zn59

Zn60

Zn61

Zn62

Zn63

Zn64

Zn65

Zn66

Zn67

Zn68

Zn69

Zn70

Zn71

Zn72

Zn73

Zn74

Zn75

Zn76

Zn77

Zn78

Zn79

Zn80

Zn81 52

29 Cu55

Cu56

Cu57

Cu58

Cu59

Cu60

Cu61

Cu62

Cu63

Cu64

Cu65

Cu66

Cu67

Cu68

Cu69

Cu70

Cu71

Cu72

Cu73

Cu74

Cu75

Cu76

Cu77

Cu78

Cu79

Cu80

28 Ni50

Ni51

Ni52

Ni53

Ni54

Ni55

Ni56

Ni57

Ni58

Ni59

Ni60

Ni61

Ni62

Ni63

Ni64

Ni65

Ni66

Ni67

Ni68

Ni69

Ni70

Ni71

Ni72

Ni73

Ni74

Ni75

Ni76

Ni77

Ni78

27 Co50

Co51

Co52

Co53

Co54

Co55

Co56

Co57

Co58

Co59

Co60

Co61

Co62

Co63

Co64

Co65

Co66

Co67

Co68

Co69

Co70

Co71

Co72

Co73

Co74

Co75 50

26 Fe46

Fe47

Fe48

Fe49

Fe50

Fe51

Fe52

Fe53

Fe54

Fe55

Fe56

Fe57

Fe58

Fe59

Fe60

Fe61

Fe62

Fe63

Fe64

Fe65

Fe66

Fe67

Fe68

Fe69 44 46 48

25 Mn46

Mn47

Mn48

Mn49

Mn50

Mn51

Mn52

Mn53

Mn54

Mn55

Mn56

Mn57

Mn58

Mn59

Mn60

Mn61

Mn62

Mn63

Mn64

Mn65

Mn66 42

24 Cr43

Cr44

Cr45

Cr46

Cr47

Cr48

Cr49

Cr50

Cr51

Cr52

Cr53

Cr54

Cr55

Cr56

Cr57

Cr58

Cr59

Cr60

Cr61

Cr62

Cr63

Cr64

23 V43

V44

V45

V46

V47

V48

V49

V50

V51

V52

V53

V54

V55

V56

V57

V58

V59

V60

V61 40

22 Ti39

Ti40

Ti41

Ti42

Ti43

Ti44

Ti45

Ti46

Ti47

Ti48

Ti49

Ti50

Ti51

Ti52

Ti53

Ti54

Ti55

Ti56

Ti57

Ti58 38

21 Sc40

Sc41

Sc42

Sc43

Sc44

Sc45

Sc46

Sc47

Sc48

Sc49

Sc50

Sc51

Sc52

Sc53

Sc54

Sc55 36

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Rb101

Zr107

Nb109

91 Pa212

Pa213

Pa214

Pa215

Pa216

Pa217

Pa218

Pa219

Pa220

Pa221

Pa222

Pa223

Pa224

Pa225

Pa226

Pa227

Pa228

Pa229

Pa230

Pa231

Pa232

Pa233

Pa234

Pa235

Pa236

Pa237

Pa238

90 Th210

Th211

Th212

Th213

Th214

Th215

Th216

Th217

Th218

Th219

Th220

Th221

Th222

Th223

Th224

Th225

Th226

Th227

Th228

Th229

Th230

Th231

Th232

Th233

Th234

Th235

Th236

Th237

89 Ac207

Ac208

Ac209

Ac210

Ac211

Ac212

Ac213

Ac214

Ac215

Ac216

Ac217

Ac218

Ac219

Ac220

Ac221

Ac222

Ac223

Ac224

Ac225

Ac226

Ac227

Ac228

Ac229

Ac230

Ac231

Ac232

Ac233

Ac234

88 Ra202

Ra203

Ra204

Ra205

Ra206

Ra207

Ra208

Ra209

Ra210

Ra211

Ra212

Ra213

Ra214

Ra215

Ra216

Ra217

Ra218

Ra219

Ra220

Ra221

Ra222

Ra223

Ra224

Ra225

Ra226

Ra227

Ra228

Ra229

Ra230

87 Fr200

Fr201

Fr202

Fr203

Fr204

Fr205

Fr206

Fr207

Fr208

Fr209

Fr210

Fr211

Fr212

Fr213

Fr214

Fr215

Fr216

Fr217

Fr218

Fr219

Fr220

Fr221

Fr222

Fr223

Fr224

Fr225

Fr226

Fr227

Fr228

Fr229

86 Rn196

Rn197

Rn198

Rn199

Rn200

Rn201

Rn202

Rn203

Rn204

Rn205

Rn206

Rn207

Rn208

Rn209

Rn210

Rn211

Rn212

Rn213

Rn214

Rn215

Rn216

Rn217

Rn218

Rn219

Rn220

Rn221

Rn222

Rn223

Rn224

Rn225

Rn226

Rn227

Rn228

85 At194

At195

At196

At197

At198

At199

At200

At201

At202

At203

At204

At205

At206

At207

At208

At209

At210

At211

At212

At213

At214

At215

At216

At217

At218

At219

At220

At221

At222

At223 140 142

84 Po190

Po191

Po192

Po193

Po194

Po195

Po196

Po197

Po198

Po199

Po200

Po201

Po202

Po203

Po204

Po205

Po206

Po207

Po208

Po209

Po210

Po211

Po212

Po213

Po214

Po215

Po216

Po217

Po218

Po219

Po220 138

83 Bi185

Bi186

Bi187

Bi188

Bi189

Bi190

Bi191

Bi192

Bi193

Bi194

Bi195

Bi196

Bi197

Bi198

Bi199

Bi200

Bi201

Bi202

Bi203

Bi204

Bi205

Bi206

Bi207

Bi208

Bi209

Bi210

Bi211

Bi212

Bi213

Bi214

Bi215

Bi216

Bi217

Bi218 136

82 Pb180

Pb181

Pb182

Pb183

Pb184

Pb185

Pb186

Pb187

Pb188

Pb189

Pb190

Pb191

Pb192

Pb193

Pb194

Pb195

Pb196

Pb197

Pb198

Pb199

Pb200

Pb201

Pb202

Pb203

Pb204

Pb205

Pb206

Pb207

Pb208

Pb209

Pb210

Pb211

Pb212

Pb213

Pb214 134

81 Tl179

Tl180

Tl181

Tl182

Tl183

Tl184

Tl185

Tl186

Tl187

Tl188

Tl189

Tl190

Tl191

Tl192

Tl193

Tl194

Tl195

Tl196

Tl197

Tl198

Tl199

Tl200

Tl201

Tl202

Tl203

Tl204

Tl205

Tl206

Tl207

Tl208

Tl209

Tl210

Tl211

Tl212 132

80 Hg174

Hg175

Hg176

Hg177

Hg178

Hg179

Hg180

Hg181

Hg182

Hg183

Hg184

Hg185

Hg186

Hg187

Hg188

Hg189

Hg190

Hg191

Hg192

Hg193

Hg194

Hg195

Hg196

Hg197

Hg198

Hg199

Hg200

Hg201

Hg202

Hg203

Hg204

Hg205

Hg206

Hg207

Hg208

Hg209

Hg210

79 Au171

Au172

Au173

Au174

Au175

Au176

Au177

Au178

Au179

Au180

Au181

Au182

Au183

Au184

Au185

Au186

Au187

Au188

Au189

Au190

Au191

Au192

Au193

Au194

Au195

Au196

Au197

Au198

Au199

Au200

Au201

Au202

Au203

Au204

Au205 128 130

78 Pt166

Pt167

Pt168

Pt169

Pt170

Pt171

Pt172

Pt173

Pt174

Pt175

Pt176

Pt177

Pt178

Pt179

Pt180

Pt181

Pt182

Pt183

Pt184

Pt185

Pt186

Pt187

Pt188

Pt189

Pt190

Pt191

Pt192

Pt193

Pt194

Pt195

Pt196

Pt197

Pt198

Pt199

Pt200

Pt201

Pt202 126

77 Ir165

Ir166

Ir167

Ir168

Ir169

Ir170

Ir171

Ir172

Ir173

Ir174

Ir175

Ir176

Ir177

Ir178

Ir179

Ir180

Ir181

Ir182

Ir183

Ir184

Ir185

Ir186

Ir187

Ir188

Ir189

Ir190

Ir191

Ir192

Ir193

Ir194

Ir195

Ir196

Ir197

Ir198 122 124

76 Os162

Os163

Os164

Os165

Os166

Os167

Os168

Os169

Os170

Os171

Os172

Os173

Os174

Os175

Os176

Os177

Os178

Os179

Os180

Os181

Os182

Os183

Os184

Os185

Os186

Os187

Os188

Os189

Os190

Os191

Os192

Os193

Os194

Os195

Os196

75 Re160

Re161

Re162

Re163

Re164

Re165

Re166

Re167

Re168

Re169

Re170

Re171

Re172

Re173

Re174

Re175

Re176

Re177

Re178

Re179

Re180

Re181

Re182

Re183

Re184

Re185

Re186

Re187

Re188

Re189

Re190

Re191

Re192 118 120

74 W158

W159

W160

W161

W162

W163

W164

W165

W166

W167

W168

W169

W170

W171

W172

W173

W174

W175

W176

W177

W178

W179

W180

W181

W182

W183

W184

W185

W186

W187

W188

W189

W190

73 Ta156

Ta157

Ta158

Ta159

Ta160

Ta161

Ta162

Ta163

Ta164

Ta165

Ta166

Ta167

Ta168

Ta169

Ta170

Ta171

Ta172

Ta173

Ta174

Ta175

Ta176

Ta177

Ta178

Ta179

Ta180

Ta181

Ta182

Ta183

Ta184

Ta185

Ta186 114 116

72 Hf154

Hf155

Hf156

Hf157

Hf158

Hf159

Hf160

Hf161

Hf162

Hf163

Hf164

Hf165

Hf166

Hf167

Hf168

Hf169

Hf170

Hf171

Hf172

Hf173

Hf174

Hf175

Hf176

Hf177

Hf178

Hf179

Hf180

Hf181

Hf182

Hf183

Hf184

Hf185

71 Lu150

Lu151

Lu152

Lu153

Lu154

Lu155

Lu156

Lu157

Lu158

Lu159

Lu160

Lu161

Lu162

Lu163

Lu164

Lu165

Lu166

Lu167

Lu168

Lu169

Lu170

Lu171

Lu172

Lu173

Lu174

Lu175

Lu176

Lu177

Lu178

Lu179

Lu180

Lu181

Lu182

Lu183

Lu184

70 Yb151

Yb152

Yb153

Yb154

Yb155

Yb156

Yb157

Yb158

Yb159

Yb160

Yb161

Yb162

Yb163

Yb164

Yb165

Yb166

Yb167

Yb168

Yb169

Yb170

Yb171

Yb172

Yb173

Yb174

Yb175

Yb176

Yb177

Yb178

Yb179

Yb180 112

69 Tm145

Tm146

Tm147

Tm148

Tm149

Tm150

Tm151

Tm152

Tm153

Tm154

Tm155

Tm156

Tm157

Tm158

Tm159

Tm160

Tm161

Tm162

Tm163

Tm164

Tm165

Tm166

Tm167

Tm168

Tm169

Tm170

Tm171

Tm172

Tm173

Tm174

Tm175

Tm176

Tm177 110

68 Er145

Er146

Er147

Er148

Er149

Er150

Er151

Er152

Er153

Er154

Er155

Er156

Er157

Er158

Er159

Er160

Er161

Er162

Er163

Er164

Er165

Er166

Er167

Er168

Er169

Er170

Er171

Er172

Er173

Er174 108

67 Ho141

Ho144

Ho145

Ho146

Ho147

Ho148

Ho149

Ho150

Ho151

Ho152

Ho153

Ho154

Ho155

Ho156

Ho157

Ho158

Ho159

Ho160

Ho161

Ho162

Ho163

Ho164

Ho165

Ho166

Ho167

Ho168

Ho169

Ho170

Ho171

Ho172 106

66 Dy141

Dy142

Dy143

Dy144

Dy145

Dy146

Dy147

Dy148

Dy149

Dy150

Dy151

Dy152

Dy153

Dy154

Dy155

Dy156

Dy157

Dy158

Dy159

Dy160

Dy161

Dy162

Dy163

Dy164

Dy165

Dy166

Dy167

Dy168

Dy169 104

65 Tb140

Tb141

Tb142

Tb143

Tb144

Tb145

Tb146

Tb147

Tb148

Tb149

Tb150

Tb151

Tb152

Tb153

Tb154

Tb155

Tb156

Tb157

Tb158

Tb159

Tb160

Tb161

Tb162

Tb163

Tb164

Tb165

Tb166 102

64 Gd135

Gd137

Gd139

Gd140

Gd141

Gd142

Gd143

Gd144

Gd145

Gd146

Gd147

Gd148

Gd149

Gd150

Gd151

Gd152

Gd153

Gd154

Gd155

Gd156

Gd157

Gd158

Gd159

Gd160

Gd161

Gd162

Gd163

Gd164

Gd165

63 Eu131

Eu134

Eu135

Eu136

Eu137

Eu138

Eu139

Eu140

Eu141

Eu142

Eu143

Eu144

Eu145

Eu146

Eu147

Eu148

Eu149

Eu150

Eu151

Eu152

Eu153

Eu154

Eu155

Eu156

Eu157

Eu158

Eu159

Eu160

Eu161

Eu162 100

62 Sm131

Sm132

Sm133

Sm134

Sm135

Sm136

Sm137

Sm138

Sm139

Sm140

Sm141

Sm142

Sm143

Sm144

Sm145

Sm146

Sm147

Sm148

Sm149

Sm150

Sm151

Sm152

Sm153

Sm154

Sm155

Sm156

Sm157

Sm158

Sm159

Sm160

Sm161

61 Pm130

Pm132

Pm133

Pm134

Pm135

Pm136

Pm137

Pm138

Pm139

Pm140

Pm141

Pm142

Pm143

Pm144

Pm145

Pm146

Pm147

Pm148

Pm149

Pm150

Pm151

Pm152

Pm153

Pm154

Pm155

Pm156

Pm157

Pm158

60 Nd127

Nd129

Nd130

Nd131

Nd132

Nd133

Nd134

Nd135

Nd136

Nd137

Nd138

Nd139

Nd140

Nd141

Nd142

Nd143

Nd144

Nd145

Nd146

Nd147

Nd148

Nd149

Nd150

Nd151

Nd152

Nd153

Nd154

Nd155

Nd156

Nd157

59 Pr124

Pr125

Pr126

Pr127

Pr128

Pr129

Pr130

Pr131

Pr132

Pr133

Pr134

Pr135

Pr136

Pr137

Pr138

Pr139

Pr140

Pr141

Pr142

Pr143

Pr144

Pr145

Pr146

Pr147

Pr148

Pr149

Pr150

Pr151

Pr152

Pr153

Pr154

Pr155

Pr156

Pr157

58 Ce123

Ce124

Ce125

Ce126

Ce127

Ce128

Ce129

Ce130

Ce131

Ce132

Ce133

Ce134

Ce135

Ce136

Ce137

Ce138

Ce139

Ce140

Ce141

Ce142

Ce143

Ce144

Ce145

Ce146

Ce147

Ce148

Ce149

Ce150

Ce151

Ce152

Ce153

Ce154

Ce155

Ce156

57 La120

La121

La122

La123

La124

La125

La126

La127

La128

La129

La130

La131

La132

La133

La134

La135

La136

La137

La138

La139

La140

La141

La142

La143

La144

La145

La146

La147

La148

La149

La150

La151

La152

La153

La154 98

64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

Ra231

Ra232

Ra233

Ra234

Fr230

Fr231

Fr231 146

144

112 277

111 272

110 267 269 271 273

109 Mt266

Mt268 164

108 Hs263

Hs264

Hs265

Hs267

Hs269

107 Bh260

Bh261

Bh262

Bh264 162

106 Sg258

Sg259

Sg260

Sg261

Sg263

Sg265

Sg266

105 Db255

Db256

Db257

Db258

Db260

Db261

Db262

Db263

104 Rf253

Rf254

Rf255

Rf256

Rf257

Rf258

Rf259

Rf260

Rf261

Rf262

103 Lr252

Lr253

Lr254

Lr255

Lr256

Lr257

Lr258

Lr259

Lr260

Lr261

Lr262

102 No250

No251

No252

No253

No254

No255

No256

No257

No258

No259

No260

No262

101 Md245

Md246

Md247

Md248

Md249

Md250

Md251

Md252

Md253

Md255

Md256

Md257

Md258

Md259

Md260 160

100 Fm242

Fm243

Fm244

Fm245

Fm246

Fm247

Fm248

Fm249

Fm250

Fm251

Fm252

Fm253

Fm254

Fm255

Fm256

Fm257

Fm258

Fm259

99 Es241

Es242

Es243

Es244

Es245

Es246

Es247

Es248

Es249

Es250

Es251

Es252

Es253

Es254

Es255

Es256

Es257

98 Cf237

Cf238

Cf239

Cf240

Cf241

Cf242

Cf243

Cf244

Cf245

Cf246

Cf247

Cf248

Cf249

Cf250

Cf251

Cf252

Cf253

Cf254

Cf255

Cf256

97 Bk238

Bk240

Bk242

Bk243

Bk244

Bk245

Bk246

Bk247

Bk248

Bk249

Bk250

Bk251 156 158

96 Cm238

Cm239

Cm240

Cm241

Cm242

Cm243

Cm244

Cm245

Cm246

Cm247

Cm248

Cm249

Cm250

Cm251

95 Am232

Am232

Am234

Am235

Am236

Am237

Am238

Am239

Am240

Am241

Am242

Am243

Am244

Am245

Am246

Am247 154

94 Pu228

Pu229

Pu230

Pu231

Pu232

Pu233

Pu234

Pu235

Pu236

Pu237

Pu238

Pu239

Pu240

Pu241

Pu242

Pu243

Pu244

Pu245

Pu246

Pu247

93 Np225

Np226

Np227

Np228

Np229

Np230

Np231

Np232

Np233

Np234

Np235

Np236

Np237

Np238

Np239

Np240

Np241

Np242

Np243

Np244 152

92 U218

U219

U222

U223

U224

U225

U226

U227

U228

U229

U230

U231

U232

U233

U234

U235

U236

U237

U238

U239

U240

U242

91 Pa212

Pa213

Pa214

Pa215

Pa216

Pa217

Pa218

Pa219

Pa220

Pa221

Pa222

Pa223

Pa224

Pa225

Pa226

Pa227

Pa228

Pa229

Pa230

Pa231

Pa232

Pa233

Pa234

Pa235

Pa236

Pa237

Pa238 148 150

122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146

Md254

+ - sf p stable

Mass measured at ISOLTRAP

Reference mass

C2

C3C4

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10C11 C12

C11

C12

C13

C14

C15

C16

C17

C18 C19

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C2

C3C4

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10C11 C12

C11

C12

C13

C14

C15

C16

C17

C18 C19

C18

C19

C20

C21

C22

C1

Hartmut Abele 46

SummarySummary

This was a talk about a wellknown unknown:

Cabibbo angle Vud

Remeasurement of the beta asymmetry– Improvement by factor 2

We need new lifetime measurements (2 years) We need Q value (mass measurements) in nuclear

beta-decays

recent and future experiments for the determination of v ud

Documents

e p e n

zproduction p p w e

particle physics neutron

neutron decay asymmetry

neutron betadecayonly

vud vud

muon decay

particle physics data